index 07e - kaivalya ras

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INDEX – 07E

TOPIC PAGE

Ancient History Harappan / Indus Valley Civilization VEDIC PERIOD (1500-600 BC) LATER RIGVEDIC PERIOD Mahajanpad Period Buddhism JAINISM MAURYA Empire (322BC - 281 BC) POST MAURYA PERIOD (185 - 319 AD) GUPTA PERIOD Harshavardhana Sangam Period :- (1st - 3rd century AD) MEDIEVAL HISTORY ARAB INVASION IN INDIA Turkish Invasion In India ADMINISTRATION UNDER DELHI SULTANATE THE MUGHAL DYNASTY SHIVAJI SUFISM BHAKTI MOVEMENT VIJAY NAGARA EMPIRE BAHMANI EMPIRE MODERN INDIA European companies POST MUGHAL EMPERORS BENGAL MARATHA Mysore Punjab Governor General 1857 THE GREAT REVOLT Cultural Awakening Religious And Social Reforms Indian National Movement Gandhian philosophy Govt of India Act 1935 QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT CABINET MISSION (1946) INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT (1947) REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN INDIA REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT OUTSIDE INDIA SOCIALIST MOVEMENT IN INDIA AZAD HIND FAUZ

1 – 78 1 9 16 19 24 31 37 49 56 67 68 79 – 148 81 82 96 103 132 134 139 142 147 149 – 253 149 155 157 162 168 170 173 188 194 203 217 230 235 238 240 241 243 248 252


Harappan / Indus Valley Civilization :-

- Harappan Civilization was the 1st urban cilvilization of the world .

- The Indus civilization belongs to Proto- Historic Period (Bronze Age / Chalcolithic Age) .

[Bronze - Copper + Tin]

- It was biggest civilization on the basis of the area .

- Contemporary Civilisation of Indus Civilisation .

1. Mesopotamia (Sumerian) - Iraq - On the bank of the rivers .

- TIGRIS

- EUPHRETES

- It is ancient (oldest) civilization of world .

2. Egyptian Civilization :- - At the bank of Nile River .

- Other - China, Greek, Roman .

- Father Of Indian Archaeology - SIR ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM

- John Marshall was the first scholar to use the term „Indus Civilisation‟ - 1942. During

excavation of Harappan Civilization he was director of Indian Archaeological Department .

- 1826 - Harappa was 1st reported by CHARLES MASSON .

- 1856 - John Burton and William Burton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line

connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore by using well burnt bricks of Harappan Civilization.

[ 1853 - India‟s 1st train ran from Bombay to Thane]

- 1921 - Daya Ram Sahni discovered and excavated Harappa .

- 1922 - Rakhal Das Banerji discovered Mohenjo-Daro .

- At that time he was excavating Buddhist Stupa .

- Acc. to PIGGOTT - Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro were twin capitals of Indus Valley

Civilization .

- This civilization was in triangular Shape .

Manda ( J&K)

[Chenab]

Sutkagendor (Baluchistan

Pak)

[ Dashk]

Alamgirpur (UP)

[Hindon]

Daimabad (Maharastra)

[Pravara]


- Harappa name was given to this civilization because it was the first discovered site.

- So far 400 sites are discoverd in which 200 sites are located in Gujarat.

- Book of S.R. Rao -“The Story Of The Indian Archaeology .”

HARAPPA

- This site was discovered first in 1921 .

- It is situated in the province of west Punjab in Pakistan - Mont Gomery district and at the bank

of Ravi River.

- Excavator - Daya Ram Sahani

- Madhosarup Vatsa

- Mortimer Wheeler

- 12 Granaries - 2 rows of 6 Granaries on circular Platforms are found where grains were

cleaned.

- Workmen‟s Quarters are found.

- Brass bullock cart is found.

- Vanity Box is found.

- Swastika (cruciate) Symbol found here .

- Cemetery (Graveyard) = R-37 .

- From here 57 graves are found .

- Grave of foreigner because his body found in wooden coffin .

- 12 Copper made mirrors also found .

- Swastika - Logo of Hitler‟s Nazi Party.

- Rangeya Raghava - Murdon Ka Tila.

- Om Thanvi - Book - Mohen –Jodaro.

- Bihari Award (2014)

- It was spread in triangular Shape .

MOHEN JODARO - Literal meaning of Mohen Jodaro is “Mound Of The Dead.”

- It is located in Larkana district of Sindh state in Pakistan on the banks of Indus River.

- Excavated by Rakhal Das Banerji .

- Great Bath :-

- 2 wide staircase one from the north and one form the south.

- The floor of the tank was water tight due to finely fitted bricks and mud laid on edge with

gypsum plaster and bitumen (waterproof tank).

- There are side rooms for changing clothes.

- Water was drawn from a large well in an adjacent room and an outlet from the corner of the

bath led to a drain.

- It is suggested that the great bath served ritual bathing.

- Johan Marshall called it “surprising structure of the world.”


- Great Granary - 12-12

- Largest building in Mohen Jodaro.

- Steatite image of bearded man.

- Bronze idol of dancing girl.

- No graveyard found from here.

- Cylindrical seals of Mesopotamia are found.

- Pashupati Mahadeva or Proto Shiva seal also found.

- Male deity is represented on seal.

- This god has three horned head.

- He is represented in the sitting posture of a yogi, placing one foot on another.

- This God is surrounded by an Elephant, a Tiger, a Rhinoceros and has a Buffalo below his

throne.

- At his feet 2 Deers can be seen.

[- Proto Shiva name given John Marshall]

[- Indian seal - square shaped]

- A fragments of woven cotton are found.

- From here 42 human skeletons found.

LOTHAL - It is located at the bank of Bhogawa River in Gujarat.

- Terracotta figurine of horse.

- Excavator - Rangnath Rao.

- It is also called Mini Harappa or Mini Mohen-Jodaro (because it is smaller than these)

Dockyard- small Harbour.

[Biggest structure of whole Harappa Civilization]

- It was centre of foreign trade.

- Beads manufacturing factory that‟s why it is called Industrial City.

- It is the only place where doors of houses opened in front on main road because it was an

industrial city.

- 3 double (paired) burial are found.

- Fire altars.

- Persian / Iranian seal discovered from here.

- Picture of story of clever fox and crow on an earthern ware.

- From here model of ship and compass found.

KALIBANGA

- It is located in Hanumangarh District. - It signifies black bangles. - It was discovered by Amlanand Ghosh in 1952 AD. - Excavation was done by B.K. Thapar & B.B. Lal (upto 5 levels) in 1961-1969 AD. - Evidences of Pre-Harrappan and Post-Harappan civilization found. - Early evidences of cultivated fields are found in which two crops namely gram and

mustard were produced. - Evidences of fire Pits are found. - Drains were paved with wooden floorings. - Houses were built with unbaked bricks and decorated bricks. - Paired Cemetries are found.


- Evidences of Earth-quake are found. - Kalibanga was located on the banks of ancient Saraswati or Ghaggar River and probably

due to change of path by this River it was deserted. - The Government of India established a Museum in 1985-86 AD.

DHOLAVIRA - Dholavira is situated in the Kutch Area of Gujarat.

- Excavated by Ravindra Singh Bist in 1990.

- Newest Harappan Centre.

- Its shape is like Parallelogram.

- It is divided in 3 parts.

1. Pond

2. Stadium

3. Notice Board

CHANHUDARO

- It is located at Sindh Province - Nawab Shah District on the bank of Indus River.

- Excavated by N.G. Mazumdar in 1931. He was killed by robbers.

- After that excavated by Earnest Mackay.

- Bead manufacturing factory found from here.

- Lipstick also found.

- Imprint of dog‟s paw on a brick that was chasing cat.

- From here we do not get evidence of fortification.

BANAWALI

- It is located in Hissar district of Haryana on the bank of Ghaggar river.

- Excavated by Ravindra Singh Bist.

- Lack of systematic drainage system.

- Wash basin found from here.

- Toy plough found from here.

- Evidence of barley also found.

RAKHIGARHI - It is situated at the bank of Ghaggar river in Haryana.

- Excavated by Rafiq Mughal & Suraj bhan.

- Bigggest Harappan site.

ROPAR - It is situated on the bank of Sutlej River in Punjab.

- Excavated by Yagya datt Sharma in 1953.

- 1st place which was excavated after independence.

- From here evidences of dog buried along with man found.

[This tradition was also seen in Burzahom (J&K) in Paleolithic Era.]

SURKOTADA - IT is situated at Kutch, Gujarat.

- Excavated by Jagpati Joshi.

- Here both the colonies are surrounded by single fortification like in Lothal.

- Exclusive grave found, it was covered by rock.

- The only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found.


SUTKAGENDOR

- Excavated by Aurel Stein.

- It was a port city like Lothal.

DAIMABAD

- Bronze Bullock cart found.

KUNAL (Haryana)

- 2 Silver crown found.

ROJADI (Gujarat)

Characteristics of Indus Valley Civilization:-

1. Urban Planning :-

- It was divided into two parts :-

(i) Citadel or Acropolis - Western part

- Which was possibly occupied by members of ruling class.

(ii) Lower Town :- Eastern part.

- It was inhabited by common people.

- It was an urban civilization.

- Towns were established for trade & commerce purpose.

- Both parts were differently fortified.

- Towns were like chessboard.

- All roads cut across one another almost at right angle these roads were paved and met at main

road.

- Doors of houses did not open on main road and no window on ground floor.

- Single storey and double storey buildings found.

- Houses and their drainage system were made up of burnt bricks.

- Underground (covered) drainage system world‟s 1st civilization in which drainage system is

found.

- Man Holes were constructed for cleaning purpose.

- One bathroom, kitchen and well was compulsory in every house.

- Only in Mohen-Jodaro we find 700 wells.

(ii) Economic Condition:-

1. Agriculture - - Agriculture based economy.

- All types of crops produced by them like- Wheat, Barley, Rai, Peas, Gram, Mustard, Cotton

etc.

- Surplus production in agriculture.

- The Harappans were the earliest people to produce cotton. That‟s why people of Greek

civilization called it „Sindon‟.

- Evidence of rice and millet are minimum [at Lothal evidence of both found]

- 1st crop was produced between November to April.

- No evidence of Ragi found from here.


- Plough was used (Millet Finger)

- Evidence of Barley from Banawali is found.

- River water was used for irrigation.

- They developed artificial (manual) sources of irrigation.

Shortughai (Afghanistan) - Canal

Dholavira - Artificial Pond

- [Shortughai & Mundigak - Afghanistan]

2. Domestication of Animals or Husbandary:- - Almost all kind of animals were domesticated.

- The humped bulls were favored by Harappans.

- Harappan culture was not horse centred.

- Elephants were well known to harappans.

- Humped bull‟s picture found on seal.

- Elephant remains excavated from Gujarat.

3. Industry:-

(i) Metal Industry:- - They were very well acquainted with the manufacture and use of bronze.

- Ordinary bronze was made by the Smiths by mixing tin with Copper.

- Copper was obtained from the Khetri copper mines of Rajasthan, although it could also be

brought from Baluchistan.

- Tin was brought from Afghanistan.

- Goldsmith made jewellery of silver, gold and precious stones.

(ii) Brick Industry:- - It was in highly developed stage.

- Brick dimension - 4:2:1

- “L” shaped bricks were also manufactured.

(iii) Cottage Industry:- - We get evidence of cotton cloth from Mohen-Jodaro.

(iv) Beads Industry:-

- Precious stones were brought from middle Asia.

- Diff. beads from diff. stones like- Steatite, Lapis Lazuli, Karnilion.

(v) Shell Industry:- - It was developed in coastal region.

- Eg. - Nageshwar (Gujarat)

- Balakot (Pakistan)

- Bangles were manufactured from shell.

- Unicorn picture is found on maximum seals.

4. Trade:- - Trade with both domestic and foreign region.

- Trade by water and roads.

- Evidence of trade with Mesopotamia is found.

- Sargaun Inscription:- - This is a Mesopotamian inscription.


- In this Indus Valley civilization is called Meluha.

- Trade from „Ur‟ Harbour.

- In this Dilmun (Bahrain) and Makan (Oman) were mediators.

- Meluha was called port city.

- Meluha was called country of Haja (Peacock).

- They did not use metal money. Most probably they carried on all exchanges through barter. In

return for finished goods and possibly food grains.

- Surplus production in agriculture.

- Gold and Silver traded from Afghanistan, Persia and Karnataka.

- Precious stone - Middle Asia

Copper - Khetari and Oman

- Tin - Afghanistan

- Weights were made of chart stone.

Seals - Seals of Steatite (soap stone) were manufactured which tells about prossession and

quality of any product. Maximum seals were square shaped.

3. Social Condition:- - Matriarchal society.

- Peace loving people.

- Priest class had more importance in society.

- Both vegetarian and non vegetarian people were found.

- As the script has not been deciphered we cannot judge the Harappan contribution to literature

nor can we say anything about their ideas and beliefs.

4. Religious Condition:- - Natural Polytheism culture was found.

- Goddesses worship were more than God.

- Belief in reincarnation.

- Idol worship.

- Birds and animals were also worshiped.

- Believes in immortality of soul.

- Evidence of animal sacrifice found.

- Swastic was worshiped.

- Believes in black magic, witchcraft.

- Fire altars found from here so Yajna could be performed.

- No temples were found.

- They worship plants and tree as Pipal was their sacred tree.

5. Political Condition:- - Perhaps merchant or purohit (priest) class were rulling.

- After seeing their colony arrangement there would be autonomous institute for management of

colonies.

Script :-

- Not able to read their script.

- Almost 400 symbols are found.

- In this pictures symbols were made.

- Max. 26 symbols found on a single edict.

- This script was from right to left.

- Their script is - Pictographic


Causes of decline of Indus Valley Civilization:- - According to Garden Child / Mortimer Wheeler - by invasion of Aryans.

- According to John Marshall & Mackay - flood was the reason.

- According to Amalanand Ghosh and Aurel Stein - climatic change.

- Rafiq Mughal & B.K. Thapar & Fair Service Ecological imbalance.

- Canady - Epidemic

- Lembrik path change by Sindhu river.

- M.R. Sahani - earthquake.


VEDIC PERIOD (1500-600 BC)

Vedic Literature :- - Vedic Literature comprises of 4 literary productions :-

1. The Samhitas or Vedas

2. The Brahamans

3. The Aranyakas

4. The Upanishads (Philosophy written in forest)

1. VEDAS :- - Vedas are called Apaurusheya i.e. not created by man but God-gifted.

- Also called Samhita (to compile) Shruti, Miraculous.

- Compiler of Vedas - KRISHNA DWEPAYAN VYAS ¼d`’.k }sik;u O;kl½

- In the beginning whole Vedic literature was called Vedas but now only samhita is called Veda.

- There are four Vedas :-

1. Rig Veda

2. Sama Veda Vedat rayi i.e. Trio of Vedas

3. Yajur Veda

4. Atharva Veda

- Rig Veda is the only source of this period.

1. RIG VEDA - It is the oldest text in the world.

- It is also known as „the first testament of mankind.‟

- It contains 1028 hymns, (sukt) divided into 10 Mandalas.

- Six mandalas (from 2nd

to 7th

Mandalas) are called Gotra / Vamsha Mandalas/ Family / Kula

Granth)

2- Grahatasamad

3- Vishwamitra

4- Vamdev

5- Atri

6- Bhardwaj

7- Vashisht

- The 1st and 10

th mandalas are said to have been added later.

- 3rd

Mandala - Gayatri Mantra is found in this Mandala which is dedicated to Sawitri (Sun)

- It was written between 1500 BC to 1000 BC.

- The Dasrajan battle (The Battle of 10 kings) - Description in 7th

Mandala.

- According to Rig Veda, the famous Dasrajan battle was mutual struggle of Aryans. The

Dasrajan war gives names of 10 kings who participated in a war against Sudas who was Bharata

king of Tritsus Family.

- Bharata Tribe V/S 10 Tribe

- The 10 Kings were Puru, Yadus, Turvasas, Anus & Druhyus along with five non Aryans viz

Alinas, Pakhtas, Bhalanas, Sibis & Vishanins.

- Purohit of Bharat tribe was Vashisht and of 10 tribes was Vishwamitra earlier Vishwamitra

was in Bharat Tribe.

- The battle was fought on the bank of Parushani (Ravi).


- Reason of this battle was to get authority over Ravi River‟s water.

- Sudas emerged victorious.

- 9th

Mandala - dedicated to somdev total 144 mantras. Somras was found on Munjavant

Mountains (Himalaya).

- 10th

Mandala contains the famous Purushasukta which explains the four Varnas :-

1. Brahmana

2. Kshatriya

3. Vaishya

4. Shudra

- Rig Veda written in prose style (Dialogue).

- [Puru, Anus, Yadus, Druhyus, Turvas are all called Panchjanya]

- [R.S.S. Hindi Newspaper - Panchjanya (It is the name of Shankh of Krishna)]

Vedas Upvedas Brahamana Aranyanka Upnishada Purohit

1. Rig Veda - Ayurveda Aitareya Aitareya Aitareya Hota/ Hotri

(medicine) Kaushitiki Kaushitiki Kaushitiki

2. Yajur Veda - Dhanur Veda -

(i) Krishna (Archery) Taittariya Taittariya, Kaths Adhvaryu

Yajur Veda Maitrayani, Adhvaryu

Shwetashwar

(ii) Shukla - Shatapatha Vrihadaranyaka Vrihadaranyaka,

Yajur Veda Ish

Sama Veda Gandharva Panchvisha Jaiminaya Jaiminaya Udgata

Veda Shadvinsh Chhandorya Chhandorya

Jai Minaya

Atharva veda Shilp Veda Gopatha Prashna Brahma

(wealth) Mundak

Mandukya

2. YAJUR VEDA - Book of sacrificial prayer.

- It is divided into two parts:-

(i) Krishna Yajur Veda

(ii) Shukla Yajur Veda

- This one is in both verse & prose.

- Shukla Yajur Veda also called Vajsaneyi ¼oktlus;h½ Samhita.

3. SAMA VEDA

- Book of Chants.

- Literal meaning of Sama is song.

- It is the oldest Musical text of India.

- This is favorite veda of Lord Krishna.

- From this we get information about mantra (spell) of high pitch.

4. ATHARVA VEDA - Book of magical formula.

- Contains charms and spells to ward off evils and diseases.


- This is a materialistic Book.

- Another name

- Atharvangiras - Atharva + Angiras

- Mahiveda (Mahi - earth)

- Bhaishajya Veda (Bhaishaj Medicine)

Brahamanas - The various sacrifices and rituals have been elaborately discussed in the Brahamanas.

- These are written in verses.

Aranyaka

- Those texts which were written in forest.

- It contains mysterious and philosophical knowledge.

- These are the concluding portions of the Brahamanas. (Part of Brahamana)

Upanishadas

- They are generally called Vedanta, as they came towards the end of the veda.

- Its literal meaning is devotedly sit with preceptor.

- In this brahma (Philosophical) knowledge is explained.

- There are 108 upanishadas.

- In Mundak Rituals are called broken boat.

- Ish Upanishad is the oldest which is part of Yajurveda.

- Kath Upanishad - Dialogue of Yam - Nachiketa

[ now fire of heaven is known as Nachi keta]

- Mundak Upnishad - Satyamev Jayatey

- Chhandogya Upanishad - 1st time description of Lord Krishna found in this. He was of Satvak

¼lkRod½ Vrishani ¼o’̀.kh½ tribe and deciple of Angiras.

Follower of Krishna were called Vasudevak.

- Vrihadaranyaka - Gargi Yaghyavalkya dialogue - in Janak‟s court.

- This is the oldest Upanishada.

- In Upanishad more emphasis given on Gyan ¼Kku½.

Vedangas - This is not a part of Vedic Literature.

- It is to understand Vedic Literature.

- There are six Vedangas :-

1. Shiksha (Phonetics) :- - The Pronunciation of a word is explained is this.

- „Pratishakhya‟ - the oldest text on phonetics.

2. Kalpa Sutras (Rituals) :- - Shulva sutra is part of it which is the ancient book of maths.

- Under this Sutra Literature was created.

3. Nirukta (Grammer) :- - In this origin of world is described.

- created by yask

- To understand Nighantu (difficult word).

- It is the oldest dictionary.

4. Chhand ¼NUn½ :- Pingal (Chhanda Sutras)

5. Vyakaran - „Panini‟ Ashtadhyayi

[Oldest book of grammer]

on the basis of this other books are written .


(1) Patanjali - Mahashasya

(2) Katyayan - Vartik

6. Jyotish - Jyotisha - Lagadh Muni

Smritis Literature / Dharmshastra - Laws of Indian Religion.

- Manusmriti - This is oldest smriti text

- Its creation was 200 B.C. - 200 A.D.

- It was created during Shunga period.

- Commentary written on this by four people :-

1. Meghatithi ¼es?kkfrfFk½

2. Bharuchi ¼Hkkjofp½

3. Kulluk Bhatt ¼dqYyd HkÍ½

4. Govind Raj ¼xksfoUn jkt½

- According to Nitsey ¼uhRls½ Burn Bible and adobt manusmriti.

- Yajyavalkya smriti :- 3 people had written commentary on it :-

(1) Vijnyaeshwar (foKkus‛oj)

(2) Vishwarupa (fo‛o:i)

(3) Apararka (vijkdZ)

king of Goa (Konkan) Shilahar Dynasty.

PURANA - They describe genealogies of various royal dynasties.

- Written by Lomharsh and his son Ugrishran (mx`Juk).

- Historical importance of these told by Pargitor (IkkWf;Vj).

- Purana - 18

- Matsya Purana - Satvahan Dynasty

- The Vishnu Purana - Maurya Dynasty

- The Vayu Purana - Gupta Dynasty

- Garud Purana - During death of any person.

- Katyayan (dkR;k;u) Smriti - Economic Laws

- Vrihaspati (o`gLifr) Smriti

- Narad (ukjn) Smriti - Liberation of Slave

- Parashar (ikjk‛kj)

- Deval (nsoy)

Durga Shaptsati (700) is part of Markandeya Puran.

RIGVEDIC PERIOD :- (1500-1000 B.C.) - Creator of Vedic civilization were Aryans.

- The meaning of Aryan is Elite.

- Origin place of Aryan

(1) “They came from North pole / Arctic region - According to Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

(2) Tibbat - Dayanand Saraswati

(3) Central Asia - Max Muller.

Boghazkoi Inscription :- - 1400 B.C. - From Turkey

- Which mentions Vedic gods, Indra, Varuna, Mitra & Nasatya.


- Persian literature Zend Avesta Similar to Rigveda.

Geographical Conditions :- - Aryans came to Sapt Sindhu Region in the beginning:-

(1) Sindhu

(2) Saraswati

(3) Sutlej - Sutudri

(4) Vyas - Vipasha

(5) Ravi - Parushani

(6) Chenab - Asikani

(7) Jhelum - Vitasta

- Their holy river - Saraswati.

- Max times name of Sindhu River is mentioned.

- Name of rivers of Afghanistan also found in Rigveda.

(1) Kabul - Kubha

(2) Kurram - Krumu

(3) Gomat - Gomati

(4) Swat - Suvastu

- Ganga - 1 time

- Yamuna - 3 times

- Mention of Mujvan Mountain in Rigveda.

Political Conditions:- - Rigvedic Aryans were nomadic.

- Believes in tribal culture that‟s why they do not have region based empire.

- Monarchy system.

- Earlier king was elected but after that it became hereditary.

- Ministers were called Ratni - 12

- Who were present at the time of coronation.

- Spy - Spash

- Vajrapati - head of gochar land.

- Prashnavinak (iz‛ukfoukd) - Judge

- Jana was the biggest unit of State - Janasya Gopa (Head).

Vish Vishpati (Head) - 170 times

Gram Gramani (Head) - 13 times

- To check the powers of king there were 3 public representative institutions.

(1) Sabha - Senior people institution

- 8 times in Rigveda.

- It gave advice to king on different matters.

(2) Samiti :-

- Common people.

- It‟s description 9 times in Rigveda.

- It played important role in the election of king.

- It‟s head was known as Ishan.

(3) Vidath :-

- It distributed looted money.

- Gift given to king by their wish is called Bali (cfy) .


Main Ratninas :-

(1) Purohita - Who used to do sacrifice (the priest).

(2) Senani (lsukuh) - Commander (the General)

(3) Yuvraja -Eldest son of the king (crown prince).

(4) Palagala (ikykxy) - Friend of king.

(5) Sangrihitri - Koshadhyaksh (Treasurer).

(6) Akshvay (v{kok;) - Game of Dice

(7) Bhaghdugha -Finance Minister (collector of Taxes).

(8) Suta - The Chariotior.

Economic Condition :-

(i) Agriculture -

- Rigvedic Aryans were not agriculture centred.

- The word “Agriculture” has been used only 24 times in Rigveda.

- Among these 21 were added later on

- However, in the 4th

Mandal of Rigveda Agriculture processes have been described.

- Among Grains, Barley have been mentioned the most.

- tks dks Hko dgk tkrk FkkA

(ii) Animal Husbandary :- - Animal husbandary was their major occupation.

- Cow and Horse were their most loved animals.

- The king has been described as a defender of animals and not as a defender of land.

- At the time of Yajna they prayed for animals from devtas.

- Animals were donated.

- The major cause of war was animals (war was fought for sake of cows)

- The king was called „Gopati‟.

- For time “GODHUL” word was used.

- For the measurement of distance „Gavyati‟ word was used.

(iii) Industry :- - Industries were not developed.

- Few industries which developed were:-

(i) Leather Industry

(ii) Earthenware Industry

(iii) Wooden Industry

Trade and Commerce:- - As there was no industry trade and commerce was not developed.

- Coin system / currency system was not developed.

- They used to purchase things in exchange for cows.

- Trade was carried out in cows and Nishk.

- NISHK :- Nisk was a gold ornament which was later used as a form of currency.

- Money (Cow/Nisk) was given on interest. It was called KUSID VRATI.

- The person who would lend money was called VEKNAT (osdukV).

Social Condition of Aryans :-

(i) VARNA SYSTEM :- - The Varna system was profession based.

- In the Purush Sukta of 10th

Mandal of Rigveda Varna sukta has been described.


- In the 9th

Mandal of Rigveda, a child says, “I am poet my father is a physician and my mother

is a grinder.”

(ii) FAMILY :- - It was a Patriarchal family headed by father and joint families existed. The father had

uncontrollable rights (Male Dominated Society)

(iii) WOMEN :- - In Rigveda no desire is expressed for daughter.

- The condition of women was very nice.

- Women were given education.

- There was no provision of dowry.

- The gifts which were given to girl at the time of marriage was called VAHTU.

- No examples of child marriage.

- Widow re-marriage happened.

- Inter caste marriage also happened (Anuloma-Pratiloma)

- Niyoga practice existed.

- Women participated in wars.

- A Female warrior named (VISHFALA) finds place in Rigveda.

- The women who never married were called AMAJU (vektw).

- Women were treated equally “Right to equality” prevailed.

(iv) DAS / SLAVE :- - Slaves have been mentioned in Rigveda.

Religious Conditions :-

(i) Natural Polytheism :- - Rigvedic Aryans considered all the powers of nature as God. They personified these powers

and gave them a persona.

(ii) Henotheism :- - This concept was given by German philosophy “Max Muller”.

According to this,Rigvedic Aryans considered those God as the most prominent God, the ones

they worshiped and at that time all other Gods would become less important.

(iii) Monotheism :- - Beliefs in the existence of one God or in oneness of God.

- Rigvedic Aryans believed in an extreme / supreme power and considered it beyond all Gods

and humans. We get this evidence from the Purush Sukta of 10th

Mandal in Rigveda when the

whole universe was considered to be formed from a huge man.

(iv) PANTHEISM :- - It is the belief that all of reality is identical with divinity or everything compasses an all

encompassing immament God.

- Rigvedic Aryans considered that supreme power as a part of everything in this universe and

believed that god is everywhere in this world.

(v) NIRGUN BRHMA :- - Rigvedic Aryans separated that supreme from humans and called it NIRGUNA.

- They did not believe in idol worship & temples were also not found.


- Male deities were worshipped more.

- They used to perform Yajna.

- They demanded for materialistic things during Yajna.

- The head of the family could perform the yajna.

- The Yajna were very simple.

- Devtas were of three types :-

(i) Sky God - Surya, Mitra, Varun, Ghos

(ii) Space God - Indra, Maruta, Vayu, Parjanya (ckny).

(iii) Prithavi / God - Som, Agni, Vrahaspati.

- Among these three Gods were major ones.

(i) Indra :- - The most important God (250 Rigvedic hymns are devoted to him) ; played the role of warlord

and considered to be the rain God.

(ii) Agni :- - The Second most important God (200 Rigvedic hymns are devoted to him).

- Fire God considered to be the intermediary between the Gods and the people.

(iii) Varuna :- - Personified water.

- 30 hymns of Rigveda devoted to him.

- Supposed to uphold „Rita‟ or the natural order (Ritasyagopa).

RIT :- The ethical moral and physical system of the world has been called RIT.

LATER RIGVEDIC PERIOD

- Iron was discovered during this periods.

[1] Geographical Condition of Aryans :- - By discovery of Iron deforestation became easy and they moved from Sapt Sindhu Region and

came to Ganga Yamuna doab.

- Sadanira river (Gandak) was their eastern boundary [By Videth Madhav Story of Satapatha

Brahamana]

- So Aryans called Magadh‟s people as „Vratya‟.

- 3 mountain names are found in post Vedic literature:-

(i) Trikakud

(ii) Kenj

(iii) Menak

- Now main place of post Vedic Aryans was Ganga-Yamuna doab.

[2] Political Condition :-

- Agriculture started by discovery of Iron and their life became stable.

- Region based empire formed.

- For the help of king 12 ministers were there which were called Ratni.

- Due to discovery of Iron they started manufacturing weapons. Now the war was deciding.

Therefore big Janpads established.

- Many Jan collectively formed Janpad.

- Now the biggest national unit was “Janpad”.

- Bharatu and Purus (iq:) formed KURU JANPAD.


- Turvashas (rqoZ‛kk) and Krivis (Øhoh) formed PANCHALA (ikapky) JANPAD.

- Now king became more powerful and different titles were given to them.

- No regular army was organised.

- Divine form of kingship popularized.

- Regular taxation system was not introduced but it was compulsory to give Bali (cfy) (gift) to

king.

- Raja started organizing big Yajna like :-

(i) Ashwamedh :- Unquestioned control over an area in which royal horse ran uninterrupted.

This Yajna was performed for the expansion of the empire.

(ii) Rajsuy:- Supposed to confer supreme power on him. This Yajna was performed at the time

of coronation. King would plough the field at the time of Yajna. Later on this Yajna was

performed every year.

(iii) Vajpey:- Chariot / Horse race was conducted in this yajna and the Royal Chariot was

always was made to win the race against kinsmen.

- The power of institution which control king reduced and no description of Vidath is found.

- Importance of Sabha and Samiti also declined.

- [According to Atharvaveda Sabha and Samiti were two daughters of Prajapati.]

[3] Social Condition :- - Society was divided into four Varnas :-

(1) Brahmin

(2) Kshatriya

(3) Vaishya

(4) Shudra

- Varna arrangement on the basis of birth started.

- Profession on the basis of caste started.

- They started using the terms Jati‟s Gotra.

[Gotra- It is decided by place where group of people use to tie their cows. Those who used to tie

their cow at the same place having same gotra.]

Virat

Raja Swarat

Bhoj

Samrat


- Brahmins were given symbolic supremacy but Kshatriya had authority over production tools.

Hence the original power vested with king.

- Now social mobility stopped.

- Brahmin (vnk;h)

Non Productive Class

Kshatriya (cfygj)

- Vaishya (vUuL; cfyd`r)

Productive Class

Shudra (vUuL; izs{;)

- Widow Remarriage was still there but power of man continuously increasing in society.

- Decline in the status of women but still they were provided education.

- According to Atharvaveda - the reason of sorrow is daughter.

- Name of two educated women are found :-

- Gargi

- Maitreyi

- Now Anuloma Pratiloma marriage were banned.

- Untouchability started in society.

- In Aitareya Brahamana a daughter is the sources of misery but a son is protetor of family.

- According to Maitrayani Samhita there are three evils - Liquor, Woman & Dice.

- Yajnavalkya - Gargi dialogue indicates that some women had got higher education.

- Now deeds (Karma) theory and rebirth theory popularized.

- Niyog pratha reduced.

[4] Economic Condition :-

(i) Agriculture :- - It is started by discovery of Iron. Now agriculture was done on large scale.

- According to Atharva Veda agriculture started by Prithvenu.

- Description of plough drawn by 24 oxen in Kathak Samhita of Sathapatha Brahamana.

- Name of many food grains found.

(ii) Animal Husbandry :- - Still cow and horse were their fav. animals.

(iii) Industry :- - Due to surplus production in agriculture industries were developed but industries were not at

developed stage.

- Textile / Cottage Industry.

- Metal Industry.

- Wooden Industry.

- Leather Industry.

- Earthern ware Industry.

4. Trade and Commerce were not at developed stage.

- No coin system developed.

- Cow and Nishk were used as money.

- Money lend on interest.

- Money on interest called „Kusidvrati‟.


5. Religious Condition :- - As the time passed by Yajnas became elaborate and complicated ceremonial leading to the

emergence of learned men known as Brahmanas.

- Natural polytheism and Nirgun Brahm concept still prevailed.

- Yajna should be done very systematically.

- Yajna considered superior to God and deity was forced to give result if yajna done

systematically.

- The earlier dieties Indra & Agni were relegated into the background while Prajapati (Brahma),

Vishnu (Patron God of Aryans) and Rudra (God of animal), Shiva / Mahesha) rose in

prominence.

Now Prajapati became supreme God.

- According to Mundak Upanishada Karam Kand (Yagya) is stated as broken boat.

- Now Moksh (Salvation) idea became popular.

- No idol worship and temple were found.

- Pushana, who protected cattle in the early vedic period now became the God of Shudras.

- Materialism in Aryans decreased & concept of Moksh developed.

- Towards the end of the Vedic period, emergence of a strong reaction against cults, rituals &

priestly domination, reflection of this mood in the Upanishadas.

- More emphasis on knowledge in Upanishad.

- Brahm is described in Upanishad. [Drashta- creator of Veda]

Mahajanpad Period

- It is called second urban revolution because during this 16 Mahajanpadas were formed whose

capitals developed in the form of towns.

- When big empire established then administrative activities increased so Nagar established in

the form of administrative centres.

- Due to discovery of Iron surplus production in agriculture started. Hence in the form of

agriculture market Nagars were founded.

- Due to surplus production it is possible to establish industry, hence in the form of industrial

centres Nagars were developed.

- Due to development of industry trade & Commerce increased. Hence in the form of trade

centres Nagars came into prominence.

Sources of Information :-

- Anguttara Nikaya

Buddhist Literature

- Mahavastu

- Bhagavati Sutta - Jain Literature presented a list of 16 Mahajanapadas with minor variation of

names.

Mahajanapadas :-

[1] Magadha :-


- District of Patna, Gaya & parts of Shahabad in Bihar.

- Biggest Mahajanapada

- King - Bimbisar

- Capital - Girivraj and after that changed to Rajgriha.

[2] Vatsa :- - District of Allahabad, Mirzapur etc. in U.P.

- King - Udayin

- Capital – Kausambi

[3] Kosala :- - District of Faizabad, Gonda, Bahraich in U.P.

- King - Prasenjit

- Capital - North - Saket

- South - Sravasti

[Budha stayed here for a long time]

[4] Avanti :- - Malwa

- Capital - North - Ujjayini

- South - Mahishmati

- King – Pradhyot

[5] Kuru :- - Haryana & Delhi area.

- Capital - Indraprastha (Modern Delhi)

[6] Panchala :- - Ruhelkhand, Western U.P.

- Capital - North - Ahichhatra

- South – Kampilya

[7] Kashi :- - District of Varanasi in U.P.

- Capital - Varanasi / Banaras

- Famous for cotton clothes.

[8] Anga :- - District of Munger & Bhagalpur in Bihar.

- Capital - Champa.

- Karn belonged to this place.

[9] Shurasena :- - Brijmandal

- Capital – Mathura

[10] Matsya :- - Alwar, Bharatpur & Jaipur in Rajasthan.

- Capital - Viratnagar.

[11] Chedi :-


- Bundelkhand Area.

- Capital - Shaktimati

- King – Shisupal

[12] Gandhara :- - Western part of Pakistan & Afghanistan

- Capital - Takshashila & Pushkalavati

- Saket - Ancient name of Ayodhya

- Upanyas of Methilisharan Gupta - Saket

- Kashi is sister city of Quoto.

- Rajasthan is sister state of South Australia.

[13] Kamboja :- - Hazara district of Pakistan.

- Capital - Rajapur / Hataka

- Famous for horses.

- Its description is found in Kautilya‟s Arthashashtra.

- Kautilya called inhabitants of Kamboja Vartashastropajivi ¼okrkZ‛kL=ksithoh½.

[Varta = Agricuture + Husbandary + trade]

[14] Ashmaka :- - Between the rivers Narmada & Godavari (Maharashtra).

- Capital - Patali / Potana (iksVu)

- One and only Mahajanpad of South India.

[15] Vajji :- - North of the river Ganga in Bihar.

- Capital - Vaishali.

- Republican State - King was elected.

[16] Malla :- - U.P.

- Kuishinara - Budha died here.

- Pawa - Mahaveer died here.

- Republican state - King elected.

DYNASTY:- Haryanaka Shisunaga Nanda

Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty

(1) Bimbisara (1) Shisunaga (1) Mahapadmanada

(2) Ajatashatru (2) Kalashoka ¼egkin~euUn½

(3) Udayin (2) Dhanananda ¼/kukuUn½

Rise of Magadha :-

[544B.C.-492 B.C.] 412 B.C. - 344 B.C. 344 B.C. - 323 B.C.


- Aryan culture was not extended as they adopted materialistic culture.

- Magadha lay at the centre of the middle Gangetic plain. The alluvium, once cleared of the

jungles, proved immense fertile and food surplus was thus available.

- Iron deposits in Chotanagpur plateau in Jharkhand were useful in the manufacture of

agriculture equipment and weapons.

- It was Magadha which first used elephants on a large scale in its war against its neighbors.

- Elephants were captured from Kaling present day Odisha.

- Strategic condition - their capital was surrounded by hills.

- Due to series of deserving ruler ruled.

1. Bimbisara :- - He was the founder of Haryanka dynasty.

- His title - Shranika

- He conqured Anga.

- He married the princess of Kosala. Kosaldevi / Mahakosala - sister of Kosal King Prasenjit and

he gained a part of Kashi as the dowry in his marriage.

- He married princess of Lichchavi - Chellana (psYyuk) sister of Lichchavi head Chetak (psVd).

- He married princess of Madra - Khema daughter of Madra king.

which helped him in his expansionist policy.

- He sent a royal physician, Jivaka to Ujjain when Avanti King Pradyota was suffering from

Jaundice.

- He transferred capital from Girivraj to Rajgriha.

- Gandhar King Pushkar Sarin (lkfju) sent his ambassador in the court of Bimbisar.

[2] Ajatashatru :-

- His title was Kunika (dqf.kd).

- Bimbisar was succeeded by his son Ajatashatru. Ajatashatru killed his father and seized the

throne.

- He attacked on Kosala and got married to Vajira (okftjk) daughter of Prasenjit.

- He gained complete control over Kashi and merged it in Magadha Empire.

- The Vajji confederation was his next target to attack. This war was a lengthy one and tradition

tells us that after a long period of 16 years, he was able to defeat the Vajji only through deceit by

sowing the seeds of discord amongst them. (He took advice from Budha).

[8 union together from Vajji Union]

- These three played important role to defeat Vajji.

(i) Sunidha & Vatsakar - Ajatashatru‟s diplomatic ministers, who sowed the seeds of discord

amongst Vajjis.

(ii) Rathamusala - a kind of Chariot to which a mare was attached.

(iii) Mahashilakantaka - a war engine which catapulted big stones.

- In this way Kashi and Vaishali (the capital of Vajji) were added to Magadha, making it the

most powerful territorial power in the Ganges Valley.

- He was killed by his son Udayin.

[1st Budhist Council (Sangiti) was organised in Rajgriha]

3. Udayin :- - Ajatshatru was succeeded by his son Udayin.

- His reign is important because he laid the foundations of the city of Patliputra at the confluence

of the Son & the Ganges and shifted the capital for Rajagriha to Patliputra.

- He was follower of Jainism.

4. Shisunaga :-


- He conquered Kosala and Avanti.

- He shifted his capital from Patliputra to Vaishali.

5. Kalashoka :- - 383 B.C. - His reign is important because he organised the second Buddist council in

VAISHALI .

- Again he shifted capital from Vaishali to Pataliputra.

6. Mahapadma Nanda :- - The Shisunaga dynasty was over thrown by Mahapadma who established a new line of kings

known as the NANDA.

- The king of Nanda Dynasty was of Shudra Varna.

- He was follower of Jainism.

- Title :-

1. Sarvakshatrantak (loZ{k=kUrd)

(because he was uprooter of all the Kshatriyas.)

2. Ekrat (,djkV)

(The Sole Monarch)

3. Second Bhargava

[1st Bhargava - Parsuram because 21 times he uprooted Kshatriyas]

- He invaded Kalinga.

- He brought idol of Jinsen (Jain Saint) from Kalinga.

- The information about these attacks are obtained from Odisha‟s Hathigumpha inscription of

Kharavela, the then emperor of Kalinga.

- Ashtadhyayi writer Panini was contemporary to Mahapadmananda.

7. Dhana Nanda :- - He insulted Chanakya so Chanakya took a pledge to take revenge.

- Chanakya / Kautilya / Vishnu Gupta - killed him with the help of Chandra Gupta Maurya and

Nanda Dynasty came to an end and was supplanted by another dynasty known as Mauryas, with

Chandra Gupta Maurya as the founder.

- The information of conspiracy of Chanakya & Chandra Gupta got from Mudra-Rakshasa book

by Vishakhadatta.

- Greek historian called him Andracottus or Sandracottos.

- It was during the rule of Dhana Nanda that the invasion of Alexandor took place in North-West

India.

Religious Movement

Buddhism Jainism


Buddhism :-

Buddha‟s Life.

- His original name was Sidharth.

- Gautam Buddha, founder of the Buddhism.

- He was born in 563 BC on the Vaisakha Purnima day at Lumbini in Kapil Vastu (Now situated

in the foot hills of Nepal in the Sakya Kshatriya Clan.)

- His father Suddho Dhana was the republican king of Kapil Vastu and mother Mahamaya was a

princess of Kosala Dynasty.

- After his mother‟s early death, he was brought up by his step mother and aunt Maha Prajapati

Gautami.

- His father married him at an early age to Yasodhara (princess of Kolli Dynasty) from whom

he had a son Rahul.

- Four sights :-

(1) An Old man

(2) A diseased (Leprosy) person.

(3) A dead body.

(4) An ascetic.

proved to be a turning point in his carrier.

- At the age of 29, he renounced home, this was his Mahabhinishkramana (great going forth)

and became a wondering ascetic.

- His first teacher was Alara Kalama (Sankhya Philosopher) from whom he learnt the technique

of meditation.

- His next teacher was Uddaka.

- Later on at Uruvella (Bodh Gaya) he started penance with Kaundinya and 4 other Brahaman.

- Sujata named girl served Kheer to Buddha and at that time Buddha gave concept of Madhyam

Marg.

- Kaundinya and his other desciples came to Sarnath (Kashi- was known as Sarnath at that time).

- At the age of 35 under Pipal tree at Uruvella (Bodh Gaya) on the bank of river Niranjana

(modern name Falgu) attained Nirvana (enlightenment) after 49 days of continuous meditation,

now he was fully enlightened (Buddha or Tathagat). This incident is known as Sambodhi.

- And now his name changed to Tathagat means, “one who has thus gone or come”.

- He delivered his first sermon at Sarnath (Dear Park) to Kaundinya and 4 desciples.

- This is known as Dharmachakra Pravartana (Turning of the wheel of law).

- Max Sermons given in Shravasti (U.P.).

- He spent his Max rainy season in Shravasti.

- Monasteries or Vihara offered to Buddha or the Sangha :- - Bimbisar offered VELUVANA Vihar in Rajgriha.

- Udayin offered GHOSITARAMA Vihar in Kosambi.

- Prasenjeet who was king of Kosala offered Purvaram Vihar.

- Anathpindak named merchant offered JETAVANA Vihar in Shravasti.

- Amrapali, was a courtesan of the republic of Vaishali offered Amrapali Vatika.

- Avanti‟s king Pradhyot called (invited) Lord Buddha but he failed to go there.

- He died at the age of 80 in 483 BC at Kushinagar because he ate pork at his desciple‟s place in

Pavapuri.


- This is known as Mahaparinirvana (Final Blowing Out).

Vihar -Where Buddhist Monk live

Math - a place where Hindu Monks live

Khanqah - Where Sufi gathered (Sufe convent).

Doctrine of Buddhism :- - Four Noble Truths (Chatwari Arya Satyani)

It is the essence of Buddhism.

[1] Life is full of sorrow (Dukha) - Sabbam Dukkam

[2] There are causes of sorrow (Dukha Samudaya) - Dwadash Nidan / Pratitya Samutpada.

[3] This sorrow can be stopped (Dukh Nirodha) - Nirvana.

[4] There is a path leading to cessation of sorrow (Dukha Nirodha Gamini Pratipada) -

Ashtangika Marga.

[Buddha allowed women to attend Buddhist union in Vaishali. This permission given on

recommendation of his fav . desciple Anand who was his step brother also.

- 1st lady to attend Sangha was Prajapati Gautami.

- Yashodhara book by Methilisharan Gupta.

Pratitya Samutpada :- - In 2

nd and 3

rd noble truth this is explained.

- Its literal meaning is “If this exists that exists; if this ceases to exist that also ceases to exist.”

- This is theory of Karanta (dkj.krk) of Buddha (theory of cause effect).

- To understand Pratitya Samutpada Buddha gave Dwadasa Nidan Chakra.

- According to Buddha root cause of sorrow is Avidhya.

- Dwadas Nidan Chakra :-

(1) Avidhya - Ignorance

(2) Samskar (laLdkj) - Result of bad karma

- collection of bad karma.

(3) Vigyan - Consciousness

(4) Namroop (uke:i) - Embryo

(5) Shadayatan (‘kM;aru) - 6 tenses

(6) Sparsh (Li‛kZ) - to come in contact.

(7) Vedana (osnuk) - experience of bad habit.

(8) Trishna (r`’.kk) - love towards bad habit.

(9) Upadan (miknku) - Stick to bad habit.

(10) Bhav (Hko) - Nature to take birth.

(11) Jati (tkfr) - to take birth.

(12) Jaramaran (tjkej.k) - Sorrow because of rebirth.

Ashtangika Marga (Eight fold Path) :- - Buddha gave Ashtangika Marga for cessation of sorrow and in his 4

th noble truth he explained

about it.

- (1) Samyak Drishti (lE;d n`f’V) - Right observation

(2) Samyak Sankalp (lE;d ladYi) - Right determination

(3) Samyak Vak (lE;d okd~) - Right Speech

(4) Samyak Karmant (lE;d dekZUr) - Right Action

(5) Samyak Ajeev (lE;d vtho) - Right Livelihood.

(6) Samyak Vyayam - Right Exercise.

(7) Samyak Smriti - Right Memory

(8) Samyak Samadhi - Right Meditation


Here Samyak means “in a right way.”

Anityawad / Kshanikwad Doctrine of Impermanence :- - According to Buddha in this world there is nothing that is fixed and permanent. Everything is

subject to change and alteration.

- Existance was a flux and a continuous becoming.

- According to the teachings of Buddha, life is comparable to a river. It is a progressive moment,

a successive series of different moment, joining together to give the impression of one

continuous flow. The river of yesterday is not the same as the today, so does life.

- Since everything is momentary. So sorrow is also momentary. By scessation of reason of

Dukha i.e. Avidhya sorrow can also be ended.

- According to Buddha only change is permanent.

Anatmavad :- - Buddha believed in soul but he did not believe in permanency of soul.

- According to him soul is „flow of thought‟.

- But this flow is very fast and continuous. So it appears nitya (permanent) to us.

Madhyama Marga :- (The middle path)

- Man should avoid both extremes, i.e. a life of comforts and luxury and a life of serve ascetism.

- Buddha suggested that neither tighten the strings of life flute so much that they break nor let

them be so loose that the flute becomes unmelodious.

- It is a path between excess (vfr) and meager (vYi) does not believe in eternal (‚kk‛or) and

(vPNsnokn). This is path between Attachment (vklfDr) & Penance (dk;kDys‛k)

Nirvana :- - According to Buddha, “Moksh” is Nirvana.

- And when we get knowledge then our sorrow will end and this stage is called Nirvana.

- This is the ultimate aim of life.

- According to Buddhist Monk Nirvana is stage of sorrow less happiness.

Buddhist believe in reincarnation.

Buddhist does not belive in Vedas that‟s why it is Nastik Darshan.


BUDDHIST COUNCILS

- Place King President Year

(i) Rajgriha - Ajatashatru - Mahakassapa - 483 B.C.

- Compilation of Sutta Pitaka by Ananda (fav. desciple of lord Buddha)

- Khuddaka Nikaya - This is heterogeneous mix of sermons.

- Jatak Stories (stories of reincarnation of Bhagwan Buddha).

- Compilation of Vinaya Pitaka by Upali (main desciple of Buddha)

- This is code of conduct for Buddhist Monks.

(ii) Vaishali - Kalashoka - Sabbakami (Sabak Mir) - 383 B.C.

- Buddhist religion divided into two parts :-

- Sthavira (LFkkoj) (Thervadin) - Those who follow old theories.

- Mahasanghika (egklaf/k) - Those who follow after making changes in these theories.

(iii) Patliputra - Ashoka – Mogaliputta Tiss - 251 B.C.

- Compilation of Abhidhamma Pitaka .

Buddhist Philosophy

- One part of Abhidhamma (vfHk/kEe) Pitaka is Kathavathu which was written by Mogliputt Tissa

(eksxfyiqRr frLl).

(iv) Kundala - Kanishka - Vasumitra - 1 century

Vana (President)

- Ashvaghosa

(v‛o?kks’k)

(vice president)

Literal meaning of Pitaka is Basket .

Tripitak -

- Sutta Pitaka

- Vinay Pitaka

- Abhidhamma Pitaka

- In 1st and 3

rd council books were written

- Buddhist religion divided into two parts :-

(1) Hinyana

(2) Mahayana


- Difference between Hinyana & Mahayana :-

Hinayana

- Orthodox sect

- Assumed lord Buddha as Mahapurush.

- They favoured pali language i.e. delivered

their sermons in Pali language.

- Param Pad - Arhat

- Individualism

(O;fDrokn)

- They did not believe in idol worship.

- They did not believe in deities.

- It is known as „Southern Buddhist

Religion‟ because it prevailed in the south

of India eg. - Sri Lanka, Burma, Syan

(Thailand).

- There were two subsects of Hinayana :-

(1) Vaibhasika (oSHkkf’kd)

(2) Sautantrika (LkkS=kfUrd)

Mahayana

- Reformist sect.

- Assumed lord Buddha as Ishwar.

- They favoured Sanskrit language.

- Param Pad - Bodhisatva

- Humanitarian

(ekuorkoknh)

- They believe in idol worship.

[Buddha was the 1st person who was

worshipped]

- Believe in deity.

- It is known as Northern Buddhist Religion

because it prevailed in the North of India eg.

China, Korea, Japan etc.

- There are two subsects of Mahayana :-

(1) Shunyanada

- founder - Nagarjuna.

- According to this extreme element (Param

Tatva) is Shunya i.e. it cannot be explained.

- Later on Shankaracharya also explained

Brahm in the same way so Shankaracharya

is called Prachchana Buddha.

(2) Vijnanavada

- founder - Maitreyanath

- According to this param Aatva

is Vijnan.

- In this world only existence of ideas

(Vijnan) and it called Chit (Soul) house of

Vijnan.


Arhat - Who got Salvation.

- Bodhisatva - Who got salvation but did not accept it and help other to get salvation.

Nagarajuna - Einstein of India

- He had given theory of relativity.

- Chemistry Scholar

- His book - Madhyamik Karika

Contribution of Buddhism :

Buddhism lest an abiding mark on history of India

1.) Lord Buddha gave us a simple religion which was free from rituals. It appealed to common

people.

2.) Emancipation of women. Buddhism gives the message of equality. Women were also

admitted to the Sangha and thus was brought on par with men, which brought women

empoverment.

3.) Buddhist sanghas were liberal and democratic. That‟s why various republics came into

existence at the time of Buddha.

4.) Various kings adopted Buddhism and did social welfare for the society such as Ashoka,

Kanishka, Harsha.

5.) Indian architecture was developed with the construction of Buddhist Stupas, Chaityas and

Viharas. Eg. Sanchi Stupa.

6.) We find Buddhist paintings in the caves of Ajanta and Ellora which lead to development of

Indian architecture.

7.) Sculptures related to Buddhism were made in Gandhaar and Mathura, which helped in the

development of sculpture art in India.

8.) Buddhism removed the ban imposed on economic activities eg. Money can‟t be given on

interest and a person can‟t travel by sea.

Due to removal of these restrictions trade and commerce developed. We see that in India the

development of Buddhism and Economy took place simultaneously.

9.) Buddha prescribed the middle path, which was a practical concept and is reflected in Indian

foreign policy. This middle path is reflected in Non Alligned Policy and Gujral Theory.

10.) Buddha gave emphasis on non violence which is reflected in Mahatma Gandhi‟s principles

in our national movement. By following this we can make this world a better place to live.

11.) Buddhist scholars spread Buddhism abroad. Buddhist culture was developed there. Due to

establishment of cultural relations trade and commerce boosted. Thus India established Ethical

Supremacy over such countries.

12.) Due to spread / expansion of Buddhist culture abroad, Indian states were established at

many places which established culture of greater India.


13.) Buddhist scholars used Pali and other regional languages in their writings, which lead to

development of these languages.

14.) Various educational institutions were set up such as Nalanda and Vikramshila in Bihar and

these lead to educational development in India.

15.) Various Buddhist travelers came to India. We get information about that era of Indian

history from their books.

16.) Buddha gave an Atheist Philosophy and upto a certain extent Indian philosophy was taken

up by logic.

CAUSES OF DECLINE OF BUDDHISM IN INDIA :- - Buddhism was divided into different sects such as Hinayana & Mahayana.

- Due to enoromous amount of money in Buddhist Sangha corruption increased which lead to

further degradation.

- Buddhist religion had accepted the same evil practices of Brahmanism against which they

initially opposed.

Example - Idol worship

- Use of Sanskrit language

- New sects like VAJRAYAN & KALCHAKRAYAN were formed in Buddhism who believed

in spells and astrology.

- Buddhism could not establish their social institutions.

- To meet the Buddhist challenge the Brahmans reformed their religion. They stopped animal

sacrifices during yajna. Importance of yajna were reduced.

- Brahman scholars defeated Buddhist scholars in debates like Shankaracharya Kumaril Bhatt.

- People were again attracted to Brahmanism.

- After the Gupta period feudalism entered India which lead to decline of economic activities

which affected Buddhism.

- Buddhism flourished and developed more in State protection but after the Pal Dynasty nobody

provided state protection.

- Brahmans declared Buddha as incarvation of Lord Vishnu.

- Due to the invasion of Turks, Buddhism was affected and Huna King Muhirkula destroyed

various stupas and vihars. Thus many Buddhist Monks escaped to Nepal and Tibet.

- The Rajputs were emerging in India, which was a war loving clan and their policies did not

match Buddhism non violence policies.

SYMBOLS RELATED TO BUDDHA :- 1. Janma (Birth) - Lotus / Bull

2. Mahabhi Mishkramana - Horse

(Renunication)

3. Nirvana / Sambodhi - Bodh tree

4. Dharmachakra Prav - Wheel

artana (First Sermon)

5. Mahaparinirvana - Stupa

(Death)

6. Nirvana Prapti - Foot print

7. Garbhadhan - Elephant

index 07e - kaivalya ras

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