M A G A Z I N E 32October | November 2009

Making eBooks from InDesign,

Part One

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The eBook Revolution

Is Here!In Part 1 of this 2-part series, you’ll

learn how to create portable EPUB files that can be read on

a computer, smartphone, or dedicated eBook reader.

By GABRIEL POWELL

It’s been talked about for years: a paperless book that can be downloaded from a Web site and read on an electronic reading device. And now that thousands of eBooks are being downloaded every day, the eBook revolution is finally upon us.

eBooks aren’t meant to replace traditional paper books, but they are a convenient alternative. After ordering an eBook, you can instantly download it to your computer, smartphone, or dedicated eBook reader and start reading it. You can search through the text for a specific word or phrase. You can adjust the size of the text and choose a different font. You can add digital bookmarks and non-permanent annotations. And you can fit an entire library into a single reading device.

With all these benefits combined with an increased consumer appetite for eBooks, it’s no wonder that publishers are making material available in digital format.

When you think of an eBook, you likely imagine a PDF file that has been designed and packaged for commercial delivery via the Internet. The standard PDF format is certainly widely used. But more recently, a new XML-based eBook format has emerged, called EPUB. It’s specifically designed for reflowable books and other publications.

In this article, I’ll first introduce you to the EPUB file format. Then I’ll teach you best practices to follow when setting up an InDesign document that will be exported as an EPUB file. Finally, I’ll walk you

through the basic steps of exporting an EPUB file. Check CreativePro.com in late January 2010 for my follow-up article on editing an EPUB file after export.

What’sanEPUBFile?The EPUB (electronic publication) file format is a free, open eBook standard that was developed by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). Unlike PDF, which is a fixed-page format, EPUB was designed to enable content to adapt to the capabilities of various reading devices, whether they have wide or narrow screens, a high or low screen resolution, broad or limited font support, and so on.

Note: For a list of eBook reading devices that natively support EPUB content, visit http://www.adobe.com/products/digitaleditions/devices/.

An EPUB file is really a package that consists of XML files, XHTML files, and optional CSS style sheets. It can also contain fonts and images. You can open an EPUB file with a compatible reader such as Adobe Digital Editions, the Stanza application for the iPhone, and the Sony Reader, or you can convert it into a file format that can be opened on other reading devices, such as the Amazon Kindle, various smartphones, and Palm OS devices.

The EPUB file format is fast becoming the preferred industry standard. Rather than create eBooks in a variety of formats, it’s more efficient to start with a single EPUB file that’s then converted into other formats as necessary.

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InDesign allows you to export EPUB files. So after producing a print version of a publication, you can convert the same content into an EPUB file (Figure 1).

CreatinganEPUBFileCreating an EPUB file is really quite easy—as easy as choosing File > Export for Digital Editions. However, the most critical part of the process is to set up your InDesign document in such a way that it can be easily

and accurately translated into an EPUB file. So before you reach for the File menu, read the rest of this section!

What follows are several best practices and important things to keep in mind while producing an InDesign document that you plan on exporting as an EPUB file.

PageLayout. Perhaps the most important thing to understand is that the EPUB file you create won’t look the same as the printed version of your book unless your original design is quite simple. For example, if your book contains sidebar notes and images with

captions, the position of those elements will be discarded in the EPUB file and all the content will be displayed in one continuous flow—with the sidebar notes, images, and captions inline with the main body text. This can cause havoc for a design-heavy magazine or textbook. But for a novel, you probably won’t notice much of a difference between the print version and the eBook version.

Some eBook readers implement their own layout system. For example, Adobe Digital Editions automatically creates a two-column layout if the text size is decreased past a certain point. Stanza and

Figure1: This book, Spy Killer by L. Ron Hubbard, was initially laid out in InDesign (below) and then exported as an EPUB file. Adobe Digital Editions allows you to read and manage EPUB files and other digital publications (far right).

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eReader allow you to control the size of the page margins. So you should expect the layout of your eBook to change depending on the reading device it’s viewed on.

To control the exact position of all the layout elements in an EPUB file, set up one text frame per

page in your InDesign document, link all the text frames together so they are part of one continuous story, and then flow all the content of your book within that story (Figure 2). If your book contains sidebar notes, callouts, figures, and so on, you’ll probably want to format them so they appear

differently than the main body text. For example, you might italicize and center a note or a figure caption. If your book contains graphics, you should anchor them to their corresponding text so that they travel with the text as it reflows.

For more complex layouts, I usually create two InDesign documents, one for the printed version and another for the EPUB version. And not all content is a good fit for the EPUB format. If your book has a complex design, I recommend exporting it as a PDF file instead since this format gives you complete control over page layout and presentation.

MasterPageItems. Text and graphics that are on a master page are not included in the exported EPUB file. So elements such as running headers and footers won’t show up in the EPUB file you create. This is logical though, because EPUB files don’t define page structure and if master items were included in an EPUB file, they would be arbitrarily positioned throughout the eBook, which you likely don’t want.

TIP: If for some reason you do want to include a particular master item in an EPUB file, you can detach it from the master page (by Command-Shift-clicking or Ctrl-Shift-clicking on it) before exporting the EPUB file. Keep in mind that the detached object needs to be anchored within the main body of text if you want to control its position within the EPUB file.

Figure2: All the text, images, and captions in this book flow within a single story, which is a series of linked text frames. This layout method gives you the most control over the position of the text and graphics in the EPUB version of your publication.

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PageBreaks. Since the EPUB file format doesn’t define page structure, all the content of an EPUB file flows together regardless of how it’s laid out in the InDesign document. Consequently, all the page breaks are ignored even if you’ve used page break characters to define where pages begin and end.

Fortunately, there is a way around this issue. If you want a specific section of your book to start on its own page, create a separate InDesign document for it. So for a typical book, you would create separate documents for the cover, title page, copyright page, table of contents, and each chapter. Then you would combine the documents together into an InDesign book file (using File > New > Book) from which you will export the EPUB file.

PageNumbers. Automatic page numbers are also conveniently ignored in the exported EPUB file. This is due to the fact that EPUB files are designed to adapt to various reading devices, which makes it impossible to predict where pages should begin and end. Some eBook readers add page numbers for you. They’ll even recalculate the page numbers after you’ve resized the text or chosen a different font.

TextFormatting. Don’t get too caught up in your document’s typography and text formatting. Most eBook readers let the viewer customize their reading environment. Some let you modify just a few settings, such as the font, the font’s size, and the background color. Others add formatting controls, such as alignment, line spacing, paragraph spacing, and

indents. The initial formatting you’ve specified in your InDesign document can change radically, depending on the reading device your eBook is viewed on.

For example, you may have specified left-aligned text, but it can appear justified when viewed as an eBook. Some formatting, such as drop caps and paragraph rules, is lost altogether. I highly recommend that you test your EPUB files on different eBook readers so you know what to expect and can fix problematic formatting before you start distributing your eBooks.

ApplyParagraphandCharacterStyles. It’s vital to consistently apply paragraph and character styles to all the text in your document, including single words and phrases that have unique formatting applied to them, such as bold or italic. InDesign uses the styles you’ve applied as a basis for creating the CSS style sheets in the exported EPUB file, and the CSS style sheets determine the formatting of the text in the EPUB file.If you’re using InDesign CS3, local formatting is not retained in the EPUB file. So if you’ve made a word italic without using a character style, that word will not appear italicized in the EPUB file. InDesign CS4 includes an option for basing the CSS style sheets on local formatting (we’ll look at that in detail later in this article), but I’ve found the results to be unpredictable, so I still recommend that you apply styles to all the text in your document.

NestedStyles. Unfortunately, any formatting defined with nested styles is not retained in the EPUB file. So

before you export your document, you’ll need to apply actual character styles to all the text that is formatted with nested styles—if your document contains them.

There are a couple ways to speed up this process. One method is to use the Find/Change dialog box (Edit > Find/Change). Leave both the Find What and Change To fields blank. Instead, use the Find Format section (click the More Options button if you don’t see this) to locate all the text to which a nested character style is applied. For example, if the nested style applies a character style called “Bold Intro” then use the Find Format section to search for text to which the “Bold Intro” character style is assigned.

Then, use the Change Format section to apply the “real” character style to the text (Figure 3). Click Change All to apply the character style. Technically, the text then has both the nested style and the character style applied to it, but it looks the same, so no harm is

Figure3: Use the Find Format and Change Format sections to quickly apply “real” character styles to text formatted with nested styles. The Find What and Change To fields should be blank.

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done. Perform this procedure for each nested style in your document.

You can also convert nested styles to “hard-formatted” character styles using InDesign’s Map Tags to Styles feature, or with a script, as mentioned in an article on InDesignSecrets.com.

Fonts. InDesign includes an option for embedding fonts into the exported EPUB file. So if your document uses a particular font, such as Myriad Pro, it can be copied into the EPUB file so that the text can continue to be displayed in that font. For a font to be embedded into the EPUB file, the font must be OpenType or TrueType. However, some TrueType fonts aren’t supported, so test them to make sure they can be embedded before you use them.

Unfortunately, not all eBook readers take advantage of the embedded fonts. Adobe Digital Editions uses the embedded fonts, but in my tests, other eBook readers ignore the embedded fonts and use their own default font instead. Happily, even when the readers use another font, they still maintain the font styles. So a word or phrase formatted with Myriad Pro Bold, for example, will become Times New Roman Bold on an eBook reader that uses Times New Roman as its default font.

Another important thing to be aware of is that some special characters are not available in other

fonts, and when converted to the eBook reader’s font, these special characters may show up as different characters or as a simple square. If your document uses special characters, especially the extended characters found in some OpenType fonts or ornaments, special fractions, and “expert” font glyphs, test their display on different eBook readers.

As technology evolves, more eBook readers should start supporting embedded fonts and full Unicode sets.

ReplaceExtraReturnswithRealFormatting. If you’ve typed extra paragraph returns between paragraphs, be aware that they will be ignored in the exported EPUB

file. Instead, you should use InDesign’s Space Before and/or Space After controls to add space between paragraphs (Figure 4).

RemoveUnnecessaryLineBreaks. Unfortunately, forced line breaks (also known as soft returns: what you get when you press Shift-Return/Enter) are preserved in the exported EPUB file. So if your document contains them, the text in the EPUB file will probably look odd when it reflows to fit on different screen sizes (Figure 5). Therefore it’s important to

Figure4: Instead of inserting extra paragraph returns between the chapter number, chapter title, and body text, I applied Space After to the chapter number and chapter title to create the additional space around them. The Space After control is in the Control panel or Paragraph panel when the Type tool is selected.

Figure5: Forced line breaks were inserted at the end of the first three lines in this InDesign document (left). They are preserved in the EPUB file, which prevents those lines of text from running all the way to the edge of the available viewing area in Adobe Digital Editions (below left). Not good!

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remove all unnecessary forced line breaks from your document before you export it.

To quickly find and delete forced line breaks, use the Find/Change dialog (Edit > Find/Change). To find the Forced Line Break character, click the @ symbol to the right of the Find What field.

BulletedandNumberedLists. If your book will contain bulleted and/or numbered lists, use InDesign’s

Bullets and Numbering feature to create them—even better, apply paragraph styles formatted with automatic bullets or numbering. This way you have more control over how the lists are created and formatted in the EPUB file.

HyperlinksandCross-References. If your publication contains hyperlinks and/or cross-references, don’t worry: Most of them are maintained in the EPUB file. InDesign exports all cross-references. Hyperlinks that jump to Web pages, email addresses, files, and text anchors are also exported. However, hyperlinks that jump to specific pages are discarded

because your InDesign document pages have no real meaning in the reader app.

That said, keep in mind that a few eBook readers ignore hyperlinks and cross-references entirely. And among those eBook readers that do support them, not every destination type is supported, so once again, test your eBooks on different reading devices before distributing them.

Footnotes. If your publication contains footnotes, they will be maintained in the EPUB file (Figure 6). However, they will be converted to endnotes, which are displayed at the end of the eBook or a section of the

Figure6: Footnotes conveniently become clickable hyperlinks in the EPUB file, so when you click the reference number (below) you’re taken to the footnote text (right). If you click on the number of the footnote text, you’ll jump back to the reference number.

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eBook. Footnote numbering styles other than regular numbers, such as letters or symbols, will be converted to regular numbers in the EPUB file.

ImagesandIllustrations. Unless images and illustrations are anchored within the main body of text, they’ll be at the end of the section to which they

Figure7: I anchored this image to a separate, center-aligned paragraph . I added space below the image by applying Space After to the paragraph.

Figure8: This eBook uses both types of TOCs: the navigation map in the panel at the left and a typical TOC at the beginning of the eBook. Each TOC entry on the page is a hyperlink, which is indicated by the blue underlined text.

belong, or at the very end of the eBook. To create clearly defined sections within your eBook, you should create separate InDesign documents for each section and then combine them together into a book file.

To control where in the text flow an image will appear, anchor it inside its own paragraph (Figure 7). This way you can format that paragraph, which will modify the position of the image. For example, you may want to center-align the paragraph and use Space After to add space below it.

For maximum productivity and design consistency, apply a paragraph style to all the returns that your images are anchored to. Remember, the paragraph styles you apply will be used as the basis for creating the CSS style sheets in the exported EPUB file.

Note: Your anchored images should use the inline position option, which is the default position of an anchored object. If an anchored image uses the Above Line or Custom position options, it won’t be positioned correctly in the eBook.

Tables. If your publication contains tables, InDesign will export them as XHTML tables in the EPUB file—but all the table formatting will be lost! Hopefully the next version of InDesign will be able to export formatted tables. For now you’ll have to format your tables by editing the XHTML and CSS files that are created within the EPUB file (see Part 2 of this article on CreativePro.com in late January 2010).

To expedite that table formatting process, you should apply table styles and cell styles to all your tables. The table and cell style names will become

“class” attributes in the XHTML file and the table styles will become CSS rules that you can further customize. Cell styles aren’t converted into CSS rules, so you’ll have to add them to the CSS file manually.

Note: In my testing, I’ve discovered that not all eBook readers support formatted tables, so I recommend testing each eBook reader before creating an eBook for it.

CreateaTableofContents. Every eBook should contain a table of contents (TOC) so that readers can quickly and easily jump to specific sections. There are two types of TOCs you can include in an eBook: the typical TOC that you see at the beginning of a book, and a TOC that functions as a navigation map in an eBook reader (Figure 8).

To set up a TOC that will become a navigation map, you first need to create a TOC style (Layout > Table of Contents Styles). When you export the EPUB file, you simply specify the TOC style you created and InDesign

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will generate the navigation map for you (more on that process later in this article).

If you don’t create a TOC style, InDesign can still generate a navigation map, but the InDesign document titles will be used as the entry names (probably pretty ugly).

Note:Not all eBook readers display the navigation map in the same location. Adobe Digital Editions displays it in a panel, whereas other eBook readers might display it in the form of a menu.

To set up a typical TOC at the beginning of your eBook, you might think you could use the same TOC style that will generate the navigation map. Unfortunately, if you do, you won’t be able to add hyperlinks to the TOC. It’s quite frustrating. So if you want to create a hyperlinked TOC, you’ll have to manually create the TOC.

If you’re using InDesign CS4, you can insert cross-references instead of hyperlinks. The advantage of using cross-references is that each TOC entry is generated from its destination text, so if the destination text changes, the TOC entry can be quickly updated with that change. And, as I mentioned earlier, cross-references are automatically converted into hyperlinks upon export.

AddMetadata. Metadata is an integral part of every eBook file. It can describe such things as the title, author, and publisher of an eBook. Most importantly, it makes your eBooks searchable. The EPUB file format supports several metadata entries. InDesign can automatically export some of these entries if you’ve

entered the data into the File Information dialog box (File > File Info).

Note: If you’re exporting an EPUB file from a book file, make sure you enter the metadata into the document that is specified as the source file (the one that has a little icon to the left of it in the book panel), otherwise the metadata won’t get exported.

The File Information dialog box displays many different properties (Figure 9). Not all of them are exported to the EPUB file, so I recommend filling out the following fields within the Description tab:

❱ Document Title: Enter the title of your book. ❱ Author: Enter the author’s name. ❱ Description: Enter a description of your book. For example, this might be the same information found on the back of the book.

❱ Keywords: Enter one or more keywords that describe your book’s subject category. I suggest that you select a subject from a controlled vocabulary, such as the list that the Book Industry Study Group (BISG) provides. The BISG is the U.S. book industry’s leading trade association for research and supply chain standards and policies.

❱ Copyright Notice: Enter your book’s copyright information, such as “Copyright © 2009 John Doe.”

Figure9: The Description tab of the File Information dialog box (below). The information you enter can be displayed within most eBook readers. In Adobe Digital Editions, choose Item Info from the Reading menu to display information about an eBook (right).

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OrganizeSectionsintoaBookFile. If your publication is made up of multiple sections or chapters, it’s important to create separate InDesign documents for each section and then combine them into a book file (Figure 10). When you export the EPUB file, InDesign creates a separate XHTML stream for each section, which improves the performance of the eBook reader. Having a single XHTML document that includes the entire contents of a publication requires the entire document to be loaded into memory when

the first page gets rendered. Some eBook readers won’t even load an eBook if one of the XHTML documents is really large.

ExportingtheEPUBFileOnce you’ve laid out your publication, the next step is to export it as an EPUB file. Choose File > Export For Digital Editions, or if you’ve created a book file, open it and choose Export Book For Digital Editions from the Book panel menu. You’ll be presented with a number of options, which allow you to specify how the EPUB file should be created (Figure 11A, 11B, and 11C). Note:If you are using InDesign CS3, choose File > Cross-media Export > XHTML / Digital Editions to export a single document.

Here’s a brief explanation of each option:

❱ Include Document Metadata: Select this option if you’ve added metadata to your InDesign document (you should!) and you want to include it in the EPUB file. If you’re exporting from a book file, make sure that the document containing the metadata is set as the style source before you export the EPUB file.

❱ Add Publisher Entry: This metadata field isn’t in the File Information dialog box, so if you want to include Publisher information, you’ll need to enter it here.

❱ Base For CSS Styles: This option lets you determine which text formatting is included in the CSS file within the EPUB file. If you’ve applied paragraph

and character styles to the text in your publication, select Defined Styles; otherwise select Local Formatting. The third option, Style Names Only, tells InDesign to include a CSS file with empty styles. I wouldn’t select this option unless you want to define the CSS rules yourself.

❱ Bullets: If your book contains bulleted lists that were created with InDesign’s Bullets and Numbering feature, choose whether you want to map them to unordered lists or convert them to text. If you want your bulleted lists to be formatted as a hanging indent in the EPUB file (you normally would), choose Map to Unordered Lists. To convert all bullets to actual text characters, choose Convert to Text.

❱ Numbers: If your book has numbered lists created with InDesign’s Bullets and Numbering feature, you can map them to ordered lists or static ordered

Figure10: This book file contains all the documents that make up a typical book. I laid out the cover, title page, copyright page, forward, and each chapter in a separate InDesign document.

Figure11A: The General options in the Digital Editions Export Options dialog box.

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lists, or you can convert them to text. If your lists use a numbering system other than normal, Arabic numerals (and it’s important to keep them in that style), choose Convert to Text. The difference between an “ordered list,” and a “static ordered list” is subtle: An ordered list relies on the eBook reader to assign numbers; a static ordered list includes values for each item so they can’t easily be renumbered.

❱ Include Embeddable Fonts: Select this option to include all the fonts in the EPUB file that are allowed to be embedded. The fonts must be OpenType or

TrueType fonts. Postscript fonts won’t be embedded. As I noted earlier, many eBook readers ignore embedded fonts, so you might want to keep your file size smaller and leave them out.

❱ View eBook After Exporting: If you have an EPUB reader installed on your computer (such as Adobe Digital Editions or Stanza), select this option and the EPUB file will automatically open after it’s created.

❱ Image Options: The Images pane of the Digital Editions Export Options dialog box allows you to specify how the images in your book are exported.

I recommend that you choose Optimized from the Copy Images menu and then choose either Automatic, GIF, or JPEG from the Image Conversion pop-up menu. If you choose Automatic, InDesign will determine which format to use in each instance. Specify the GIF and JPEG options as necessary for your publication. Select the Formatted option to preserve the formatting you’ve applied to your images, such as rotation or scale, as much as possible.

❱ Contents Options: The Contents pane of the Digital Editions Export Options dialog box lets you specify

Figure11C: The Contents options in the Digital Editions Export Options dialog box.

Figure11B: The Image options in the Digital Editions Export Options dialog box.

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which format you want to use for the EPUB content and how you would like the table of contents to be generated (if you’d like one to be included).

InDesign CS4 can export the EPUB content in either the XHTML format or DTBook format. XHTML is a markup language that functions like HTML, but also conforms to the XML syntax. The DTBook format is used for making content available to physically disabled readers. The XHTML format is compatible with all eBook readers, but the DTBook format (which includes an XML file that is DAISY-compliant—an important format for Braille and voice readers) is not.

If you want InDesign to create a table of contents that can be used as a navigation map in an eBook reader, select Include InDesign TOC Entries and then specify the TOC style you created. If you’re exporting an EPUB file from a book file, you’ll definitely want to turn on the Suppress Automatic Entries For Documents checkbox; otherwise the InDesign

document names will appear in the TOC. Again, make sure that the document containing the TOC style is set as the style source in the book file so that the TOC style is available when you export the book as an EPUB file.

GabrielPowell is the author of Instant InDesign: Designing Templates for Fast and Efficient Page Layout and Learn Adobe Photoshop CS4 by Video. He is also an Adobe Certified Instructor and CTT+ Certified Trainer. Gabriel teaches InDesign, InCopy, and other applications to creative professionals throughout the United States and Western Europe. He specializes in automated publishing, template building, and streamlining publishing workflows. He is also the founder of the Portland InDesign User Group and the founder and chapter leader of the InDesign User Group in Amsterdam. Check out his video podcasts at InstantInDesign.com!

Check for “Making eBooks from InDesign, Part Two” on CreativePro.com soon!

In the meantime, subscribe to InDesign Magazine at a discount! Go to www.in-designmag.com/purchase.php and enter coupon code FRIEND for $20 off of a one-year subscription.

M A G A Z I N E 32October | November 2009

Making eBooks from InDesign,

Part Two

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Editing eBooks In Part 2 of this 2-part series,

you’ll learn how to unlock the full potential of EPUB files

by opening and editing them after exporting them from InDesign.

By GABRIEL POWELL

In part 1 of this series (see CreativePro.com), you learned how to create a file in InDesign that successfully exports to a format eBook readers can display. But after exporting an EPUB file from InDesign, it’s sometimes necessary to modify it. For instance, you might want to insert a forced page break, add metadata to the file, or change table formatting.

In this article, I’ll walk you through the process of opening an EPUB file, and I’ll explain how the file’s components work. You’ll learn how to make common edits, and I’ll direct you to some tools you can use to validate an EPUB file after you’ve made significant changes to it.

To edit an EPUB file, you need a basic understanding of XHTML, XML, and CSS. If you’ve never been exposed to these technologies, you’ll want to learn more about them before you try your hand at EPUB file editing.

Once you have that grounding, follow these two guidelines when modifying an EPUB file:1. Since it’s easier to modify an InDesign document

than an EPUB file, first try making the changes in your original document and re-exporting it. Then, only if necessary, modify the EPUB file. So, for example, if you need to add a new section to your publication, you should create a new InDesign document, add it to your book file, and then export a new EPUB file. But if you want to add more metadata or customize the navigation map that’s displayed as a menu in most eBook

readers, you will likely need to tweak the EPUB file itself, after exporting it from InDesign.

2. Different eBook readers display the contents of an eBook in different ways, so after editing an EPUB file, test it on the eBook readers you’re going to publish it on.

OpeninganEPUBFileAn EPUB file is really just a ZIP-compressed package that contains all the pieces of a digital publication. There are two ways to open an EPUB file: extract the contents of the file or use Oxygen XML Editor to open the file directly without extracting it.

ExtractingtheContentsofanEPUBFileTo extract the contents of an EPUB file, change its file name extension from .epub to .zip, and then use a ZIP utility to extract the contents of the ZIP archive. (On the Mac, you must use a tool such as BetterZip or The Unarchiver to unzip the files; the operating system’s built-in ZIP utility won’t unzip these files.)

You can then view and edit the various components of the EPUB file using a simple text editor, such as Notepad on the PC or TextEdit on the Mac (or, better, the free TextWrangler application). You can also use a dedicated HTML editor such as Adobe Dreamweaver or even a dedicated XML editor.

After making the necessary edits, archive all the components as a ZIP file again. If you’re working on a PC, you can simply copy the modified files back into

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the original ZIP archive. Double-click the archive to view its contents and then drag the modified files into the same location within the archive to copy them over. The last step is to change the .zip file extension back to .epub so that it can be recognized as an EPUB file.

On the Mac, you’ll have to use the command line in Terminal to create the archive. Terminal is in the Utilities folder, which is in the Applications folder. After launching Terminal, copy and paste each of the following commands in consecutive order into the Terminal window. Do not copy and paste the phrase [Press Enter or Return]:1. cd ~/desktop/"Folder Name"

[Press Enter or Return]Note:This assumes your EPUB folder of files is on

your Desktop. Replace "Folder Name" with the actual name of your folder. If your folder’s name contains spaces, enclose the name within quotation marks; otherwise they are not necessary. Another option is to type “cd” and then drag the folder enclosing the files into the Terminal window; when you let go, the folder path is inserted for you.2. zip file.epub -X0D mimetype

[Press Enter or Return]3. zip file.epub -X9rD OEBPS/

[Press Enter or Return]4. zip file.epub -X9rD META-INF/

[Press Enter or Return]Once you’ve entered the last command, the EPUB

file can be found within the original folder. It will be named “file.epub,” so you’ll want to change its name.While this method of opening and editing EPUB files

doesn’t require any additional software, it is a bit cumbersome. If you plan to work with a lot of EPUB files, I recommend using Oxygen XML Editor instead.

OpeninganEPUBFilewithOxygenXMLEditor. Oxygen XML Editor is a professional XML development platform that allows you to work with a wide range

of XML standards and technologies (Figure 1). This cross-platform application makes it easy to work with EPUB files. I’ve tested a number of XML editors, but Oxygen is the only one I’ve discovered that can work with EPUB files. (Oxygen is also particularly well-suited for editing IDML files—see “IDML: InFinite Possibilities” on page 43 for more about IDML.) It costs from $64 to

Figure1: The Oxygen XML Editor interface provides many tools for working with the contents of an EPUB file.

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$1,347, but it’s well worth it if you’ll be publishing a lot of eBooks. (The developers of Oxygen XML Editor also sell Oxygen XML Author, which is a simplified editor that can also edit EPUB files and that costs less for some license types.) To download Oxygen, visit www.oxygenxml.com.

Using Oxygen to open an EPUB file directly is the most straightforward method since you don’t have to extract the contents of the file before you can make edits. To open an EPUB file, click the Open Archive button at the top of Oxygen’s Archive Browser panel (Figure 2).

After opening an EPUB file, its contents are displayed in the Archive Browser, where you can navigate through the package and double-click a file to open it for editing (Figure 3). The first time you open an EPUB file, a dialog may appear asking if you want to map the .epub extension to a known archive

type. Click Yes and then click OK to the next dialog that appears.

After opening an EPUB file and making edits to the various files within it, you can save the files and then open the EPUB file into Adobe Digital Editions to view the results of your changes. Each time you make a change in Oxygen, you need to reopen the EPUB file in Adobe Digital Editions to view the new changes. If you’re using Oxygen on a PC, you must close the EPUB file if you have it open in Adobe Digital Editions before you can save changes to one of the files in the package.

When it comes time to validate your EPUB file (which I’ll discuss later in this article), you may run into a mimetype error. If you do, you may need to extract all the files from the archive and recompress them. I’ve provided more details on my Web site.

What’sInsideanEPUBFile?As I noted earlier, the EPUB file format is basically a ZIP file that contains all the files necessary to create an eBook, including a table of contents, the text, a CSS file, and so on (Figure 4). Technically, the EPUB

Figure2: By default, the Archive Browser panel is located at the top left side of the Oxygen interface. If you don’t see the panel, you can open it by choosing Perspective > Show View > Archive Browser.

Figure3: Viewing the contents of an EPUB file with Oxygen XML Editor.

Figure4: These are the components and file structure of an EPUB file.

mimetype

container.xml

encryption.xml

Image1.gif

Image2.jpeg

OEBPS

content.opf

toc.ncx

template.css

Cover.xhtml

Chapter1.xhtml

Chapter2.xhtml

Chapter3.xhtml

Images

Fonts

META-INF

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format is based on three open standards: Open Publication Structure (OPS), Open Packaging Format (OPF) and Open Container Format (OCF). OPS is based on XML and describes the content of the eBook. The OPF standard defines how the eBook components are related. OCF is a zip-based standard that defines how all the components of an eBook should be encapsulated into a single file.

Here’s a detailed look at the various components of an EPUB file and how they’re organized:

mimetypeFile:This plain text file, which must be in the archive’s top level, identifies the content type within an EPUB file.

container.xmlFile:This file is within the META-INF folder. It simply points to the content.opf file, which, in turn, references all the files that make up the content of the EPUB file, among other things.

encryption.xmlFile: This file is also within the META-INF folder and is used to encrypt the contents of an EPUB file on an individual file level. It’s an optional file that isn’t required by the OCF v1.0 specification, but it’s included in EPUB files exported from InDesign and, in this case, is only used to encrypt the fonts used in a publication. If you don’t include the embeddable fonts when you export an EPUB file, the encryption.xml file won’t be created.

content.opfFile: This XML-based file is the root file of the EPUB package. It contains the publication’s

metadata, identifies all of its components, describes the reading order for the contents of the eBook, and provides the fallback information for files that are not core content types. The file’s structure and content is based on the OPF standard.

You’ll find three required elements in the content.opf file: <metadata>, <manifest>, and <spine> (Figure 5):

❱ The <metadata> element is used to provide information about the publication as a whole. If you choose to include the document metadata when you export an EPUB file from InDesign, most of the information in the <metadata> element will be filled out already. However, InDesign doesn’t fill out all the available elements within the <metadata> element, so you might want to fill them out yourself after exporting the initial EPUB file. See “Adding Additional Metadata” later in this article for instructions.

❱ The <manifest> element references the files that are part of the publication, including the NCX file, all of the XHTML content files, the CSS style sheet, and any embedded image files. The actual order of the <item> elements in the <manifest> is not significant.

❱ The <spine> element is used to determine the linear reading order of the publication. The order of the <itemref> elements within the <spine>

element determines that reading order. When you export an EPUB file from an InDesign book file, the order of the documents in the book file determines the reading order of the EPUB file.

toc.ncxFile:This XML-based file gives eBook readers detailed navigation information. The file’s structure

Figure5: An example OPF file as it is viewed in the Oxygen XML Editor. The text is color coded to make it easier to distinguish between the markup and the data.

<?xml version="1.0"?><package xmlns="http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" unique-identifier="bookid" version="2.0"> <metadata> <meta name="generator" content="Adobe InDesign"/> <dc:title>Spy Killer</dc:title> <dc:creator>L. Ron Hubbard</dc:creator> <dc:subject>Fiction</dc:subject> <dc:subject>Thrillers</dc:subject> <dc:description>This classic 1936 Hubbard tale takes listeners to pre-Communist China where a man named Kurt Reid has fled murder charges only to find himself thrust into the exotic world of foreign espionage.</dc:description> <dc:publisher>Galaxy Press, LLC</dc:publisher> <dc:date/> <dc:source/> <dc:relation/> <dc:coverage/> <dc:rights>© 2008 Galaxy Press LLC. All Rights Reserved.</dc:rights> <dc:identifier id="bookid">urn:uuid:31bd0356-5605-1ce4-1acc-48b33799c145</dc:identifier> <dc:language>en</dc:language> </metadata> <manifest> <item id="ncx" href="toc.ncx" media-type="application/x-dtbncx+xml"/> <item id="css" href="template.css" media-type="text/css"/> <item id="cover" href="Cover.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="titlepage" href="TitlePage.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="copyright" href="Copyright.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="toc" href="TOC.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="foreword" href="Foreword.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="chapter01" href="Chapter01.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="chapter02" href="Chapter02.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="chapter03" href="Chapter03.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="chapter04" href="Chapter04.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="chapter05" href="Chapter05.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="backmatter" href="BackMatter.xhtml" media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/> <item id="f001-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f001_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f003-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f003_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f006-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f006_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f0100-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f0100_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f0101-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f0101_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f0103-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f0103_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f0104-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f0104_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f0105-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f0105_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f0106-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f0106_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f0109-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f0109_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="f0110-01-fmt-jpeg" href="images/f0110_01_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> <item id="spybook-800px-fmt-jpeg" href="images/SpyBook_800px_fmt.jpeg" media-type="image/jpeg"/> </manifest> <spine toc="ncx"> <itemref idref="cover"/> <itemref idref="titlepage"/> <itemref idref="copyright"/> <itemref idref="toc"/> <itemref idref="foreword"/> <itemref idref="chapter01"/> <itemref idref="chapter02"/> <itemref idref="chapter03"/> <itemref idref="chapter04"/> <itemref idref="chapter05"/> <itemref idref="backmatter"/> </spine></package>

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and content is based on the OPF standard. Don’t confuse its purpose with the purpose of the <spine> element in the OPF file. Where the <spine> element determines the reading order of the eBook, the NCX file serves as a navigation map that is generally displayed as a menu in an eBook reader, enabling you to jump directly to any of the major sections in the

eBook. In Adobe Digital Editions, the navigation map is displayed in the panel at the left of the application window (Figure 6). Other eBook readers display the navigation map in a different location.

When you export an EPUB file from InDesign, the NCX file is generated in one of two ways. If you specify a TOC style when you export the file, the NCX

file is based on the parameters of the TOC style. If you don’t specify a TOC style, the NCX file is based on the document titles and the order of the documents in the InDesign book file, if you’re exporting from one. After exporting an EPUB file, you might want to customize the names that appear in the navigation map. See “Customizing the Navigation Map” later in this article for how to do this.

Figure6: A typical navigation map as seen in Adobe Digital Editions (below left). The NCX file (below right) determines the order and names of the items in the navigation map. It also provides links to the XHTML documents that are listed (not all records are visible in this example).

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE ncx PUBLIC "-//NISO//DTD ncx 2005-1//EN" "http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx-2005-1.dtd"><ncx xmlns="http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx/" version="2005-1"> <head> <meta name="dtb:uid" content="31bd0356-5605-1ce4-1acc-48b33799c145"/> <meta name="dtb:depth" content="4"/> <meta name="dtb:totalPageCount" content="0"/> <meta name="dtb:maxPageNumber" content="0"/> </head> <docTitle> <text>Spy Killer</text> </docTitle> <navMap> <navPoint id="navpoint" playOrder="1"> <navLabel> <text>Contents</text> </navLabel> <content src="TOC.xhtml#toc-anchor"/> </navPoint> <navPoint id="navpoint-1" playOrder="2"> <navLabel> <text>Foreword</text> </navLabel> <content src="Foreword.xhtml#toc-anchor"/> </navPoint> <navPoint id="navpoint-2" playOrder="3"> <navLabel> <text>Spy Killer</text> </navLabel> <content src="StoryTitle.xhtml#toc-anchor"/> <navPoint id="navpoint-3" playOrder="4"> <navLabel> <text>Chapter One</text> </navLabel> <content src="Chapter01.xhtml#toc-anchor"/> </navPoint> <navPoint id="navpoint-4" playOrder="5"> <navLabel> <text>Chapter Two </text> </navLabel> <content src="Chapter02.xhtml#toc-anchor"/> </navPoint> <navPoint id="navpoint-5" playOrder="6"> <navLabel> <text>Chapter Three</text> </navLabel> <content src="Chapter03.xhtml#toc-anchor"/> </navPoint> ...

</navMap></ncx>

AdditionalEPUBDocumentationWhile the EPUB format is relatively simple on the surface, it has a huge number of permutations. These links will help you find your way as you start creating and editing EPUB files (and the files within them):

• International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF) homepage: www.idpf.org

• Open Publication Structure: www.idpf.org/2007/ops/OPS_2.0_final_spec.html

• Open Packaging Format: www.idpf.org/2007/opf/OPF_2.0_final_spec.html

• Open Container Format: www.idpf.org/ocf/ocf1.0/download/ocf10.htm

• EPUB Best Practices Guide (Requires Adobe Digital Editions): www.adobe.com/devnet/digitalpublishing/epubs/EPUBBestPractices-1_0_3.epub

• EPUB Data Sheet: www.adobe.com/devnet/digitalpublishing/pdfs/EPUB_datasheet.pdf

• Adobe Digital Publishing Technology Center: www.adobe.com/devnet/digitalpublishing/

• Adobe Digital Editions Product Information: www.adobe.com/products/digitaleditions/

• Adobe Digital Editions Blog: http://blogs.adobe.com/digitaleditions/

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template.css:This file contains the CSS style sheets, which are used to format the content of the EPUB file (Figure 7). Since it’s an external style sheet, when you change it, the formatting for the entire publication updates. As I noted in Part 1 of this article series, InDesign bases the CSS style sheet names on the paragraph and character styles in your document.

The OPS specification defines a style language based on CSS 2, but not all CSS 2 properties are included. In fact, a few properties and values have been added to support page layout, headers, and footers. Together, these differences make up the OPS CSS 2.0 required subset. A comprehensive list of all the supported CSS properties goes beyond the scope of this article. For a detailed list, see Section 3.0 of the OPS specification on the IDPF Web site.

XHTMLFiles: These files contain the actual content of your EPUB file. If you export a single InDesign document as an EPUB file, only one XHTML file is generated. When you export an InDesign book file, an XHTML file is generated for each document in the book file. When you export an EPUB file using the DTBook format option, XML files are generated instead of XHTML files.

ImagesFolder:If your publication contains images, they’re copied to this folder according to the image options you specify when you export the EPUB file. The OPS specification supports the GIF, JPEG, PNG, and SVG file types; however, InDesign exports only GIF or JPEG files (unless you choose to copy the

original images when you export the EPUB file). If your publication doesn’t contain images, the Images folder won’t be created in the EPUB package.

FontsFolder:This folder is created in the EPUB package if you choose to include the embeddable fonts when you export the EPUB file. All of the supported OpenType and TrueType fonts will be copied into the folder.

Figure7: A typical CSS file generated by InDesign.

Figure8: The <metadata> element at the top of the content.opf file.

@font-face {font-family: Times;font-style: normal;font-weight: normal;src:url(Fonts/Times.dfont);}@font-face {font-family: Times;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;src:url(Fonts/Times.dfont);}@font-face {font-family: Times;font-style: italic;font-weight: normal;src:url(Fonts/Times.dfont);}@font-face {font-family: Times;font-style: italic;font-weight: bold;src:url(Fonts/Times.dfont);}p.section-title {

font-family: "Times";line-height: 1.20em;font-size: 1.33em;margin-bottom: 1.88em;margin-top: 0.75em;text-indent: 0.00em;margin-right: 0.00em;margin-left: 0.00em;text-align: center;font-weight: bold;font-style: normal;color: rgb(0,0,0);

}p.body {

font-family: "Times";line-height: 1.20em;font-size: 1.00em;margin-bottom: 0.00em;margin-top: 0.00em;text-indent: 1.00em;margin-right: 0.00em;margin-left: 0.00em;text-align: justify;font-weight: normal;font-style: normal;color: rgb(0,0,0);

}span.bold {

font-family: "Times";font-weight: bold;font-style: normal;

}span.italic {

font-family: "Times";font-weight: normal;font-style: italic;

}

CommonEPUBEditsThere are several reasons to edit an EPUB file. Most commonly, you’ll edit an EPUB file to add metadata to it, customize the navigation map, or insert forced page breaks.

AddingAdditionalMetadata. Metadata is used to describe such things as the title, author, and publisher of an eBook. Most importantly, it makes your eBooks searchable, so the more metadata your eBooks contain, the better. InDesign can export most of the metadata for you, but not all of the possible metadata elements are available in InDesign’s File Info dialog box, so you might want to open your EPUB file and fill out the rest of the metadata.

To add metadata to an EPUB file, open it and then open the content.opf file in a text editor or (preferably) Oxygen XML editor. The 13 elements of metadata you can edit are at the top of the file within the <metadata> element (Figure 8).

<metadata> <meta name="generator" content="Adobe InDesign"/> <dc:title>Spy Killer</dc:title> <dc:creator>L. Ron Hubbard</dc:creator> <dc:subject>Fiction</dc:subject> <dc:subject>Thrillers</dc:subject> <dc:description>This classic 1936 Hubbard tale takes listeners to pre-Communist China where a man named Kurt Reid has fled murder charges only to find himself thrust into the exotic world of foreign espionage.</dc:description> <dc:publisher>Galaxy Press, LLC</dc:publisher> <dc:date/> <dc:source/> <dc:relation/> <dc:coverage/> <dc:rights>© 2008 Galaxy Press LLC. All Rights Reserved.</dc:rights> <dc:identifier id="bookid">urn:uuid:31bd0356-5605-1ce4-1acc-48b33799c145</dc:identifier> <dc:language>en</dc:language></metadata>

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If an element contains data, it will have both a start tag and an end tag; otherwise it will show up as an empty closed element, such as <dc:date/>. To fill out an empty element, simply remove the slash from the tag, insert your data after the start tag, and then insert the appropriate end tag to complete the element.

Tip: Don’t change the value of the <dc:identifer> element. It contains the unique document ID, which is needed for the embedded fonts to function properly.

Note that the first time you open the content.opf file into Oxygen, you will be asked to associate the file with a known file type. Choose XML Document and make sure to select the Associate File Type With Editor option before clicking OK.

CustomizingtheNavigationMap. With some publications, you might want to customize the navigation map that’s displayed as a menu in many eBook readers. For instance, if you’ve used a TOC style in InDesign to generate the navigation map, the main section headings in your publication will be the same names that appear in the navigation map. Let’s say that one section heading is “The Stories from the Golden Age,” but you want it to appear as “List of Stories” in the navigation map. You’ll have to edit the name in the EPUB file to fix it.

To customize the navigation map, open the EPUB file and then open the toc.ncx file. Each item in the navigation map is contained within a <navPoint> element (Figure 9). Each <navPoint> element contains a <navLabel> and a <content> element. Within the <navLabel> element is a <text> element, which

contains the text that is displayed in the navigation map. Simply modify this text to edit the name.

Note that the first time you open the toc.ncx file into Oxygen, you will be asked to associate the file with a known file type. Choose XML Document and make sure to select the Associate File Type With Editor option before clicking OK.

InsertingPageBreaks. The EPUB file format was designed to let content adapt to the characteristics of various reading devices. Consequently, it doesn’t define page structure: All the content of an EPUB file flows together regardless of how it’s laid out in your InDesign document. As I’ve said before, if you want a section of your publication to start on a new page, the best practice is to put it in a separate InDesign document and then combine it in an InDesign book file, from which you export the EPUB file.

But there is another way to force page breaks: use the CSS page-break-before or page-break-after property. For example, to insert a page break before each instance of a heading that has the paragraph style “heading” applied to it, open the template.css file inside the EPUB file. Then locate the “heading” selector and add the page-break-before property to it. The value of the property should be “always” (Figure 10).

Alternatively, if you had a paragraph style that you didn’t want to show up at the top of a page (for example, the first paragraph after a heading), you could use the page-break-before property and use the value “avoid” instead.

While these work in Adobe Digital Editions, there are many other eBook readers that disregard page breaks defined by the CSS file. Test your EPUB file on a particular reading device before you publish to it to be sure that the page breaks are supported.

ToolsforValidatingEPUBFilesAfter making significant changes to an EPUB file, it’s a good idea to validate it to make sure it’s error free and fully compliant with IDPF specifications. There are several validation tools that are currently available. ❱ EpubCheck is a Java-based tool that checks the OCF container structure, OPF and OPS mark-up, and internal reference consistency. It can detect many types of errors. To download this tool, visit http://code.google.com/p/epubcheck/.

Figure10: I added the page-break-before property to the heading selector and set its value to “always” so a page break will occur before each heading in the publication.

Figure9: A <navPoint> element within the toc.ncx file.

<navPoint id="navpoint-14" playOrder="15"> <navLabel> <text>The Stories from the Golden Age</text> </navLabel> <content src="BackMatter.xhtml#toc-anchor"/></navPoint>

p.heading { page-break-before: always; font-family: "Times"; line-height: 1.20em; font-size: 1.50em; margin-bottom: 0.00em; margin-top: 0.00em; text-indent: 0.00em; margin-right: 0.00em; margin-left: 0.00em; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0);}

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❱ The problem with EpubCheck is that you have to run it from a command line (if you don’t know what that means, it’s not for you). Fortunately, the folks at threepress.org (associated with O’Reilly) have bundled EpubCheck into a free Web site tool at www.threepress.org/document/epub-validate/. Once you upload your EPUB file, the site checks the file and provides you feedback.

Note: If you chose to include the embeddable fonts when you export your EPUB file from InDesign, EpubCheck won’t validate it. After checking the document, a number of errors concerning the “encryption.xml” file are displayed. These errors are due to the fact that InDesign is using a non-standard approach to encryption in order to protect the fonts. eBook readers that natively support the EPUB format often ignore these errors, but if you want to be 100% sure that your eBook can be properly read on all reading devices, don’t include the embeddable fonts when you export the EPUB file. ❱ EpubPreflight is a companion to EpubCheck that checks for empty content files, content files that are over 300KB, empty image files, and image files that are over 10MB. To download this command-line tool, visit http://blogs.adobe.com/digitaleditions/2008/11/epubpreflight_version_010_was_1.html.

EPUBandDigitalRightsManagementFor commercial publishers, retailers, and distributors that wish to digitally protect EPUB eBooks for Adobe Digital Editions software and supported mobile

devices, including the Sony Reader Digital Book (but not the Kindle), Adobe offers Content Server 4. For more information, visit the product page www.adobe.com/products/contentserver/.

ItsTimeHasComeMany designers love the tactile feel that can only come with works printed on paper. But eBooks are a burgeoning market segment that savvy designers will add to their skill lists.

With this two-part article under your belt and the help of the additional resources I’ve mentioned, you too can add “e” to your book-design portfolio.

GabrielPowell is the author of Instant InDesign: Designing Templates for Fast and Efficient Page Layout and Learn Adobe Photoshop CS4 by Video. He is also an Adobe Certified Instructor and CTT+ Certified Trainer. Gabriel teaches InDesign, InCopy, and other applications to creative professionals throughout the United States and Western Europe. He specializes in automated publishing, template building, and streamlining publishing workflows. He is also the founder of the Portland InDesign User Group and the founder and chapter leader of the InDesign User Group in Amsterdam. Check out his video podcasts at InstantInDesign.com!

Did you miss Part One of “Making eBooks from InDesign”? It’s at www.creativepro.com/article/making-eb-ooks-indesign-part-1

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