independent testing preparation tasks

7/24/2019 Independent Testing Preparation Tasks

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CONTENTS

1. WRITING LETTERS ................................................................................................. 9

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN TABLES.................................................. 15

ARTICLE ........................................................................................................... 15MODAL VERBS ............................................................................................. 19FORMATION AND USAGE OF TENSES .......................................... 21PHRASAL VERBS ........................................................................................ 27PASSIVE VOICE ........................................................................................... 34REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)................................. 37BACKSHIFT OF TENSES ......................................................................... 37PREPOSITIONS ............................................................................................ 42WORD FORMATION................................................................................... 45CONFUSING WORDS............................................................................... 48COMMUNICATIVE SITUATIONS......................................................... 52

II. TEST 1 FAMILY ............................................................................................................... 59TEST 2 YOUTH CULTURE ........................................................................................ 70TEST 3 TECHNICAL PROGRESS .......................................................................... 81TEST 4 TRAVELLING ................................................................................................... 90TEST 5 SCHOOL LIFE ................................................................................................. 98TEST 6 PROFESSIONS ............................................................................................ 106TEST 7 NATURE AND WEATHER ....................................................................... 113TEST 8 MASS MEDIA ................................................................................................. 121

ANSWERS .................................................................................................................................. 131VOCABULARY EXPLANATION TEST ANSWERS ANSWER SHEETS

....................................................................................................................................... 153


2/1622

811.111 (075.8) 81. 432.1 7352

2007

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ISBN 978-617-00-0473-4.

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. 12.02.2010. 090/8. . . . . . . 13,00. . 10-02/12-05. "' 61001 . , . , 66 . (057) 731-96-33e-mail:[email protected] ' . 2911 25.07.2007 . ISBN 978-617-00-0473-4

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PDF REMAKE2013
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/1623

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4/1624

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5/1625

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6/1626

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. Present Simple, Past Simple,Future Simple, Present Continuous. there is 1 are. and, but. because, so, if, when, that, that iswhy. , . .: , , ,', . , some, any, , every. , , , . . : ,. , ,

, ,

, , , , , ; ; ; ,

; ( ); ,

and,

but. because, so, if, when, thai, that is why.

. neither nor, either or. (look for). (can, may. must, should, haveto, need) . Past Continuous. PastPerfect

, , ; :

, irfim ;

. neither nor, either or. -'. Present, Past, Future Simple (Indefinite)

; Present, PastProgressive (Continuous) Present, Past Perfect ; Future-in-the Past. Present Simple (Indefinite) if, when. be going to do. Present / Past /Future Perfect Passive; Present / Past Progressive(Continuous) Passive, :, ,

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7/1627

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2 , (), ( ), .1 ( '), .0 , .


8/1628

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, - 1+ (Independent User). . (Family; Youth culture; Technical progress; Traveling;School life; Professions; Nature and weather; Mass media), , 12- .

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WRITING LETTERS

. . . , . . , , , , , . , , ,, ,.

1. , Dear, '

.2. .3. , .4. .5. .6. , .7. , .8. , , ,

Yours sincerely, Best wishes, Love, Love and all good wishes,etc.

9. .10. ' .11. ()

: ) , ;) , ;) .

12. : , , .

1. .2. , . , , , . .3. .4. ,

:Dear Mr Tomson, Dear Mr TomsonYours sincerely, Yours sincerely


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, ,:1. , .2. we.3. , I'll, won't, don't, can't,

haven't , .4. , , 3- .

: Your order is being processed( ).5. , . :Road(Rd), AvenueiAv) Street (St).

, . , , . , .

A letter of inquiry -.A letter of offer -.A letter of order -.A letter of confirmation .A letter of complain -.A letter of apology -.A letter of application - .

A letter of congratulation -.

, .

Ways of address / salutation

Dear Sirs

Dear Sir ,

Dear Madam ,

Dear Mr Smith ,

Dear Mrs Smith ,

Dear Miss Smith


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Introductory paragraph

We have pleasure in announcing...We are pleased to inform you...

...

You will be interested to know that ...

We are pleased to confirm (We)... ...

Thank you for your letter,..We acknowledge with thanks your letter of.

We have received ...

Making a reference to

With reference to your letter of... ...

Further to your letter of ... ...

Making a request Could you please...?Would you kindly...?Would it be possible for you to...?

...

I should be grateful if you would...I would be obliged if you would...We would be (most) grateful for...

, ...

We should be glad if,... , ...

Please would you,... ...

Making a suggestion, an offer, an

invitation

, ,

May I suggest...? ...

I would suggest... ...

We are able to suggest... ...

You could... You might... ...

It would be sensible... ...

What would you say about...? ...

Expressing assurance, suggestion, doubt , ,

It is clear that... , ...

There is no doubt that... ...

We are convinced / confident that... , ...

It is quite possible that,.. , ...

It would seem that... , ....


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Expressing doubt and anxiety

Unfortunately... ...

I am afraid that... ,...

We doubt very much whether... ...

Making an apology

We were sorry to hear that... , , ...We are very sorry for / that... , ...

We apologize for... Do forgive us for... ...

Please accept our sincere apologies for... ...

We must apologize for... ...

Making an official thanks

I should like to express my sincere thanksfor... ...

We owe you our most sincere thanks forthe way in which you...

, ...

We are most grateful for...We would like to thank you for...

...

We would like to express our gratitude /our sincere thanks for...

...

Thank you for... ...Congratulations, wishes, condolences , ,

Many congratulations

Please accept our warmest congratulations.. ...

We wish you every success

I would like to wish you a very happy

birthday

May I offer you my sincere condolences?

Ways of closing a letter Yours faithfully Yours sincerelySincerely (yours) Yours truly

Thanking you once again for your help

Please do not hesitate to contact us if yourequire any further information

, ' ,

We look forward to receiving... ...


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' , , . . :

1. .

- ( , ,

/ , ).- .- .- (, , ).

2. .

Ways of address / salutation

Introductory paragraph

Making a reference to

Making a request

Making a suggestion, an offer, an invitation

Expressing assurance, suggestion, doubtExpressing doubt and anxiety

Making an apology

Making official thanks

Congratulations, wishes, condolences

Ways of closing a letter

( ). , . , .

. , , .


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Dear Rachel,, how are you doing? I know that you've just moved up a year at school. What

are your new teachers like? I'm in the top group for Literacy which is great. My twobest friends in class are in the group too so we have a lot of fun.

We've been swimming nearly every day since Easter. Our school has an outdoorpool which is fantastic. It's a bit cold to start with, but you soon warm up. I've learnedto swim breaststroke now, but I still need to work on my frog's legs!

Well, I'm running out of room, so I'd better say goodbye for now. I hope your newclass is good fun and you're learning lots!

Best wishes,Nigel

Dear Mrs Orlova,Thank you very much for those four wonderful days at Shady Acres! It was good ofyou and Dr Benton to invite me, and I deeply appreciate your hospitality.

Yours faithfully,Maxim Sokolov

Dear Mr. Adams,I would like to thank you for taking the time to interview me for the position of

hotel manager on January 25.1 was very impressed with the amount of vacationersthat you stay at Nagata Resorts every year.

I appreciate the time that you spent discussing the responsibilities of the position.I believe that my credentials and communication skills make me an ideal candidate for

the position.As I mentioned in my interview with you, I already have 7 years experience as a

hotel manager. I consider myself a strong communicator and manager.I am very organized and have a high attention to detail. I also believe that the

customer is the most important asset, so I always treat them with the utmost respect.I look forward to hearing your decision about the position. You can contact me at

(095) 3829559, if you have any further questions, I'd be more than willing to come inand discuss them with you. Thanks again for the opportunity to interview with Nagata

Resorts.Sincerely,Adam Wilson


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. . , - , , ( , , , -', , ).

ARTICLE

, . . .

Definite and Zero Articles

without the definite article with the definite article

general words(indefinite)

I like flowers.general words(definite)

I like the flowers in yourgarden.

names, relativesPeter lives in London.Uncle Pete lives in Kyiv.

family names in theplural

The Smiths live inChicago.

public buildings, institu-tions, means of transport(indefinite)

He doesn't like school.Some people go tochurch on Sundays.

public buildings, institu-tions, means of transport(definite)

The bus to Dresdenleaves at 7.40.The round church inKlingenthal is famous.

names of countries inthe singular;summits of mountains;continents; towns

Germany, France;Mount Whitney,Mount McKinley;Africa, Europe; Cairo

names of countries inthe plural;regions

The United States ofAmerica, the Netherlands;the Middle East,the west of Australia

single islands Corfu, Bermuda, Sicily groups of islandsthe British Isles,the Canaries

parks; streetsCentral Park, Hyde Park;Oxford Street

mountain ranges the Alps;

lakes Lake Ontario, Loch Ness; oceans; seas; rivers the Atlantic (Ocean);the Mediterranean (Sea);the Nile

months,days of the week(indefinite)

The weekend is over onMonday morning.July is the most popularmonth for holidays.

name with of-phrase the Statue of Liberty,

months,days of the week(definite)

The August of 2001 washot and dry.

In more abstract expressions of situation liketo / at sea, to / at / out of work, in / out of town,

in / out of office, etc.My uncle first went to sea at the age of 15.

Talking about somewhere concrete or some place inparticular, then the definite article theis required.

I went to the sea / seaside to swim.


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Use of the Definite Article

Definite Article "the"

in front of any noun the listener or readeralready knows about

I bought an orange. The orange is sweet.

in front of things generally regarded asunique

The sun, the moon, the sky, the sea,the Arctic Circle, the environment, the capital,the air, the ground, etc.

before the names of famous buildings The Eiffel Tower, The Great Wall of China

nouns preceded by superlative adjectives andordinal numbers require the definite article

It was the worst day of my life!

when a singular countable noun is used to

point out a whole class, race, group

The bear is a strong animal.

The computer has changed our lives.in front of oceans, seas, rivers, island andmountain chains, deserts, countries withplural names, and noun forms of points ofthe compass

The Mediterranean, the Amazon, the Dead Sea,the Sahara, the Netherlands, the Far East,the Himalayas, the United Nations, etc.

before certain organizations, political parties,and countries

The Republican Party, the U.S.A., the U.K.,the U.S.S.R.

in proper names consisting of noun(s) and / oradjective(s) + noun

the English Channel, the White House,the Rolling Stones, the British Museum, etc.

in hotel names The Hilton Hotel, the Savoy

for newspapers The Times, the Daily Mail

for currenciesThe U.S. dollar has risen against the yen but fallen

against the euro.

with the names of musical instruments Richard Clayderman plays the piano.

before the names of holy or important books The Koran, The Bible

many forms of entertainment are preceded bythe definite article the, but not the medium oftelevision

I go to the cinema / movies, the theatre, the circus,the ballet and the opera.In the daytime I listen to the radio, but in the

evenings I like to watch television.

before an adjective when the noun isunderstood

The poor need help.


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Use of the Zero Article

Zero Article

before the name of a person I am a fan of Michael Jackson

before abstract nouns or nouns representinggeneral categories

Truth is the highest good. I don't like animals

it is often omitted after verbs expressing opinions

or preferences

She likes coffee, but she hates tea

when you are speaking about things in general I like Indian tea.

before the name of a place, town, country, street, Barcelona is a beautiful city.

before names of materials Gold is found in Australia

before meals, places, and transportHe has breakfast at home. I go to university.Magda comes to work by taxi.

before days of the week and datesOn Saturdays I sleep in.

I was born on June 16, 1980before names of countries, states, cities, andregions, lakes and mountains except when thecountry is a collection of states such as "TheUnited States"

My uncle lives in Cumbria near LakeWindermere.France is seventeen times smaller than the USA.California is larger than Britain.

Exception: Some names actually include the definite article, such as The Hague, the United States

before televisionas a medium Allis saw her brother on television.

before titles or nouns indicating professionsPresident Mitterrand completed two terms.

We saw Professor Miller at the restaurant.before a noun followed by a categorizing letter ornumber.

The students have just read section C.He fell asleep on page 816 of "War and Peace"

Articles are often dropped in the titles of books,movies, music and other works of art. Even if anarticle exists in the original title

"The Lord of the Rings", J.R.R. Tolkien'sButHave you read "Lord of the Rings"?

Articles are usually dropped in headlines"Iraqi Head Seeks Arms"."Stolen Painting Found by Tree"

Use of the Indefinite Article

Indefinite Article "a / an"

before a singular, countable noun An elephant is an animal. I need a book about India.

before phrases of time and measurements(week / weekly)

I go on holiday twice a year.Cherries are $2 a kilo.

before names of jobs She is an architect and he is a doctor.

before names of nationality Bruce Springsteen is an American.

before the word one

a one-way street, a one-eyed man,

a one-year course, a one-day holiday, etc.after half / quite We need half a pound of salt. This is quite a good story.

can be used instead ofperwhen givingthe rate or pace of something.

She swims twice a week.


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TASK 1.Illustrate the rules from the tables with your samples.

TASK 2.Read the sentences, use articles where necessay and explain their usage.

1. Give me one of .books.2. This is .rather difficult article.3. I like .......... tulips.4. The Browns moved to Chicago.5. .......... Aunt Mary lives in . Los Angeles.6. We go to .......... school by bus.

7. .school that Mandy goes to is old.8. I'm afraid of .......... spiders.9. We live in small house.10. It's .......... nice weather.11. Alice is studying to become ..doctor.12. .......... Carrots are my favourite vegetable.13. Shut .door.14. How did you like .film?15. Would you like .. some cheese?16. There is a box of .......... sweets on the table.17. What lovely dress!18. I want double room with .bath.19. She felt pleasant irony in his voice.20. .......... July and .......... August are the most popular months for .......... halidays.21. He left . home without informing anyone.22. Do you need degree in Economics to become better manager?23. When we arrived, she went to . kitchen and started to prepare . mealfor us.24. What .amazing dress!25. He has cut on his leg and ..bruise on chin.26. .......... Everest is the highest mountain in the world.27. Switch off . air conditioner, please. Ive .. cold.28. Ben is wearing wonderful coat.29. We reached .top of .hill.30. Barbara has .sore throat.31. Do you like ..weather here? Isn't it too hot during the day?32. An attempt has been made to collect ....... funds to start a public library in .. city.33. Jenny is not fond of .coffee they serve in this restaurant.34. What .......... shame she cant come to .party!


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MODAL VERBS

, , . . : 1) ( , , ,Margarets grandfather can't be over65) , (, , ,

) ; 2) , , , She .......... be working(90 % certain-positive. I'm sure she is working).: .

Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Modal verbs Synonymous Expressions

can tobe able to could

was / were able toshall / will be able to

must to have to tobe to had to was / were to shall / will have to shall / will be to

may tobe allowed to might

was / were allowed toshall / will be allowed to

Functions of Modal VerbsMODALVERBS USE EXAMPLE

Can ability / inability I can't read Spanish

possibility/ impossibility I can come at 5 o'clocklogical assumptions She can't be over 60 (negative. I'm sure she isn't over 60)

offers Can I help you?

permission You can't borrow my car (giving or refusing permission )

request Can I take your magazine?

prohibition You can't smoke here (you aren't allowed to)

Could possibility/ impossibility Mary could still be at school.

logical assumptions She couldn't be at work (negative. I don't think so)permission Could I use your phone? (more polite)

criticism You could at least help me.request Could I borrow your book? (polite)

Suggestion I could visit your mother if you want.

May permission You may come in.

reguest May I have a cup of coffee, please? (formal)

Might possibility He might want some more food (40 % certain)

permission Might I speak to Mr Miller, please? (more formal)

reguest Might I use your phone? (very formal)

Must logical assumptions She must be working (90 % certain-positive. I'm sure she is)

necessity I must do my homework.

obligation I must go on a diet (I'm obliged to; I say so)

prohibition You mustn't smoke there (it's forbidden)

duty Everyone must obey the law.


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Ought to probability They ought to be home by now (90 % certain, probably)

necessity I ought to get my hair cut. (it s necessary)

advice You ought to respect your parents (most people believe this)

obligation We ought to help the poor (It's the right thing to do)

duty People ought to be more tolerant (It's the right thing to do)

Shall

(Morecommon inthe UK thanin the US)

advice Shall I buy that car? (asking tor advice)

offers Shall I do it for you? (informal)

suggestions Shall we dance?

Should probability Bob should win easily (90% certain; he'll win easily)

advice You should dink more water. (general advice, I advise you)

Will probability They will be home soon. (100% certain; prediction)

requests Will you phone Jane tonight. (very friendly)

Would request Would you mind sending this fax ? (polite)offers Would you like me to explain you the rule?

TASK 1

a) Identify the modal verbs which express the following:

1. Ability / Inability2. Possibility / Impossibility

3. Logical assumptions4. Offers5. Permission6. Request7. Prohibition8. Criticism9. Suggestion10. Necessity

11. Advice12. Obligation13. Duty14. Probability

b) Ilustrate your answers with samples.

KEY: 1. Can ; 2. Can, could, ought to; 3., could; 4. Can, shall, would;5. Can, could; 6. Can, could, would; 7. Can; 8. Could; 9. Could, shall;

10 .Ought to; 11. Ought to, shall, should; 12. Ought to; 13. Ought to; 14. Should, will.


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FORMATION AND USAGE OF TENSES

, , . Present, Past, Future tenses Comparison of future tenses:will, going to, Simple Present, Present Progressive ., , .

. , , . (, b, , ... h), , . . , .

PRESENT TENSES

TENSEAFFIRMATIVENEGATIVEQUESTION

USESIGNALWORDS

Present

Indefinite

A.: He dreamsN: He does not dream.Q: Does he dream?

- action in the present taking place once,never or several times

- facts- actions taking place one after another- action set by a timetable or schedule

often, always,never,normally,seldom,sometimes,

usually

Present

Continuous

A: He is dreaming.N: He is not dreaming.Q: Is he dreaming?

- action taking place in the moment ofspeaking

- action taking place only for a limitedperiod of time

- action arranged for the future

at themoment,just, just now,Listen!, Look!,now,right now

Present

Perfect

A: He has dreamt.

N: He has not dreamt.Q: Has he dreamt?

- putting emphasis on the result

- action that stopped recently- action that is still going on- finished action that has an influence on thepresent

- action that has taken place once, never orseveral times before the moment of speaking

already, ever,

never,not yet, just,so far,till now,up to now

Present

Perfect

Continuous

A: He has beendreaming.

N: He has not been

dreaming.Q: Has he been

dreaming?

- putting emphasis on the course or duration(not the result)

- action that recently stopped / isstill goingon

- finished action that influenced the present

all day,for 4 years,since 2008,

how long?,the wholeweek


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PAST TENSES

TENSEAFFIRMATIVENEGATIVEQUESTION

USESIGNALWORDS

Past

Indefinite

A: He finished.

N: He did not finish.

Q: Did he finish?

- action in the past taking place once,never or several times;

- actions taking place one after another;- action taking place in the middle ofanother action;

- the length of the event / action is notimportant

yesterday,2 minutes ago,

in 1990,the other day,last Friday

Past

Continuous

A: He was doing.

N: He was not doing.

Q: Was he doing?

- action going on at a certain time in thepast;

- actions taking place at the same time;- action in the past that is interrupted by

another action

when, while,as long as,

already, ever,just, never,not yet, so far,till now,all day,up to now,for 4 years,since 1993,how long?,

the whole week

Past Perfect A: He had done.

N: He had not done.

Q: Had he done?

- action taking place before a certain timein the past;- sometimes interchangeable with pastperfect progressive;

- putting emphasis only on the fact (notthe duration)

already,just,never,not yet,once,until that day

Past

Perfect

Continuous

A: He had been doing.

N: He hadnt been doing.

Q: Had he been doing?

- action taking place before a certain timein the past

- putting emphasis on the duration orcourse of an action

for,since,the whole day,all day


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FUTURE TENSES

TENSEAFFIRMATIVE / NEGATIVE /

QUESTIONUSE

SIGNALWORDS

Future

Simple

A: They will write a test.N: They will not write a test.Q: Will they write a test?

- action in the future thatcannot be influenced- spontaneous decision- assumption with regard to

the future

in a year, next...,tomorrow,assumption:I think, perhaps,

probably,we might...,

going to do A: They are going to write a test.N: They are not going to write a test.Q: Are they going to write a test?

- decision made for the futureconclusion with regard to thefuture

in one year,next week,tomorrow

Future

Continuous

A: They will be writing a test.N: They will not be writing a test.Q: Will they be writing a test?

- action that is going on at acertain time in the future- action that is sure to happen

in the near future

in one year,next week,tomorrow

Future

Perfect

A: They will have written a test.N: They will have not written a test.Q: Will they have written a test?

- action that will be finished ata certain time in the future

by Monday,in a week

Future

Perfect

Continuous

A: They will have been writing a test.N: They will not have been writing Q: Will they have been writing a test?

- action taking place before acertain time in the future- putting emphasis on thecourse of an action

for..., the lastcouple of hours,all day long

Comparison of Future tenses: will, going to, Simple Present, Present Progressive

USE

Future

Simple

(will)

- Action in the future thatcannot be influenced.It will raintomorrow.

- Assumption regarding thefuture.He willprobably comeback tomorrow.

- Spontaneous decision.Wait, I will helpyou.

Future

(going to)

- Decision made for the nearfuture that has already beenplanned or prepared.I am going to studyhardernext year.

- Conclusion with regard tothe futureThe sky is absolutely dark.It is going to rain.

Simple

Present

- Action set by a time table orschedule.The lessonsstartat 10 o'clock

Present

Progressive

- Action already arranged forthe near future.I am flyingto Londontomorrow.


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TIME WORDS

Ago back in time from now(used with Past Simple)

Joan moved to Europe two weeksago. (two weeks back in time fromnow)

Before back in time from then.It can also be used with present or pastforms to show that one action precededanother.

Last week I met Paul and he told methat Joan had moved to Europe twoweeks before. (two weeks back intime from last week)I'll leave before he arrives.

Since is usually used with Perfect tenses to

express a starting point.The Perfect tense is used in the mainclause.

He has been here since July.

For is used to express the duration of anaction.

She has been in a business trip forten days.

Already is used with Perfect tenses in mid orend position in statements orquestions.

I'm sure I have already seen thisfilm.

Yet is used with Perfect tenses in negativesentences after a contracted auxiliaryor at the end of the sentence.In questionsyetcomes only at the end.

She hasn't yet passed her exams.She hasn't passed her exams yet.Have they phoned you yet?

Still is used in statements and questionsafter the auxiliary or before the mainverb.

In negative sentences,stillcomesbefore the auxiliary

Can she still play tennis well?He still can't speak English well.


25/16225

TASK 1

a) Identify the tenses which express the following actions.

b) Write sentences which express:

1. action in the future that cannot be influenced, action in the present taking place

several times, action that will be finished at a certain time in the future, spontaneous

decision, never or several times, putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration).

2. action taking place in the moment of speaking, assumption with regard to thefuture, actions taking place one after another, action in the past taking place once.

3. action arranged for the future, action taking place in the middle of another

action, action that is still going on, putting emphasis on the course of an action.

4. actionthat stopped recently, action going on at a certain time in the past, deci-

sion madefor the future, facts, action taking place before a certain time in the future.

5. actions taking place one after another, finished action that has an influence on

the present, actions taking place at the same time, assumption with regard to thefuture, putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action.

6. action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of

speaking, conclusion with regard to the future, putting emphasis on the result, action

in the past that is interrupted by another action.

7. action set by a timetable or schedule, action that is going on at a certain time in

the future, putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) action that

recently stopped or is still going on, action taking place before a certain time in thepast, action taking place before a certain time in the past.

8. action taking place only for a limited period of time, action that is sure to happen

in the near future, sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive, finished

action that influenced the present, action in the future that cannot be influenced.

TASK 2a) Identify the tenses in which the following time expressions are used.

b) Write sentences using the following time expressions.1. Often, tomorrow, just now, since, so far, never, since 2003, all day, normally, ever,

seldom, in 2007, just.

2. Look!, The whole day, sometimes, not yet, yesterday, for 4 years, up to now, when,

for, while, already, till now, once, all day, the whole week, all day.

3. In a year, at the moment, since 1999, in a week, for..., all day long.

4. Usually, ever, next week, just, never, the other day.

5. Always, right now, already, for 7 years, until that day, as long as.6. Already, just, the last couple of hours, not yet.

7. By Monday, so far, Listen!, never, 2 minutes ago.

8. Last Friday, the whole week, till now, in one year.


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TASK 3.

Write your own sentences to the every case of usage:

1. Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite

2. Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous

3. Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect

4. Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous

5. Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous

6. Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous

7. Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous

8. Future Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Indefinite.

TASK 4a ) Read the beginning of the rule and finish it.

1.Agois used with...

2.Beforeis used with...

3. Sinceis used with...

4.Foris used with...

5.Alreadyis used with...

6. Yetis used with...

7. Stillis used with...

b) Give your samples to illustrate the rules.


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PHRASAL VERBS

, . . ' : 1) ; 2) . , . ,

, . (, ask out, break up ), . , . , , .

Phrasal verbsare usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition.Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. Some phrasal verbs

require a direct object (someone / something), while others do not. Some phrasal verbs can beseparated by the object, while others cannot.

VERB MEANING EXAMPLE

add up make sense Her story doesn't add up. I think she is lying.

ask aroundask many people the samequestion

I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet

ask out invite on a date

I can't believe that Joe finally asked me out on a

date!

ask over invite to one's home Why don't we ask the Johnsons over for dinner?

back someone up supportMy wife backed me up over my decision to quitmy job.

break downstop functioning(vehicle, machine)

Our car broke down at the side of the highway inthe snowstorm.

break down get upsetThe woman broke down when the police told herthat her son had died.

break sth down divide into smaller partsOur teacher broke the final project down intothree separate parts.

break in force entry to a building The burglar broke in between midnight and 3 am.

break in interruptWhile we were discussing the situation, Terribroke in to give her opinion.

break up end a relationshipSam and Diane broke up again. What a rockyrelationship.

break up start laughing (informal) The kids just broke up as soon as the clownstarted talking.

break out escapeThe prisoners broke out of jail when the guardsweren't looking.


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bring someone

downmake unhappy This sad music is bringing me down.

bring someone up raise a childMy grandparents brought me up after my parentsdied.

bring something

up

start talking about asubject

I didn't want to bring up the fact that she wasunemployed.

call around phone many differentplaces / people We called dround but we weren't able to find thecar part we needed.

call someone back return a phone callI called the company back but the offices wereclosed for the weekend.

call on someoneask for an answer oropinion

The professor called on me for question 1.

call on someone visit someone We called on you last night but you weren't home.

call someone up phoneGive me your phone number and I will call you up

when we are in town.calm down relax after being angry

You are still mad. You need to calm down beforeyou drive the car.

not care for some-

one / somethingnot like (formal) I don't care for his behavior.

check inarrive and register at ahotel or airport

We will get the hotel keys when we check in.

check out leave a hotel You'have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.

check someone /something out look at carefully,investigate The company checks out all new employees.

check out someone

/ somethinglook at (informal) Check out the crazy hair on that guy!

cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the good news.

cheer someone up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.

chip in helpIf everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted

by noon.clean something up tidy, clean

Please clean up your bedroom before you gooutside.

come from

somewhereoriginate in The art of origami comes from Asia.

cut something

down

make something fall tothe ground

We had to cut the old tree in our yard down afterthe storm.

cut in interruptYour father cut in while I was dancing with youruncle.

cut in pull in too closely infront of another vehicle The bus driver got angry when that car cut in.

cut instart operating (of anengine / electrical device)

The air conditioner cuts in when the temperaturegets to 22C.


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cut something offremove with somethingsharp

The doctors cut off his leg because it was severelyinjured.

cut something off stop providingThe phone company cut off our phone because wedidn't pay the bill.

cut someone off take out of a willMy grandparents cut my father off when heremarried.

cut something out remove part of smth(usu with scissors and paper)I cut this ad out of the newspaper.

do someone /

something over

beat up, ransack (Br.E.,informal)

He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by astreet gang.

do something over do again (N.Amer.)My teacher wants me to do my essay over becauseshe doesn't like my topic.

do away with

somethingdiscard It's time to do away with all of these old tax records

do something up fasten, closeDo your coat up before you go outside.

It's snowing!dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up.

drop backmove back in a position/ group

Andrea dropped back to third place when she felloff her bike

drop in / by / overcome without anappointment

I might drop in / by / over for tea some time thisweek

drop someone /

something off

take someone /something somewhere

I have to drop my sister off at work before I comeover

drop out quit a class, school etc I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult

eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out

end upeventually reach / do /decide

We ended up renting a movie instead of going tothe theatre

fall apart break into pieces My new dress fell apart in the washing machine

fall down fall to the ground The picture that you hung up last night fell downthis mornin

fall out separate from an interior The money must have fallen out of my pocket

fall out(of hair, teeth) becomeloose and unattached

His hair started to fall out when he was only 35

figure smth outunderstand, find theanswer

I need to figure out how to fit the piano and thebookshelf in this room

fill something into write information inblanks (Br.E.)

Please fill in the form with your name, address, andphone number

fill something outto write information inblanks (N.Amer.)

The form must be filled out in capital letters

fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it is empty

find outdiscover, getinformation (about)

"I'm sorry that you didn't know the meeting hadbeen canceled. I didn't find out (find out about it)myself until just a few minutes ago"


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get acrossmake somethingunderstood;

Alan is really intelligent but sometimes he hasproblems getting his ideas across

get along (with)

be friendly (toward);have a friendlyrelationship (with)

Why can't you and your sister get along?Everyone else gets along with her just fine!

get aroundmove from place to

place

She doesn't have a car. She gets around by bicycle,

bus, or taxi.get in arrive Do you know what time Fred's plane gets in?

get off

make it possible forsomeone to avoidpunishment

Everyone knew he was guilty, but his lawyer wasclever and got him off.

get out ofescape having to dosomething

Lisa said she had a terrible headache and got out ofgiving her speech today.

get overfinish (for individualactivities, not ones thathappen again and again)

What time do your classes get over?

get overrecover from an illnessor painful experience

Katy was really upset when she failed the test. Shethought she would never get over feeling so stupid.

give upstop doing something(usually a habit)

He knows smoking isn't good for his health, but hecan't give it up.

give up

decide not to try(unsuccessfully) tosolve a problem

A. "What's black and white and red all over?"B. "1 give up. What?"A. "An embarrassed zebra!"

goof offbe lazy; do nothing inparticular

A. Do you have any special plans for yourvacation?

grow up

behave responsibly;behave as an adult, not achild

Your brother needs to grow up and start thinkingabout his future.

hand out distributeWhy don't you have a course description and list ofassignments? The teacher handed them out on thefirst day of class.

hang upend a phoneconversation by replac-ing the receiver

I'd like to talk longer, but I'd better hang up. Mysister needs to make a call.

keep on someone

continue to remind someoneto do something until he /she does it (even if thisirritates her / him)

Bill's very forgetful. You'll have to keep on him orhe'll never do all the things you want him to do.

knocked oneself

out

work much harder thannormal or than what isexpected

He knocked himself out to be sure we didn't missthe deadline

lay of dismiss someone from ajob becauseof lack of workor money (not because of

oor erformance

Her father was laid off yesterday.


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leave out forget; omitOh, no! When I made the list of those who attendedthe meeting, I left your name out.

let down disappointI know I let you down when I didn't do what Ipromised. I'm really sorry.

look back on

remember; reflect on /consider something inthe past

When they looked back on their many yearstogether, they realized that their marriage had beena very happy one.

look in on

visit in order to checksomething's / someone'scondition

My father just came home from the hospital. I planto look in on him today after I finish work.

look intoinvestigate / get moredetails about something

Someone said there was a meeting at 9:30 but Ihaven't heard anything about it. Shall I look into it?

look likeresemble(in appearance)

Does he look like his father or his mother?

look over check; reviewI think I may have some typos in this report. Couldyou look it over?

look up

find where someonelives or works and visithim / her

Thanks for giving me your brother's address. WhenI'm in Chicago next month, I'll be sure to look himup.

look up to respectEveryone looks up to Joyce because she alwaysmakes time to help others.

make fun ofmake jokes about(usually unkindly)

I agree that Bob looks ridiculous since he shavedhis head, but don't make fun of him.You'll hurt his feelings.

make upinvent / create(imaginary) information

Judy's story is hard to believe. I'm sure she made itup.

nod offfall sleep (usuallyunintentionally)

The speech was so boring that several people in theaudience nodded off before it was finished.

pan out

succeed; happen as

expected (for plans)(almost always negativewhen in statements)

I'll be here next week after all.My trip to Chicago didn't pan out.

pass away dieI was very sorry to hear that your grandfatherpassed away.

pick out choose; selectBilly's grandmother especially liked her birthdaycard because Billy had picked it out himself.

pick up get; buyCould you pick the milk up on your way home this

evening?

put on

try to make someonebelieve something that isridiculous or untrue

Don't believe a word of what Jim was saying.He was just putting on us.


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put backreturn something to the

proper placeI've finished with these books. Do you want me to putthem back on the shelves?

run into meet by chanceYesterday at the supermarket, Jan ran into her formerroommate.

set upmake arrangements forsomething

I will set up a meeting for next week.

slip up make a mistake You slipped up here.

stand up rise to a standing positionWhen the Chairperson entered the room, everyonestood up.

show up arrive; appearDay after day, Efrain showed up for class twentyminutes late.

show updo better (unexpectedly)than someone else

Everyone thought Marsha would win, but Jean did.Actually, Jean really showed Marsha up

stand for representThese letters seem to be an abbreviation.Do you know what they stand for.

take afterresemble; favor (inappearance) (for people)

Both my sister and I take after our father

take / bring back returnThis is due tomorrow I should take the book back to thelibrary. You can borrow my pen, but don't forget to

bring it back to me when you're finished

take care ofprovide care for; watchone's health

You've been working too hard lately. You'd better takecare of yourself!

take care of

make arrangements (for

something to happen);take responsibility for

Will you take care of making reservations for our flight

to Boston?

take offremove (something you'rewearing)

Please take your hat off when you go inside a building.

takeoffleave; depart (oftensuddenly or quickly)

When does your plane take off?

tell someone off

speak to someone bluntlyand negatively, saying

exactly what she / he didwrong

Julie was really angry at Bob; she told him off in front

of all of us

tick offirritate someone; makesomeone upset or angry

It really ticks her off when someone is late for anappointment

turn aroundmove so that you arefacing the oppositedirection

Everyone turned around and stared when I entered themeeting late

turn down refuseI thought I could borrow some money from Joe, butwhen I asked, he turned me down

turn in go to bed I'm pretty tired. I guess I'll turn in

turn oninterest very much; excite(very informal)

What kind of music turns you on?


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turn up increase the volume I can barely hear the TV. Can you turn it up a little?

turn up appear unexpectedlyWe were all surprised when Pam turned up at theparty.

wait for

wait until someone /smth arrives or isfinished with somethingelse

I've been waiting for him for almost an hour.

wake up stop sleeping I usually wake up around 5:00 AM each day

watch out for be careful of; beware of Watch out for children crossing the street

work out

exercise (usually in agym, etc.) to buildmuscles, body tone, etc.

Instead of eating lunch on Monday, Wednesday,and Friday, Sheila goes to the recreation center towork out

work out

solve a problem / resolvea difficult situation

(usually by working to-gether)

I know we disagree on many points, but I believe

we can work things out

wrap up

finish something; bringsomething to aconclusion

We've been talking about the problem for nearlythree hours. I hope we'll be able to wrap thediscussion up soon

write downrecord something inwriting

Could you tell me your e-mail address again? Iwant to write it down

zonk outfall asleep quicklybecause of exhaustion

I intended to go shopping after work, but I was sotired that I zonked out as soon as I got home


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PASSIVE VOICE

. .

Forms of passive BE + V3

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT

PRESENT am, are, is + V3amare + being + V3is

have (has) + been + V3

PAST was, were + V3waswere + being + V3

had + been + V3

FUTURE will (shall) + be + V3 - will + have been + V3

FUTURE INTHE PAST

would + be + V3 - would + have +been + V3

TENSE VOICE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

Simple Present Active Rodger writes a poem

Passive A poem is written by Rodger

Simple Past Active Rodger wrote a poem

Passive A poem was written by Rodger

Present Perfect Active Rodger has written a poem

Passive A poem has been written by Rodger

Future Simple Active Rodger will write a poem

Passive A poem will be written by Rodger

Modals Active Rodger can write a poem

Passive A poem can be written by Rodger

Present Progressive Active Rodger is writing a poem

Passive A poem is being written by RodgerPast Progressive Active Rodger was writing a poem

Passive A poem was being written by Rodger

Past Perfect Active Rodger had written a poem

Passive A poem had been written by Rodger

Future Perfect Active Rodger will have written a poem

Passive A poem will have been written by Rodger

Conditional I Active Rodger would write a poem

Passive A poem would be written by Rodger

Conditional II Active Rodger would have written a poem

Passive A poem would have been written by Rodger


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Affirmative, Interrogative and Negative Forms of Passive

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE

The Present IndefinitePassive

She is asked Isshe asked? She is not asked

The Past IndefinitePassive

She was asked Wasshe asked? She was not asked

The Future IndefinitePassive

She will be asked Willshe be asked? She will not be asked

The PresentContinuous(Progressive) Passive

She is being asked Isshe being asked?She is not beingasked

The Past Continuous(Progressive) Passive

She was being

asked

Wasshe being

asked?

She was not being

asked

The Present PerfectPassive

Shehas been askedHasshe been

asked?

She has not been

asked

The Past Perfect

Passive

She had been

askedby him

Hadshe been

askedby him?

She had not been

askedby him

The Future PerfectPassive

She will have been

asked

Willshe have been

asked?

She will not have

been asked

Passive Sentences with "by"

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT 1 OBJECT 2

ACTIVE: Rodger wrote a poem to mePASSIVE: A poem was written to me by Rodger

PASSIVE: I was written a poem by Rita

Impersonal PassiveIt is said...

ACTIVE: People say that children are afraid of ghosts.

PASSIVE: It is saidthat children are afraid of ghosts.

PASSIVE: Children are saidto be afraid of ghosts.


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TASK

) Read the following sentences and put them in Passive Voice.

b) Identify the tense of the sentences.

1. John collects money.

2. Anna opened the window.

3. We have done our homework.

4. I will ask a question.

5. He can cut out the picture.

6. The sheep ate a lot.

7. We do not clean our rooms.

8. William will not repair the car.

9. Did Sue draw this circle?

10. Could you feed the dog?


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REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)

, Reported SpeechIndirect Speech. , , , . , , , , .

, .

Reported Speech, (Zero, First, Second and Third Conditionals).

BACKSHIFT OF TENSES

FROM TO

Simple PresentNicolas: "I workin thegarden"

Simple PastNicolas said that heworkedin the garden

Simple PastNicolas: "I workedinthe garden"

Past PerfectNicolas said that he had

workedin the garden

Present PerfectNicolas: "I have

worked in the garden"

Past PerfectNicolas: "I had workedin the garden"

Future I(will)Nicolas: "I will workinthe garden"

Future

in the Past(would)

Nicolas said that hewould workin the garden

Present

Progressive(am / are / is)

Nicolas: "I'm workingin the garden"

Past

Progressive(was / were)

Nicolas said that he wasworking in the garden

Past Progressive(was / were)

Nicolas: "I wasworkingin the garden"

Past Perfect

Progressive(had been)

Nicolas said that he hadbeen workingin thegarden

Present Perfect

Progressive

(has been)

Nicolas: "I have beenworking in the garden"

Past PerfectProgressive

(had been)

Nicolas: "I had beenworkingin the garden"


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EXEPTIONS

DIRRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Backshift of Simple Present isoptional when statements arestill true, or if you agree withthe original speaker.

"The sun rises in theEast"

She said that the sun rose/ risesin the East.

Backshift of Simple Past andPast Progressive is optional ifthey cannot be mistakenlytaken for backshift of PresentTense. So backshift is notnecessary if there is a timeexpression indicating past.

"She left Boston onMonday"

He said that she left/ hadleftBoston on Monday.

Simple Past and Past Progres-sive do not normally change insentences with when / if.

"When I was havingbreakfast, the telephonesuddenly rang"

She said that when shewas havingbreakfast, thetelephone suddenly rang.

COMPARE

Washington is the capital of theUSA

He said that Washington isthecapital of the USA.

New York is the capital of the

USA

He said that New York wasthe

capital of the USA.

BACKSHIFT OF MODAL VERBS

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

will would

She said, "I'llteachEnglish onlinetomorrow"

She said she wouldteachEnglish online thenext day.

can could

She said, "I canteach English online" She said she couldteach English online.

must had to

She said, "I musthave a computer toteach English online"

She said she had tohave a computer toteach English online.

shall should

She said, "Whatshallwe learntoday?" She asked what weshould learnthat day.

may might

She said, "MayI open a new browser?" She asked if she mightopen a new browser.

NOTE: There is no change to could, would, should, mightand ought to.


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SHIFTING OF EXPRESSIONS OF TIME

this(evening) that(evening)

today / this day that day

these(days) those(days)

now then

(a week) ago (a week) before

lastweekend the weekend before / the previousweekend

here there

next(week) the following(week)

tomorrow the next / following day

PRONOUN CHANGEIn reported speech, the pronoun is changed in person from first and second to third

I > he or sheWe > theyYou > he, him, her or theme.g. "I teach English online" > She said she teaches English online.

REPORTING VERBS

Said, toldand askedare the most common verbs used in indirect speech

We use asked to report questionsI askedLynne what time the lessonstarted

told with an objectLynne told meshe felt tired (Here me isthe object)

said

without an objectLynnesaid(that) she was going to teachonline

If said is used with an

object we must include to

Lynnesaid to methat she'd never been to

China

told to report statementsLynne told me thatshe'd never been toChina

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, toldand asked

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, denied,

complained, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied,

suggestedand thought

He asked me to come to the party. >

He invitedme to the party

He beggedme to come to the party

He orderedme to come to the party


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Advise expressions and expression let's in reported speech

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Advise expressions with must,should and ought are usuallyreported using advise / urge

Marylyn: "You mustread that book"

Marylyn advised / urgedme to readthat book.

The expression let's is usuallyreported using suggest.In this case, there are variouspossibilities for reported speech:gerund or statement with should

Adeline: "Let's go to thecinema"

Adelinesuggested goingto the cinema.Adelinesuggested thatwe should goto thecinema.

REPORTED COMMANDS

Changing of the person

Backshift of tenses

Changing of expressions of time and place


Affirmativecommands

Father: "Carol, do yourhomework"

Father toldCarol to doherhomework

Negativecommands

Teacher. "Don't talk to yourneighbour"

The teacher toldme not to talktomy neighbour

REPORTED QUESTIONS

Changing of the person

Backshift of tenses

Changing of expressions of time and place

Transformation of the question into an indirect questionUsage of the interrogative or if / whether


With interrogative"Why don't you speakFrench?"

He asked me why I didn't speakFrench.

Without

interrogative"Do you speak French?"

He asked me whether / if I spoke

French.


41/16241

TASK 1. Turn the fillowing dialogue into Reported Speech.Sally. And what about the Zero and Third Conditionals?

Could you explain these to me?Donald. You use the Zero Conditional to talk about something that is always or usually

true. For example.If I read too much, I get a headache, orIf I don't understandgrammar, I ask my teacher.

Sally. I see. Zero Conditional sentences refer to "all time". And if means when or

whenever. In this case we have a conditional sentence with two presentsentences.Donald. You are right. But sometimes we use the Zero Conditional to give instructions

or strong advice.Sally. Could you give some examples?Donald. Listen...If she rings, tell her I'm hereorIf I'm not back by 9, don't wait for me.Sally. I see. We use the Present Indefinite in "if clauses" and Present Indefinite or

Imperative in "result clauses"... Let me write down the rule.

TASK 2. Turn the fillowing dialoge into Reported speech.Sally. I don't understand various conditional forms. Second Conditional... Why Second?

I don't remember when our teacher explained the First Conditional.Rdger. If you didn't talk in class you would know the material.Sally. What did you say? I think you gave an example of a Conditional.

But First or Second?Rodger. Listen attentively. It's not very difficult. The First Conditional expresses real

possibilities. For example.If it rains, we won't play football, orIf there is a carboot sale, I'll buy some clothes.

Sally. You mean that we use Present Simple in "if clauses" and Future Simple in"result clauses"?

Rodger. You are right. Remember, we use the First Conditional when a situation is real.Sally. And when should we use the Second Conditional?Rodger. Can't you guess? We use the Second Conditional when a situation is unreal.

For example.If I saw a ghost here, I would run away, orIf I were the presidentof my country, I would...

Sally. I got the idea.The Second Conditional form is If... + Past Simple... would + Inf.

Rodger. Don't forget that both conditionals refer to the present and future. The differenceis about probability, riot time. First Conditional sentences express realsituations; Second Conditional sentences express unreal situationsAnd don'tforget aboutIf I were. In speaking we can either useIf I were... orIf I was..., butin writing we always useIf I were....

TASK 3. Turn the fillowing dialoge into Reported speech.Sally. Is the Third Conditional difficult to understand?Fred. If you had been at school yesterday, you would have understood it.

Sally. Is it the Third Conditional?Fred. Yes. We use the Third Conditional to speculate about a possible situation in the

past which didn't happen. We use the Past Perfect in "if clauses" and would +have + Past Participle in "result clauses". Will you take down the rule?


42/16242

PREPOSITIONS

(, , , ) , . ' , , , . '

( 10 , ). . ( , ),, .

THE PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

in / inside ()on / upon ()

at , ( )beside / by , ( )near ( )in front (of) behind in the middle (of) on the right / on the left /

to the left of / to the right of / ( )on the top (of) between ()above under / below around outside

THE PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT AND DIRECTION

to ( )from into ( )out of ( )towards ( )

along through across


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THE PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

in / / / (in November, in winter, in 2009)

in (in the morning, in the evening)e! at noon, at night, at midnight

at (at 11 o'clock, at sunset)

for , (for hours, for days, for years, for the whole week, for ages)

during+ N (during the lesson)

before (before lunch)

after (after dinner)

by ( ) (by 10 o'clock )

PREPOSITIONS WITH WORD PHRASES

At at home / work / school / universityat a station / an airport / the seasideat a hotelat sea (= on a voyage)

at the beginning (= when sth started)at the end (= when sth finished)at the latest

By by car / train / plane / boatby ship / bus / bicycleby cheque

by road / rail / air / sea / tube

by chanceby mistakeby accident

For (have sth) for breakfast / lunch / dinner(go) for a drink

for sale (sold by the owner)(go) for a walk / swim

In in a messin bedin casein cash (also pay cash)in common

in connection within contact within detail

(fall / be) in love (with)in my opinionin one's carin hospitalin prison

in the beginning (= originally)in the end (= finally)in time (= soon enough)

On on a dieton a farmon a shipon a trip / excursion / expeditionon holiday

(but: go somewhere for a holiday)on businesson fireon my bicycle

on my ownon strikeon the buson the phoneon the radio / TV

on the trailon time (= exactly)on footon sale (= sold at a reduced price)


44/16244

TASK 1.

Listen to the words and write prepositions (at, on in for, by ) in your copy-books.

Eg. End > at the end

1. Home, time, a mess, train, breakfast, detail, holiday, strike.

2. Work, bed, hospital, cheque, lunch, a diet, my bicycle, the bus.

3. School, case, bicycle, dinner, my opinion, a holiday, the phone.

4. University, cash, ship, for a drink, one's car, business, the radio / TV.

5. A station, common, excursion, sea chance, prison, the beginning.

6. An airport, bus, love (with), mistake, a walk, my own, the trail.

7. The seaside, car, connection with, air, the end, time.

8. A hotel, a farm, the beginning accident, contact with, plane.

TASK 2

a ) Write your own sentences using prepositions with word phrases.

b) Write sentences for translation (in Ukrainian language)using prepositions

with word phrases.

c) Read your sentences (English and Ukrainian)to class fellows and let them

translate the sentences.


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WORD FORMATION . ( '- , , dangerous, mini-skirt, friendship, semi-detached, disappear) : 1) , ; 2) , ;3) , .

PREFIXES

- against antinuclear

anti- against anti-war, antisocial, antibodiesauto- of or by oneself autograph, autobiography, autonomous

bi- two bilinguall, bicycle

co- with cooperation, coordinate

contra- against contradict, contravene

de- acting against decomposition, deregulate, deselect

dis- not disappear

ex- before ex-wife, ex-president, ex general

inter- between intermediate

mini- small mini-skirt

mis- badly / wrongly misunderstand, misbehave, misinform

mono- one monolingual

multi- many multi-lingual, multi-purpose

non- not non-stop

over- too much overeat overdo, ovetired, oversleep

post- after postgraduate postwar,pre- before prejudge, pre-listening

pro- in favor of pro-russian, pro-government

pseudo- false pseudo-intellectual

re- again rearrange, rewrite, relive

semi- half semi-detached, semicircle

sub- under submarine, subconscious

super- above supermarket, supernatural

trans- across transatlantictri- three tricycle

under- not enough underestimate

uni- one unicycle

un- Prefixeswhichmean not

or showthe oppositestate orprocess

unload

im- impatient

mal- malfunction

ir- irregular

il- illegal, illiterate

in- ineomfortable, inconvenient

dis- dissimilar, disappear


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SUFFIXES

NOUN SUFFIXES

-er added to a verb is used for the person whodoes an activity;

also used for things which do a particular job

writer, worker, singer, tin-opener

-or actor, sailor, supervisor, projector

-ercan contrast with each other, meaning

"person who does something" (active meaning)employer, teacher, learner

-eeperson who receives or experiences theaction (passive meaning)

employee

-(t)ion is used to make nouns from verbs communication, pollution,

-ist person marxist, terrorist

-ism activity or ideology terrorism, realism, optimism

-ist people who play musical instruments pianist, violinist

-al is added to some verbs to make nouns arrival, refusal

-nessis used to make abstract nouns fromadjectives

happiness, goodness, weakness

-ment is used to make abstract nouns from verbs enjoyment, improvement,

-hoodis used to make abstract nouns, especiallyfamily terms, from nouns

childhood, brotherhood

-shipis used to make abstract nouns, especiallystatus, from nouns

friendship, membership,partnership

-(i)tyis used to make abstract nouns fromadjectives

honesty, loyalty

ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES

-able/-ibl with verbs means "can be done" readable, countable, flexible,

-ive is used to make adjectives from verbs active, passive

-al is used to make adjectives from nouns brutal, legal

-ous is used to make adjectives from nouns dangerous, furious

-ful is used to make adjectives from nouns orverbs (with) spoonful, hopeful, useful,forgetful, awful, wonderful

-lessis used to make adjectives from nouns orverbs (without)

useless, harmless, cloudless

-ic / -ical is used to make adjectives from nouns economic / economical

-ishcan be added to most common adjectives,ages and times to make them less precise(with the quality of...)

reddish hair, she's thirtyish, comeabout eightish

VERB SUFFIXES-ise / -ize makes verbs from adjectives modernise, industrialise

-ify makes verbs from nouns electrify, terrify

-en makes verbs from adjectives shorten, deepen, darken


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TASK 1.

Listen to the sentences. Finish the second ones.

Eg. Tom is (slow) - He worksslowly.

1. Sue is a careful girl. She climbed up the ladder..

2. The dog is angry. It barks...

3. He acted excellent. He's an... actor.

4. They learn English . They think English is an easy language.

5. It's awfully cold today. The cold wind is..

6. The little boy is sad. I went over to comfort him and he looked at me .

TASK 2.Continue the row.

Eg. family >familiar

a) geometry

b) popular

c) stable

d) fun

e) melody

f) continent

KEY:

a) (geometric or geometrical), b) (popularity), c) (stability),d) (funny), e) (melodic, melodious), f) (continental).


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CONFUSING WORDS

WORD EXPLANATION EXAMPLE

1 Listen (to)to pay attention to sb. / sth. that you canhear

Peter often listens to music when he's athome.

Hear to be aware of sounds in your ears I can hear music in Peter's room.

2 Say

to say something (say is followedimmediately by a noun clause). If youwant to put a personal object after say,use the word to.He said to his father that he was right.Say - a noun. Let me have my say.

Andrew said that he was right.

Tellto tell someone something (tell isfollowed by an object noun or pronoun)

Can you tell me the way to the station,please?

3 Lookto pay attention, to try to see what is

there

Look at the board, please. You can

look up the words in the dictionary

Seevisual impression come to the eyes;understand

Can you see the the blue car over there?I see what you mean.

Watch look for a time; like to look He watches TV in the evenings.

4 When you are sure that something will happenWhen I'm in Paris, I'll visit you.(It is sure, that I'm going to Paris.)

Ifyou are not sure that something willhappen

If I'm in Paris, I'll visit you.(It not sure, that I'm going to Paris.)

Note: You can both use when and if when you talk about things that happen repeatedly(in generalizations) If you freeze water, it expands. When you freeze water, it expands

5 Which you have a limited choice of thingsWhich lemonade do you likegreenor pink?

What you have an unlimited choice of things What lemonade do you like?

With nouns that refer to people, sometimes whichis used even if there is an unlimited choice.

6

Who

(whom)

is a pronoun, and is used to show whichperson you are referring to, or to add

information about a person just mentio-ned. It is used for people, not things

The girl who was hungry.

The boy whom I talked to.

Which

is a pronoun, and is used to show whatthing or things you are referring to, or toadd information about the thing justmentioned. It is used for things, notpeople.

The company, which / that hired me.

That

is a pronoun, and is used to show which

person or thing you are referring to, orto add information about a person orthing just mentioned. It can be used forpeople and things.

The dog that wagged its tail.


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WORD EXPLANATION EXAMPLE

7 For indicates a period of time I have been working here for 2 years.

Since indicates a point in time I have been working here since the yearbefore last.

8 Some is used for positive statements I asked the barman if he could get mesome sparkling water.

Any is used for questions and negative

statements

I said, "Excuse me, have you got any

sparkling water?" Unfortunately theydidn't have any.

NOTE! You will sometimes see some in questions and any in positive statements. When makingan offer, or a request, in order to encourage the person we are speaking to say "Yes", you can usesome in a question: Would you mind fetching some gummy bears while you're at the shops?You can also use any in a positive statement if it comes after a word whose meaning is negative orlimiting: A. She gave me some bad advice. B. Really? She rarely gives any bad advice.

9 Fewer for things you can count (individually) There were fewer days below freezinglast winter. (Days can be counted.)

Less for things you can only measure I drink less coffee than she does.(Coffee cannot be counted individuallyit has to be measured.)

Note! "Less" has to do with how muck "Fewer" has to do with how many

10 So when used in front of an adjective or anadverb means"very"

My English teacher is so patient. Sheteaches us so well.

Such when used as a determiner can be usedin front of a noun or an adjective and a

noun to show extremes, you can't use itin front of adverbs

She is such a patient teacher.

Remember that without the noun you need to use "so" such + a + patient + teacher so + patient

11 Either... or is used to show there is a choicebetween two different things, but youcan only choose one, not both

You can have either beer or wine

Neither ...

nor

is used to show that two or more thingsare not true or possible

He drinks neither wine nor beer

12 Don't have toDo not have t

is used to say that there is no obligation

or necessity to do something

You don't have to do the exercises at

the end of this page

Mustn't =

must not

is a modal verb used to show thatsomething is not allowed. When youuse mustn'tyou are telling people notto do things.

You mustn't drink if you're going todrive.

13 Good is an adjective. We use good when wewant to give more information about a

My dog Sam is very good.He's a good dog.

Well is an adverb. We use well when wewant to give more information about a

He usually behaves very well.

The exception to this can be when you talk about someone's health: If you say "You lookgood". It means they look attractive. If you say "You look well". It means they look healthy.


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14 Travel (v) is used in general terms as a verb itusually means to change location. Theword travel is very rarely used as a

I have to travel a lot for work.

Trip (n) is often substituted for the word'holiday' when the travelling distancewas short.It is often used in connection with

How was your trip?I am off on another business trip nextweek.

Voyage(n) a long journey by boat.

The word voyage is very rarely used asa verb

The voyage to South Africa took over

six weeks.

Journey(n) means the 'piece' of travel between 2 ormore points. It is used more in BritishEnglish than American English.The word journey is very rarely used asa verb.

The journey from Darmstadt toNottingham takes 12 hours.

15 Its Possessive pronouns never haveapostrophes.

England is famous for its castles.

It's Short / contracted form of "it is" or "ithas"

It's a boy. (it is)It's been raining for five hours now. (ithas)

16 check means to examine. To make certainthat something or someone is correct,safe or suitable by examining it orthem quickly

You should always check your oil,water and tyres before taking your caron a long trip.

control means to order, limit, instruct or rulesomething, or someone's actions orbehaviour is use in association withpeople and the work they do

If you can't control your dog, put it ona lead.

17 Big large in size, degree or amount a big stone

Great much bigger than average a great success a great time

High measurement from the bottom to thetop; greater than normal

a high mountain a high level

Large big in size and quantity a large country, a large number of people

Tall greater height than average a tall man

Note: Talking about buildings we use highor tall

18 Take to carry or move sth. from one place to anothertake shows movement away from the speaker:speaker > take

Please take the baby from herbed and bring her to me.

Bring to come to a place; bringshows movementtoward the speaker

If you want some tea, I'll behappy to bring a cup to you.

19 Borrow to take and use sth. that belongs to sb. else I'd like to borrow your umbrella

Lend to give sth. to sb. that belongs to you I can lend you my umbrella

20 See to go and see sb. / sth. Come and see us tomorrowVisit to go and see sb. / sth. (sounds more official) Lots of tourists visit the Tower

Attend to go regularly to a place I attend a university

Go to go somewhere We go to a party every Friday


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21 Holiday a time, often one or two weeks, when someone doesnot go to work or school but is free to do what theywant, such as travel or relax.

Where are you going on holidaythis year?

Weekend the time from Saturday and Sunday, or Fridayevening until Sunday night.

What are you doing this weekend?

22 Toremember

if you remember something such as a name or fact,you are able to bring it back into your mind in orderto think about it.

I remember everything thathappened in the afternoon.

If someone reminds you to do

something, they tell you to do,something which you alreadyknow you are supposed to do.

To remind if someone reminds you of a fact or event or re-minds you about it, they say something whichcauses you to think about it.

23 Row a disagreement between angry people who knoweach other well. A row usually involves a lot ofshouting. Row is an informal word.

My parents had big rows, they gotvery angry and violent with eachother.

Quarrel a disagreement between angry people, usuallybetween people who know each other. A quarrel cancontinue over a long period of time.

It was the first prolonged quarrelbetween Katherine and Barbara.

24 Teacher Anyone who teaches can be called a teacher. Teacher works in a school.

Lecturer in Britain, a lecturer is someone who teaches at theuniversity or college

David is now a lecturer inEnglish at American University.

Tutor a tutor in a British university teaches small groupsof students, and is also responsible for givingindividual students help and advice.

His tutor in English gives himquite favourable reports.

Professor in Britain, a professor is the most senior teacher in auniversity department. In US and Canadianuniversities and colleges, all of the senior teachingstaff are called professors.

Everybody seems to have moneythese days, except college

professors.

25 All refers to more than two people or things. It has apositive meaning and takes a verb in the plural.It is the opposite of none.

All of them speak German well.

Both refers to two people or things. It has a positivemeaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is theopposite of neithernot either.

Both Aryan and Allis were inArgentina.

Whole (=complete) is used with countables. We always use-a-, -the-, -this-, -my etc. + whole + countable

I spent in Riga the whole month

Either /

Neither

(= anyone of two) (= not one and not the other)are used before sing. countables. (2 people or things)

Neither man is milliner.

None refers to more than two people or things. It has anegative meaning and isn't followed by a noun.

Noneof is also used before nouns or object pro-nouns followed by a verb either in the singular or

plural. It is the opposite of all.

Are there any red tomatoes?No noneNone of our workers have been toParis.

No is followed by a noun There are no tickets.

Every is used with singular countables. It refers to a groupof people or things ("all, everyone", "everything")

He studies new words every day.

Each is used with singular countables. It means "one by

one", considered individually

Each year Tom and Bob visit

grandparents.Every one

Each one

have of-constructions Everyone needs to remember it.

On / Ones are used to avoid repetition of a countable noun Which book did you borrow?Mike's one.


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, , , , . , , 12 - - .

. . / , . , , (, youth culture). ' .

COMMUNICATIVE SITUATIONS

FAMILY

TASK 1. You and your partner have been asked to give a presentation about the role ofparents and relatives in kid's life. Complete the responses. For each one, you should firstagree then disagree. In eaeh case, you need to give reason.1. Your friend gets along well with his / her family. He / She was asked to tell about theirrelations in the family. Yes, that's good idea, because ..........I don't think so, because ..........2. Your classmate argues with his / her mother or father. He / she complains you alwaysand says that they are wrong and asks your helping.

Yes, my friend is right, because .......... No, my friend is wrong, because ..........TASK 2. Granny and her grandson Bob are talking. Write their dialogue into thecorrect order. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. For 18 give AHA. Who were you closest to?B. Well, some did and some didn't. My sister Alice and I had a good relationship.

Even after our marriage we were the best friends. And our husbands were on goodterms.

C. What about the twins?

D. Ah, my brother Henry. He was such a kind boy, always smiling, and so gentle. Weshared similar interests.E. In what relationship were they? Did they get along with each other?F. Well. They were as different as chalk and cheese. Robert was very severe and

stubborn. Emily was cheerful good-hearted. So they have little to do with each other.G. Granny, How many brothers and sisters did you have?H. I had... now let me see... there was... me, Alice, James, and then Henrythat's

four, isn't it? Then Robert and Emily, the twinsso that makes two sisters andthree brothers.

TASK 3. Imagine, that you are invited to participate at talk-show. Write the dialogueof about 200 words. Answer the following questions in your dialogue.1. If you have your own children, what you will do differently from your own parents?2. What will you teach your children? (What values, beliefs, hobbies, skills, etc.)


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YOUTH CULTURE

TASK 1.Your pen-friend wrote you that his friends were planning a park festival to take placeafter exams. Discuss the notes and add your own ideas.

TASK 2.Read the following statement and decide if you agree or disagree with them.

Prepare some arguments to support your viewpoint, then discuss the issue with apartner, responding to any counter-arguments they have.Experience is a hard teacher because it gives the test first, the lesson afterwards.Vernon Saunders Law

TASK 3.Read the dialogue and put the sentences into correct order. For 1-9 give A-J.

PUNK HAIRSTYLEA. Yeah, very cool, very punk. Wow, it's in.

B. Very charming, 1 should try the same salon.C. Everybody's here.D. I know why you are late. I can smell your hair spray.E. Except Janet.F. Did they perm your hair?G. Hi, sorry I'm late.H. What do you think of my new haircut?I. No, they just trimmed the bangs, highlighted the top, and put mousse o

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