Proceedings of the First Makassar International Conference on Civil

Engineering (MICCE2010), March 9-10, 2010, ISBN 978-602-95227-0-9

INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EMULSION MIXTURE FOR PATCHING ON

HIGHWAY

Ismail bin Yusof 1 and Madi Hermadi

2

ABSTRACT: Road maintenance by patching usually is needed for repairing pothole on asphaltic pavement. For

patching on highway, the asphaltic mixture is used ideally has deformation stability equal with hot mix petroleum

bitumen. If hot mix petroleum bitumen is used, the mixture production has to use Asphalt Mixing Plan. It is not

effective because need long time and high energy in preparation. Besides that, the production cannot be in small volume

so not match with pothole that generally in small volume. In application, hot mix has limited time because of mixture

temperature actually pothole spread on road and need long time to patch. To solve the problems, cold mix emulsion can

be used because can be produced manually by cement concrete mixture in small volume, in site or in plan. Besides that,

it has long time in application until more than 3 days if the water content in the mixture can be maintained by covering

the mixture. But the problem is cold mix emulsion mixture has lower dynamic stability than hot mix asphalt. Specially

for patching on highway, the emulsion mixture is not resistance on rutting damage. In this study, the technical in using

cold mix emulsion mixture as a patching material was investigated to produce cold mix emulsion pavement that has

dynamic stability equal with hot mix asphalt pavement. The result is combining layer of Open Graded Emulsion

Mixture (OGEM) and Dense Graded Emulsion Mixture (DGEM) can produce dynamic stability of total layer equal

with hot mix asphalt layer. The combination layer also has dynamic stability nine times higher than single layer of

OGEM and 30% higher than single layer of DGEM.

Keywords: Emulsion Mixture, OGEM, DEGEM, Patching.

1 Assoc. Profesor, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400, Malaysia

2 PhD. Student, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400, Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

Road maintenance by patching usually is needed for

repairing pothole on asphaltic pavement. For patching on

highway, the asphaltic mixture is used ideally has

deformation stability equal with hot mix asphalt. If hot

mix asphalt is used, the mixture production has to use

Asphalt Mixing Plan. It is not effective for patching

because the production cannot be in small volume so not

match with pothole that generally in small volume.

In application, hot mix has limited time because

mixing, laying and compacting of the mixture should be

in hot temperature. Actually pothole spread on road and

need long time to patch.

In application, cold mix emulsion can be used more

easy because can be produced by simple equipments that

are cement concrete mixture or pan mixer, so can be

produced in small volume. The production can be in site

or in plan. Besides that, cold mix emulsion mixture can

be stored until more than 3 days if the water content can

be maintained by covering the mixture. It gave enough

time for doing patching even the pothole spread on road.

The problem of cold mix emulsion mixture is the

mixture has lower dynamic stability than hot mix

petroleum bitumen mixture. Specially for patching on

highway, the emulsion mixture is not resistance on

rutting damage. In this study, the technical in using cold

mix emulsion mixture as a patching material will be

investigated to produce cold mix emulsion pavement that

has dynamic stability equal with hot mix asphalt

pavement.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The characteristics of CSS-1 (Cationic Slow Setting-

1) emulsion and CMS-2 (Cationic Medium Setting-2)

emulsion that used in this study are shown in Table 1

and Table 2. The CSS-1 was used as binder in DEGEM

(Dense Graded Emulsion Mixture) and The CMS-2 was

used as binder in OGEM (Open Graded Emulsion

Mixture).

Table 1 CSS-1 Emulsion Characteristics

No. Characteristics Test Results

1. Saybolt furol viscosity at 250C; sec 22

2. Storage stability 24 hours; % 0.53

3. Particle charge positive

4. Cement mixing; % 1.8

5. Distillation residue; % 58.2

6. Penetration at 250C, 5sec, 100g of

distillation residue; dmm

104

Table 2 CMS-2 Emulsion Characteristics

No. Characteristics Test Results

1. Saybolt furol viscosity at 500C; sec 67

2. Storage stability 24 hours; % 0.75

3. Particle charge positive

4. Cement mixing; % -

5. Distillation residue; % 67.0

6. Penetration at 250C, 5sec, 100g of

distillation residue; dmm

195

To find out the optimum composition of the

mixtures, modified Marshall Method was used for

DEGEM and Hveem Method was used for OGEM (MS-

14). At the optimum composition, the mixtures were

tested in mixture characteristics especially dynamic

stability to indicate rutting resistance. The test was used

to each mixture layers and combining layer. The

combining layer is an emulsion mixture layer that

consists of OGEM layer (3 cm thickness) covered by

DGEM layer (2 cm thickness). As a control, a hot mix

asphalt mixture that used petroleum bitumen pen grade

60/70 as binder was tested at the same gradation with

DGEM and at the optimum composition based on

Marshall Method mix design. The characteristics of

petroleum bitumen are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Petroleum Bitumen Characteristics

No. Characteristics Test Results

1. Penetration at 250C, 5sec, 100g of

distillation residue; dmm

63

2. Softening point, 0C 49.5

3. Solubility in trichloroethylene, % > 99

4. Mass loss after thin film oven test, % 0.035

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this study, the mixture gradation of DGEM and

hot mix asphalt are shown in Figure 1 and the mixture

gradation of OGEM is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1 Mixture Gradation of DGEM and Hot Mix

Asphalt

Figure 2 Mixture Gradation of OGEM

At the optimum composition, the DGEM and hot mix

asphalt mixtures have characteristics as shown in Table

4. The characteristic tests were done in 22.20C and 60

0C.

According to the mix design procedures, 22.20C is

DGEM temperature test and 600C is hot mix asphalt

temperature test. So in order to compare the mixture

characteristics, the tests were done in both temperatures.

Tabel 4 Characteristics of DGEM and Hot Mix Asphalt

Mixtures

Mixture

Characteristics

DGEM Hot Mix

Asphalt

22.20C 60

0C 22.2

0C 60

0C

Density, Kg/l 2.257 2.254 2.437 2.415

Void in mix, % 11.09 11.21 4.87 4.98

Marshall Stability,

Kg

790.9 169.7 - *) 885.7

Flow 2.3 1.5 - *) 3.5

Loss stability after

soaking, %

2.53 9.72 - *) 5.50

Coating, % > 95 > 95 > 95 > 95

*) The test is inappropriate

Referring to Table 4, mixture density of the DGEM

is lower than the hot mix asphalt. It caused at the same

temperature (600C) the DGEM has lower Marshall

Stability about 1 to 5 than the hot mix asphalt (Figure 3).

In addition, the penetration value of CSS-1 emulsion

bitumen residue (104 dmm) in DGEM is higher, that

mean the bitumen is softer, than the penetration value of

petroleum bitumen (63 dmm) in hot mix asphalt. It also

caused the DGEM has lower Marshall Stability than the

hot mix asphalt. Because of that, Asphalt Institute stated

that DGEM is not sufficient for heavy traffic pavement.

Although, the stability of DGEM is low, it is only the

initial stability. The stability is increased in line with the

increase of density caused by the traffic in field

Figure 3 Marshall Stability of DGEM and Hot Mix

Asphalt Mixture

Void in mix of DGEM (around 11%) is two times

higher than void in mix of hot mix asphalt (around 5%).

Higher void in mix caused higher loss stability after

immersion in water. The loss stability of DGEM (9.7%)

is higher than the loss stability of hot mix asphalt (7.5%).

In order to use emulsion mixture as patching

materials in highway, the mixture quality of emulsion

mixture, especially in rutting resistance, should be equal

with hot mix asphalt mixture. Accordance to rutting data

in Table 5 and Figure 4, the DGEM has dynamic

stability lower than dynamic stability of the hot mix

asphalt mixture. So to maximize the dynamic stability of

emulsion mixture, OGEM and DGEM layers were

combined.

OGEM was used as first layer. OGEM can increase

the dynamic stability of the combined layer because

there was stone-on-stone contact in OGEM. Normally,

stone-on-stone contact can greatly reduce rutting.

OGEM has high void in mix. It cause the OGEM is

not resist on water damages. To solve the problem, The

DGEM was used as a second layer to cover the OGEM

layer.

The rutting characteristic of the mixtures expressed

by initial stability (D0), dynamic stability (DS) and rate

of deformation (RD) from Wheel Track Machine Test.

The test results are shown in Table 5 and Figure 4.

Table 5 Dynamics Stability of Emulsion and Hot Mix

Asphalt Mixture

Figure 4 Dynamic Stability of Emulsion and Hot Mix

Asphalt Mixture

From Table 5 and Figure 4, rutting characteristics of

emulsion and hot mix asphalt mixture can be explained

as follow:

1) OGEM is the feeblest to deformation. The dynamic

stability value is 533.9 track/mm whereas the initial

deformation in the test is 12.2 mm.

2) DGEM has dynamic stability value of 3705.9

track/mm whereas initial deformation in the test is

3.6 mm.

3) Combining OGEM and DGEM layers have increased

the deformation resistance to 4846.2 track/mm with

initial deformation in the test is 2.2 mm.

4) Combining OGEM and DGEM layers increased the

dynamic stability of the combined layer multiple by

nine from DGEM and multiple by 1.3 from DGEM.

5) Comparing with hot mix asphalt, combined layer of

OGEM-DGEM has dynamic stability 92% of

dynamic stability of hot mix asphalt. This is better

than DGEM that has dynamic stability 70% of

dynamic stability of hot mix asphalt.

The combined layer of OGEM-DGEM could be

chosen for patching because the mixture can be produced

in field or in plant and in small or in large quantity. The

mixture can be produced by Asphalt Mixing Plant

equipment or simple equipment for example cement

concrete mixer or pan mixer. The mixtures can be stored

until more than three days if the water content can be

maintained by covering the mixture stock. Applying time

is not limited by mixture temperature because the

mixtures applied in ambient temperature.

Figure 5 Simple Equipments that can be used to Produce

Cold Mix Emulsion Mixtures

CONCLUSION

Based on the previous explanation, it can be

concluded:

1) Emulsion mixtures that are OGEM and DGEM have

very low Marshall Stability and dynamic stability

compared to hot mix asphalt mixture.

2) Combining OGEM and DGEM layers can produce an

emulsion layer that has dynamic stability relatively

equal with hot mix asphalt layer.

3) Combined OGEM-DGEM layer can be used for

patching on highway because it is sufficient in

practical and in rutting resistant. sponsor (for

proceedings); and inclusive page numbers. The

references are 5mm hanging indentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of

Higher Education, Malaysia for supporting this research

under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS).

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