increasing resilience to conflict in the arab world

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Increasing resilience to conflict                in the Arab world Clemens Breisinger IFPRIIFAD Workshop on “Decreasing Vulnerability to Conflict in MENA through Rural Development”; Sanaa, Yemen; 9 April 2013

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Page 1: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

Increasing resilience to conflict                in the Arab world

Clemens Breisinger

IFPRI‐IFAD Workshop on “Decreasing Vulnerability to Conflict in MENA through Rural Development”; Sanaa, Yemen; 9 April 2013

Page 2: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

“How is it that countries in the Middle East and North Africa could face explosions of popular grievances despite, in some cases, sustained high growth and improvement in social indicators?” 

(World Development Report 2011 on Conflict, Security and Development)

Arab world is the most conflict‐affected region in the world

Page 3: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

Causes of conflict (globally)• Motivation (Auvinen and Nafziger 1999; Macours, 2011; Stewart, 2000) 

– Inequality – Discrimination

• Opportunity (Collier and Hoeffler, 2004 De Soysa et al., 1999; Taeb, 2004)– Unemployment– Poverty– Recent evidence also mentions food security                    

(Arezki and Brückner, 2011, Brinkman and Hendrix (2011)

• Polity (Collier and Hoeffler, 2004; Fearon, 2010)– Public service provision– Governance

Page 4: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

Does food security matter for conflict           in Arab world?

• Historically, food riots have often occurred as the response to higher food prices in the 1970ies to 1990ies, e.g. in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco etc.                             (McDermott, 1992; Walton and Seddon, 1994; Adoni and Jillian, 1996)

• Shortly before the revolutions, Bahrain, Yemen, Jordan, Egypt and Morocco saw demonstrations about food in 2008 (The Economist)

• Food insecurity is widely believed to be among the key factors that have sparked the Arab awakening          (Breisinger et al., 2011; Zurayk, 2011; Harrigan, 2012; Sternberg 2013).

Page 5: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

Food security, poverty and crises in Egypt“Bread, dignity and justice”

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Econometric analysis confirms food security as a main cause of conflict in the Arab world

Model FE2SLS FE2SLS FE2SLSStage 2nd 2nd 2ndPeace duration 0.003 ‐0.010*** ‐0.005***

[0.006] [0.003] [0.002]GDP growth (t‐1) 0.188 ‐0.312 ‐0.178

[0.212] [0.283] [0.163]Child stunting 0.041***

[0.016]Child mortality 0.011***

[0.004]Macro food insecurity 0.011***

[0.004]Observations 433 246 685F‐test 2.766** 4.603*** 5.335***

Dependent variableIncidence of major intra‐state 

conflicts

Maystadt et al. 2012: http://www.ifpri.org/publication/does‐food‐security‐matter‐transition‐arab‐countries

Improving food security will increase                          stability and resilience!

Page 7: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

But how to improve food security?

Page 8: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

Food security has a national (macro) and a household (micro) dimension 

Source: Ecker & Breisinger (2012) – The Food Security System (IFPRI DP 1166).

Page 9: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

National food security in the Arab World

Source: Breisinger et al. (2012) – Beyond the Arab Awakening (IFPRI FPR 25).

From an economic point of view countries are food secure if they have the resources to finance food imports; but some in the Arab world still aim for (unrealistic) self‐sufficiency in food.

Page 10: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

Household‐level food insecurity in the Arab World

Source: Breisinger et al. (2012) – Beyond the Arab Awakening (IFPRI FPR 25).

Page 11: Increasing Resilience to Conflict in the Arab world

Key Messages

1. Food insecurity is a major cause and consequence of conflict in the Arab World at both the national and household levels.

2. Countries in transition are especially vulnerable to falling into conflict 

3. Country‐specific food security strategies are key for development and peace.

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Yemen National Food Security Strategy (NFSS) 

7‐Point Action Plan

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7‐Point Action Plan:National‐level food security

1. Improve the business climate to foster pro‐food secure private investments in promising sectors It’s the jobs, stupid

2. Combine qat reduction policies with support for non‐qat agricultural development Agricultural transformation

3. Implement the water sector strategy decisively Water, water, water

4. Enforce competition among cereal importers and consider physical grain storage for emergencies Food trade revolution

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7‐Point Action Plan (contd.):Household‐level food security

5. Leverage the petroleum subsidy reform to promote food security through direct transfers and investments Smart transfers

6. Better target public investment to the food insecure and improve service provision, especially in rural areas Overhaul public services

7. Launch high‐level awareness campaigns for family planning, healthy nutrition, women’s empowerment and qat Women empowerment and awareness campaigns

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Many things are changing in Yemen,                  but the key food security and development 

challenges and related reform options remain largely the same after the revolution!