[inco 2980]austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels at elevated temperatures mechanical and...

7/29/2019 [INCO 2980]Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures Mechanical and Physical Proper

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InCOdatabooksInco, the leading producer and marketer of nickel, conducts researand deve lopment p rogrammes on nickel alloys, products aprocesses, establishing engineering and performance data. Tknowledge is colla ted in a library of INCO databooks, wh ich are freeavailable.This publication is reprinted from the publ icat ion 'Mechanical aphysical properties of the austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steeat elevated temperatures', 3rd edition 1968, by The InternationNickel Company Inc., New York. Metric and temperature conversiohave been superimposed alongside the original data.

The information and data in this publ ica tion are as complete anaccurate as possible at the time of publication.The characteristics of a material can vary accord ing to the precismethod of production, fabrication and treatment.Wherever available full details of the condition o f th e t es t p ie ces aincluded As t hese data are derived trom various sources, supplieof materials should always be consu Ited concerning the specifcharacteristics of thelf products.("Copyright 1963'The International Nickel Company Inc.Reprinted 1966. 1974 and 1978 by Inco Europe Limited


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Austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steelsEngineering properties at elevated temperatures

ContentsAISI and ACI classifications of wrought and cast stainless steelsShort time mechanical propertiesLong time c reep and rupture propertiesShort time creep properties

Physical propertiesReferences

Page2

3 -7

4, 8 -118,11 -12

12 -1717


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AlSI and ACI Standd Composition Ranges for Wrought and Cast Chromium-Nickel Stainless SteelsAmerican Iron and Steel Institute Classification of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels

Composition, %AISIType C Mn P S SImax max max max max Cr NI Mo other201 0.15 5.50-7.50 .060 .030 1.00 16.00-18.00 3.50-5.50 - N 0.25 max202 0.15 7.50-10.00 .060 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 4.00-6.00 - N 0.25 max301 0.15 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 16.00-18.00 6.00-8.00 - -302 0.15 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 1700-19.00 8.00-10.00 - -302B 0.15 2.00 .045 .030 2 .00-3.00 17.00 -19.00 8.00-10.00 - -303 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 0.60 max -303& 0.15 2.00 0.20 .06 1.00 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 - Se 0.15 min304 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-12.00 - -304L .03 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 18.00-20.00 8.00-12.00 - -305 0.12 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 10.00-13.00 - -308 .08 2.00 .045 .030 -1.00 19.00-21.00 1000-12.00 - -309 0.20 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 22.00-24.00 12.00-15.00 - -309S .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 22.00-24.00 12.00-15.00 - -310 0.25 2.00 .045 .030 1.50 24.0026.00 19.00-22.00 - -310S .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.50 24.00-26.00 19.00-22.00 - -314 0.25 200 .045 .030 1.50-300 23.00-26.00 19.00-22.00 - -316 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 2.00-3.00 -316L .03 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 16.00-18.00 10.00 -14.00 2 .00-3.00 -317 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 18.00-20.00 11.00-15.00 3.00-4.00 -D319 .07 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.50-19.50 11.00 -15.00 2 .25-3.00 -321 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 1700-19.00 9.00-12.00 - Ti 5 x C min347 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 - Cb-Ta 10 x C min348 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 - Cb-Ta 10 x C min; Ta

0.10 max ; Co 0.20 max384 .08 2.00 045 .030 1.00 1500-17.00 1700-19.00 - -385 .08 2.00 .045 .030 1.00 11.50-13.50 14.00-16.00 - -

Alloy Casting Institute Division (SFSA) Classification of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Castings

Composition, %Cast Alk>y Wrough1D1lsigrultion AlloyType' C Mn P S SImax max max max max Cr Ni Mo other

CA-6NM - .06 1.00 .04 .04 1.00 11.5-14 3.5-4.5 0.40-1.0 -CDAMCu - .04 1.00 .04 .04 1.00 25-26.5 4.75-6.00 1.75-2.25 Cu 2.75-3.25CE30 - 0.30 1.50 .04 .04 2.00 26-30 8-11 - -CF3 304L .03 ISO .04 .04 2.00 17-21 8-12 - -CF-8 304 .08 1.50 .04 .04 2.00 18-21 8-11 - -CF-20 302 020 1.50 .04 .04 2.00 18-21 8-11 - -CF3M 316L 03 ISO .04 .04 15 0 17-21 9-13 2.0-3.0 -CF-8M 316 .08 1.50 .04 .04 1.50 18-21 9-12 2.0-3.0 -CF12M 316 0.12 ISO .04 .04 15 0 18-21 9-12 2.0-3.0 -CF-8C 347 .08 1.50 .04 .04 2.00 18-21 9-12 - Cb 8 x C min, 1.0 max

or CbTa 10 x C min,1.35 maxCF-16F 303 0.16 1.50 o 17 .04 2.00 18-21 9-12 1.5 max Se 0.20-0.35CG8M 317 .08 1.50 .04 .04 1.50 18-21 9-13 30-4.0 -CH-20 309 0.20 1.50 .04 .04 2.00 22-26 12-15 - -CK-20 310 0.20 15 0 .04 .04 2.00 23-27 19-22 - -CN-7M - .07 150 .04 .04 1.50 18-22 27.5-305 2.0-3.0 Cu 3-4

'Wrought alloy type numb


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Mechanical and Physical Properties of the AusteniticChromium-Nickel Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures

FIG. 2-Effec t of temperature on t he s ho rt t im e t en si le propertiesof annealed Type 30 9 stainless steel. Plotted from t he d at a ofSimmons a nd Cross 1

20

60

120070

1000

-------i-l-- ' - - -+--+ ~ - + - - 4 50

Temperature, C400 600 800

10\--------------'------+---'--+"",.;::-t----I

70

2010

30

100

o 0o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200Temperature. F

ii 60'" 50V; 40

A S a re su lt of their al loy conten t, particularly ofJ-It. chromium, th e austenitic s tainless steels have excellent oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures.This property combined with th e strength an d ductilityresulting from th e face-centered cubic structure resultsin materials which a re s up eri or t o the ferri t ic steels Inperformance at elevated temperatures.

SHORT TIME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The tensile properties of several chromium-nickels tainless steels ar e given, as a func tion of temperature,in Figures 1 through 7. These are average cu


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70

60

50

20

1000OO

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 200gTemperature, F

800

Temperature, C400 600

60000

200

200

- ~ I I I" "'- Type 321I i '" ~ I" o J / ~" 'to: ' \ ~ ~- Yiela S I '\--:-:::-.:::.trength (0.2 Yo I""--:...E!!..set)f-- "'" ~ ~iIoo

9080

70

60

g 5040

Vi30

2010

FrG. 6-Effect of temperature on th e short t ime tensile propertiesof annealed Type 321 stainless steel. P lot t ed f rom th e data ofSimmons and Cross 1

o

fiO

70

20

40Q;"'"vi'"0 1:C3

50

800Temperature, C

400 600

o800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800Temperature, F

600

200

40000

r-- I I II--.- ............. ~ ~ J ' Type 314I"...K\ \ ,I I- II r'e/rj(O h I \1 II ~ ~ t 1 7i 'Oft::::-T II R , I~ \ :

I I! ""'i'-:i I 7I II I I ii Ioo

100

90

80

70

60000 50Vi 40

30

20

10

FIG, 4-Effect of temperature o n th e short t ime tensile propertiesof annealed Type 314 s ta in l es s s te el . Plotted from t he d at a ofSimmons a nd Cross l 200 400

Temperature, C600

Temperature, f

9 0 ~ 1 '80 -' Ie" ~ + - - + - - + - - t - - - - - - 1 ~ - + - - + ~ - - - - + - - - + - - - Is/ie Ii I S l r e ~70 I I ~ ! ) } - - - I - - + - + _ . + - - j - - - - t - - + - - ' 1I I I .......................60 t---c--+----+-------+--=>."'f"'-...-+---+----1---+---+----+-----J

! I : '\50 r ~ . . . . ; - - - - - j l - - - + - - + ' --+--t


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TABLE ITensile, Compressive, an d Bearing Propert ies of Annealed Type 30 2

Stainless Steel fo r Various Temperatures and Exposure TimesYield Strength (0.2% offset), ps i Utlimate Stress, psi kg/mm'

Temp, F C ExposureTime, hr " Tensile Compressive

kglmm'

Bearing Tensile Bearing

78771571971 1

1119

111,100110,000

167,750

48247448 1 110,80042 2 I 109,600

6299,440

68,60067,40068,40067,20085

439391401

5143,100

62,40055,60057,10054,800

26 026 2

37,00037,200

31 6

23222 0226221

45,000

32,20031,500

0.5 33,0002 31,30010100

26

204

78

400

. _ . _ - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - , ~ - - - - - ~ ~ - -45,730 32 2 I!--- ~ - - - - ~ - I ~ - - - - -! Ii 35,800 2 5 2 '

I 36,500 25 7

600 37f,' 05

10100

30.70030.90030,60029,600

21 621 127 5208

34,700 24 434,000 23 931,700 22 332,600 22 9

57,000 40 153,800 37854,400 38257,500 404

67,80067,80065,90066,600

477 109,400477 106,500463 ! 108,80046 8 109,000

76 974976576 6

800 ,127 05

10100

29,400 20 7 31,000 21 8 55,400 39027,600 194 30,700 276 53,000 37328,500 200 30,500 27 4 ! 53,100 37328,700 )02 30,800 27 7 50,300 354

64,800 45 663,000 44 365,600 46165,100 458

104,100 132105,400 74 7112,700 79 2100,400 106---------- - - - - ~ - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - I - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -

1000 0.5

10100

25,30024,20024,80024,400

77811 071417 2

28,700 20 128,700 20227,700 79 528,700 202

46,200 32549,800 35047,900 33744,900 31 6

59,700 42 061,200. 43 063,100 44462,000 43 6

93,400 65794,300 66393,400 65 794,500 66 4-------- ~ ~ ~ ~ - -

1200 ! i !q os

10100

23.30022.80023.50022 .200

Iii 47(,016 5!l j 6

44,000 30944,000 30942.600 30042.500 299

54,400 38 253,900 37 954,400 38 252,000 366

81,200 57 780,900 56980,200 56477,500 545

Composition, %

0.163612029.18,:n p S __ _ ~ _ ! __N_ i_ ~ _ I - - C - u -

17.48 i 8.44 0.11 IC

.08

TIf11e held a t t empe ratu re prior to testing at IndIcated temperature. Doerr!

5


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TABLE /ITensile, Compressive, and Bearing Properties of Half-Hard Type 301

Stainless Steel * for Various Temperatures and Exposure Times

Yield Strength (0.2% offset), psi kg/mnr Ultimate Stress, psi kg/mm'Temp, F C Exposure -Time, hr Tensile Compressive Bearing Tensile Bearing- - ~ - - ~ ~ - - - - -

78 26 - 105,840 74 4 75,200 529 164,400 1156 155,160 1091 231,000 1624.-

400 204 0.5 85,700 603 59,800 420 148,900 1047 108,500 763 178,300 12532 83,000 58 4 62,800 44 2 138,600 97 4 109,600 771 158,600 111510 79.500 55 9 62,100 43 7 136,600 960 108,700 764 I 174,100 1224100 78,700 553 63,700 448 135,500 95 3 112,400 79 0 165,500 1164I!

600 316 0.5 80,800 568 70,300 49 4 142,000 99 3 108,300 761 160,600 11292 79,800 561 72,300 508 147,500 1037 104,400 734 168,100 118210 81,500 573 69,200 48 7 142,300 1000 106,000 74 5 160,600 1129100 83,100 58 4 76,100 535 145,900 1026 108,000 759 170,500 1199- - -

800 427 0.5 80,800 568 69,100 48 6 131,200 92 2 100,500 707 161,600 11362 78,800 55 4 71,700 504 131,200 92 2 104,000 731 152,900 107510 74,900 52 7 76,900 541 128,600 904 99,900 702 157,500 1107100 74,900 52 7 78,900 555 122,500 861 93,000 654 148,500 1044

I1000 538 05 70,000 492 64,100 45 1 112,600 792 85,900 604 133,300 937

2 64,800 456 65,400 460 105,500 742 81,900 57 6 128,400 90310 63,400 44 6 63,600 44 7 108,600 76 4 80,700 56 7 125,600 883100 63,800 449 63,600 447 100,000 70 3 78,500 55 2 119,500 840I- ------- - - - - - -_ ._ ._-

1200 649 0.5 50,800 357 - 78,000 54 8 65,700 46 2 98,800 6952 50,400 354 - 86,600 609 63,800 449 100,700 70810 53,200 374 - 82,000 57 7 66,700 46 9 95,400 671100 51,000 359 - 82,400 579

161,800 43 5 97,700 68 7

Composition, %

.017027I ~ _ P s__ I_ _S_i_I__c r_ ._N_i__M_O_

i 0.39 I 17.38 I 7.46 0.10i I

Mn

1.14

C I- - I10 I

i

Time held at temperature prior to testing at indicated temperature. Doerr 2

6


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TABLE II IShort Time High Temperature Properties of Cast Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steels*

ACI TypeTemperature, F CCF-B CF-20 CF-BC CF8M CH-20 CK-20

Room1000 5401200 6501400 7601600 870

Tensile Strength, psi kg/mm'I I8,000 55 80.000 56 78,000 55 79,000 56 76,000 53 80,000 5655.000 39 58.000 47 58,000 47 56,000 39 - -44,000 37 46.000 32 47,000 33 40,000 28 41,000 29 54,000 38

26.000 18 29.000 20 26,000 18 26,000 18 25.000 18 32.000 22- - - - 12,000 8 16,000 II,- - ~ . -

Yield Strength (0.2% offset), psi kg/mm'

Room 34,01000 540 17,01200 650 16.01400 760 15.01600 870

00 24 35,000 25 34,000 24 37,000 26 36,000 25 I 33,000 2300 12 17,000 12 22.000 75 21.000 15 - I -00 II 16.000 17 20.000 14 18,000 73 16,000 17 I 20,000 1400 17 18.000 13 18.000 73 15,000 II 16,000 III

19,000 13- - - - - 10,000 7 13,000 9

Room1000 5401200 6501400 7601600 870

Elongation, %- - - - - - _ . ~ .

65 65 52 50 52 3946 40 28 37 - -33 29 34 44 36 2726 21 31 29 34 12- - - - 49 11

Reduction of Area, %Room1000 5401200 6:;01200 7601600 870

74534640

68624634

48575041

70685350

63504769

49342118

Water quenched af te r 2 hr at 2050 F. 1120C

7

Alloy Casting Insti tute 3


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5

75

70

20

75

5

80 000

___ - -= . . : = - - J 01500 1600

Temperarure,C600For a Creep Rate of ,0001 Per Cent per Hour

(1 per cent in 10,000 hours) ,,---r-

For a Creep Rate of .00001 Per Cent per Hour347 (1 per cent in 100,000 hours)- ------+----- t-._-- !- - - ~ - . . - - 1i . ,

SHORT TIME CREEP PROPERTIES

{ Ij \ 316! ;f - - - + 3 - \ 0 ~ - \:;s.: - '; - -,- ----:-

I - ' : = ~ \ k \: , ~ + - ",---,--

i 330 " . ,; 3 ~ 9 - ~ - - - ~

oL-_-'-_800

35

30

25

20 -

15

10

500

:::fV?

25

20

15

10

Stresses that wIll cause c reep a t th e rates of ,0001 and.0000 1 p er c en t p er hou r are shown for th e same steelsin Figure 10, Interpolation to other rupture times,creep rates, an d stresses can be made by using Figures11 to 18, whi ch show th e effects of applied stresseso n t he rupture t imes and creep rates for th e same steelsat anum be r of temperatures.

Although most high temperature applications requiredata on creep rates for l ong time periods, th e development of th e space program requires information onc re ep ove r periods of th e order of minutes. Data of

40

70

70

40

The creep an d rupture properties of a number ofcast chromium-nickel s ta in le ss s te el s ar e given in1:: Figures 19 to 24, These dat a were determined on indi

E' vidual he at s a nd a re not necessar ily typicaLC;;4 6~ 4Vi

1.00.60.4

9


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0.1

2810

10b..,..,..,.\--....;----:-+7:"'r--:---:---:-.,.,.,.,--,---:- . , . . , - ~ - - , - 7 - - 1 0 60402

10060402010

'"= 64;;;

1.0060.4

I'0,2 L....J.-'..c.J_--'-.......:...Ll..,;-'-J... . . . - . . . . . . ; , ~ - - ' - _ . . . . . . . : . . _ ' - - - - ' - . . . L . . . . J6 8 6 8100 1000

Ruptllle Time, hrFIG. 20 - Stress versus rupture-t ime a nd c re ep -r at e c ur ve s fo rannealed Type CF-8C stainless s tee l . Al loy Cast ing Insti tute 3

604020106 D,4 -l (


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10

100 7.560 '! 040 I5020 25.6 S 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 4 6 S 4


14/20

DENSITY

219

1500 F820C

3

i :I ~ 2 0 0 F I

15 17

2Siress. *9 m ( ) ~

"'/ IIi

I If47 fI 314II '/1 II I I 1800 F} I II J 980C J7 .- -I I / iIII, / III I I

-l- 4-~ - - l - - - - - ' - + - - - - + - - _+--_1; II

2 1-_... . .c::L._... .L...l. .-__-l -__.-L__- '- _97 Ih'1 - - - - + - - I - - - I - - + - - - 1 - - - - + - ~ - ~ _ , _ - - - - - - - - . . .---

Ii-L---I---I---i-l----i--------'------l--

,I - _ - J - - + - _ ~ ~ ' - + - _ - ! i - - -+__ ~ i - - ~ - -

:1 - - I - - - - I - - - - / - ' . - - - J . - + - - - + - - . ~ ' - - - - - _ 1

2 o 57 r - . . , 7 ' - - . - ~ - - - - ; ; : " - : ; ; ' - - - - r " ' : : ' : - - + - - - - - - r ' .:,.1,--..:,-':..J_

5 0

25

0

75,:0-10 -' 20...a I0 c:'":; 15:::: i;;j

8 '"LJ 106

4800 1000 1200 1400 1600 180000

Temperature, f40000

Temperature, C11 x 10 _ - _ 1 ~ r - 0 - - , r r - - - c __0".-0_.....,_4--,O-=,0_----,-_6..;.0-=-0-,---_,.:.8.;...00----,-_---,

II I IJ-- I I./V-I.--- I109

0 . . . . . 8.,a ..: 71 6; ;1j 50(.)

4

FIG. 30 - Average instantaneous coefficients of expansion ofchromium-nickel stainless steels. FIG. 32 - Thermo-e lec tr ic propert ie s of Types 302 Band 316stainless steels Dah l a nd Lonbe rg er 8

IS


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TABLE VIII TABLE IX

Specific Heats of Annealed A u s t e n i ~ i c StainlessStee l s a t Various Temperatures

Diffusivity of Annealed Austenitic Stainless Steelsat Various Temperatures

Temp, F c Specific Heat, BtujlbjOF JjkgK Temp, F c Diffusivity, sq ftjhr em ' /hrType 301 Type 316 Type 347____ 1 1 Type 301 Type 316 Type 347

.085 356 I .085 356-250 -760 0.159250 - 760

- 200 - 730.080 33 5.086 36 0

079 331 .080 335-200 730 0.158

748 0.156747 0.151

745 I 0.179 766740 0.173 767

-100 70 .096 40 2 .094 39 4 .094 394 -100 - 70 0.158 747 0.147 737 0.165 75368 20 0.109 456 0.108 452 0.108 452 68 20 0160 749 0.143 733 0.158 747

200 90 0.117 490 0.116 486 0.116 486 200 90 0.162 757 0.144 734 0.157 746400 200 0.127 532 0126 528 0.124 579 400 200' 0.167 755 0.148 737 I 0.161 750600 320 0.133 557 0.131 548 0.131 54 8 600 320 0.176 764 0.158 747 0.168 756800 430 0.137 574 0.135 565 0.135 565 800 430 0.185 772 0.167 755 0.176 764

1000 540 0.140 58 6 0.137 573 0.139 582 1000 540 0.194 780 0.173 767 0.185 7721200 650 0.143 59 9 0.140 586 0.144 603 1200 650 0.203 789 I 0.188 775 0.192 7781400 760 0.148 62 0 0.147 675 0.149 624 1400 760 0.209 794 0.191 77 7 0.199 7851600 870 0.154 645 0.155 649 0.159 666 1600 870 ' 0.212 797 0.194 780 0.200 7861800 980 0.162" 678 0.165" 691 0.175" 73 3 1800 980: 0.212" 797 0.195" 787 0.194" 780

Extrapolated. Garo falo , Ma lenock an d Smith ' Extrapolated. Garofalo. Malenock an d Smith 7

TABLE X

Electrical Resistivity of Annealed Stainless Steels at Various Temperatures

Temp, F c Electrical Resistivity, microhm-r.m

7380889199

107111116120

72799098

105112117121

7479879399

104110

94100105111116120124127129

78839198

105111116120124127

Type 309

72788695

102108114118125

74808996

103108113117121

7077859399105

109113116119122124126

6874839096102

107111

2090200]2 04]054065076087098070907200

7320

68200400600800

10001200140016001800200022002400

I I1 ,: Type 301 i Type 302 i Type 303 Type 304________.__ ! ~ _ ! i ~ _I

Note : microhmem x 6.0153 = ohms Circular mli foot Various Sources.

16


19/20

DiffusivityThe d i f fus iv i t ies o f Types 301, 316, and 347 austen

itic s t ai n le s s s t ee ls are given in Table IX. T he d atawere calcu la ted by th e equation

KD=--CpdK = the rmal conduct iv ityCp = specific hea td = densi ty

ElECTRICAL PROPERTIESResistivity

The electrical resistivities of the austeni t ic s tainlesssteels and their variat ions with t empera tu re a re shownin Table X.Thermo-electric Properties

The temperature-electromotive force relationshipsfo r Types 302 Ba n d 3 1 0 au st en it ic s ta i nl e ss s tee lcoupled with Chromel 'and pla t inum ar e compared witha Chromel-Alumel 'couple in Figure 32 .

REFERENCES1. SImmons, W. F. and Cross, H. c.. "Report on th eElevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels.,"ASTM Spec. Tech. Pub. No . 124. 1952.

2. Doerr, D. D., "Determinatiun of Phys ica l Properties ofFerrous and Non-ferrous Structura l Sheet Mate ri al s a tE leva ted Te ;npera tures . ' W.A.D.C. Tech. Rep. No.6517,Part2,1954.

3. Unpubli shed data from Tech. Research Comm .. AlloyCasting Inst.

4. Cro ss. H. c., McMaster. R. C .. Simmons, W. F .. andVan Echo. ]. A .. "Short T ime , High Temperature Properties of Heat-Resisting Alloy Sheet ." Ran d R epo rtRA-150n, Battel le Memor ia l Inst .. Columbus. Ohio.Feb. 27.1948.

5. Fredericks . J . B .. "A Study of th e Elastic PrcJpertles ofVarious So li ds by Means o f U lt ra soni c Pulse Techniques." Doctor' s Thes is, Uni, ' . Michigan, 1947 (See"Resume of High Temperature Investigations Conduc ted dur ing 1948-50," Timken Roller Bearing Co ..Steel an d Tube Div., 1950.)

6. Garofalo, F., "Temperature Dependence of the ElasticModuli of Several Stainless Steels," Proc. ASTM, 60,1960, P 738.

7, Garofalo, F., Malenock, P. R., and Smi th , G, V., "TheInfluence of Temperature on th e Elas t ic Constants ofSome Commercial Steels," ASTM Spec, Tec h, P ub .No. 129, 1952, P 10.

8. Dahl, A. 1. and Lonberger, S, T. , "The ThermoelectricProperties of Types 302 an d 310 Stainless Steel," AirForce Tech. Report No . 6096, Oct. 1950 (PB108382),The following references are listed for th e benefit ofthose who may wish t o locate information on elevatedtemperature test ing of austenit ic s tainless s teels whichis beyond th e scope o f t hi s data bulletin.

9. "Steel Products Manual: Section 24, Stainless and HeatResisting Steels," Am. Iron an d Steel Inst., June 1957,with Supplementary Information, Sept, 1959.

10. Alloy Casting Inst, Data Sheets, June 1954,11. Larson, F. R. an d Miller, ]. , "A T ime Temper atur e

Relationship for Rupture and C reep Stress," Trans.ASME 74, 1952, P 765.

12. Orr, R. L., Sherby. O. D., and Dorm, ] . E., "Correlationof Rupture Data for Metals at Elevated Temperatures ,"Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 46. 1954, P 113.

13. Manson, S. S. and Haferd, A. M., "A Linear Time- 'Temperature Relation fo r Extrapolation of Creep andStress-Rupture Data." Tech . Not e No. 2890 Nat . Ad-v isory Comm. Aeronaut .. 1953.

14. Graham. A. and Walles, K.F.A.. "Relationships Between Long and Short Time Creep an d Tensile Propties of a Commercial Alloy," ]. Iron Steel Ins t. . 179 .pt 2, 1955, P 105.

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16. Manson, S. S. and Mende ls on . A., "Optimization ofParametric Constants for Creep-Rupture Data byMeans of Least Squares," Nat . Aeronau t. Space Admin .Memo 3-10-59E. Mar. 1959.

17. Gow, ]. T. and Harder, O. E .. "Balancing th e Composition of Cast 25 Per Cent Chromium-12 Per Cent NickelType Allo\'s," Trans. Am. Soc . Metals, 30. 1942, P 855.

18 Avery. H. S. and Wilks, C. R .. "Cast Heat-Res ist ingAlloys of th e 26"0 Chromium-20C'o Nickel Type,"Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 40. 1948, P 529.

19. Mangone, R. J. an d Hall. A. M, "Properties of TypeHK Cast Alloys," Alloy Casting Bul . No. 17, Oct. 1961.

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[inco 2980]austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels at elevated temperatures mechanical and...

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