inclusivity of open spaces in anand vihar, new delhi

8/9/2019 Inclusivity of Open Spaces in Anand Vihar, New Delhi

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The modern city has evolved through multiple main phases such as industrialism, peak of capitalism,

urbanization and globalization (Harvey, Spring 2000). These major periods changed the way the city

used to function, in making the city, man has remade himself (Harvey, 2008). More cases of exclusion

at a social, cultural, political and economic level and a more capitalist approach, constituted few of

these changes. The heterogeneity of the city citizens further enhanced these effects. Consequently

the city resources started to get inequitably distributed among its population, resulting in the need tounderstand the concept of an inclusive city.

The main theme of an inclusive city is equity and accessibility in terms of its economy, political rights,

infrastructures, services, shared spaces, etc. If one interprets the shared spaces aspect, inequality in terms

of the usage of open spaces will be considered. The high influx of people in the city has resulted in more

demands and requirements from its open spaces. As a result, there exists more pressure on these spaces

to cater and fulfil those requirements and needs leading to exclusion.

In an attempt to investigate the degree of inclusivity or exclusivity of open spaces, few open spaces

of zone E or Anand Vihar region were selected as the basis of the study. The study starts with the

formulation of the research question: How inclusive are the open spaces of Anand Vihar?

It then proceeds with the understanding of the concept of an inclusive city and the comprehension of

what is an open space and its different requirements. The knowledge derived from these research will

then be applied to the case studies in an attempt to answer the research question.

01 Inclusivity

The term inclusive city frequently refers to the word citizens. Consequently, it is essential to foremost

have a basic understanding of the term citizen before trying to define inclusivity. However, inclusivity of

a city does not limit itself to its citizens but shall also incorporate visitors.

A citizen can be any individual residing in the city, who directly or indirectly has the right to participate

in the city and its decision making process irrespective of his/her physical, social, political or economic

status (Harvey, Spring 2009). Being part of the city, a citizen is entitled to certain rights. James Holstoncategorizes these rights as a hybrid mix of special treatment rights, text based rights and contributor

rights under three sub heads based on their inability to afford for basic needs, from ones constitutional

rights and from ones contribution to the city. (Holston & Appadurai, 1999)

The term inclusive city was studied through the writings of various authors. Their articles where

elaborated into more depth in an attempt towards understanding an inclusive city.

A morepolitical approachto defining an inclusive city, according to Darshini Mahadevia, would be to

consider the role of citizens in the economic growth and planning of the city. An inclusive city would be

one that ensures that the city resources are equitably distributed amongst its citizens (Mahadevia, 2001).

A social understanding of an inclusive city, according to David Harvey, would be to consider that all

citizens have equal rights to the city. He believes that citizens are interdependent and consequently they

deserve to have equal economic, social, political and cultural opportunities (Harvey, 2008). This approach

to defining an inclusive city differs from the above since it talks about equality. In his definition of an

inclusive city, David Harvey is portraying a utopian city where all the citizens have the equal rights and

01Overview


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OPEN SPACES / ANAND VIHAR

01 OVERVIEW

Shades ofGreen

opportunities where as Darshini Mahadevia in her writing, refers to an equitable division of resources.

An inclusive city according to the UN Habitat, is one where gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion or ones

economic background does not forbid a citizen from participating in the social, economic and political

opportunities provided by the city (Habitat, n.d.).

An economical approachto defining an inclusive city would consider the current trend in urbanization.

The pressure that it is putting on cities require them to invest more in infrastructure, development and

political processes that will ensure equity in the city (Habitat, n.d.).

From the above understanding, few areas can be identified that bring about inclusivity or exclusivity in a

city. These are the economic, political and social & cultural realms. These terms shall be defined in more

depth in an attempt to uncover the parameters that will help to build up a methodology.

The modern city debuted as a result of industrialization. As cities became more prosperous and affluent,

they attracted more investment into their spheres, which resulted into the peak of capitalism. This,

in turn, occasioned a variety of specialized labor into the city realm and the heterogeneity of the city

population (Wirth, July 1938). The demand for more labor force increases the population in the city,

causing a boom in the city known as urbanization, resulting in a situation where nearly half of the worlds

population live in urban settlements (Thompson, 2007).

Even though capitalism and urbanism brings, growth and development in the city, they also widen thegap between the rich and the poor, creating microstates in the same city (Harvey, 2008). Consequently,

the rich gets access to better infrastructures and facilities whereas the poor do not even have proper

access to sanitation, electricity, etc. (Harvey, 2008).

The high price of land value in cities, as a result of capitalism, prevents those who are lower down in the

social hierarchy to purchase land and they are consequently forced to either move to the city border or

live in illegal colonies or slums (Roy, 2009).

Globalization, which follows capitalism and urbanism in the economic evolution, is putting more

pressure on cities to achieve the title of a world class city (Bhan, 2009). Consequently, cities are trying

their best to attract investors and developers to inject money into their realm. In an attempt to achieve

this goal, these cities provide investors and developers with resourses such as cheaper land prices (Roy,

2009) . Very often, these plots are snatched from the poor, who get evicted from the land (Bhan, 2009).

Due to their illegal status of the poor living in unauthorized settlements, they lack the ability to fight back

and end up getting evicted from these land with minimal or no compensation (Verma, 2006). However,

more than the illegal status of these people, it seems that their economic background bears more

weightage in the judgment of their eviction. When considered the example of Yamuna Pustha evection

and the authorization of Sainik farms informal settlement clearly shows the distinction made between

the higher and lower classes of the city population in its distribution of its resources.

Globalization and capitalism were accompanied with uneven distribution of wealth and resources,

creating a divide within a city. Hence, it contributes negatively to ones access to resources and services,

resulting in differences in individuals and groups. This division is not only economic but is complex and

multi-dimensional and often lead to social exclusion. (Alphonse, 2007)

Social exclusionis the process of being shut out from the social, economic, political and cultural systems

which contribute to the integration of a person into the community (Cappo, 2002). But social exclusion

has various other contributors. Amartya Sen (2000) classified the social exclusion in India into active and

passive forms. In case of active social exclusion the individual is directly debarred from taking part in any

social process or his/her right is revoked by the state. On the other hand passive social exclusion comes

through a process where no deliberate attempt is made to exclude the individual from the society or

denied to be the full member of the society. But the existing set up nullifies his/her right to become a full

member of the society.

In most parts of India, Womans participation in employment outside the home is viewed as

inappropriate, subtly wrong, and definitely dangerous to their chastity and womanly virtue. (Women and

the Economy in India, 2012).

These aspects demonstrate clear forms of marginalization where capitalism and economy is not the

prime cause, but the blame goes to the beliefs and practices of the people involved.


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02 Open spaces

Open spaces constitute a vital component of the city. They act as its lungs, providing breathable spaces.

Further these spaces link different elements of the city and provide it with an aesthetic appeal, breaking

away from the built mass.

Open spaces affect people physically, socially, and psychologically, and play a part in enhancing or

diminishing the quality of life. Thus, the open spaces are one of important resources of the city.

The functions of an open space can be classified into five types which coexist with each other Social

and Societal, Environment, Ecological, Structure and Aesthetic (Francis, 1996). Social and societal refers

to the ability of the open space to provide for leisure and recreation, facilitate social interaction and

communication and impart access to the experience of nature. It also has the function of bridging the

gap amongst the multiple groups in society while simultaneously catering to their different needs.

Ecological are not particularly people-oriented, but concerned with the well-being of other forms of life

like fauna and flora, that are and ought to be protected in open spaces. Environmental constitute climatic

enhancement, noise screening, groundwater recharge etc. Structure of the space includes articulating,

dividing and linking areas of the Urban Fabric, improving the legibility of the city, establishing a sense

of place and acting as a carrier of identity, meaning of identity, meaning and value, scale and size.

Aesthetics is the key which attracts variety of users and becomes a portal through which an individual

can escape the city crowd.

The pleasantness factor includes aspects such as its welcoming and relaxing atmosphere and its

suitability for interacting with people and childrens play, as well as the quality of its trees and plants,

reflecting social as well as aesthetic considerations. (Thompson & Travlou, 2007).These functions,

together contribute to the quality of urban life directly as well as indirectly.

But, this idea has significantly changed, mostly in urban areas like that of Delhi. A city is now comprised

of a variety of these open spaces which are planned to serve specific functions. Hence, for understanding

these open spaces in present context, this shift in idea and the relationship of an open space to the city

and its people is imperative to understand.

The MPD 1962 states - A system of linked open spaces and district parks has been worked out for the

entire urban area of Delhi related to the proposed pattern of residential densities. Looking at the MPD

1962 land use plan, this system is clearly visible. Whereas in the MPD 2021, no such character is visible.

The ratio of open spaces to the built spaces has reduced drastically. These spaces are now catering a

much larger population where each individual user has a different set of requirements and expectations

from them. Thus open spaces, which were in abundance before, have now become a valuable

commodity.

What makes this even more complicated is the fact that what suits one group of people sometimes

preclude the same for others. This gives rise to a conflict between people and their interests from open

spaces.

The inability of the open space to cater to all these expectations and requirements, stemmed the desire

for owning private open spaces amongst the more privileged sections of society. Consequently, theratio of public open spaces to private ones has decreased, resulting in an inequitable distribution of city

resources.

How can we ensure that what suits one group of people does not preclude provision for, and enjoyment

by, another group? It has been suggested (Thompson, 2002) that, instead of the park as melting pot,

we need the salad bowl, where different cultures can find individual expression. (Thompson, 2002)

Therefore, it is important that the city is planned in such a way that its open spaces are more equitably

distributed, catering to the needs of its varied population.

Urban open space should not be considered as an isolated unit but as a vital part of urban landscape

with its own specific set of functions so that different cultures can find individual expression in a single

platform. (Rogers, 1998)

In order to investigate the inclusivity of the open spaces in Anand Vihar, a primary survey was conducted.

Inferences were derived from the survey, which were further analyzed in the form of tables and charts.


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Social, Economic and Political aspects of the city constitute the main parameters that were chosen to

describe inclusivity. Only social parameters i.e.- gender, age, origin/ locality and physical/ mental status

were considered.

On the other hand the main parameters for an open space were filtered down to accessibility, usage,

safety, topography, size and scale, context and maintenance

After overlapping the inclusivity and open space parameters, we analyzed our case studies in their terms.

From this analysis we assessed the nature and degree of inclusivity in the 4 selected open spaces.

03 Anand Vihar

The NCT (National Capital Territory) of Delhi is divided in 15 planning divisions, designated as A-P in

Master Plan of Delhi 2021. Anand Vihar is a region which is present in Zone E.

Zone E, of approximate area 8797 Hectares, is surrounded on three sides by the State of Uttar Pradesh

and on the fourth side by the River Yamuna. This Zone has undergone development, since pre

independence era, through the MPD-1962, MPD 2001 and now MPD 2021. Zone E possesses both

planned and unplanned sectors.

Landuse Area (Hr) %age

Residential 5652.55 64.26

Commercial 311.26 3.54

Industrial 190.54 2.16

Recreational 935.33 10.63

Tranportation 1060.81 12.06

Public Facilities 426.45 4.85

Utilities 220.00 2.50

Total 8797.00 100

Other than the transit hub Anand Vihar houses the industrial areas of Patparganj and Jhilmil industrial

area, which attract people in search of employment. Housing in Anand vihar has been found to be of

various types namely plotted and planned housing, group housing, mixed use housing, urban villages

and a few unauthorized settlements. These housing types define the social strata of people residing in

the colonies and their economic character. Residential areas also include unauthorized colonies and

urban villages.

The process of regularization of unauthorized colonies is being coordinated by the Govt. of GNCTD.

Regularization of unauthorized colonies is a continuing process and is subject to the Government

guidelines approved from time to time. The tentative list of the 225 unauthorized colonies falling in the

Zone is annexed to every zonal plan.

01 OVERVIEW

1.1

One of the main feature of the Zone E is AnandVihar Transit Hub. The hub comprises of a railwayterminal, a metro station and an Inter State, intrastate combined Bus Terminal, which is spread inaround 56 hectares of land.

1.1


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2.1The four selected open spaces of Anand Vihar fordetailed study.

The current open spaces of zone E varies from

district parks to neighborhood units as detailed

below.

City level areas

Zonal/divisional open spaces

City Forest and Historical Monuments

District Parks

Neighborhood Parks

Water bodies

Institutional open spaces

Buffers

Traffic islands

Parking

Residual spaces

Zone E with a projected population of 28 lacs in 88 sq. km. is deficient in open areas. As per MPD 2021,

15-20% of the total city area should be for recreational use. Consequently, there should be a minimum of

15% that is of 88 sq.km. i.e. 1320 Ha. Under recreational use. However, the Zone possesses only 935.33 Ha.

Of recreational area. In an attempt to compensate for the current deficiency, the remaining 391 Ha. Shall

be included in the redevelopment schemes in the zone (DDA, 2010).

In an attempt to answer the research question, fifty open spaces of Anand Vihar were visited andtheir broad physical features and users were recorded. These spaces were analyzed according to their

categories and according to the observations made on site, and 14 sites were picked. These fourteen

sites were further studied based on their context, characteristics and users. The data was recorded and

assessed, after which, the sites were narrowed down to 4.

02Open spaces in Anand Vihar

2.1


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01 Karkardooma park

The Karkardooma Park is a neighborhood park surrounded by the DDA flats on the west and the

Karkardooma village on the east. A school is next to the park and a major road runs along the primary

entrance. The second entry to the park is from the village side. The space is divided into two major areas

the park area and the Temple area. The park area is L shaped with trees and hedges lined along the

perimeter and a pathway connecting both the entry points. High fencing runs along the perimeter of the

boundary walls except for the part adjacent to the village.

2.3MIG apartments.

2.4Urban village.

2.5Karkarduma Park and its context. Map not toscale.

2.3 2.4

02 OPEN SPACES IN ANAND

VIHAR

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2.5Graph showing distribution of normal and physi-cally disabled visitors.

2.6Graph showing distribution of male and femalevisitors.

2.7Graph showing distribution of visitors from vil-lage, MIG flats, and rest.

2.8Graph showing distribution of activities.

2.9Graph showing distribution of visitors from vari-ous age groups.

2.5 2.6

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2.9

The main entry encompasses a poorly designed ramp, hindering the

access for the differently abled. The second entry which is from the

village side is a staggered one, made by the urban village people and

has no designed access for the differently abled either. The raised

pathways in the park add to this lack of accessibility.

The major users of the park belong to the urban village, who access

the park from the secondary entry. This shows the scarcity of an open

space in the village, which this park fulfils. The edge of the park along

the DDA gated flats is high and seems to have been constructed in

3 stages. This shows a sense of insecurity felt by DDA residents, due

to the urban village people. The class difference between them is

clearly seen interrupting their social contact.

The prominent activity of the space is for thoroughfare, the parkbeing a shorter route between the village and the main road. This

also creates eyes on space and safety for the villagers, at the same

time making it uncomfortable for outsiders. It is observed that the

expanse of illicit activities happening in the park are higher when

other activities are less in number. This shows how various users

utilize the space at different times of the day, to avoid conflict.

Infants, children and teenagers are among the minority users of the

park, whereas the number of middle aged people using the park is

highest. The lack of play infrastructure for children could have given

rise to such differences.

The ratio of men using the space to that of women is very high.

This shows the insecurity that women might feel due to the illicit

activities like gambling happening within and around the park.


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02 Green belt

The Green Belt Park is a DDA owned park and a part of buffer green belt. A rail line and the old Anand

Vihar railway station run parallel to its length. A dense green railway buffer belt and a middle class

plotted development, the Anand Vihar colony lie on either sides of the park. An arterial road from the

Anand Vihar colony which terminates at the railway station, holds the only public entry to this park. The

park is a long, narrow and flat strip of land. A row of trees and shrubs run along its perimeter. A paved

path runs throughout the park. The central space is covered with grass and ample trees, which keep the

park shaded.

The limited access along with the linear shape and dense vegetation creates visual disconnect across the

park. Hence the rear end is less accessible. It is difficult for the differently abled, to use the park due to its

raised concave pathways and trees blocking at intervals.

2.12

2.10 2.11

2.10Anand Vihar residential colony on one side ofthe park.

2.11Raised pavement and trees obstructing the samemake the park unsuitable for physically disabled.

2.12Green Belt and its context. Map not to scale.


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The park also acts as a backyard to the three storied apartments

lined on its edge that can be directly accessed from the apartments.

This provides a private character to the rear area of the park.

The majority users belong to the Anand Vihar colony. Although a

significant number of railway station users are seen in the front area

of the park.

Due to unwanted access of notorious crowd and its proximity to

railway station, houses lining the park, have high walls and have

grill barricaded balconies. The major activities catered by this spaceinclude walking and socializing.

Majority of the users groups were middle aged and elderly from

the surrounding residential colony. The number of children visiting

the park on the other hand is less even after the provision of a play

space. This could be due to the lack of visibility of the play area from

the main entry of the park or even due to its location at the edge of

the colony, making it insecure for children to access or play.

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03 Residual Land

The railway residual land is a railway owned land left for future development. The site is a triangular piece

of land with an uneven and dusty terrain. The railway platform runs along on one edge of the space and a

Nallah runs along the edge toward the main road. Few Dhabas are seen along this Nallah edge. The third

edge is an entry space to the railway station housing an auto and taxi stand. The residual land can be

access from this entry space as well as from the end of the platform. A trail is created by the thoroughfare

between the access points.


VIHAR

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2.20

2.19

2.18Space is mostly barren except a few bushes.

2.11Informals on the edge of the space.2.12Residual space and its context. Map not to scale.


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2.21 2.22

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The entry into the site is un-gated and is directly accessible from the

road. No physical barriers other than a curb at few space is seen to

obstruct entry to this space from the railway station side. The leveldifference between the trail and the platform due to the undulating

terrain and unplanned tree growth of the space, results in an uncom-

fortable access for all users including the differently abled.

Thoroughfare, as a major activity is seen along the trails due to a lack

of access between the old railway station and the Anand Vihar hub.

Dhabas along the Nallah edge serve the coolies, auto and taxi driver.

This shows how found spaces serve the needs of the people in a

ways designed spaces cannot.

Urination along the trail is also seen next to other activities. A lack of

accessible public facilities for people in the surrounding area could

be a reason inclining toward such activities.

The number of female user of this space were drastically low in

comparison to the number of male users. The activities, like urination

in the space could be a contributing factor to such numbers. Women

are mostly seen in mix groups of 3-4 people. This shows the insecu-

rity amongst women relating to the space.


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04 Bahubali Park

Bahubali Park is a district park which caters to a population of about 5 lakh. It is surrounded by a school

in the north and middle class plotted development on the east and west edges. A road runs along

the southern edge. . There are in total five entry points to this space of which three are directly from

the residential areas and the other two from the road. The park is a large and grassy land with slightly

undulated terrain. It has trees and shrubs running along the periphery, followed by walkways. It also has

demarcated play areas.

2.28

2.26 2.27

2.26Space is mostly barren except a few bushes.

2.27Informals on the edge of the space.

2.28Residual space and its context. Map not to scale.


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The scale and the multiple access points from various sides makes

the park easily accessible to the surrounding neighborhoods. The

staggered entries to the park at places, makes it inaccessible to the

differently abled.

Wide and well maintained pathways run along the perimeter

making it more functional. Walking, exercise, yoga and socializing

are the major set of activities the park caters. People from

neighborhoods like the Karkardooma village also come to the park

for leisure.

The proximity of the park brings in people from neighborhoods in a

radius of about a kilometer. People from the Karkardooma village are

also seen using this park.

A balance between all the age groups exists. However the number of

elderly and middle aged people using the park was slightly higher. A

significant number of women access the park even during morning

and late evening hours indicating a sense of safety. Although, most

of them visit in groups of more than two.

Due to the scale of the park, a variety of activities among different

social groups happen simultaneously in different pockets without

interrupting others. These pockets created tell us about the

territories created due to human behavior, leading to passive

exclusion of few groups.

2.29 2.30

2.31 2.28

2.33





2.33

Graph showing distribution of visitors from vari-ous age groups.

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05 Collective Inferences

The inferences drawn from the various case studies earlier can be further processed to reach more

effective conclusions.

According to the 2011 census of India, the ratio of men to women for Zone E of Delhi is 1.15:1. On

observation, the ratio of men to women users, found in the various case studies are 3:1 for the

Karkardooma park, 2:1 for the green belt, 3:1 for Bahubali park and amazingly 26:1 for the residual space.

Consequently, if these two sets of data are compared, these four open spaces will be qualified as gender

exclusive. The reasons for such a pattern in the residual space, which is an unplanned, poorly maintained

and unbounded, is understandable but in the case of a planned and well maintained space, the Bahubali

Park, exclusiveness is highly questionable.

According to the census of India, the ratio for the differently abled people to non-disabled ones in this

region, is 165 people for each differently abled person. If the same ratio is derived in the context of

the four open spaces studied, the results are 1150:1 for Karkardooma park, nil for green belt, 249:1 for

residual space and nil in Bahubali park which is striking.

This clearly indicates the lack of infrastructure for such categories of people, making these space less

inclusive for such categories.

Also, if we consider the age group factor in our 4 case studies. Generally, in all these spaces, the age

group of 31-49 using the park is fairly high. However the age group of 12-18, 19-30 and people over 50

have a comparatively low usage.

This again points towards the incapability of these spaces to cater to the needs of these age groups and

hence they get excluded to some extent from these open spaces. This inference can be further reinforced

through the 2011 census whereby the ratio of these age groups is completely different from the observa-

tions made on the sites.

2.34

2.34Chart showing participation of various agegroups in different spaces, in order to highlightthe differences.


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Coming back to our research question - How inclusive are the open spaces of Anand Vihar in the context

of Delhi?

As discussed in the research methodology, we have studied the parameters of inclusivity as single

entities and then compared them with the open space parameters. However, the results of the research

show that the inclusivity parameters are dependent on each other and affect each others nature. Ifwe associate age to gender, the needs and requirements of that person changes in relation to the

open space. Likewise, if more parameters are considered, a different set of needs and requirements are

obtained. In this way, a multitude of profiles can be obtained by merging different parameters, and thus

have a more comprehensive view of inclusivity of open spaces.

The gender data obtained for each case study indicate that women are excluded from these open spaces.

However it will be wrong to assume that women are excluded from all the open spaces of Anand Vihar

based on the study of only 4 sites. Moreover, our study has demonstrated that these spaces have unique

characters and usage patterns dependent on typology and context.

An inference about the inclusivity of open spaces of Anand Vihar, based on our methodology, would be

unjustified. Our research, is just a starting point. In order to achieve holistic conclusion, the relationship

between the inclusivity parameters and their association with open spaces should be investigated in

depth.

However, there are a few key learnings. During the course of our study, there were two questions that

kept coming up -Why are certain people using these open spaces less than others? Is it even possible

to have an inclusive open spaces?

03Conclusion

2.35 2.36

2.35Adopted methodology considers each parameterof Inclusivity as a separate entity.2.36A more comprehensive methodology wouldcombine these parameters to get a better view.


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01 Passive Exclusion

We observed that even though there is no deliberate legal or physical attempt to exclude people from

the open spaces, they are still being excluded, a state known as passive exclusion.

The Karkardooma park was majorly occupied by the people from the urban village. The people from

neighbouring MIG flats refrained from using the park. Similarly, in Bahubali park, during peak hours, most

of the spaces were occupied by specific groups which lead to passive exclusion of other groups. Such

patterns can be observed in other case studies as well.

These examples indicate that people tend to form groups and territories. In an open space, these

territories impart a sense of belonging to some while imparting a sense of alienation to others leading to

passive exclusion of certain groups.

Another reason to passive exclusion is that these spaces often, fail to cater to the needs of various types

of user groups. It has been observed that in Karkardooma Park, children would barely come due to the

lack of playing facilities. Instead they find other spaces to conduct these activities. Consequently, it is

imperative to understand the needs and requirements of the open space users and how they vary over

time in order to avoid any sort of exclusion.

02 Public Participation

From our study, we have realised that the designs of open spaces are mostly similar. Standard elements

are applied to each space which are insensitive to the actual needs and requirements of the users,

indicating a centralized and a top-down design approach. There is a need to embrace the diversity

in design and management of these open spaces. It is important to promote public participation by

empowering local bodies in the design process of open spaces to hence yield a more inclusive system of

open spaces.

2.34

03 CONCLUSION

2.34Gender data for all four sites indicates thatwomen are excluded from the open spaces ofAnand Vihar.


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Acknowledgement

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our seminar guide, Mr. Sandeep Kumar for guiding

us throughout the research process; for boosting us whenever we were frustated; for supporting us

whenever we were headed in the right direction; and for scolding us when we were headed in the wrong

direction.

We would also like to thank seminar co-ordinators, Prof. Jaya Kumar and Prof. Ranjana Mital for

introducing us to a subject we were so unaware about; for the systematic structure of the studio so as tomake it a gradual process of learning.

Our deepest gratitude to Mr. Amit Khanna, Mrs. Gita Dewan Verma, Dr. Manisha Tripathy Pandey, Prof.

Savysaachi, Mr. Deependra Prasad and Mr. S. D. Singh for showing us different aspects of the topic.

We also take the opportunity to thank our logistics team, who have managed everything over the final

days so well, and graphics teams, who have meticulously worked so as to compile everyones work into

an elegant publication.

Finally we would like to thank ourselves as a group, for being together in sickness and in health, in good

times and in bad, and in joy as well as in sorrow.

04Bibliography

inclusivity of open spaces in anand vihar, new delhi

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