Inclusivity as a precondition of Inclusivity as a precondition of integrationintegration

Ethnicization Ethnicization of of a a Public Sphere Public Sphere in in Central Europe Central Europe asas a Structural Problema Structural Problem. .

Summer School on Migration and Summer School on Migration and IntegrationIntegration

České Budějovice, September 1-6, 2013České Budějovice, September 1-6, 2013

Michal VašečkaMichal VašečkaMasaryk University, BrnoMasaryk University, Brno

Presentation ThesisPresentation Thesis One of few spheres where One of few spheres where

Central European countries Central European countries have not been changing have not been changing since 1989 is inability to since 1989 is inability to change their ethnicized change their ethnicized character and character and to to movmovee toward post-national era.toward post-national era.

Integration pIntegration policies failed in olicies failed in most of countries of Central most of countries of Central Europe due to structural Europe due to structural reasons. reasons.

In fact, they will remain In fact, they will remain unsuccessful without unsuccessful without changes of a nation state changes of a nation state character, constitutional character, constitutional changes, and precise changes, and precise definition of integration aims.definition of integration aims.

Example of Slovakia as an Example of Slovakia as an ethicized country shows that ethicized country shows that the major issue is non-the major issue is non-inclusiveness. inclusiveness.

Transformation of CE countries after Transformation of CE countries after 19891989• Unparallel transformation in all of its Unparallel transformation in all of its

dimensions (economic, political, societal, dimensions (economic, political, societal, moral)moral)

• But very few changes occurred in a But very few changes occurred in a sphere of de-ethnisphere of de-ethnicicization of public zation of public policies. Discrepancy between multipolicies. Discrepancy between multiple ple identitiesidentities of of post-modern era and 19th post-modern era and 19th century type of nation state in CE century type of nation state in CE countries rises. countries rises.

• In spite of adopting all possible legal In spite of adopting all possible legal norms on protection of norms on protection of migrants and migrants and minorities, minorities, their their equal status has not equal status has not been secured so farbeen secured so far..

Integration in 21st century - Integration in 21st century - how to integrate or where to how to integrate or where to integrate?integrate?

• Difficulties to define what we mean by a nation Difficulties to define what we mean by a nation (PACE) (PACE)

• Eastern model Eastern model versus versus WesternWestern model model • Kultursnation Kultursnation versus versus Staatsnation Staatsnation • EEthnic thnic model versus model versus Civic modelCivic model• CCultural ultural versus Vversus Voluntaristic oluntaristic modelmodel

• Primordialism Primordialism –– constructivism constructivism

• Blood-based primorialist type of nationalism in CEBlood-based primorialist type of nationalism in CE

Territorization ofTerritorization of national identity in national identity in CECE

• 19. century – nationalistic era – necessity to chose 19. century – nationalistic era – necessity to chose out of identitiesout of identities

• After 1918 – process of „fortification“ inside of After 1918 – process of „fortification“ inside of borders of nation statesborders of nation states in CEE in CEE

• After 1945 – finAfter 1945 – finaalizing of the homogenous states lizing of the homogenous states building in building in CEECEE

• After 1989 – unification of the „nation“ over borders After 1989 – unification of the „nation“ over borders of the nation state (taking care of so-called ex-of the nation state (taking care of so-called ex-patriots)patriots)

• Clash with modern understanding of citizenship and Clash with modern understanding of citizenship and disputes between countries are just a result of disputes between countries are just a result of specific self-definitions of „imaginative communities“ specific self-definitions of „imaginative communities“

EthnicizedEthnicized Citizenship in Citizenship in CECE CountriesCountries• Although modern national states create a „cocktail“ of civic and ethnic Although modern national states create a „cocktail“ of civic and ethnic

traditions, traditions, CECE countries are rather ethnically defined with many countries are rather ethnically defined with many differences in constitutional codifications of a nation.differences in constitutional codifications of a nation.

• Citizenship in Citizenship in CECE is a mixture of ius soli and ius sanguini principles, but is a mixture of ius soli and ius sanguini principles, but understood rather in ethnic termsunderstood rather in ethnic terms. .

• It is reflected mostly in:It is reflected mostly in: 1.1. Constitutional CodificationsConstitutional Codifications2.2. Modes of acquisition of citizenshipModes of acquisition of citizenship3.3. Ex-patriots policiesEx-patriots policies

• Lack of thinking in terms of Lack of thinking in terms of de-ethnicized or de-ethnicized or post-national citizenship. post-national citizenship.

• Civic and ethnic dimensions of the modern citizenship still clash with each Civic and ethnic dimensions of the modern citizenship still clash with each otherother::

Egalitarian, Democratic, Socially consequential Egalitarian, Democratic, Socially consequential

Sacred, National, UniqueSacred, National, Unique

CECE constitutional codifications constitutional codificationsof a nationof a nation

• 1. 1. Civic Codification (Czech republic) Civic Codification (Czech republic)

• 2. Patriotic mixture of ethnic and civic 2. Patriotic mixture of ethnic and civic codifications (Poland)codifications (Poland)

• 3. Civic codification combined with externally 3. Civic codification combined with externally focused ethnic codification (Hungaryfocused ethnic codification (Hungary until 2011 until 2011)); ;

• 4. Ethnic codification that defines sovereignty of 4. Ethnic codification that defines sovereignty of a „volk“ as a participation and cooperation a „volk“ as a participation and cooperation between ethnic majority and minorities between ethnic majority and minorities (Slovakia) (Slovakia)

• 5. Ethnic codification (Hungary since 2011)5. Ethnic codification (Hungary since 2011)

Core of the problem…Core of the problem…How to become part of the How to become part of the core.core. • Integration in both social and civic terms Integration in both social and civic terms

rests on the concept of equal  opportunities rests on the concept of equal  opportunities for all. In socio-economic terms, mifor all. In socio-economic terms, minorities norities must have equal opportunities to lead just must have equal opportunities to lead just as dignified, independent and active lives as as dignified, independent and active lives as the rest of the population.the rest of the population.

• Integration is successful whenIntegration is successful when minorities minorities become part of the core in all aspects of life become part of the core in all aspects of life - social, societal, economic, cultural, and - social, societal, economic, cultural, and symbolic ones.symbolic ones. Integration cannot be Integration cannot be successful in situation when successful in situation when minorities minorities have have problems to penetrate into the core of problems to penetrate into the core of society. society.

Core and out groups - ideal Core and out groups - ideal typetype

People with permanent residence

Citizens of the country

Core and out groups in Core and out groups in Slovakia- division of the out Slovakia- division of the out groupgroup

Citizens of the country

Ethnic Slovaks

People with permanent residence

Core and out groups in Core and out groups in Slovakia – complex analysisSlovakia – complex analysis

People with permanent residence

People born in Slovakia

Slovaks born in Slovakia, with multiple identities

Slovaks not born in Slovakia

Citizens of Slovakia

Mythological „core“Slovaks

Core and out groups in Slovakia – Core and out groups in Slovakia – media coverage and simplification in media coverage and simplification in every-day lifeevery-day life

„Bad Slovaks“ (cosmopolitan, with various identities, „de-mythologizied“)

„Good Slovaks“ (no matter of their citizenship)

Non-citizens (with permanent residence)

Non-Slovaks (citizens)

Failures of Failures of Integration Integration PoliciesPolicies:: Logical Logical Consequence of Unclear Goals of Consequence of Unclear Goals of these these PoliciesPoliciesIt is not clear what goals CE government want to achieve. And it It is not clear what goals CE government want to achieve. And it

hardly can be clear - on one side these countries promise to hardly can be clear - on one side these countries promise to do everything they can to integrate do everything they can to integrate both migrant and both migrant and autochtonous autochtonous minorities and on the other minorities threaten minorities and on the other minorities threaten social cohesion of ethnically defined countries. social cohesion of ethnically defined countries.

The most important reason behind unclear goals of integration The most important reason behind unclear goals of integration policies? Most of people are afraid of integration of minorities, policies? Most of people are afraid of integration of minorities, it destroys their blood-based image of a nation. Minorities are it destroys their blood-based image of a nation. Minorities are therefore subject to therefore subject to a a so called racist paradox. so called racist paradox.

The only dimension of broadly understood integration that is The only dimension of broadly understood integration that is relatively successful in CE countries is socio-economic relatively successful in CE countries is socio-economic integration. But integration. But integration integration policies should be focused on full policies should be focused on full integration in all dimensions: integration in all dimensions:

1. Cultural integration; 1. Cultural integration; 2. Social-economic integration; 2. Social-economic integration; 3. Civic-political integration.3. Civic-political integration.

Failures of Failures of Integration Integration PoliciesPolicies: : Integration in 21st centuryIntegration in 21st century - what do we - what do we

mean by it?mean by it? • „„There is no single, generally accepted There is no single, generally accepted

definition, theory or model of idefinition, theory or model of inntegration. The tegration. The concept continues to be controversial and concept continues to be controversial and hotly debatedhotly debated“ (Castles, 2001).“ (Castles, 2001).

• „„Integration is a chaotic concept: a word used Integration is a chaotic concept: a word used by many but understood differently by most“by many but understood differently by most“ (Robinson, 1998).(Robinson, 1998).

• Terminology:Terminology: Integration? Or incorporation? Integration? Or incorporation? AccomAccommmodation? Inclusion? Culturalization? odation? Inclusion? Culturalization? Naturalization?Naturalization?

Failures of Failures of Integration Integration PoliciesPolicies: : Integration in 21st centuryIntegration in 21st century - what do - what do we mean by it?we mean by it?

• Precise terminology might help, but Precise terminology might help, but we we should rather tackleshould rather tackle 2 issues: 2 issues:

• 1. 1. „Never-ending story…“„Never-ending story…“ Integration is Integration is never-ending process, linear type of never-ending process, linear type of thinking is misleading.thinking is misleading.

• 2. 2. „This is the end of the world as we „This is the end of the world as we know it“know it“ Integration as we know it from Integration as we know it from 20th century lost its meaning due to 20th century lost its meaning due to globalization processes and multilayer globalization processes and multilayer identities of people. Life „on the road“ and identities of people. Life „on the road“ and transnational perspective call for transnational perspective call for paradigmal shift in our understanding of paradigmal shift in our understanding of integration. integration.

Failures of Failures of Integration PIntegration Policies: olicies: What you see is not what you What you see is not what you get…get…

• Integration attempts fails also due to Integration attempts fails also due to inconsistency of „goals of integration“ inconsistency of „goals of integration“ and rising demands on the side of and rising demands on the side of dominant cultures. dominant cultures.

• MiMinorities norities are not offered what they are not offered what they might have expected within liberal might have expected within liberal democratic regime that fosters equality democratic regime that fosters equality (What you see is not what you get…)(What you see is not what you get…)

What you see is not what you What you see is not what you get…get…

Pre-conditions for becoming Pre-conditions for becoming part of the corepart of the core

• 1. Equal status (citizenship policies, 1. Equal status (citizenship policies, equal rights) equal rights)

• 2. 2. De-etDe-ethhninicicization of public spherezation of public sphere

• 3. 3. Shift toward political nationShift toward political nation

• 4. 4. Culturally neutral stateCulturally neutral state

• 5. 5. De-racialization of interactions De-racialization of interactions between citizensbetween citizens

WWhat should be done? hat should be done? How to Overcome Historical Determinism in How to Overcome Historical Determinism in CE and CE and

to empower both autochtonous and migrant to empower both autochtonous and migrant

minoritiesminorities?? • Need of transfer from ethno-cultural to legal-political Need of transfer from ethno-cultural to legal-political

definition of definition of a a nation nation in V4in V4, or to shift from cultural , or to shift from cultural definition of definition of a nation a nation to voluntaristic oneto voluntaristic one ( (??))

• Need of redefinition of the core solidarity based on Need of redefinition of the core solidarity based on ethnicity to core solidarity based on modern ethnicity to core solidarity based on modern citizenshipcitizenship (?) (?)

• Need to move toward Need to move toward de-ethnicized de-ethnicized citizenshipcitizenship (?) (?)

• Need to support particular and universalistic Need to support particular and universalistic identities that are in placeidentities that are in place (?) (?)

• Need Need to „sell“ constitutional patriotism to „sell“ constitutional patriotism (?)(?)