inclusions in gemstones: gems in gems egor gavrilenko instituto gemológico español
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Inclusions in gemstones:Gems in Gems
Egor GavrilenkoInstituto Gemológico Español
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Inclusions in gemstones:Gems in Gems
• Introduction• Types of inclusions• Importance of inclusions:
In Geology In Gemology
• Methods of inclusion’s studies• The artistic side of inclusions:
Photomicrography Special cuts and jewelry
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Introduction
• Inclusions: Particles of other minerals or cavities found inside crystals, trapped during crystal’s growth or formed inside after the host mineral formation.
• In gemology, are also considered mechanical inclusions (fissures, growth lines, etc.) and color zoning, described together as “internal characteristics” of gems.
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Introduction• Negative impact on quality of gemstones (Clarity)
Photos Anthony Cáceres
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Types of inclusions: By type of trapped material
• Single phase: Solid Liquid Gaseous
• Two phases: Liquid-vapor Liquid-liquid Liquid-solid Solid-gaseous
• Three phases…
• Multiphase …. Photo Juan S. Cózar
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Types of inclusions: By time of their formation
• For solid inclusions Protogenetic Syngenetic Epigenetic
• For fluid inclusions Primary Secondary Pseudo-secondary
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Applications in Geology
• Sequence of mineral formation in mineral deposits
• P-T conditions of mineral formation (fluid inclusions study, thermodynamic stability diagrams for syngenetic minerals)
• Development of genetic models for mineral deposits (mineralization fluids origin, age, relation with magmatic and tectonic events, etc.).
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Importance for Gemology
• Aesthetic importance • Importance for gem’s identification• Special collections
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Photo Marco Campos Venuti
Photo Marco Campos Venuti
Importance for Gemology
• Aesthetic importance: Color of some gems Special phenomena:
• Aventurescence• Chatoyancy• Asterism
Special gemological varieties
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Importance for Gemology
• Importance for gem identification: Type of gem Natural or synthetic Treatments Geographic origin
Photo Juan S. CózarPhoto José María AlonsoPhoto José María Alonso
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Methods of inclusions studies
• Microscopic observation + photomicrography• Electron microscopy + EDX or WDX (punctual)• X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (global)• Raman Spectroscopy (punctual or global)• FTIR Spectroscopy (punctual or global)• Fluid inclusions microthermometry
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Methods of inclusions studies
• Microscopic observation + photomicrography• Electron microscopy + EDX or WDX (punctual)• X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (global)• Raman Spectroscopy (punctual or global)• FTIR Spectroscopy (punctual or global)• Fluid inclusions microthermometry
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Fluid inclusions microthermometry
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Emeralds from the Urals
H2Oliq - 70-80 vol %CO2liq ~ 5-7 vol % Vapor - 25-30 vol %
TmCO2= -56.6-57.2Tmice= -3.8-6.8Tmclatr= 6.2-9.4
Th(LV)CO2= 16-29
Th(VL)liq 250-330
T = 350-450 oC, P = 2,5-3 kb,8 wt % NaCl
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The artistic side of inclusions
• Photomicrography• Special cut gems to highlight
the beauty of inclusions• Designer jewelry focused on
gems with inclusions
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Special cut gems
Richard P. Homer, Gems by Design, Inc., Kent, OH, USA30.95 ct. rutilated Quartz with a single natural needle in the center.
AGTA Spectrum Awards Winners 2012Honorable Mention, Innovative Faceting
John Bailey, www.gemstoneartist.com“The Sword In the Stone” - quartz with single brookite inclusion
John Bailey, www.gemstoneartist.comOregon Sunstone using copper schiller to highlight concave faceting
John Bailey, www.gemstoneartist.comRed Hematite flake in Quartz. Flake oriented to give color to the gem.
John Bailey, www.gemstoneartist.comQuartz with phantom planes oriented to reflect
as "angel wings"
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Gold neclace with rutilated quartz, by Xisco Clapés Triviño
Custom made jewelry
Pendant with rutilated quartz in white gold, by Laura Márquez
White gold pendant with quartz with epidote inclusions and green tourmalines, by Laura Márquez
White gold pendant with rutilated quartz and citrines, by Laura Márquez
Quartz with tourmaline needles, cut by Munsteiner, white gold pendant by Laura Márquez
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- Thanks for your attention -