in the eye of the beholder: how college students view graphic design

8/12/2019 In the Eye of the Beholder: How College Students View Graphic Design

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Io tad Dyd

fl tad MdafjndrAfw Hfjjdcd Xtundots \idw Crgpaih Ndsico

Bgtadriod Ag`mfr

Mghhgjgurdgtd Afofrs Urfcrg`

]indr Toivdrsity, =57>


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7

Io tad Dyd fl tad Mdafjndr; Afw Hfjjdcd Xtundots \idw Crgpaih Ndsico

Iotrfnuhtifo

Crgpaih ndsicois ndodngs gjjvisugj `dnig hrdgtdn wita typfcrgpay, ijjustrgtifo,paftfcrgpay, Rgon/frP priotioc lfr tad purpfsds flpdrsugsifo, iolfr`gtifo, fr iostruhtifo(Jiviocstfo gon Jiviocstfo 77>-774). @goy pdfpjd nf oft rdgjizd afw fòiprdsdot ndsico

ghtugjjy isio tadir jivds. It is dvdrywadrd; io fur tdxtmffbs, fo mijjmfgrns, fo tad tdjdvisifo, fo furdjdhtrfoih ndvihds. Dvdo tad pjgio tdxt io ofvdjsgon stunids suha gs tais hfotgio crgpaih ndsico.Gs it is suha g jgrcd pgrt fl jild, it is g wfondr afw ldw pdfpjdrdgjizd its pfwdrluj ioudohd fo

ngy-tf-ngy jivds. âfuca ofo-ndsicodrsgrd oft dxpdhtdn tf oftihd, crgpaih ndsicodrs dvdry ngy

grd put tf tad tgsb fl ioudohioc ftadrs wita tadir ndsico bofwjdncd. Io frndr tf nf tagt, tady

oddn tf bofw wagt wijj gon wfot wfrb mgsdn fo afw ftadrs vidw tad ndsicos wita waiha tady

grd prdsdotdn.âis is g qugotitgtivd stuny fo afw uoivdrsity gon hfjjdcd stundotsofo-ndsicodrs gon

ndsicodrs gjibd gy vidw tad crgpaih ndsico io tadir dvdryngy jivds. Gs crgpaih ndsico ags mddo

hgtdcfrizdn gs pgrt fl tad hf`ùoihgtifo ionustry,gjj ndsico wfrb is usdn io frndr tf

hf`ùoihgtd wita tad pumjih, gon tadrdlfrd ndsicodrs ùst uondrstgon afw tad pumjih wijj rdght

tf suha hf`ùoihgtifos.

Crgpaih ndsicodr Cfrnfo Xgjhafw dxpjgios, RCrgpaih ndsicosP pddrs

grd tad jimdrgj grts, suha gs ùsih gon jitdrgturd, rgtadr tago grhaitdhturd fr ionustrigj ndsico,tadrdlfrd stdppioc gwgy lrf` tad ionustrigj grts(F``do 753). Crgpaih ndsico ags gjsf mddo


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=

iotdrprdtdn gs `frd priìtivd tago tad od grts io frndr tf md `frd gttgiogmjdlfr tad `gssds,

dvdo il tad `gssds nf oft rdgjizd suha g taioc is agppdoioc(F``do 753).

Iofrndr tf hfotdxtugjizd afw stundots pdrhdivd ndsico, it is rst hruhigj tf uondrstgon

wagt tad ndsico shafjgrs mdjidvd tf md cffn fr mgn ndsico. âis stuny tadrdlfrd jffbs gt tad

nfs gon nfots fl ndsico my jffbioc gt afw tf mffbs wita tad uondrstgonioc tagt goy

tdhaoiquds tagt grd hfosindrdn tf md tad ricat wgy tf ndsico is dssdotigjjy tad sg`d gs sgyioc

tais is wagt wfrbs.

Agvioc survdydnmghbcrfuon rdsdgrha, tad sdhfon pgrt fl tais stuny wijj dxpjgiotad

survdy fl stundots gon tad survdys rdsujts. âis survdy wijj lfjjfw tad rdvidw fl ndsico shafjgrs

fvdrgjj dstgmjisadn ndsico `dtafnfjfcids.It wijj tadomd gogjyzdn ghhfrnioc tf ndsico shafjgrsprdvifus stunids gon priohipjds gs wdjj gs stundots `gkfrs, cdondrs, gon hjgss rgobiocs.

Aypftadsis

âis stunys jibdjy hfohjusifo wijj md tagt ofo-ndsico stundots wijj md jibdjy tf md lfon fl

ndsico styjds tagt ndsicodrs hfosindr tf md mgn gon/fr tad wfrst ndsico hafihds. âis stuny gjsf

afpds tf mdttdr dxpjgio tf ofo-ndsicodrs wagt mdttdr ndsico hafihds grd gon way tadsd mdttdr

hafihds safujn md upadjn.

Fpdrgtivd ndoitifos

âis stuny `fstjy lfhusds fo afw hfjjdcd stundots sdd gon rdspfon tf typfcrgpay, fr tad

grrgocd`dot gon spdhihgtifo fl typd io prdpgrgtifo lfr priotioc(Jiviocstfo gon Jiviocstfo

=83). Io typfcrgpay, tad spdhih ndsico fl jdttdrs gon ftadr typfcrgpaihgj sy`mfjs `gbd up g

typdlghd, fr gjpagmdt hrdgtdn lfr tad purpfsd fl rdprfnuhtifoR...P RgPvgijgmjd io g wind vgridty fl

ndsicos gon sizds(=84). âd wfrn typdlghdtdons tf md hfolusdn witalfot, waiha is g lujj sdt fl

cjypas, fr ndsicos fl jdttdrs, io g civdo sizd (Mriocaurst 889). Uut si`pjy my Djjdo Juptfo, nirdhtfr


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fl tad Crgpaih Ndsico @LG prfcrg` gt @gryjgon Iostitutd Hfjjdcd fl Grt (@IHG), G typdlghdis

tad ndsico fl tad jdttdrlfr`s2 glfotis tad ndjivdry `dhagois` (Juptfo 17).

^ypdlghds iohjund hgpitgjfr uppdr hgsd jdttdrstafsd jdttdrs tagt wijj mdcio g sdotdohd fr

g prfpdr ofuogonjfwdr hgsd jdttdrs, waiha grd tad s`gjj jdttdrsio tad gjpagmdtgon grd usdn gt

gjj ftadr ti`ds. âd vdry tfp fl tad hgpitgj jdttdrs is hgjjdn tad hgp adicat, waiha ndtdrìods tad

tftgj adicat fl gjj tad jdttdrs io tad jiod (Juptfo 83). âd mfttf` jiod tagt tad jdttdrs sit fo is hgjjdn

tad mgsdjiod (83). Gpprfxi`gtdjy agjlwgy mdtwddo tadsd jiods is tad x-adicat, fr tad adicat fl tad

`gio mfny fl jfwdrhgsd jdttdrs, gon cdts its og`d lrf` tad adicat fl tad jfwdrhgsd jdttdr x (83).

Jfwdrhgsd jdttdrs gjsf agvd dxtdondrs, fr pgrts fl tad jdttdr tagt dxtdon mdjfw tad mgsdjiod

ndshdondrsfr gmfvd tad x-adicatgshdondrs (Mriocaurst 889).

Sado typd is io g jgrcd mjfhb fl tdxt, itis hgjjdn g mfny hfpy fr mfny tdxt, gon usugjjy

hf`prisds fl tad priohipgj `gss fl hfotdot (Juptfo 13). Sado tais tdxt is waitd, fr goftadr jicat

hfjfr, fo g mjghb mghbcrfuon, fr goftadr ngrb hfjfr, tais is hgjjdn rdvdrsdn typd (Juptfo 75>). Io

jgrcd qugotitids, rdvdrsdn typd is nilhujt tf rdgn.

Bdroioc is tad gnkust`dot fl spghd mdtwddo twf jdttdrs (Juptfo 75=). âis is fhhgsifogjjy

oddndn mdhgusd tad spghd mdtwddo hdrtgio jdttdrs `gy md tff jgrcd fr tff s`gjj. Gnnioc fr

sumtrghtioc spghd mdtwddo g jgrcd g`fuot fl tdxtgt fohdsuha gs go dotird sdotdohd fr

pgrgcrgpais hgjjdn trghbioc fr jdttdrspghioc (Juptfo 75>). Gnnioc spghd io mdtwddo is hgjjdn

pfsitivd trghbioc gon sumtrghtioc spghd is hgjjdn odcgtivd trghbioc. Odcgtivd trghbioc is usugjjy

oft ndsirgmjd gt s`gjj tdxt sizds gs it hgo md nilhujt tf rdgn (75>). ^rghbioc is `dgsurdn io

tafusgons fl go d`, fr tad nistgohd dqugj tf tad typd sizd (Mriocaurst 889).

âdrd grd sdvdrgj mrfgn hgtdcfrids my waiha typdlghds hgo md ndodn. Xdril typdlghds,

gjsf bofwo gs rf`go, grd tafsd tagt pfssdss hagrghtdristih tdrìogj strfbdRsP ofr`gjjy gt tad

mfttf` fl `gio strfbds fl jdttdrs, (Jiviocstfo gon Jiviocstfo =73). Xf`d `gio sdril typdlghds


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iohjund Mgsbdrvijjd, Hgsjfo, Cgrg`fon, gonCdfrcig, gjj fl waiha grdusdn io tais stuny.^ad rstisMgsbdrvijjd, ndsicodn my Kfao Mgsbdrvijjd (735


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4

sdril gon sgos sdril, mut grd cdodrgjjy oft usdn lfr jfoc mfnids fl tdxt gs tady grd nilhujt tf rdgn.

Gs Xdnnfo dxpjgios, tadsd typdlghds gppdgj rdjids fo tad odwodss fl its ndsico (Gng`s dt gj.

8 mgsdn fo tad jdttdrioc usdn io =5ta

hdotury G`drihgo hfìhs. Its jdttdrs civd it g kguoty, haijnjibd qugjity tagt ags `gnd it pfpujgr

lfr iolfr`gj nfhu`dots, tafuca its lrdqudot usd io prfldssifogj nfhu`dots ags hrdgtdn

windsprdgn ndouohigtifo, dspdhigjjy my tafsd io tad prfldssifogj ndsico hf`ùoity (Jiviocstfo

gon Jiviocstfo41)3. Hfìh Xgos wgs ndsicodn lfr tad @ihrfsflt Mfm, g wfrn prfhdssioc sfltwgrdpghbgcd iotdondn tf md usdr-lridonjy wita g hgrtffo nfc. Gjtafuca Hfìh Xgos wgs dvdotugjjy

oft usdn lfr Mfm gon iostdgn usdn lfr @ihrfsflt @fvid @gbdr, Hfoogrd wisadn lfr tad typdlghd

tf md usdn lfr @ihrfsflts dnuhgtifogj sfltwgrd lfr haijnrdo (Cgrdjn 7774). Goftadr typdlghd

tagt nrgws hritihis` gon is usdn io tais pgpdr is Ugpyrus, ndsicodn my Haris Hfstdjjf lfrJdtrgsdt1. Gjfod, Ugpyrusis oft g tdrrimjd lfot, mut it ags rdghadn tad umiquitfus pagsd fl mdioc

sf hjiha lfr goytaioc lrf` shaffjhaijnrdos rdpfrts fo Dcypt tf rdstgurgot `dousdvdo tad

Kg`ds Hg`drfo j` Gvgtgrsiohd its hrdgtifo io tad ìn-7915s (Cgrdjn 853).

Goftadr ndhfrgtivd typdlghd, tafuca oft tdrrimjd jibd tad ftadrs, isXodjj ]fuonagonRXodjj]fuonagonP9, goftadr typdlghd my @gttadw Hgrtdr. Mgsdn fo tad dicatddota-hdotury

hgjjicrgpaih styjd (Cgrdjn


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prfvind g `dniu` lfr ndsicodrs tf ght gs gutafrs (Midrut ). Ad tado pfiots fut, Lfr wagt is

crdgt gmfut Xwiss `fndrois` Rg ndsico styjd wita g jft fl AdjvdtihgP wgs tagt goyfod hfujn nf it.

Yfu ninot agvd tf agvd go gutafrigj pfiot fl vidw, pfjitihgj hfovihtifo, fr dvdo md pgrtihujgrjy

tgjdotdn ().âdrdlfrd crgpaih ndsico is tadrd lfr dvdryfod tf hrdgtd gon dxpdridohd, dvdo

witafut goy lfr`gj trgioioc.Hfosu`drs gon g`gtdur ndsicodrs `gy tado dokfy wagt ndsicodrswfujn hfosindr uoghhdptgmjd, suha gs tad typdlghd Hfìh Xgos (tadrd is dvdo g mffb titjdn âfu

Xagjj Oft Tsd Hfìh Xgos) fr typioc jfoc pgrgcrgpas io gjj hgpitgj jdttdrs. Gs hfosu`drs grd prfod tf

tadsd g`gtdurisa crgpaih ndsico prghtihds, ndsicodrs `gy try tf tgbd it upfo tad`sdjvds tf x

suha wrfocnfiocsgon tdgha ofo-ndsicodrs way hdrtgio tdhaoiquds safujn fr safujnot md usdn.Gs g rdsujt, ofo-ndsicodrs hfujn afpdlujjyjdgro afw tf mdttdr hf`ùoihgtd visugj indgs tf ftadrs

io g `frd prfldssifogj gon gppdgjioc `goodr.

Xurvdy fl jitdrgturd

âd Djd`dots fl ^ypfcrgpaih Xtyjdmy ]fmdrt Mriocaurst is fod fl tad `fst i`pfrtgot mffbs

gmfut typfcrgpay. Lirst pumjisadn io 799= gon ofw io its lfurta dnitifo, tad mffb spfrts g rdvidw

my Adr`goo [gpl, Cdr`go typdlghd ndsicodr, gs ad stgtds, I wisa tf sdd tais mffb mdhf`d tad

^ypfcrgpadrs Mimjd (Mriocaurst). âd `gougj ghts gs g styjd cuind, g aistfry jdssfo, gon go

dohyhjfpdnig fo typfcrgpaih hfohdpts gon sy`mfjs. âis mffb ags mddo go i`pfrtgot pgrt fl tais

stuny gs it adjps dxpjgio tad luong`dotgjs fl tad hrglt gon way hdrtgio styjds safujn fr safujn oft

md usdn.Il âd Djd`dots fl ^ypfcrgpaih Xtyjd is tad typfcrgpadrs Mimjd, tado âfuXagjj Oft Tsd Hfìh

Xgosmy Xdgo Gng`s, Udtdr Ngwsfo, Kfao Lfstdr, gon ^foy Xdnnfo is tad ^do Hf``gon`dots.

Afwdvdr, tais mffb nfds oft stfp gt tdo gon rgtadr hfotiouds tf 8


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Goftadr typfcrgpay agonmffb usdn io tais stuny is âiobioc wita ^ypdmy Djjdo Juptfo fl

@gryjgon Iostitutd Hfjjdcd fl Grt (@IHG) io Mgjti`frd. Juptfo usds tais mffb io hfursds sad

tdghads gon ghts gs go iovgjugmjd rdsfurhd gon tdxtmffb lfr ndsico stundots. âd rdsfurhd wgs

usdn tf uondrstgon tad prfpdr wgy tf ndsico wita typd waiha wgs tado trgosjgtdn iotf tad

stunys survdy.Goftadr twf mffbs tagt gindntais stuny myndoioc crgpaih ndsico hfohdpts grd âd

Gogtf`y fl ^ypd, my Xtdpado Hfjds, gon âd âg`ds & Aunsfo Nihtifogry fl Crgpaih Ndsico gon

Ndsicodrsmy Gjgo gon Isgmdjjg Jiviocstfo. âd Gogtf`y fl ^ypdgjsf dxgìods jdttdrlfr`s hjfsdjy

gon io-ndpta. âdNihtifogry fl Crgpaih Ndsico gon Ndsicodrsis pgrt fl g sdrids fl mffbs lrf` âg`ds

& Aunsfos grt gon ndsico aistfry gon rdldrdohd mffbs.

IoKust @y ^ypd, Xi`fo Cgrdjn prfvindsgo io-ndpta aistfry fl typfcrgpay styjds gon

spdhih typdlghds, civioc iosicat tf afw ndsico trdons agvd sagpdn tad wfrjn. âis mffb ags

prfvdn usdluj lfr ndoioc tad typdlghds usdn io tais stuny gon dspdhigjjy civdshfotdxt tf tad

aistfry fl Hfìh Xgos, gs Hfìh Xgos is cdodrgjjy oft ghhdptgmjd dofuca tf md iohjundn io

crgpaih ndsico `gougjs, nud tf its uoghhdptgmijity io tad crgpaih ndsico wfrjn.

Cdt ]dgj; âd Oddn lfr Dlldhtivd Ndsico ]dsdgrhamy Haristfpadr Od`dta adjpdn hfotdxtugjizd

crgpaih ndsico wita tad ght fl rdsdgrha.Gs crgpaihndsico is crfupdn wita hf`ùoihgtifos, ittdons tf md tad prghtihd fl visugjizgtifo io frndr tf iolfr` gon/fr pdrsugnd (Od`dta 9>).

Od`dta dxpjgios tagt tadrd grd `goy ndsico paijfsfpaids tagt cuind afw ndsicodrs `gbd ndsico

ndhisifos, fod fl waiha std`s lrf` sdìftihs, fr tad stuny, uondrstgonioc, gon iotdrprdtgtifo fl

wagt tad gunidohd sdds (9>). Ndsicodrs gjsf usd tadir bofwjdncd fl au`go lghtfrs, fr au`go

jiìts gon gmijitids fl pdrhdptifo, hfcoitifo, gon visugj sdosgtifo (suha gs tad iogmijity tf rdgn

s`gjj tdxt lrf` lgr gwgy) tf hgtdr tf vidwdrs oddns (94).


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G nissdrtgtifo my Mrdtt ]ihagrn F``do, âd Urftfhfj fl Nispjgy; Crgpaih Ndsico gon Uumjih

I`gciogtifo, cgvd `frdghgndìh iosicat tf crgpaih ndsico lfr tais stuny. Sado it hf`ds tf tad

nilldrdohds mdtwddo crgpaih ndsico gon grt, F``do dxpjgios, It is g pgrgnfxihgj pfsitifo lfr

crgpaih ndsico, io tagt it is nispgrgcdn lfr docgcioc go gunidohd tagt is tff mrfgn tf md

gpprfprigtdjy gpprdhigtivd fl tad prdsu`dn hf`pjdxitids fl od grt, gon tagt tad fojy wgy tf

sfjvd tais prfmjd` is tf rdod its visugj prghtihds sf tagt `dgoioc mdhf`ds hjdgrdr (F``do

75>). Mdhgusd ùha fl tad gunidohd hfosists fl ofo-ndsicodrs, tad mdgutiluj ndsicos `gnd grd

dssdotigjjy nu`mdn nfwo lfr tafsd waf grd oft wdjj vdrsdn io ndsico, suha gs tafsd waf `gy

dokfy Hfìh Xgos. F``do gjsf dxpjgios tagt ndsicos wfrb mdst wado tad ndsicodr hgo prdniht

wagt vidwdrs wijj lddj gon taiob fl waijd vidwioc gndsico. Gs tadrd grd sf `goy nilldrdot typds fl

pdfpjd wita nilldrdot vidwpfiots, tais hfohdpt rgrdjy suhhddns (F``do 79=). Tondrstgonioc tais

hfohdpt is dssdotigj tf tais stuny, gs it is i`pfrtgot tf rd`d`mdr tagt dvdryfod ags ais fr adrfwo

migsds wado it hf`ds tf sddioc fr rdgnioc goytaioc, iohjunioc ndsico.

G stuny my Xfd Mdidr gon Bdvio Jgrsfo,Afw nfds typdlghd lgìjigrity glldht rdgnioc pdrlfr`gohd

gon rdgndr prdldrdohd6lfhusds foafw tad lgìjigrity fl dgha jdttdr wd rdgn `gy agvd ndvdjfpdnlrf` g jildti`d fl dxpfsurd tf hf``fo jdttdr sagpds. âd stuny gjsf pfsits tagt my spdonioc ti`d

rdgnioc lrf` g pgrtihujgr typdlghd, g pdrsfo wfujn mdhf`d `frd lgìjigr gon taus rdgn `frd

dlhidotjy. âd stuny lfuon tagt hf``fo jdttdr sagpds grd oft, io lght, i`pfrtgot tf rdgnioc gs

uolgìjigr jdttdr sagpds wdrd. âd stuny gjsf lfuon tagt rdgnioc spddn wfujn i`prfvd tarfuca

dxpfsurd (Mdidrgon Jgrsfo=9).

D`ftifo io ^ypfcrgpaih Ndsico; Go D`pirihgj Dxgìogtifomy Mdta Bfha stunids lfrty-twf

pgrtihipgots dxgìogtifos fl six typfcrgpaih gjpagmdts tf ndtdrìod wadtadr typdlghds prfnuhd

d`ftifogj rdspfosd, wadtadr tadsd d`ftifogj rdspfosds grd tad sg`d lrf` pdrsfo tf pdrsfo, gon

wadtadr hdrtgio d`ftifos grd gssfhigtdn wita pgrtihujgr pgrts fl tad typdlghd ndsico (suha gs


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75

sdrils) (Bfha =51). âd pgrtihipgots vidwdn g typdlghd io tad lfr` fl go gjpagmdt waijd jffbioc gt

twdjvd hgrtffos pfrtrgyioc g rgocd fl d`ftifos, gon tady wdrd tfjn tf haffsd waihad`ftifo t

tad typdlghd. âd typdlghds usdn wdrd vd typds fl Adjvdtihg io vgryioc wdicats (taihbodss) gon

fod sdril typdlghd lfr hf`pgrisfo (=75-=77). âd stuny lfuon tagt sumkdhts nin rdspfon tf

typdlghds io g stgtistihgjjy sicoihgot jdvdj fl d`ftifo (=7


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wdrd gsbdn waiha mfny fl tdxt wgs `fst gppdgjioc. Hfìh Xgos is fod fl tad `fst tdrrimjd

typdlghds ghhfrnioc tf ndsicodrshfosindrdn tf md sf mgn tagt its hrdgtfr, Hfoogrd,mdjidvds sf

`goy pdfpjd dokfyit mdhgusd its oft jibd g typdlghd (Gng`s dt gj. 78)tagt pgirioc it wita gcdodrgjjy `frd jibgmjd gon fòiprdsdot typdlghd suha gs Adjvdtihg wfujn md g cffn wgy tf

cgucd Hfìh Xgos jibgmijity.

âd sdhfon sdt fl ndsico dxg`pjds prdsdotdn tad sg`d sdotdohd, âd quihb, mrfwo lfx

ku`ps fvdr g jgzy nfc io Mgsbdrvijjd (fptifo G) gon Ugpyrus (fptifo M). âd rdspfondots wdrd

gcgio gsbdn waiha mfny fl tdxt wgs `fst gppdgjioc. Jibd Hfìh Xgos, Ugpyrus is g typdlghd tagt

ags mdhf`d fvdrusdn io iogpprfprigtd wgys, wita ùjtipjd wdmsitds ndnihgtdn tf dxpjgioioc its

gwlujndsico75. âis is go dxg`pjd fl wagt Gng`s hgjjs g trdony typdlghd, gon gs suha it wijjoft gjwgys triu`pa fvdr ftadr typdlghds (Gng`s dt gj. =7).

âd tairn sdt fl ndsico dxg`pjds dxaimitdn tad sg`dsdotdohd, âd quihb, mrfwo lfx

ku`ps fvdr g jgzy nfc io Mgsbdrvijjd (fptifo G) gon Adjvdtihg (fptifo M). Tojibd tad prdvifus

twf qudstifos, tad hafihds grd oft mdtwddo go uosgtislghtfry typdlghd gon g supdrifrtypdlghd2

rgtadr, tad hafihds grd mdtwddo twf supdrifr typdlghds, fod sdril gon fod sgos sdril. âd

rdspfondots wdrd gjsf gsbdn waiha mfny fl tdxt wgs `fst gppdgjioc. âfuca tadrd is of ricat

goswdr io tais hgsd, gs tad survdy wgs civdo vig tad wdm, tad sgos sdril Adjvdtihg wfujn md

hfosindrdn tad gpprfprigtd hafihd gs it ts iotf Mriocaursts dxpjgogtifo fl wagt vgridty fl

typdlghds grd mdst lfr hf`putdrs; lghds wita jfw hfotrgst,Adjvdtihg ags jittjd tf of hfotrgst

mdtwddo dgha strfbd fr jiodg jgrcd tfrsf, fpdo hfuotdrs, sturny tdrìogjsdonpfiots fl dgha

jdttdrgon sjgm sdrilssdrils wita afrizfotgj jiods fo tad tfp gon mfttf fr of sdrils gt gjj

(Mriocaurst 79>).

âd lfurta sdt fl ndsico dxg`pjds ldgturdn g jfocdr sdhtifo fl tdxt. Mfta dxg`pjds wdrd

writtdo io tad sdril typdlghd Cdfrcig, tad rst io rdvdrsdntypd, fr waitd tdxt fo g mjghb


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mghbcrfuon (fptifo G), gon tad sdhfon io rdcujgr typd (fptifo M), mfta wita g sdotdohd lrf` âd

Sizgrn flFz77. âd rdspfondots wdrd gsbdn waiha pgrgcrgpa tady wfujn rgtadr rdgn. Io taishgsd, tad fptifo M wfujn md tad hfrrdht rdspfosd gs fptifo G is `frd nilhujt tf rdgn. Lfstdr

dxpjgios, âdrd grd ldw trutas gs sdjl-dvindot gs tad lght tagt mjghb tdxt fo g waitd mghbcrfuon is

tad dgsidst wgy lfr tad dyd tf nicdst iolfr`gtifo gon hf`ùoihgtd it mghb tf fur mrgio (Gng`s

dt gj. 48. âd jdttdrs io fptifo M wdrd writtdo gs ofr`gj, gon tad jdttdrs io fptifo G agnitstrghbioc gt -45 tafusgotas fl go d`. Mfta dxg`pjds wdrd writtdo io tad sdril Gnfmd Hgsjfo Urf.


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78

âd rdspfondots wdrd gcgio gsbdn waiha fl tadsd pgrgcrgpas tady wfujn rgtadr rdgn. âd usd fl

odcgtivd trghbioc, fr odcgtivd jdttdr spghioc, safujn oft md nfod gs tad jdttdrs agvd oft mddo

ndsicodn tagt wgy gon tadrdlfrd wijj md nilhujt tf rdgn (Gng`s dt gj. 3>).

âd dicata gon ogj sdt fl ndsico dxg`pjds ldgturdn pgrtigj rsu`s fl g htifogj stundot.

FptifoG wgs ndsicodn lrf`g sg`pjd prfvindn my ]indr Toivdrsitys Hgrddr Xdrvihds,gonfptifo M wgs ndsicodn io g `frd gppdgjioc gon jdss cdodrihwgy74.âd rdspfondots wdrdgsbdn waiha dxg`pjd tady lfuon `frd gppdgjioc gon dlldhtivd.

Lioniocs, gogjysis, gon iotdrprdtgtifo fl ngtg

âdrd wdrd g tftgj fl

757 uoivdrsity/hfjjdcd stundot

rdspfondots. Fl gjj

rdspfondots, 84.


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7>

crgnugtd stundots. Fl gjj rdspfondots, 8=.3% (88rdspfondots) sgin tady agn tgbdo g crgpaih

ndsico hfursd mdlfrd gon


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74

>3rdspfondots) prdldrrdn Ugpyrus(Licurd >).âfuca oft gs tgmff gs Hfìh Xgos,

Ugpyrus pfpujgrity is ùha aicadr tago goti-Ugpyrus ndsicodrs wfujn jibd. Fl tafsd waf agvd

oft tgbdo g ndsico hfursd, tad rdsujts wdrd dvdo hjfsdr, spjit dvdojy gt 8> rdspfondots dgha.Sado

gsbdn lfr tadir prdldrdohd mdtwddo tad sdril typdlghd Mgsbdrvijjd gon tad sgos sdril typdlghd

Adjvdtihg, 8


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7


18/25

73

gjj hgpitgj jdttdrs wdrd oft tad sg`d tardd pdfpjd, tady wdrd six nilldrdot pdfpjd.

Sado gsbdn lfr tadir prdldrdohd

mdtwddo ticat trghbioc gon ofr`gj

trghbioc, 7=.9% (78rdspfondots)

prdldrrdn ticat trghbiocgon 13.7% (11rdspfondots) prdldrrdn ofr`gjtrghbioc(Licurd 9).Fl ofo-ndsicodrs, 78% (9

rdspfondots) hafsd ticat trghbioc gon

13% (49 rdspfondots) hafsd ofr`gj

trghbioc. ais hfrrdspfons witatad ^afu

Xagjj Oft Tsd Hf`ih Xgos hf``gon`dot tf oft usd dxhdssivd ticat trghbioc, sf it is hjdgr tagt tais

rujd is sfuon wado put iotf prghtihd lfr ftadrs tf rdgn (Gng`s dt gj. 3>).

Sado gsbdn lfr tadir prdldrdohd mdtwddo g cdodrih rsu` gon g ndsicodn rsu`,

% (


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20/25

79

uppdrhgsd/jfwdrhgsd vs. gjj hgpitgj jdttdrsagn go fvdrwadjìoc `gkfrity fl rdspfosds tagt grd

hfosistdot wita tad hfrrdht wgy tf ndsico. Ftadr qudstifos wdrd ùha hjfsdr, suha gs tad hafihd

mdtwddo Mgsbdrvijjd gon Ugpyrus. âfuca tad rdsujts fl tad `gkfrity fl qudstifos wdrd hfocrufus

wita wagt ndsicodrs agvd dstgmjisadn gs wagt safujn cdodrgjjy md nfod, tad jgst qudstifo gmfut

rsu`s prfvdn tf md fppfsitd fl dxpdhtgtifos. Afwdvdr, gs tad qudstifo gsbdn waiha wgs `fst

gppdgjioc gon, `fst fl gjj, dlldhtivd, rdspfondots `gy agvd tgbdo tad dlldhtivdodss tf hfrrdspfon

wita wagt musiodssds gon hfjjdcds ìcat tdjj tad` is dlldhtivd, dspdhigjjy gs tad ofo-ndsicodn

rsu` is gngptdn nirdhtjy lrf` g sg`pjd lrf` ]indr Toivdrsitys Hgrddr Xdrvihds. Gt jdgst fod

ofo-ndsicodr rdspfondot tafucat dxghtjy tais, gs sad jgtdr vfjuotgrijy dxpjgiodn, Rtad ndsicodn

rsu`P wgs vdry tadgtdr `gkfr I kust sgt tarfuca g wafjd pgodj fo rsu` writioc wadrd tady

mgsihgjjy wdot nfot cdt hutd its g rsu`.

Gs rdspfondots wdrd oft gsbdn way tady hafsd tad wgy tady nin, tadrd is of wgy tf cgio

iosicat io afw tafsd waf rdspfondn gnvdrsdjy tf ndsicodrs dxpdhtgtifos hafsd tad wrfoc

goswdr witafut lurtadr rdsdgrha. âdrd is gjsf of wgy tf tdjj il goy rdspfondots rgonf`jy hafsd

goswdrs, tadrdmy rdondrioc sf`d goswdrs uousgmjd.

Sdrd I tf nf tais rdsdgrha gcgio, tad jgst qudstifogmfut rsu`swfujn md hagocdn fr

fìttdn. I wfujn gjsf try tf agvd `frd rdspfondots. Gnnioc qudstifos tagt rdjgtdtf hfjfr tadfry

`gy gjsf prfvd usdluj, tafuca hf`putdr shrddo hgjimrgtifos gon rdspfondots wita hfjfr mjionodss

wfujn agvd tf md tgbdo iotf ghhfuot. Gsbioc rdspfondots way tady rdspfondn tad wgy tady nin

gon ftadr fpdo-dondn qudstifos wfujn gjsf adjp cgio`frd iosicat tf tad hfosu`drsìonswado

it hf`ds tf ndsico. Gsbioc qudstifos suha gs Nf yfu jibd R^ypdlghd GP6 iostdgn fl Saiha

typdlghd nf yfu jibd mdttdr6 `gy gjsf prfvd usdluj, gs rdspfondots `gy agvd hafsdo fod fptifo

si`pjy mdhgusd tady agtd tad ftadr, gon `gy oft ghtugjjy jibd tad fod tady hafsd.


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=5

7

âis pgpdr is writtdo ioMgsbdrvijjd.

=âis stuny usds g sjicat vgrigtifo fl Hgsjfo, titjdn Gnfmd Hgsjfo Urf, waiha is ndsicodn gs

lfjjfws; ^d quihb mrfwo lfx ku`pdn fvdr g jgzy nfc.8Cgrg`fon is gs lfjjfws; âd quihb mrfwo lfx ku`pdn fvdr g jgzy nfc.>Cdfrcig is gs lfjjfws; âd quihb mrfwo lfx ku`pdn fvdr g jgzy nfc.4Adjvdtihg is gs lfjjfws; âd quihb mrfwo lfx ku`pdn fvdr g jgzy nfc.âd tdxt lfr tad sdvdota qudstifo rdgn;Agvd yfu mrgios6 gsbdn tad Xhgrdhrfw. I suppfsd sf. Ivd odvdr jffbdn tf sdd, rdpjidn tadJifo. I g` cfioc tf tad Crdgt Fz tf gsb ai` tf civd `d sf`d, rd`grbdn tad Xhgrdhrfw, lfr`y adgn is stulldn wita strgw.74Dxg`pjds fl tadsd rsu` styjds hgo md lfuon fo tad gttghadn hfpy fl tad friciogj survdy.


22/25

=7

Gooftgtdn Mimjifcrgpay

Gng`s, Xdgo, dt gj. âfu Xagjj Oft Tsd Hfìh Xgos; 8ta dn. Xdgttjd; Agrtjdy & @grbs, 799=. Uriot.

âd `gougj ghts gs g styjd cuind, g aistfry jdssfo, gon go dohyhjfpdnig fo typfcrgpaih

hfohdpts gon sy`mfjs.

Hfjds, Xtdpado. âd Gogtf`y fl ^ypd; G Crgpaih Cuind tf 755 ^ypdlghds. Odw Yfrb; Agrpdr Ndsico,

=57=. Uriot. âis mffb dxgìods typfcrgpaihgj jdttdrlfr`s up-hjfsd gon io-ndpta,

hf`pgrioc dgha wita jdttdrlfr`s fl ftadr typdlghds.

Cgrdjn, Xi`fo.Kust @y ^ypd; G Mffb Gmfut Lfots. Odw Yfrb; Cftag` Mffbs, =57=. Uriot.

Urfvinds goio-ndpta aistfry fl typfcrgpay styjds gon spdhih typdlghds, civioc iosicat tf

afw ndsico trdons agvd sagpdn tad wfrjn.

Bfha, Mdta D. "D`ftifo Io ^ypfcrgpaih Ndsico; Go D`pirihgj Dxgìogtifo." \isimjd Jgocugcd>


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==

Jiviocstfo, Gjgo, gon Isgmdjjg Jiviocstfo. âd âg`ds & Aunsfo Nihtifogry fl Crgpaih Ndsico gon

Ndsicodrs. 8rn dn. Jfonfo; âg`ds & Aunsfo, =57=. Uriot. Ugrt fl g sdrids fl mffbs lrf`

âg`ds & Aunsfos grtgon ndsico aistfry gon rdldrdohd mffbs. âis pgrtihujgr mffb is g

nihtifogry fl tfpihs rdjgtdn tf crgpaih ndsico.

Juptfo, Djjdo. âiobioc wita ^ypd; G Hritihgj Cuind lfr Ndsicodrs, Sritdrs, Dnitfrs, & Xtundots. =on dn.

Odw Yfrb; Uriohdtfo Grhaitdhturgj, =575. Uriot. G typfcrgpay `gougj lfr crgpaih ndsico

stundots.

Od`dta, Haristfpadr. "Cdt ]dgj; âd Oddn Lfr Dlldhtivd Ndsico ]dsdgrha." \isimjd Jgocugcd83.7

(=558); 9=-759. FòiLijd Lujj ^dxt @dcg (A.S. Sijsfo). Sdm. =< Ldm. =57>. âis pgpdr

gnnrdssds rdhdotioudohds fo tad prghtihd fl crgpaih ndsico, tad fppfrtuoity lfr

crgpaihndsico tf dvfjvd io suha gprfldssifogj nirdhtifo, gon tad `dtafns tagt wijj

suppfrt tagt hagocd tfwgrns prfldssifogjis`.

F``do, Mrdtt ]ihagrn. âd Urftfhfj fl Nispjgy; Crgpaih Ndsico gon Uumjih I`gciogtifo. Goo Grmfr;

Ofrtawdstdro Toivdrsity, =553. UrfWudst. Sdm. 1 @gr. =57>.

:attp;//jimrgry.rindr.dnu;>5>1/jfcio6urj0attp;//sdgrha.prfqudst.hf`/nfhvidw/85>17. Agvd yfu dvdr tgbdo g hfursd io crgpaih ndsico6 Yds Of

4. Il sf, pjdgsd dxpjgio. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV


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Ugcd = fl =77. Sagt pgrgcrgpa wfujn yfu rgtadr rdgn6

g. Odxt `froioc tad Xhgrdhrfw sgin tf ais lridons;Hfocrgtujgtd `d. I g` cfioc tf Fz tf cdt `ymrgios gt jgst. Sado I rdturo I sagjj md gs ftadr`do grd. I agvd gjwgys jibdn yfu gs yfuwdrd, sgin Nfrftay si`pjy.

m. ODQ^ @F]OIOC ÂD XHG]DH]FS XGIN ^FAIX L]IDONX; HFOC]G^TJG^D @D. I G@CFIOC ^F F[ ^F CD^ @Y M]GIOX G^ JGX^.SADO I ]D^T]O I XAGJJ MD GX FÂD] @DOG]D. I AG\D GJSGYX JIBDN YFT GX YFTSD]D, XGIN NF]FÂY XI@UJY.

7=. Sagt pgrgcrgpa wfujn yfu rgtadr rdgn6

g. Agvd yfu mrgios6 gsbdn tad Xhgrdhrfw. I suppfsdsf. Ivd odvdr jffbdn tf sdd, rdpjidn tad Jifo. Ig cfioc tf tad Crdgt Fz tf gsb ai tf civd dsf`d, rd`grbdn tad Xhgrdhrfw, lfr y adgn isstustdn wita strgw.

m. Agvd yfu mrgios6 gsbdn tad Xhgrdhrfw. I suppfsdsf. Ivd odvdr jffbdn tf sdd, rdpjidn tad Jifo. Ig` cfioc tf tad Crdgt Fz tf gsb ai` tf civd `dsf`d, rd`grbdn tad Xhgrdhrfw, lfr `y adgn isstustdn wita strgw.

78. Fl tadsd twf pgrtigj rsu`s, waiha nf yfu on tf md `frd gppdgjioc gon, `fst fl gjj, dstdhtivd6

g. m.

Ujdgsd sagrd tais wita ftadr ]indr stundots fojiod gt nlt.mg/-]indrCNXurvdy. Il yfuvd gjrdgny tgbdo tad survdy,

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