in search - cbd search of the lost gender.pdfthe book “in search of the lost gender”“in search...
TRANSCRIPT
IN SEARCHIN SEARCHIN SEARCHIN SEARCHIN SEARCHOF THE LOSTOF THE LOSTOF THE LOSTOF THE LOSTOF THE LOSTGENDER:GENDER:GENDER:GENDER:GENDER:
EQUITYEQUITYEQUITYEQUITYEQUITYIN PROTECTEDIN PROTECTEDIN PROTECTEDIN PROTECTEDIN PROTECTEDAREASAREASAREASAREASAREAS
Lorena AguilarLorena AguilarLorena AguilarLorena AguilarLorena AguilarItzá CastañedaItzá CastañedaItzá CastañedaItzá CastañedaItzá CastañedaHilda SalazarHilda SalazarHilda SalazarHilda SalazarHilda Salazar
With the collaboration ofWith the collaboration ofWith the collaboration ofWith the collaboration ofWith the collaboration ofGuiselle RodríquezGuiselle RodríquezGuiselle RodríquezGuiselle RodríquezGuiselle RodríquezJackeline SilesJackeline SilesJackeline SilesJackeline SilesJackeline Siles
IUCNIUCNIUCNIUCNIUCNTHE WORLD CONSERVATION UNION
World Commission on Protected AreasWorld Commission on Protected AreasWorld Commission on Protected AreasWorld Commission on Protected AreasWorld Commission on Protected AreasSocio Economic ProgrammeSocio Economic ProgrammeSocio Economic ProgrammeSocio Economic ProgrammeSocio Economic ProgrammeSocial Programme –Mesoamerican OfficeSocial Programme –Mesoamerican OfficeSocial Programme –Mesoamerican OfficeSocial Programme –Mesoamerican OfficeSocial Programme –Mesoamerican Office
Published byPublished byPublished byPublished byPublished byABSOLUTO S.A.ABSOLUTO S.A.ABSOLUTO S.A.ABSOLUTO S.A.ABSOLUTO S.A.
20022002200220022002
Reproduction of this text is permitted for non-commercial and educationalpurposes only.
All rights are reserved. Reproduction for sale or any other commercial purposesis strictly prohibited, without written permission from the author.
551.457A283s Aguilar, Lorena
Sobre marinos, marinas, mares y mareas:perspectiva de género en zonas marino-costeras /Lorena Aguilar, Itzá Castañeda.--1a. ed.--San José, C.R. : UICN : ABSOLUTO, 2000.
269 p. : 21 x 28 cm.
ISBN 9968-743-40-2ISBN 9968-743-40-2ISBN 9968-743-40-2ISBN 9968-743-40-2ISBN 9968-743-40-2
1. Áreas Protegidas. 2. Parques Nacionales. 3. Biodiversidad. 4. Participación comunitaria. 5. Género. I. Castañeda, Itzá. II. Título.
Graphic design andCover illustrations:Lic. Eric Hidalgo [email protected] Tel-Fax: (506) 234-9675
Text illustrations:Barnard Arias
Translation:Patricia Odio
Printed by:MASTER LITHO S. A.San José, Costa Rica. February, 2002
This publication is possible thanks to the financial support of variousorganizations:
- Swiss Innovation Fund- The World Commission on Protected Areas of IUCN- The Royal Netherlands Embassy- Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of México(SEMARNAT)
TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ......................................................................1
SECTION: STARTING POINTS
I SHARING KNOWLEDGES.Basic principles to work from a gender equity perspective in protected areas ........... 11
1. What are protected areas (PA)? .............................................................................................. 12a. Brief history ............................................................................................................................ 12b. Definition of a protected area ........................................................................................... 15c. Relevant factors to be considered in PA classification ................................................ 16
2. Management categories .............................................................................................................. 183. Protected areas and their context ......................................................................................... 27
a. Geographical and ecological context ................................................................................ 27b. PA systems or subsystems .................................................................................................. 28c. National policies and programs for development .......................................................... 28d. International treaties and agreements ........................................................................... 29
4. Protected areas and human populations:a relationship that needs to be worked out .......................................................................... 29
5. Basic gender equity elements ................................................................................................... 34a. Language preciseness ........................................................................................................... 36b. What is the difference between sex and gender? ....................................................... 36c. From natural differences to social inequalities ............................................................. 37d. Tell me who you are and I’ll tell you how much you are worth ................................... 38e. Who, how and where are decisions made ........................................................................ 40f. Why do we talk about empowerment? .............................................................................. 41
6. How is conservation work linked to equity and equality? ................................................... 427. What does it mean to work from a gender equity perspective? ...................................... 43
SECTION: STARTING THE PROCESS
II SELECTION, LEGAL FRAMEWORK,AND IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS IN PROTECTED AREAS ................... 49
1. Identification and selection of a PA ....................................................................................... 502. Developing the legal framework ............................................................................................... 52
a. The significance of legislation ........................................................................................... 53b. Relevant aspects to take into account when considering
the legal framework from a gender equity perspective .............................................. 55c. The legal framework from a gender perspective .......................................................... 56
3. Identification of stakeholders ................................................................................................. 57
III TOOLS FOR PARTICIPATORY APPRAISALS FROMA GENDER EQUITY PERSPECTIVE IN PROTECTED AREAS ......................................... 63
FIRST TOOL Analysis of the situation or local context ............................................71
SECOND TOOL Work division by sex ................................................................................. 81
THIRD TOOL Use, access and control of resources, and equitabledistribution of costs and benefits ........................................................ 89
FOURTH TOOL Environmental degradation and impact by sex/gender .................... 99
FIFTH TOOL Cultural or traditional notions .............................................................. 105
SIXTH TOOL Levels of social participation ................................................................ 109
IV THE MANAGEMENT PLAN:FROM INEQUITY VISIBILIZATION TO EQUITY PROMOTION ............................. 115
1. Management plan participants:Are all the right participants present, and are these all there are? ............................ 118
2. Appraisal analysis: Where and how are we? ......................................................................... 1213. Development of objectives: What do we want to achieve? ............................................. 1254. Zonation: area demarcation ..................................................................................................... 1275. Conceptual framework and guidelines ................................................................................... 1306. Definition of programs and subprograms ............................................................................ 1307. Definition of schedules and resource allocation ................................................................ 1358. Equity promoting ideas ............................................................................................................. 136
a. Studies, scientific research and monitoring of species .................................... 136b. Management of natural populations ........................................................................ 137c. Protection, surveillance and administration .......................................................... 137d. Payment of environmental services that can promote equity .......................... 138e. Women’s participation in fire prevention and control .......................................... 138f. Environmental education ............................................................................................ 139g. Technologies to help reduce women’s workload ................................................... 139h. Credit ............................................................................................................................. 139i. Non-traditional activities .......................................................................................... 140j. Enterprises involving recycling and organic products ........................................ 140k. Female concessions, permits, possession and inheritance ................................. 141l. Literacy campaigns ...................................................................................................... 142m. Other equity promoting activities .......................................................................... 142
SECTION: ACHIEVING THE GOAL
V ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENTOF PROTECTED AREAS FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ............................................ 147
1. Management based on gender equity .................................................................................... 155a. Public policy level ................................................................................................................. 155b. Programming level ............................................................................................................... 157c. Operating level ..................................................................................................................... 163
VI GENDER-SENSITIVE MONITORING AND EVALUATIONSYSTEM FOR MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN PROTECTED AREAS .............. 171
1. Implementation of the monitoring and evaluation system .............................................. 173a. The proposal ......................................................................................................................... 176b. Assessment ........................................................................................................................... 178c. Gender-sensitive indicators .............................................................................................. 181
ANNEXES
1. GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................. 195
2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .......................................................................... 211
3. DIRECTORY ABOUT GENDER AND PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS ........................ 213
4. BASIC INDICATORS TO ASSESS EFFECTIVEMANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS ........................................................................... 219
11111
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
In most countries, conservation policies are focused on theconservation and protection of diverse ecosystems. One of theways leading to ecosystem conservation has been through thecreation of protected areas (PA), as it entails developing a series ofguidelines, laws and regulations to govern the use of naturalresources.
PA are conservation instruments created to protect a countries’natural resources; but PA should also constitute important toolsfor equity development among the populations settled within andaround protected areas.
Such understanding about conservation poses severalchallenges:
Ensuring social participation, regardless of the type of PA.
Development of new methodologies to address PA from broaderpoints of view and theoretical and practical references.
Participation of all staff involved in PA in ongoing training andrefreshment courses.
Promoting political goodwill among decision makers to changethe traditional notions about conservation.
The book “In Search of the Lost Gender”“In Search of the Lost Gender”“In Search of the Lost Gender”“In Search of the Lost Gender”“In Search of the Lost Gender”, is a conceptual andmethodological proposal that provides tools, techniques andrecommendations to build processes to promote gender equityperspectives in PA. This document was developed to facilitate PAplanning, management and administration, to seek greater socialequity, particularly among women and men. We strongly hope thiswill contribute to the achievement of the above-mentionedchallenges.
BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground
During the 80’s, several of the regional offices of IUCN (TheWorld Conservation Union) initiated a process to seek recognitionthroughout the institution’s activities about the significance of thegender equity issue. Thus, methodological proposals were developed,and a gender awareness and training process was undertaken to linkgender equity and an equitable distribution of costs and benefits tothe conservation and sustainable use of resources.
�����
�����
�����
�����
22222
1 ____ Among these, should be mentioned the “Towards Equity” series, (Aguilar. L., Coordinator,1999), “The Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity Policies Within the MesoamericanEnvironmental Sector”. (Aguilar, L. et.al., 1999) and “About Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceansand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zones” (Aguilar, L. and Castañeda, I., 2000).
The above efforts are part of an extended process, whichculminated in a resolution issued during the first World ConservationCongress, held in Canada, in 1996. Among other issues, the resolutionurged IUCN to “integrate a gender perspective into its program”.In 1998, a Political Declaration and an Action Plan were developedto mainstream a gender equity perspective. Both documents highlightthe significance of equity in the achievement of IUCN’s mission.
At the present, IUCN has a Gender Senior Policy Advisor, andduring the past ten years some of IUCN’s regional offices, havebeen developing methodological proposals to address gendermainstreaming in the most practical manner in field1 initiatives andprojects.
“In Search of the Lost Gender”, “In Search of the Lost Gender”, “In Search of the Lost Gender”, “In Search of the Lost Gender”, “In Search of the Lost Gender”, stems from an initiativeshared by several IUCN sectors; namely: the Programme onProtected Areas, the World Commission on Protected Areas, GenderSenior Policy Advisor, and the Mesoamerican Regional Office.
It should be mentioned that over the past decade, severalregions around the world, have been working at a local andinternational level on environmental and gender equity issues, andthat IUCN has also taken up the contributions generated by thesemovements.
Nonetheless, PA work from a gender equity perspective isincipient still, the range of topics is broad, and may be approachedfrom different points of view. It should be recalled that, regardlessof the type of PA, social participation based on gender equity is apre-requisite towards the achievement of conservation andsustainable development.
33333
2 ___ It refers to a protected area, considered on an individual basis, but placed within a broadercontext.
How was this book conceived?How was this book conceived?How was this book conceived?How was this book conceived?How was this book conceived?
PA are located within varied ecosystems, and the populationsand stakeholders settled within or around the PA, as well as thesocial and ecological processes involved in each PA, deserve to beapproached individually. Thus, the need to assess the complexityof the subject, as each PA group or classification is based ondifferent objectives.
To achieve the objective proposed in this document, thethethethetheconservationconservationconservationconservationconservation2 initiative initiative initiative initiative initiative was selected as the unit for analysis, assuch broader conception is appropriate to illustrate themethodological guidelines of the gender equity approach in PA.
This document presents a methodological proposal; it is not aguide or manual, and the guidelines provided should be adjusted toeach PA, in accordance with its category, size and particularcharacteristics.
We should like to point out that, in order to attain a widervision about the reality experienced in PA, this book was validatedin three countries: Costa Rica, Mexico and Kenya. The followingspecialists participated in the validation process: Montserrat Blanco,Florangel Villegas, Marcela Mora, Alberto Salas, Ronald McCarthy,Lourdes Godínez, Rebeca Salazar, Sergio Graf, Gustavo Sánchez,Denise Soares, Edmundo Sánchez, Edmund Barrow, Milcah Ongayo,Makhanu Rudolf, Irene Kamua, Florence Chege, Humphrey Kisiohand Macharia Gathuku. Their contributions and recommendationson the subject were extremely valuable.
We will also like to recognize the technical and financial supportprovided by the Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales(SEMARNAT) from Mexico for the validation of this book.
This book does not intend to substitute the technical-scientificproposals of conservation initiatives; it does, rather, hope to enhancethem. It was conceived as a dynamic instrument subject to feedback,improvement, and updating, for which reason a field validationprocess is fully recommended.
44444
To whom is it addressed?To whom is it addressed?To whom is it addressed?To whom is it addressed?To whom is it addressed?
The document expects to be useful to all people interested inpromoting gender equity in PA conservation initiatives, whetherimplemented by governmental or non-governmental institutions,academic organizations, or institutions from the social sector.
Nevertheless, it was developed thinking, primarily, about thestaff responsible for PA planning and management, as well asstakeholders directly involved in PA management and administration;therefore, the entire team, including environmental professionals,specialists, and promoters, and the PA population as a whole.
Given the fact that the teams or groups may possess differentlevels of knowledge and experience about gender, certain conceptsare repeated throughout several chapters. Text boxes in eachsection highlight key concepts and ideas.
The authors have gone to great lengths to consider the variousecological, social, economic, cultural, and political realitiesexperienced in PA. Thus, several examples used make reference todifferent world regions.
Consequently, we have used some concepts and wordsindistinctly, like—for instance—the “sustainable” or “viable”development concept, without engaging in the debates taking placeat an international level about these terms, and showing considerationfor the indistinctive use prevailing in many countries.
As this book will be edited in IUCN’s three official languages(English, French and Spanish), the reader may find words orinterpretations in various languages.
Structure or parts conforming the bookStructure or parts conforming the bookStructure or parts conforming the bookStructure or parts conforming the bookStructure or parts conforming the book
The book comprises six chapters, in addition to the introduction,which we have clustered in three blocks. Four annexes have alsobeen included to provide a broader and deeper view about certaintopics, which are considered as mainstreaming axis.
55555
This book may be used as a unit, but also separately. Althoughthe chapters are interrelated, they are independent from each other;thus, they may be used at different times during the cycle of theconservation initiative. However, the suggested methodology should,ideally, be applied at the onset of the conservation initiative.
The methods and tools herein presented may be applied atdifferent moments during the implementation of a conservationinitiative within a PA, and have been conceived as a processundergoing continued revision and adjustment, rather than as a linealsequence. Furthermore, throughout the various chapters, referenceis made to a series of textbooks and manuals containing techniquesfor direct field application, that may be used to complement thebroader guidelines presented. Some chapters presentmethodological tools that may serve for field application purposes.
This book stemmed from two principles:
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Conservation as an opportunity towards equityConservation as an opportunity towards equityConservation as an opportunity towards equityConservation as an opportunity towards equityConservation as an opportunity towards equitypromotionpromotionpromotionpromotionpromotion
One of the challenges faced by development and conservationinitiatives, is the creation of spaces and mechanisms to undertakeactions that will simultaneously meet the objectives of conservationand equity promotion.
PrinciplesPrinciplesPrinciplesPrinciplesPrinciples
STARTINGSTARTINGSTARTINGSTARTINGSTARTINGPOINTPOINTPOINTPOINTPOINT
Introduction
IIIIISharing
knowledges
ACHIEVINGACHIEVINGACHIEVINGACHIEVINGACHIEVINGTHE GOALTHE GOALTHE GOALTHE GOALTHE GOAL
VVVVVAdministration and
management of protectedareas
VIVIVIVIVIMonitoring and evaluationsystem for effectivenessmanagement of protected
areas
STARTINGSTARTINGSTARTINGSTARTINGSTARTINGTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESS
IIIIIIIIIISelection, legal framework,
and identification ofstakeholders
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIITools for
participatory appraisal
IVIVIVIVIVDevelopment of aManagement Plan
ANNEXESANNEXESANNEXESANNEXESANNEXES
66666
Conservation and sustainable development initiatives involveundertaking a series of activities in the PA. Frequently, the formalstructures of ownership, men’s access to and control of the naturalresources, determine that these actions are based on pre-established models for the assignment of “feminine” and “masculine”tasks, supporting—thus—the traditional roles that promote andstrengthen gender inequality and inequity.
Quite often, the projects implemented in protected areaspropose setting up women’s activities within the “householdcomponent”. This component is limited to activities such as theinstallation of firewood saving stoves, poultry breeding, andvegetable gardens, among others. These activities are usuallyconsidered of secondary importance, their budget allocation isscarce, and they have no real impact on the achievement of PAobjectives. Thus, women are excluded from the primary activitiesof conservation initiatives, including the benefits generated fromsuch activities, strengthening—at the same time—the traditionalroles that promote and reproduce gender inequalities.
As pointed out by Velázquez (2001), “an analytical genderperspective does, consequently, help to understand an additionalsocial differentiation form that bears impact on environmentalmanagement. Therefore, a gender perspective allows buildingequitable and fair environmental administration and managementprocesses, whereby neither women nor men are excluded from thebenefits obtained from sustainable environmental managementpractices. This does not only refer to the possibility of includingwomen in environmental management activities and programs, butalso to the possibility of building processes that may directly andindirectly promote greater equity in terms of the distribution ofeconomic and social benefits generated by appropriate environmentalmanagement practices”.
Conservation is considered as an equity promoting opportunity,since many of the actions, which may be new to the PA communitiesin terms of conservation and management of natural resources, havenot been labeled and classified as applicable to one sex or the other.For instance, animal-breading farms is a “neutral” activity from agender point of view; it is socially assigned neither to men nor towomen. Therefore, those who impulse conservation actions havethe enormous possibility to develop proposals based on equitableparticipation, allowing men and women to work under equal conditionsin the development of innovative activities.
77777
In this way, it will be possible not only to achieve the objectivesof conservation, but also, at the same time, contribute to decreasediscrimination and inequity, through the creation of possibilities foran equitable access to opportunities and benefits.
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . Social equity: essential requirement forSocial equity: essential requirement forSocial equity: essential requirement forSocial equity: essential requirement forSocial equity: essential requirement forconservation and sustainable developmentconservation and sustainable developmentconservation and sustainable developmentconservation and sustainable developmentconservation and sustainable development
Conservation activities within PA require the participation ofhuman populations associated with the PA. These populations areconformed by extremely diverse groups, for which reason, it isessential to acknowledge social diversity and promote equitableparticipation from the various sectors and groups conforming thesocial setting.
Based on this principle, allstakeholders should be viewed,consulted, and involved under equalconditions in the various stages ofconservation and management ofnatural resources (from the pre-planning stage to the monitoring andevaluation stages).
Through this book, we attemptto prove that by working from agender equity perspective, farbetter results may be obtainedregarding the conservation ofnatural resources.
Scope and limitationsScope and limitationsScope and limitationsScope and limitationsScope and limitations
As this document is intended for international coverage, it wasdecided to use IUCN’s PA classification system as a universalreference. Quite possibly, there will be some generalizations thatwill not apply to certain regions and under certain circumstances.However, for other types of PA, such as farmers’, private, orcommunity conserved areas and holy sites, the theoretical-methodological proposal is—indeed—applicable, since the workmethod proposed, may be adapted to different realities.
Great importance has been attached to the issues dealing withthe link between equity and socio-environmental sustainability, giventhe fact that, in most cases, people and institutions living and workingin PA, possess valuable knowledge about ecological and environmentalaspects.
In the search for conservation andsustainable development, each one hashis/her own responsibilities and tasks,which, as a whole, will contribute to attainthe changes proposed. Should there beparticipants in a position of disadvantage,subordination, or oppression (due togender, age, religion, political views, ethnicgroups, or socio-economic status), it willbe hard to reach even small agreementsregarding social participation and equitytowards conservation and development.
88888
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Aguilar, L., et.al. The Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesThe Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesThe Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesThe Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesThe Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesWithin the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector.Within the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector.Within the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector.Within the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector.Within the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector. IUCN-Ed.Absoluto. San Jose, Costa Rica. 1999.
Aguilar, L. and Castañeda, I. About Fishermen, Fisherwomen, OceansAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, OceansAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, OceansAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, OceansAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceansand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zonesand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zonesand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zonesand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zonesand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zones.IUCN-ORMA. San Jose, Costa Rica. 2000.
Velásquez, M.Política ambiental con equidad de género: retos y recomeda-Política ambiental con equidad de género: retos y recomeda-Política ambiental con equidad de género: retos y recomeda-Política ambiental con equidad de género: retos y recomeda-Política ambiental con equidad de género: retos y recomeda-ciones. ciones. ciones. ciones. ciones. In: ¿Es posible la equidad entre mujeres y hombres?Fundación Heberto Castillo Martínez A.C.-Programa Universi-tario de Estudios de Género. Mexico. 2001.
99999
ST
ART
ING
PO
INT
ST
ART
ING
PO
INT
ST
ART
ING
PO
INT
ST
ART
ING
PO
INT
ST
ART
ING
PO
INT
1010101010
1111111111
IIIIISHARING KNOWLEDGESSHARING KNOWLEDGESSHARING KNOWLEDGESSHARING KNOWLEDGESSHARING KNOWLEDGES
Basic principles to work from a genderBasic principles to work from a genderBasic principles to work from a genderBasic principles to work from a genderBasic principles to work from a genderequity perspective in protected areasequity perspective in protected areasequity perspective in protected areasequity perspective in protected areasequity perspective in protected areas
Practice has shown that the complexity of environmental issuesrequires comprehensive actions, to which effect it is essential tostart off from a common conceptual base. Both, language andinformation are fundamental tools to reach such understanding, asthey constitute the means through which women and mencommunicate with each other.
The achievement of conservation and sustainable developmentbased on gender equity, requires greater involvement of people withdifferent background, knowledges and experience. Therefore, animportant step towards the process involving equity building betweengenders, is to demythologize the common notion that men are theones who possess the “scientific” knowledge, whereas women possessthe “practical” knowledge. Both genders possess both types ofknowledge; and this knowledge should be shared, as the participationprocess involving the communities from the protected areas1 (PA)
requires the appropriation ofseveral instruments, among which,information is one of the mostimportant ones.
This chapter has beendesigned taking into considerationthat the process towards theintegration of the genderperspective into PA management,will—quite possibly—involve the
work of women and men from different walks of life, requiring acommon starting point. The purpose is to provide support in thedesign and operation of conservation and sustainable developmentinitiatives based on gender equity within PA.
Information is essential to enable thepopulation to stand up for their right tobecome involved in the conservation ofnatural resources, according to their owninterests and needs.
1 ____ IUCN applies the generic term “protected areas” (PA) to all areas within the variousmanagement categories.
1212121212
1. What are protected areas?
2. Management categories
3. Protected areas and their context
4. Protected areas and human populations: a relationship needingto be worked out
5. How is the conservation work linked to equity and equality?
6. Conceptual elements associated with gender equity
7. What does it means to work from a gender equity perspective?
Annexes 1 and 2 provide support to this chapter. Annex 1Annex 1Annex 1Annex 1Annex 1 is aglossary of terms most commonly used in PA and in gender, and AnnexAnnexAnnexAnnexAnnex22222 refers to the international legal and regulatory framework directlyrelated to protected areas and the application of gender equity toenvironmental issues. Although they are not comprehensive in nature,both annexes support the reformulation of equity-based conservation.
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . What are protected areas (PA)?What are protected areas (PA)?What are protected areas (PA)?What are protected areas (PA)?What are protected areas (PA)?
There are several definitions for PA, depending on thelegislation and regulations of each country and of internationalenvironmental organizations. The range is so broad that, on aworldwide basis, more than 140 different names have been used.Therefore, a first step is familiarization with the categories usedaccording to each country’s legislation, and how these have evolvedover time.
a .a .a .a .a . Brief historyBrief historyBrief historyBrief historyBrief history
The establishment of conservation areas and practices has beenpresent all throughout mankind’s history in many different ways.Customary groups2 preserve and replicate many of these ancientpractices and customs, such as the so called holy forests or sites,which can be compared to modern PA, even if these are not fullyacknowledged in social and legal terms.
ThisThisThisThisThischapter ischapter ischapter ischapter ischapter is
divided intodivided intodivided intodivided intodivided intosevensevensevensevenseven
headings:headings:headings:headings:headings:
AnnexAnnexAnnexAnnexAnnex1 and 21 and 21 and 21 and 21 and 2
supports thissupports thissupports thissupports thissupports thischapterchapterchapterchapterchapter
2 ___ This includes people who lived there for long periods of times (for example indigenous peoplein the Americas’).
The sacred forests of leuweung titipan in West Java are recognized by all asbeing sacred, and cannot be exploited without the approval of the leaders ofthe community. Now many of these sacred forest are nature reservations andare managed by the government (Barrow, E., 2002).
1313131313
Protected areas respond to a diversity of geographical,ecological, historical, and cultural conditions, to which each countryassigns different concepts and classifications.
For standardization purposes, and because this document isdesigned for use in diverse settings, we have taken up the definitionsand concepts used by IUCN. We recognize that the proposals issuedby IUCN on this subject have been incorporated by several countriesinto their local legislation, and have set the basis for the legalstructure of the United Nations’ List of National Parks and ProtectedAreas, managed by UNESCO (IUCN, 1994).
Modern history for PA around the world varies considerably.In many countries it starts towards the end of the 19 Century. Forinstance, in Africa, the boom period took place during the 60’s3 ,whereas in the Caribbean most PA were created during the 90’s.
To place the PA concept within a recent historical context, wedrew a temporary line to highlight the most significant momentssurrounding PA. Needless to say, considerable time and effort hasbeen invested on these issues by civil organizations, ecologicaladvocates, UNESCO, among others. However, the following historicalanalysis is restricted to the efforts undertaken by IUCN.
19691969196919691969 IUCN’s General Assembly defines the term “NationalPark”.
19781978197819781978 IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas(CNPPA) publishes a report on Categories, Objectives andCriteria for Protected Areas. Ten PA categories wereproposed in this report.
I. Scientific Reserve/Strictly Natural Reserve
II. National Park
III. Natural Monument/Outstanding Natural Element
IV. Nature Conservancy Reserve/Managed NaturalReserve/Wild Life Sanctuary
3 ___ Despite the creation of the first park in Africa during the 30’s, the boom took place 30 yearslater.
AAAAAresume ofresume ofresume ofresume ofresume ofthe mostthe mostthe mostthe mostthe mostimportantimportantimportantimportantimportantevents perevents perevents perevents perevents peryear are:year are:year are:year are:year are:
1414141414
V. Protected Landscaping
VI. Natural Resources Reserve
VII. Natural Biotic Area/Anthropological Reserve
VIII. Natural Area for Multiple Use Management/Natural Resources Management Area
IX. Biosphere Reserve
X. World Heritage Site (Natural)
19801980198019801980 Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Survival marks achange of paradigms at a worldwide conservationist level,and the value of social and cultural aspects is highlighted.
19841984198419841984 Under IUCN’s leadership a special task force getstogether to review these categories, and initiatives aretaken up towards the incorporation of the nativepopulations’ interests, the wild areas, and protected landand marine landscapes.
19901990199019901990 The task force proposes at IUCN’s General Assembly theelimination of categories VI through X, proposed in 1978.
19921992199219921992 During the First World Congress on Parks and ProtectedAreas, held in Venezuela, recommendations are made toissue new guidelines to replace those adopted in 1978.
19941994199419941994 IUCN adopts six PA categories that correspond to specificmanagement objectives:4
I. a) Strict Nature Reserve, andb) Wilderness Area
II. National Park
III. Natural Monument
IV. Habitat/Species Management Area
4 ___ A broad explanation, including PA examples for each category, may be found at IUCNCommission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and the World Conservation MonitoringCenter. Guidelines for Protected Areas Management. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge,United Kingdom, 1994.
1515151515
V. Protected Landscape/Seascape
VI. Managed Resource Protected Area
19961996199619961996 The Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas(CNPPA) changes its name to World Commission onProtected Areas (WCPA), given the fact that the nationalparks are but one form of protected area.
19981998199819981998 WCPA identifies the major challenges faced by protectedareas in the 21 Century (IUCN, 2000):
Changing the protected areas approach from“island” to “networks”“island” to “networks”“island” to “networks”“island” to “networks”“island” to “networks” 5 5 5 5 5
Promoting the integration of protected areas intothe other spheres of action of public policy
Making the necessary efforts to get protectedareas to be managed by, for, and with localcommunities, instead of against them
Increasing management and training standards toachieve the above-mentioned goals
20032003200320032003 The V World Congress on Parks is scheduled to be heldthis year, for the purpose of reviewing current PAsituation, making an honest assessment about progressand draw backs, and outlining PA direction for the nextdecade.
b .b .b .b .b . Definition of a protected areaDefinition of a protected areaDefinition of a protected areaDefinition of a protected areaDefinition of a protected area
PA have undergone an evolutionary process in conceptual,technical, and methodological terms. The “protected area” termdoes now include concepts such as sustainable use, wild areas, andmankind heritage, which involves a higher complexity level.
�����
�����
�����
�����
5 ___ It should be pointed out that as early as 1974, UNESCO was already considering the subjectof networks.
Currently, over 9,000 protected areas meet the criteria for inclusion into theUnited Nations’ List, and all of them were assigned to categories I and V ofthe 1978 system (IUCN, 1994).
1616161616
A portion of land or ocean specifically dedicated to theprotection and maintenance of biological diversity, as wellas natural resources and associated cultural resources,managed through legal or other effective means (IUCN,1992).
Extending the definition, it may be stated that protected areasare special sites “administered” for conservation purposes. ManyPA comprise cultural components and support the sustainable useof resources. They play a critical role in the conservation of naturalecosystems, and when administered effectively, make significantcontributions to sustainable development.
This definition includes the “universe” of protected areas andall categories must adjust to it. Although all PA comply with thedefinition’s general requirements, in practice the specific objectivesfor all six PA categories vary.
The above-mentioned six categories have been establishedbased upon the various combinations of management objectives andthe corresponding priorities.
c .c .c .c .c . Relevant factors that should be considered in PARelevant factors that should be considered in PARelevant factors that should be considered in PARelevant factors that should be considered in PARelevant factors that should be considered in PAclassificationclassificationclassificationclassificationclassification
Five major factors should be taken into consideration for PAclassification:
Classification is based on the primary conservation objective.Classification is based on the primary conservation objective.Classification is based on the primary conservation objective.Classification is based on the primary conservation objective.Classification is based on the primary conservation objective.The main classification criterion invariably is the conservationobjective. This objective should be compatible with nationallegislation and includes common right.
Category determination is not based on managementCategory determination is not based on managementCategory determination is not based on managementCategory determination is not based on managementCategory determination is not based on managementeffectiveness. effectiveness. effectiveness. effectiveness. effectiveness. IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas,appointed a special work team to design a system to measuremanagement efficiency and effectiveness. Attention is drawnto the importance of not confusing two different judgments:what an area is intended to be and how it is administeredwhat an area is intended to be and how it is administeredwhat an area is intended to be and how it is administeredwhat an area is intended to be and how it is administeredwhat an area is intended to be and how it is administered(Hockings, M. et.al., 2000).
IUCNIUCNIUCNIUCNIUCNdefines adefines adefines adefines adefines aprotectedprotectedprotectedprotectedprotected
areaareaareaareaareaas:as:as:as:as:
�����
�����
Chapter VIChapter VIChapter VIChapter VIChapter VIof thisof thisof thisof thisof this
documentdocumentdocumentdocumentdocumentaddressesaddressesaddressesaddressesaddressesmonitoringmonitoringmonitoringmonitoringmonitoring
andandandandandevaluationevaluationevaluationevaluationevaluation
issuesissuesissuesissuesissues
1717171717
The categories system is international. The categories system is international. The categories system is international. The categories system is international. The categories system is international. IUCN’s categorysystem was established, among other purposes, to provide thebasis for international comparison. It is, furthermore,conceived in such a way that it can be used in all countries.Thus, the broad nature of the guidelines, which interpretationwill require flexibility at national and regional levels.
The classification ofThe classification ofThe classification ofThe classification ofThe classification ofprotected areas may vary fromprotected areas may vary fromprotected areas may vary fromprotected areas may vary fromprotected areas may vary fromone country to another. one country to another. one country to another. one country to another. one country to another. Thevarious countries haveestablished local systems usingan extremely varied terminology,which does not quite meet thecriteria established by IUCN,and it is impossible to expectthat a wide range of titles willnot be used at a national level.It will be hard to avoid having
one title with several meanings, depending on the country; andin different countries several titles may be assigned to thesame category of protected area. For this reason, it isimportant to promote an international category system basedon management objectives, where classification does not dependon titles.
All categories involve a certain extent of human intervention.All categories involve a certain extent of human intervention.All categories involve a certain extent of human intervention.All categories involve a certain extent of human intervention.All categories involve a certain extent of human intervention.PA are not an end per se; they are conservation tools thatshould simultaneously promote consideration for people as wellas nature.
For example...For example...For example...For example...For example...
�����
�����
When classifying a PA under a category, themanagement objectives management objectives management objectives management objectives management objectives require both,clarification and assurance, regarding themost adequate conditions to achieve theobjectives. If guidelines are appliedcorrectly and cohesively, the end result willbe grouping the various zones within logicaland worldwide compatible categories.
National park management varies considerably from onecountry to another. In the United Kingdom, many “nationalparks” have human settlements, where intense naturalresource exploitation activities are undertaken, therebythese have been correctly assigned to category V.
�����
1818181818
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . Management categoriesManagement categoriesManagement categoriesManagement categoriesManagement categories
For the purpose of this book no detailed explanation will beprovided concerning the incorporation of the gender perspectiveinto each category; instead, we will work at a broader level foradaptability purposes. No reference will be made to the nationalsystems of protected areas prevailing in some countries. Our unitof analysis is a protected area conceived within a broader context.Therefore, we will refer to conservation initiative to express thenotion of a broad and dynamic process encompassing PA.
The establishment and management of a PA involves awide range of people, social groups and institutionsestablished inside and outside of the PA. For economic,social, cultural, political and environmental reasons, thegroups involved in PA are called stakeholders.
Chapter IIChapter IIChapter IIChapter IIChapter IIaddressesaddressesaddressesaddressesaddresses
the conceptthe conceptthe conceptthe conceptthe conceptaboutaboutaboutaboutabout
stakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholders
PA should take into consideration the needs of the women andmen established there. Traditionally, this criterion has notbeen fully considered, and hopefully this document will make acontribution in this respect.
1919191919
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES 6666 6
6__
_IU
CN C
omm
issi
on o
n N
atio
nal P
arks
and
Pro
tect
ed A
reas
, and
the
Wor
ld C
onse
rvat
ion
Mon
itor
ing
Cent
er.
Guid
elin
es f
or P
rote
cted
Are
as M
anag
emen
t. G
land
, Swi
tzer
land
and
Cam
brid
ge, U
nite
d Ki
ngdo
m, 1
994.
CATE
GORY
ICA
TEGO
RY I
CATE
GORY
ICA
TEGO
RY I
CATE
GORY
IS
TRIC
T N
ATU
RES
TRIC
T N
ATU
RES
TRIC
T N
ATU
RES
TRIC
T N
ATU
RES
TRIC
T N
ATU
RERE
SERV
E/ W
ILD
ERN
ESS
RESE
RVE/
WIL
DER
NES
SRE
SERV
E/ W
ILD
ERN
ESS
RESE
RVE/
WIL
DER
NES
SRE
SERV
E/ W
ILD
ERN
ESS
ARE
A:
ARE
A:
ARE
A:
ARE
A:
ARE
A:
Prot
ecte
d ar
ea m
anag
edm
ainl
y fo
r sc
ienc
e or
wild
erne
ss p
rote
ctio
n
CCCC C ate
gory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
y
2020202020
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
CATE
GORY
Ia
STRI
CT N
ATU
RERE
SERV
E:pr
otec
ted
area
man
agem
ent
mai
nly
for
scie
nce
-The
are
a sh
ould
be
larg
een
ough
to
ensu
re t
hein
tegr
ity
of it
sec
osys
tem
s an
d to
acco
mpl
ish
the
man
agem
ent
obje
ctiv
esfo
r wh
ich
it is
pro
tect
ed.
-The
are
a sh
ould
be
sign
ific
antl
y fr
ee o
fdi
rect
hum
an in
terv
enti
onan
d ca
pabl
e to
rem
aini
ngso
.- T
he c
onse
rvat
ion
of t
hear
ea’s
biod
iver
sity
sho
uld
be a
chie
vabl
e th
roug
hpr
otec
tion
and
not
requ
ire
subs
tant
ial a
ctiv
em
anag
emen
t or
hab
itat
man
ipul
atio
n (c
.f.
Cate
gory
IV)
.
-To
pres
erve
hab
itat
s,ec
osys
tem
s an
d sp
ecie
s in
as u
ndis
turb
ed a
sta
te a
spo
ssib
le;
-To
mai
ntai
n ge
neti
cre
sour
ces
in d
ynam
ic a
ndev
olut
iona
ry s
tate
;-T
o m
aint
ain
esta
blis
hed
ecol
ogic
al p
roce
sses
;-T
o sa
fegu
ard
stru
ctur
alla
ndsc
ape
feat
ures
or
rock
expo
sure
s;- T
o se
cure
exa
mpl
es o
f th
ena
tura
l env
iron
men
tal f
orsc
ient
ific
stu
dies
,en
viro
nmen
tal m
onit
orin
gan
d ed
ucat
ion,
incl
udin
gba
selin
e ar
eas
from
whi
chal
l avo
idab
le a
cces
s is
excl
uded
;- T
o m
inim
ize
dist
urba
nce
by c
aref
ul p
lann
ing
and
exec
utio
n of
res
earc
h an
dot
her
appr
oved
act
ivit
ies;
and
-To
limit
pub
lic a
cces
s.
Are
a of
land
and
/or
sea
poss
essi
ng s
ome
outs
tand
ing
orre
pres
enta
tive
eco
syst
ems,
geol
ogic
al o
r ph
ysio
logi
cal
feat
ures
and
/or
spec
ies,
avai
labl
e pr
imar
ily f
orsc
ient
ific
res
earc
h an
d/or
envi
ronm
enta
l mon
itor
ing.
Own
ersh
ip a
nd c
ontr
olsh
ould
be
by t
he n
atio
nal o
rot
her
leve
l of
gove
rnm
ent,
acti
ng t
hrou
gh a
prof
essi
onal
ly q
ualif
ied
agen
cy, o
r by
a p
rovi
defo
unda
tion
, uni
vers
ity
orin
stit
utio
n wh
ich
has
anes
tabl
ishe
d re
sear
ch o
rco
nser
vati
on f
unct
ion,
or
byow
ners
wor
king
inco
oper
atio
n wi
th a
ny o
f th
efo
rego
ing
gove
rnm
ent
orpr
ivat
e in
stit
utio
ns.
Ade
quat
e sa
fegu
ards
and
cont
rols
rel
atin
g to
long
-te
rm p
rote
ctio
n sh
ould
be
secu
re b
efor
e de
sign
atio
n.In
tern
atio
nal a
gree
men
tsov
er a
reas
sub
ject
to
disp
uted
nat
iona
lso
vere
ignt
y ca
n pr
ovid
eex
cept
ions
(e.g
. Ant
arct
ica)
.
CCCC C ate
gory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
y
2121212121
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
CATE
GORY
IB
CATE
GORY
IB
CATE
GORY
IB
CATE
GORY
IB
CATE
GORY
IB
WIL
DER
NES
S A
REA
:W
ILD
ERN
ESS
ARE
A:
WIL
DER
NES
S A
REA
:W
ILD
ERN
ESS
ARE
A:
WIL
DER
NES
S A
REA
:pr
otec
ted
area
man
aged
mai
nly
for
wild
erne
sspr
otec
tion
The
area
sho
uld
poss
ess
high
nat
ural
qua
lity,
be
gove
rned
pri
mar
ily b
y th
efo
rces
of
natu
re, w
ith
hum
an d
istu
rban
cesu
bsta
ntia
lly a
bsen
t, a
ndbe
like
ly t
o co
ntin
ue t
odi
spla
y th
ose
attr
ibut
es if
man
aged
as
prop
osed
.Th
e ar
ea s
houl
d co
ntai
nsi
gnif
ican
t ec
olog
ical
,ge
olog
ical
,ph
ysio
geog
raph
ic, o
r ot
her
feat
ures
of
scie
ntif
ic,
educ
atio
nal,
scen
ic o
rhi
stor
ic v
alue
.Th
e ar
ea s
houl
d of
fer
outs
tand
ing
oppo
rtun
itie
sfo
r so
litud
e, e
njoy
ed o
nce
the
area
has
bee
n re
ache
d,by
sim
ple,
qui
et, n
on-
pollu
ting
and
non
-int
rusi
vem
eans
of
trav
el (i
.e. n
on-
mot
oriz
ed).
The
area
sho
uld
be o
fsu
ffic
ient
siz
e to
mak
epr
acti
cal s
uch
pres
erva
tion
and
use.
-To
ensu
re t
hat
futu
rege
nera
tion
s ha
ve t
heop
port
unit
y to
exp
erie
nce
unde
rsta
ndin
g an
den
joym
ent
of a
reas
tha
tha
ve b
een
larg
ely
undi
stur
bed
by h
uman
acti
on o
ver
a lo
ng p
erio
dof
tim
e;- T
o m
aint
ain
the
esse
ntia
lna
tura
l att
ribu
tes
and
qual
itie
s of
the
envi
ronm
ent
over
the
long
term
-To
prov
ide
for
publ
icac
cess
at
leve
ls a
nd o
f a
type
whi
ch w
ill s
erve
bes
tth
e ph
ysic
al a
nd s
piri
tual
well-
bein
g of
vis
itor
s an
dm
aint
ain
the
wild
erne
ssqu
alit
ies
of t
he a
rea
for
pres
ent
and
futu
rege
nera
tion
s; a
nd-T
o en
able
indi
geno
ushu
man
com
mun
itie
s liv
ing
at lo
w de
nsit
y an
d in
bala
nce
with
the
ava
ilabl
ere
sour
ces
to m
aint
ain
thei
r lif
esty
le.
Larg
e ar
ea o
f un
mod
ifie
dor
slig
htly
mod
ifie
d la
nd,
and/
or s
ea, r
etai
ning
its
natu
ral c
hara
cter
and
infl
uenc
e wi
thou
tpe
rman
ent
or s
igni
fica
ntha
bita
tion
, whi
ch is
prot
ecte
d an
d m
anag
ed s
oas
to
pres
erve
its
natu
ral
cond
itio
n.
As
for
Sub-
Cate
gory
Ia.
CCCC C ate
gory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
y
2222222222
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
CATE
GORY
II
NA
TIO
NA
LCA
TEGO
RY I
I N
ATI
ON
AL
CATE
GORY
II
NA
TIO
NA
LCA
TEGO
RY I
I N
ATI
ON
AL
CATE
GORY
II
NA
TIO
NA
LPA
RK:
PARK
:PA
RK:
PARK
:PA
RK:
prot
ecte
d ar
ea m
anag
edm
ainl
y fo
rec
osys
tem
pro
tect
ion
and
recr
eati
on
-The
are
a sh
ould
con
tain
are
pres
enta
tive
sam
ple
ofm
ajor
nat
ural
reg
ions
,fe
atur
es o
r sc
ener
y,wh
ere
plan
t an
d an
imal
spec
ies,
hab
itat
s an
dge
omor
phol
ogic
al s
ites
are
of s
peci
al s
piri
tual
,sc
ient
ific
, edu
cati
onal
,re
crea
tion
al a
nd t
ouri
stsi
gnif
ican
ce.
- The
are
a sh
ould
be
larg
een
ough
to
cont
ain
one
orm
ore
enti
re e
cosy
stem
sno
t m
ater
ially
alt
ered
by
curr
ent
hum
an o
ccup
atio
nor
exp
loit
atio
n.
-To
prot
ect
natu
ral a
ndsc
enic
are
as o
f na
tion
al a
ndin
tern
atio
nal s
igni
fica
nce
for
spir
itua
l, sc
ient
ific
,ed
ucat
iona
l, re
crea
tion
al o
rto
uris
t pu
rpos
es;
-To
perp
etua
te, i
n as
nat
ural
a st
ate
as p
ossi
ble,
repr
esen
tati
ve e
xam
ples
of
phys
iogr
aphi
c re
gion
s,bi
otic
com
mun
itie
s, g
enet
icre
sour
ces,
and
spe
cies
, to
prov
ide
ecol
ogic
al s
tabi
lity
and
dive
rsit
y;- T
o m
anag
e vi
sito
r us
e fo
rin
spir
atio
nal,
educ
atio
nal,
cult
ural
and
rec
reat
iona
lpu
rpos
es a
t a
leve
l whi
chwi
ll m
aint
ain
the
area
in a
natu
ral o
r ne
ar n
atur
alst
ate;
- To
elim
inat
e an
d th
erea
fter
prev
ent
expl
oita
tion
or
occu
pati
on in
imic
al t
o th
epu
rpos
es o
f de
sign
atio
n;- T
o m
aint
ain
resp
ect
for
the
ecol
ogic
al, g
eom
orph
olog
ic,
sacr
ed o
r ae
sthe
tic
attr
ibut
es w
hich
war
rant
edde
sign
atio
n; a
nd-T
o ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt t
hene
eds
of in
dige
nous
peo
ple,
incl
udin
g su
bsis
tenc
ere
sour
ce u
se, i
n so
far
as
thes
e wi
ll no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ct t
he o
ther
obj
ecti
ves
of m
anag
emen
t.
Nat
ural
are
a of
land
and
/or
sea,
des
igna
ted
to (a
)pr
otec
t th
e ec
olog
ical
inte
grit
y of
one
or
mor
eec
osys
tem
s fo
r pr
esen
tan
d fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
, (b)
excl
ude
expl
oita
tion
or
occu
pati
on in
imic
al t
o th
epu
rpos
es o
f de
sign
atio
n of
the
area
and
(c) p
rovi
de a
foun
dati
on f
or s
piri
tual
,sc
ient
ific
, edu
cati
onal
,re
crea
tion
al a
nd v
isit
orop
port
unit
ies
all o
f wh
ich
mus
t be
env
iron
men
tally
and
cult
ural
ly c
ompa
tibl
e.
Own
ersh
ip a
nd m
anag
emen
tsh
ould
nor
mal
ly b
e by
the
high
est
com
pete
nt a
utho
rity
of t
he n
atio
n ha
ving
juri
sdic
tion
ove
r it
.H
owev
er, t
hey
may
als
o be
vest
ed in
ano
ther
leve
l of
gove
rnm
ent,
cou
ncil
ofin
dige
nous
peo
ple,
foun
dati
on o
r ot
her
lega
llyes
tabl
ishe
d bo
dy, w
hich
has
dedi
cate
d th
e ar
ea t
o lo
ng-
term
con
serv
atio
n.
CCCC C ate
gory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
y
2323232323
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
CATE
GORY
III
NA
TURA
L M
ON
UM
ENT:
prot
ecte
d ar
ea m
anag
edm
ainl
y fo
rco
nser
vati
on o
f sp
ecif
icco
nser
vati
on o
f sp
ecif
icco
nser
vati
on o
f sp
ecif
icco
nser
vati
on o
f sp
ecif
icco
nser
vati
on o
f sp
ecif
icna
tura
l fe
atur
esna
tura
l fe
atur
esna
tura
l fe
atur
esna
tura
l fe
atur
esna
tura
l fe
atur
es
-The
are
a sh
ould
con
tain
one
or m
ore
feat
ures
of
outs
tand
ing
sign
ific
ance
(app
ropr
iate
nat
ural
feat
ures
incl
ude
spec
tacu
lar
wate
rfal
ls,
cave
s, c
rate
rs, f
ossi
lbe
ds, s
and
dune
s an
dm
arin
e fe
atur
es, a
long
with
uni
que
orre
pres
enta
tive
fau
na a
ndfl
ora;
ass
ocia
ted
cult
ural
feat
ures
mig
ht in
clud
eca
ve d
welli
ngs,
clif
f-to
pfo
rts,
arc
haeo
logi
cal
site
s, o
r na
tura
l sit
eswh
ich
have
her
itag
esi
gnif
ican
ce t
o in
dige
nous
peop
les)
.- T
he a
rea
shou
ld b
e la
rge
enou
gh t
o pr
otec
t th
ein
tegr
ity
of t
he f
eatu
rean
d it
s im
med
iate
lyre
late
d su
rrou
ndin
gs.
-To
prot
ect
or p
rese
rve
inpe
rpet
uity
spe
cifi
cou
tsta
ndin
g na
tura
lfe
atur
es b
ecau
se o
f th
eir
natu
ral s
igni
fica
nce,
uniq
ue o
r re
pres
enta
tion
alqu
alit
y, a
nd/o
r sp
irit
ual
conn
otat
ions
;-T
o an
ext
ent
cons
iste
ntwi
th t
he f
oreg
oing
obje
ctiv
e, t
o pr
ovid
eop
port
unit
ies
for
rese
arch
, edu
cati
on,
inte
rpre
tati
on a
nd p
ublic
appr
ecia
tion
;- T
o el
imin
ate
and
ther
eaft
er p
reve
ntex
ploi
tati
on o
r oc
cupa
tion
inim
ical
to
the
purp
ose
ofde
sign
atio
n; a
nd-T
o de
liver
to
any
resi
dent
popu
lati
on s
uch
bene
fits
as a
re c
onsi
sten
t wi
th t
heot
her
obje
ctiv
es o
fm
anag
emen
t.
Are
a co
ntai
ning
one
, or
mor
e, s
peci
fic
natu
ral o
rna
tura
l/cu
ltur
al f
eatu
rewh
ich
is o
f ou
tsta
ndin
g or
uniq
ue v
alue
bec
ause
of
its
inhe
rent
rar
ity,
repr
esen
tati
ve o
r ae
sthe
tic
qual
itie
s or
cul
tura
lsi
gnif
ican
ce.
Own
ersh
ip a
nd m
anag
emen
tsh
ould
be
by t
he n
atio
nal
gove
rnm
ent
or, w
ith
appr
opri
ate
safe
guar
ds a
ndco
ntro
ls, b
y an
othe
r le
vel o
fgo
vern
men
t, c
ounc
il of
indi
geno
us p
eopl
e, n
on-
prof
it t
rust
, cor
pora
tion
or,
exce
ptio
nally
, by
a pr
ivat
ebo
dy, p
rovi
ded
the
long
-te
rm p
rote
ctio
n of
the
inhe
rent
cha
ract
er o
f th
ear
ea is
ass
ured
bef
ore
desi
gnat
ion.
CCCC C ate
gory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
y
2424242424
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
CATE
GORY
IV
CATE
GORY
IV
CATE
GORY
IV
CATE
GORY
IV
CATE
GORY
IV
HA
BITA
T /
SPEC
IES
HA
BITA
T /
SPEC
IES
HA
BITA
T /
SPEC
IES
HA
BITA
T /
SPEC
IES
HA
BITA
T /
SPEC
IES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
ARE
AS
:M
AN
AGE
MEN
T A
REA
S:
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
ARE
AS
:M
AN
AGE
MEN
T A
REA
S:
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
ARE
AS
:pr
otec
ted
area
man
aged
mai
nly
for
cons
erva
tion
thr
ough
man
agem
ent
inte
rven
tion
-The
are
a sh
ould
pla
y an
impo
rtan
t ro
le in
the
prot
ecti
on o
f na
ture
and
the
surv
ival
of
spec
ies,
(inco
rpor
atin
g, a
sap
prop
riat
e, b
reed
ing
area
s, w
etla
nds,
cor
alre
efs,
est
uari
es,
gras
slan
d, f
ores
ts o
rsp
awni
ng a
reas
, inc
ludi
ngm
arin
e fe
edin
g be
ds).
- The
are
a sh
ould
be
one
wher
e th
e pr
otec
tion
of
the
habi
tat
is e
ssen
tial
to t
he w
ell-b
eing
of
nati
onal
ly o
r lo
cally
-im
port
ant
flor
a, o
r to
resi
dent
or
mig
rato
ryfa
una.
- Con
serv
atio
n of
the
seha
bita
ts a
nd s
peci
essh
ould
dep
end
upon
acti
ve in
terv
enti
on b
y th
em
anag
emen
t au
thor
ity,
ifne
cess
ary
thro
ugh
habi
tat
man
ipul
atio
n (c
.f.
Cate
gory
Ia)
.- T
he s
ize
of t
he a
rea
shou
ld d
epen
d on
the
habi
tat
requ
irem
ents
of
the
spec
ies
to b
epr
otec
ted
and
may
ran
gefr
om r
elat
ivel
y sm
all t
ove
ry e
xten
sive
.
-To
secu
re a
nd m
aint
ain
the
habi
tat
cond
itio
nsne
cess
ary
to p
rote
ctsi
gnif
ican
t sp
ecie
s, g
roup
sof
spe
cies
, bio
tic
com
mun
itie
s or
phy
sica
lfe
atur
es o
f th
een
viro
nmen
t wh
ere
thes
ere
quir
e sp
ecif
ic h
uman
man
ipul
atio
n fo
r op
tim
umm
anag
emen
t;- T
o fa
cilit
ate
scie
ntif
icre
sear
ch a
nden
viro
nmen
tal m
onit
orin
gas
pri
mar
y ac
tivi
ties
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
sust
aina
ble
reso
urce
man
agem
ent;
- To
deve
lop
limit
ed a
reas
for
publ
ic e
duca
tion
and
appr
ecia
tion
of
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of t
heha
bita
ts c
once
rned
and
of
the
work
of
wild
life
man
agem
ent;
- To
elim
inat
e an
dth
erea
fter
pre
vent
expl
oita
tion
or
occu
pati
onin
imic
al t
o th
e pu
rpos
es o
fde
sign
atio
n; a
nd-T
o de
liver
suc
h be
nefi
tsto
peo
ple
livin
g wi
thin
the
desi
gnat
ed a
rea
as a
reco
nsis
tent
wit
h th
e ot
her
obje
ctiv
es o
f m
anag
emen
t.
Are
a of
land
and
/or
sea
subj
ect
to a
ctiv
ein
terv
enti
on f
orm
anag
emen
t pu
rpos
es s
o as
to e
nsur
e th
e m
aint
enan
ceof
hab
itat
s an
d/or
to
mee
tth
e re
quir
emen
ts o
fsp
ecif
ic s
peci
es.
Own
ersh
ip a
nd m
anag
emen
tsh
ould
be
by t
he n
atio
nal
gove
rnm
ent
or, w
ith
appr
opri
ate
safe
guar
ds a
ndco
ntro
ls, b
y an
othe
r le
vel o
fgo
vern
men
t, n
on-p
rofi
ttr
ust,
cor
pora
tion
, pri
vate
grou
p or
indi
vidu
al.
CCCC C ate
gory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
y
2525252525
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
CATE
GORY
VCA
TEGO
RY V
CATE
GORY
VCA
TEGO
RY V
CATE
GORY
VPR
OTE
CTED
LA
ND
SCA
PE/
PRO
TECT
ED L
AN
DS
CAPE
/PR
OTE
CTED
LA
ND
SCA
PE/
PRO
TECT
ED L
AN
DS
CAPE
/PR
OTE
CTED
LA
ND
SCA
PE/
SEA
SCA
PE:
SEA
SCA
PE:
SEA
SCA
PE:
SEA
SCA
PE:
SEA
SCA
PE:
prot
ecte
d ar
ea m
anag
edm
ainl
y fo
r la
ndsc
ape/
seas
cape
con
serv
atio
n an
dre
crea
tion
-The
are
a sh
ould
pos
sess
ala
ndsc
ape
and/
or c
oast
alan
d is
land
sea
scap
e of
high
sce
nic
qual
ity,
wit
hdi
vers
e as
soci
ated
habi
tats
, flo
ra a
nd f
auna
alon
g wi
th m
anif
esta
tion
sof
uni
que
or t
radi
tion
alla
nd-u
se p
atte
rns
and
soci
al o
rgan
izat
ions
as
evid
ence
d in
hum
anse
ttle
men
ts a
nd lo
cal
cust
oms,
live
lihoo
ds a
ndbe
liefs
.- T
he a
rea
shou
ld p
rovi
deop
port
unit
ies
for
publ
icen
joym
ent
thro
ugh
recr
eati
on a
nd t
ouri
smwi
thin
its
norm
al li
fest
yle
and
econ
omic
act
ivit
ies.
- To
mai
ntai
n th
e ha
rmon
ious
inte
ract
ion
of n
atur
e an
d cu
lture
thro
ugh
the
prot
ectio
n of
land
scap
e an
d/or
sea
scap
e an
d th
eco
ntin
uatio
n of
tra
ditio
nal l
and
uses
, bui
ldin
g pr
actic
es a
nd s
ocia
lan
d cu
ltura
l man
ifes
tatio
ns;
- To
supp
ort
lifes
tyle
s an
d ec
onom
icac
tiviti
es w
hich
are
in h
arm
ony
with
nat
ure
and
the
pres
erva
tion
of t
he s
ocia
l and
cul
tura
l fab
ric o
fth
e co
mm
uniti
es c
once
rned
;- T
o m
aint
ain
the
dive
rsity
of
land
scap
e an
d ha
bita
t an
d of
asso
ciat
ed s
peci
es a
ndec
osys
tem
s;- T
o el
imin
ate
wher
e ne
cess
ary,
and
ther
eaft
er p
reve
nt, l
and
uses
and
activ
ities
, whi
ch a
re in
appr
opria
tein
sca
le a
nd/o
r ch
arac
ter.
- To
prov
ide
oppo
rtun
ities
for
pub
licen
joym
ent
thro
ugh
recr
eatio
n an
dto
uris
m a
ppro
pria
te in
typ
e an
dsc
ale
to t
he e
ssen
tial q
ualit
ies
ofth
e ar
eas;
- To
enco
urag
e sc
ient
ific
and
educ
atio
nal a
ctiv
ities
whi
ch w
illco
ntrib
ute
to t
he lo
ng t
erm
wel
l-be
ing
of r
esid
ent
popu
latio
n an
d to
the
deve
lopm
ent
of p
ublic
sup
port
for
the
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
tect
ion
of s
uch
area
s; a
nd-T
o br
ing
bene
fits
to
and
toco
ntrib
ute
to t
he w
elfa
re o
f, t
helo
cal c
omm
unity
thr
ough
the
prov
isio
n of
nat
ural
pro
duct
s (s
uch
as f
ores
t an
d fi
sher
ies
prod
ucts
)an
d se
rvic
es (s
uch
as c
lean
wat
eror
inco
me
deriv
ed f
rom
sust
aina
ble
form
s of
tou
rism
).
Are
a of
land
, wit
h co
ast
and
sea
as a
ppro
pria
te,
wher
e th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
peop
le a
nd n
atur
e ov
er t
ime
prod
uced
an
area
of
dist
inct
cha
ract
er w
ith
sign
ific
ant
aest
heti
c,ec
olog
ical
and
/or
cult
ural
valu
e, a
nd o
ften
wit
h hi
ghbi
olog
ical
div
ersi
ty.
Safe
guar
ding
the
inte
grit
yof
thi
s tr
adit
iona
lin
tera
ctio
n is
vit
al t
o th
epr
otec
tion
, mai
nten
ance
and
evol
utio
n of
suc
h an
area
.
The
area
may
be
owne
d by
apu
blic
aut
hori
ty, b
ut is
mor
elik
ely
to c
ompr
omis
e a
mos
aic
of p
riva
te a
nd p
ublic
owne
rshi
ps o
pera
ting
ava
riet
y of
man
agem
ent
regi
mes
. The
se r
egim
essh
ould
be
subj
ect
to a
degr
ee o
f pl
anni
ng o
r ot
her
cont
rol a
nd s
uppo
rted
,wh
ere
appr
opri
ate,
by
publ
icfu
ndin
g an
d ot
her
ince
ntiv
es, t
o en
sure
tha
tth
e qu
alit
y of
the
land
scap
e/se
asca
pe a
nd t
here
leva
nt lo
cal c
usto
ms
and
belie
fs a
re m
aint
aine
d in
the
long
ter
m.
CCCC C ate
gory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
y
2626262626
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ESM
AN
AGE
MEN
T CA
TEGO
RIES
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
CATE
GORI
ES
CATE
GORY
VI
CATE
GORY
VI
CATE
GORY
VI
CATE
GORY
VI
CATE
GORY
VI
MA
NA
GED
RES
OU
RCE
MA
NA
GED
RES
OU
RCE
MA
NA
GED
RES
OU
RCE
MA
NA
GED
RES
OU
RCE
MA
NA
GED
RES
OU
RCE
PRO
TECT
ED A
REA
:PR
OTE
CTED
ARE
A:
PRO
TECT
ED A
REA
:PR
OTE
CTED
ARE
A:
PRO
TECT
ED A
REA
:pr
otec
ted
area
man
aged
mai
nly
for
the
sust
aina
ble
use
of n
atur
al e
cosy
stem
s.
-The
are
a sh
ould
be
atle
ast
two-
thir
ds in
ana
tura
l con
diti
on,
alth
ough
it m
ay a
lso
cont
ain
limit
ed a
reas
of
mod
ifie
d ec
osys
tem
s;la
rge
com
mer
cial
plan
tati
ons
woul
d no
t be
appr
opri
ate
for
incl
usio
n.-T
he a
rea
shou
ld b
e la
rge
enou
gh t
o ab
sorb
sust
aina
ble
reso
urce
use
swi
thou
t de
trim
ent
to it
sov
eral
l lon
g-te
rm n
atur
alva
lues
.
-To
prot
ect
and
mai
ntai
nth
e bi
olog
ical
div
ersi
tyan
d ot
her
natu
ral v
alue
sof
the
are
a in
the
long
term
;-T
o pr
omot
e so
und
man
agem
ent
prac
tice
s fo
rsu
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion
purp
oses
;-T
o pr
otec
t th
e na
tura
lre
sour
ce b
ase
from
bei
ngal
iena
ted
for
othe
r la
nd-
use
purp
oses
tha
t wo
uld
be d
etri
men
tal t
o th
ear
ea’s
biol
ogic
al d
iver
sity
;an
d-T
o co
ntri
bute
to
regi
onal
and
nati
onal
dev
elop
men
t.
Are
con
tain
ing
pred
omin
antl
y un
mod
ifie
dna
tura
l sys
tem
s, m
anag
edto
ens
ure
long
ter
mpr
otec
tion
and
mai
nten
ance
of b
iolo
gica
l div
ersi
ty,
while
pro
vidi
ng a
t th
e sa
me
tim
e a
sust
aina
ble
flow
of
natu
ral p
rodu
cts
and
serv
ices
to
mee
t co
mm
unit
yne
eds.
Man
agem
ent
shou
ld b
eun
dert
aken
by
publ
ic b
odie
swi
th a
n un
ambi
guou
s re
mit
for
cons
erva
tion
, and
carr
ied
out
in p
artn
ersh
ipwi
th t
he lo
cal c
omm
unit
y; o
rm
anag
emen
t m
ay b
epr
ovid
ed t
hrou
gh lo
cal
cust
om s
uppo
rted
and
advi
sed
by g
over
nmen
tal o
rno
n-go
vern
men
tal a
genc
ies.
Own
ersh
ip m
ay b
e by
the
nati
onal
or
othe
r le
vel o
fgo
vern
men
t, t
he c
omm
unit
y,pr
ivat
e in
divi
dual
s, o
r a
com
bina
tion
of
thes
e.
CCCC C ate
gory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
ateg
ory
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Def
init
ion
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fO
bjet
ives
of
Obj
etiv
es o
fM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tM
anag
emen
tGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orGu
idan
ce f
orSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Sele
ctio
nSe
lect
ion
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
yRe
spon
sabi
lity
Resp
onsa
bilit
y
2727272727
An ecoregion is a relatively large unit of land or waterharboring a characteristic set of communities of species,dynamics and environmental conditions (WWF, 2000).
Eco as well as bioregional approaches help to move awayfrom an island-based view to a network-based view. PAare not free from the land use and conservation patternsprevailing around them. To achieve compatiblemanagement, PA need to establish relationships withadjacent areas and the social networks.
3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . Protected areas and their contextProtected areas and their contextProtected areas and their contextProtected areas and their contextProtected areas and their context
Management categories vary from one country to another,depending on the geographical location, the diversity and wealth ofthe natural resources, the extent of socio-economic development,environmental policies, legal frameworks, and characteristics of thepopulations. However, when a country decides to incorporate PAinto environmental policies, it is acknowledging the need to takeactions towards resource conservation. In other words, PA are basedon a general objective for the conservation of biological diversity,natural resources, and associated cultural resources.
PA cannot be isolated from the surrounding context, as thiswould be not only inefficient, but also senseless. Most of the times,PA are part of a national system for protected areas, or are placedwithin broader governmental policies and programs. PA respond tointernational commitments or agreements, and are influenced byand have influence over their own regional setting. In general terms,PA are found across different settings, which are described below:
a .a .a .a .a . Geographical and ecological contextGeographical and ecological contextGeographical and ecological contextGeographical and ecological contextGeographical and ecological context
PA are located in places selected for the significance of theirbiological diversity, the environmental services rendered, or thecultural values associated with them. Their integral managementinvolves giving consideration to all the forces exerting pressure onthem and the effects derived from a PA declaration and management,not only for the populations located within a PA, but for adjacentcommunities as well. Therefore, discussions are currently heldaround the need to adopt broader approaches, such as at a bioregionalor ecoregional level, to ensure that management of protected naturalareas will be compatible with the surrounding areas.
2828282828 In Mexico, article 20 of the Regulationsto the General Law on Ecological Balanceand Environmental Protection of NaturalAreas, approved in November, 2000,stipulates the conformation of an advisorycommittee integrated by: a represen-tative of the central government, PAmanagement, municipalities, academicrepresentatives, social, business,communal land and community organiza-tions, owners and holders.
7 ___ It refers to an ecosystem or resource that stands out because of its uniqueness, such as theGalapagos Islands.
b .b .b .b .b . PA systems or subsystemsPA systems or subsystemsPA systems or subsystemsPA systems or subsystemsPA systems or subsystems
Many countries have set up PA declaration and operation withinmacro planning instruments, through the establishment of nationalPA systems. These normally respond to the interest of designing asystem that encompasses a broader (or full) range of ecosystemsand communities located in each country, or which respond to acriterion of uniqueness7. In addition, the various managementobjectives and categories are also identified through them, seeking,at the same time, to establish a balance among these objectives.The national system should also identify the relationship among the
various components of the system:individually within the PA, betweenthe PA and other land uses, andamong the various sectors andlevels of society involved. PAsystems are generally accompaniedby the establishment of planning,consultation and operationundertakings, such as national PAcommittees or advisory boards,involving governmental andbusiness institutions, non-governmental organizations andacademic institutions withdifferent degrees of importanceand involvement in decision making.
c .c .c .c .c . National policies and programs for developmentNational policies and programs for developmentNational policies and programs for developmentNational policies and programs for developmentNational policies and programs for development
Most PA in the world are already inhabited, and quite possibly,those to be established in the future, will also have communitiessettled in the PA or adjacent areas. As such, these populations aresubject to governmental policies and programs related to the varioustypes of activities undertaken. Sectoral policies should beconsidered in PA establishment and management. These maycontribute to the successful achievement of the conservationobjectives of a PA, provided appropriate coordination and objectivecompatibility is established. Otherwise, conflicts may arise in thecase of contradictions between the purpose and methods of thesectoral programs and those established by PA.
2929292929
Among international treaties and agreements stand out those contributing tothe promotion of a gender perspective in PA. Worth mentioning is chapter 24of Agenda 21, where measures on behalf of women are established for theachievement of sustainable development; Section K of Chapter V of the ActionPlatform derived from the Women’s Conference, held in Beijing, in 1995, isalso related to the environment. Furthermore, the United Nations’ ConventionAgainst Desertification stipulates a series of actions to promote women’seffective involvement in policy planning, decision-making, implementation andrevision of national programs for desertification prevention. This and otheragreements may even constitute sources of financial assistance to promoteactions favoring equal opportunities for women and men in PA.
Because of their relation with the use, management, or impacton natural resources and biodiversity, great importance is attachedto sectoral programs that involve the use of land and water; landtenure ownership and regulation; forests and use of biologicaldiversity; relations with human settlements; programs responsiblefor infrastructure; programs that regulate the cultural heritageand life of indigenous populations, among others. The extent ofthese programs and the interinstitutional actions involved in theestablishment of a PA, should be duly considered.
d .d .d .d .d . International treaties and agreementsInternational treaties and agreementsInternational treaties and agreementsInternational treaties and agreementsInternational treaties and agreements
The globalization process is increasingly affecting domesticenvironmental decisions and policies. Many environmental problemshave an international scope, such as climatic change, biodiversityconservation, desertification, migratory species, etc., which facthas resulted in the establishment of international treaties andagreements. Signatory nations are legally and politically committedto abide by their stipulations, for which reason, due considerationshould be given to these treaties and agreements within the contextof a PA.
4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . Protected areas and human populations:Protected areas and human populations:Protected areas and human populations:Protected areas and human populations:Protected areas and human populations:a relationship that needs to be worked outa relationship that needs to be worked outa relationship that needs to be worked outa relationship that needs to be worked outa relationship that needs to be worked out
One of the topics that have caused and still causes a greatdeal of discussion and controversy, and continues representing oneof the major challenges regarding management and conservation ofprotected areas is “the people”.
3030303030
TheTheTheTheThe“Yellowstone”“Yellowstone”“Yellowstone”“Yellowstone”“Yellowstone”
model as amodel as amodel as amodel as amodel as amilestonemilestonemilestonemilestonemilestone
The debate has gone through various positions and paradigms:the invisibilization of people; people as the major problem; to whichextent are people allowed to make use of a resource?, How are humanactions limited?, How should people participate?, Are they co-executors?, Are they players?
Throughout PA’s modern history, the different trends thathave attempted to respond to the above questions, can be clearlyidentified. Among these stands out a North American trend called“Yellowstone” (which has had strong repercussion at a worldwidelevel). Besides, there is another trend that was developed in WesternEurope, but that also spread throughout Latin America and, on anincipient basis, in Africa.
The first trend has been characterized by the definition andcreation of a PA taking as a model the first national park created ata worldwide level in 1872: Yellowstone Park, which was establishedin territories owned by the Crow, Black-Feet and Shoshone-BannockIndians, who were displaced and forced to abandon their ancientlands.
“Yellowstone” is—precisely—the model that creates a milestoneregarding the creation and delimitation of protected areas, bydefining them as people-free areas. As proposed by Cifuentes, M.et.al. (2000), the key element about this park was that, with theexception of park-related staff, no permanent inhabitants wereallowed within park boundaries.
Unfortunately, this model has served as a reference andparameter basis for the creation and delimitation of many protectedarea systems, at a worldwide level. For many decades countrieshave been using mechanisms such as expropriation of lands ownedby indigenous communities8, eviction of entire populations, creationand demarcation of protected areas without informing the residentsof the area, and the use of force to safeguard the borders arbitrarilydemarcated by governmental entities.
The second trend arises in Western Europe, and poses theneed to take into consideration the interests of local communities.
8 ___ This terms refer to people that have been living in the land or coasts for a long time. In someparts of the world (such as Africa) this terms should be used with caution since it can have anegative connotation.
A Okiek hunter-gather from the Mau Forest in Kenya pointed out that: “Whenthe white people first arrived to this area, they thought we were wild animals,so they chased us into the forest. Now that they know we are people, theyare chasing us out again” (Kisioh, H., 1998).
3131313131It isIt isIt isIt isIt is
necessary tonecessary tonecessary tonecessary tonecessary toplace PA in aplace PA in aplace PA in aplace PA in aplace PA in a
broaderbroaderbroaderbroaderbroadercontextcontextcontextcontextcontext
By the 70’s it was common practice to respect grazing rights,product harvesting, and even private land tenure when making thedelimitation of a protected area. Many incipient experiences aboutcommunity participation stem, precisely, from this trend and a seriesof innovating proposals posed in Latin America and Africa, whichtake up ancient sustainable use and conservation of natural resources.
Out of the above-mentioned trends, the original PA trend wasthe one that became most widely extended. The balance of thework, effectiveness, and evaluation reached by experts over pastyears, shows that the application of the “Yellowstone” model is farfrom appropriate, and the conservation objectives are not necessarilyachieved through this type of approach.
Thus, new approaches, methods, and guides have been developedfor the creation and definition of protected areas. As correctlystated by John Sawhill, president of The Nature Conservancy (TNC),as we approach the third millennium, it becomes increasingly criticalto base conservation efforts on a tripod: although ecology will—most likely—continue bearing most of the weight, stability will onlybe achieved through the summation of two more “legs”, communityand economic factors.
On the other hand, IUCN, through its World Commission onProtected Areas (WCPA), at the Conference on “Protected areas inthe 21 Century: from islands to networks”, held in Albany, Australia,made it evident that one of the greatest challenges for the comingcentury is to place protected areas within a broader context, inorder to prove that these make significant contributions to thelocal economies and the quality of life, as integral components of aproductive and environmentally safe setting. To this effect, aproposal was made to guarantee that sites be selected and managedprimarily because of their value in terms of biodiversity and theenvironmental services rendered, while considering and making visiblethe ways of life of the women and men who depend on them (theunderlining is ours) (IUCN, 1998).
Along the same lines, during IUCN’s last World Congress, heldin Amman, Jordan, in the year 2000, WCPA acknowledged that thegreatest lesson learned from the last decades of the 20 Century, isto work with local communities, through them, and for them. It isworth pointing out that one of the essential roles of AP managers isto provide the necessary spaces to involve other sectors and promoteconditions for local populations to share the benefits of the naturalresources.
The incorporation of social aspects into PA issues, poses variousquestions, trends and approaches. At the beginning, theorganizations responsible for conservation of protected areas and
3232323232
ParticipationParticipationParticipationParticipationParticipationParticipation is a social process throughwhich the various members of thepopulation, on behalf of their owninterests (class, group, gender, amongothers), participate either directly orthrough their representatives, in theimplementation of the various aspectsinvolved in community life.Participation is a necessary condition forcitizenship, as a person considers him/herself to be a citizen when he/she hasthe power to influence processes bearinga direct or indirect effect on their owndestiny.
ManagementManagementManagementManagementManagementManagement is understood as theapplication of individual and groupabilities, qualifications, and resources tothe definition, decision making, andimplementation of short-, medium-, andlong-term processes. Therefore,management is considered as the highestlevel of participation.
natural resources (governments, international environmentalorganizations, and NGOs) considered social participation as arequirement, an imposition, or a rhetorical exercise. Nevertheless,as the years went by, and because of far from successful resultsobtained in PA management in various countries, experts have begunacknowledging the significance of social participation as one of theessential axis of conservation and sustainable use of naturalresources. As proposed by Benet, R. et.al. (n.d.), the vision wherebycommunities were viewed as “predators” or, at best, as “users orclients”, was modified to consider them as essential players inconservation areas.
Little by little, populations began to be regarded not only interms of a problem problem problem problem problem (demographic growth, unsustainable consumptionof resources, environmental impact, conflict), but as a resource resource resource resource resource fororganization, management, knowledge, experience and ability,promotion, demand, execution, legitimacy, and appropriation.
Community involvement is nowstarting to be conceived as thebackbone of conservation efforts.
However, working withwithwithwithwithcommunities and for for for for for communitiesis not of a single type, either, or apart of pre-established recipesapplicable in every region of theworld.
In terms of participation, itis absolutely necessary to definethe meaning of participation, asthis concept may be understood asconsulting, asking, deciding,managing.
One of the essential elementsof PA participation, is the decision-making mechanisms involvingconservation, use, management, andcontrol of natural resources, forwhich reason it is not enough to beintegrated into group processes,but to take part in decision-makingactions, having thus, the potentialfor transforming concrete actions.It is normally assumed thatparticipation means peoplebecoming involved in conservationand development initiatives in a PA,
3333333333
regardless of gender, age, ethnic group, or ability. It is often timestaken for granted that people participate, although in practice, theircontribution and experience is underestimated or ignored. It isquite common to underestimate women’s experience and decision-making abilities. It is frequently assumed that they are in agreementand their points of view are not taken into consideration. There aremany times when the persons in charge of PA consider that women“are involved” simply because they are present in a group, community,or activities promoted, even though their opinion about the processesundertaken has never been expressed, considered, or taken intoaccount.
One of the most significant gaps between women and men isthe lack of female participation in the decision-making processesrelated to their life and community. This is an obvious and visiblereality: very few women are placed in coordinating or managingpositions within community organizations, councils, organizations, andconservation or sustainable development projects.
There are certain guidelines that social participation mustfollow to be able to contribute to gender equity, among which it isworth noting:
Participation processes should be designed and promoted onthe basis of equal participation by women and men.
To recognize, develop and redirect the notion about “thecommunity” as a homogeneous group. It is essential to recognize
�����
�����
Within this concept, the gender equity approach enhancescommunity analysis and work involving protected areas,as it offers a series of concepts and techniques, throughwhich it is possible to visualize social implications in thecontext of their vast diversity and complexity. Asproposed by Mary H. Rojas (1999), biodiversityconservation depends on the incorporation of thepopulation, the entire community, women as well as men,whose interests and perspectives towards naturalresources may vary considerably. However, women arefrequently ill represented or not represented at all in thelocal environment, within institutions, and at a policy level,that is, at the decision-making level.
3434343434
that the community is a diverse group. This diversity principleis fundamental, as it allows a more integral vision about thesocial elements involved in an ecoregion. Ecoregions areinhabited by diverse people and social groups, and by complexsocial networks, involving variables such as age, ethnic group,and gender, among others.
To promote that biodiversity conservation efforts acknowledgethe diversity of stakeholders, the various community types, aswell as the different manners in which these are conceived.Consideration should also be given to the location of thesecommunities, that is, to those located within the protectedarea or near the border, urban centers, and regional, nationaland international groups supporting the PA. Gender relationsare vital to this community approach because they have aneffect on the organization of the communities, the domesticunits and institutions, as well as how they relate to thesurrounding environment.
To guarantee the principles of equality and equity, as well asthe mechanisms that contribute to their achievement, areelements that should be present in a cohesive, integral andmainstreamed way in every participatory process.Mainstreaming implies continued attention to equality between
women and men in policies,strategies and interventionsundertaken for the development ofa protected area.
In addition, an analysis shouldbe conducted about the impact ofconservation and development onthe relations between women andmen. This analysis should be madeprior prior prior prior prior to making important decisionsabout goals, strategies andresources (SIDA, 1997).
5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . Basic gender equity elementsBasic gender equity elementsBasic gender equity elementsBasic gender equity elementsBasic gender equity elements
As a result of the development of human rights and thedemocratization processes worldwide, equity and equality betweenwomen and men can no longer be ignored. The work and developmentof protected areas is not excluded from this reality.
�����
�����
Gender mainstreaming is not automaticallyguaranteed through women’s participationin an established program or activity. Itmust ascertain that both, women and men,become involved in the definition ofobjectives and the planning stage, so thatthe conservation and sustainabledevelopment of a protected area maymeet the needs and priorities of bothgroups.
Please referPlease referPlease referPlease referPlease referto the equityto the equityto the equityto the equityto the equityand equalityand equalityand equalityand equalityand equalitydefinitions indefinitions indefinitions indefinitions indefinitions inthe Glossarythe Glossarythe Glossarythe Glossarythe Glossaryin Annex 1in Annex 1in Annex 1in Annex 1in Annex 1
3535353535
9 ___ It does also extend to the relations between men and men and between women and women.
The incorporation of the gender equity perspective is essentialto be able to understand and analyze issues as complex as theenvironment and sustainable development. In this respect,Velázquez, M. (1995) points out that: “Sustainability should beconceived and operated within the context of a development agendaelaborated from a gender perspective, acknowledging that althoughthe change about gender relations is not enough, it is a conditionnecessary to achieve ecological and social sustainability within acontext of true equity”.
Gender relations are those established between women andmen9, based on the manner in which a certain culture and societyunderstands the meaning of being a man or woman. These relationsaffect all scopes of daily life. From a conservationist perspective,the use, access and control of natural resources, as well as otherareas or goods, are affected by the gender relations establishedwithin a given community. Women and men use the resources andexpress themselves in different ways about their environmentalsetting. Involvement in environmental management does also takeplace in different ways, being closely interrelated to age, socialclass and culture.
The purpose is not to make a binary analysis about men-womenparticipation, but to attain a clear understanding about the relationsbetween both groups, to ultimately contribute to overcome thehistorically disadvantageous situation of women, and proposestrategies to include a gender perspective in the conservationinitiatives undertaken in the PA.
In social sciences, the use of the gender concept is only 25years old, during which period several trends and positions haveemerged, some converge and others are opposed (Lamas, 1996). Itshould be pointed out that the meaning of the words is notchangeless, but it is, inevitably, subject to changes resulting fromthe cultural and historical processes affecting their use.
Riquer, F. (1993) states that gendergendergendergendergender is a term used to stressthat the inequalities between sexes are not explained by theiranatomical-physiological characteristics, but by the unequal andunfair treatment and value that is socially applied to women andmen. In this sense, gender implies the cultural, economic, and socialconditions upon which certain standards, values and behavioralpatterns are based with respect to the sexes and their relation.
It is not aIt is not aIt is not aIt is not aIt is not abinary analysisbinary analysisbinary analysisbinary analysisbinary analysis
about men-about men-about men-about men-about men-womenwomenwomenwomenwomen
participationparticipationparticipationparticipationparticipation
3636363636
a .a .a .a .a . Language precisenessLanguage precisenessLanguage precisenessLanguage precisenessLanguage preciseness1010101010
An initial difficulty in using the concept of gender is that itscurrent meaning stems from the Anglo-Saxon circle, and in Spanishthe term gender does not have the same meaning as in English. InSpanish, gender has a broader meaning: it refers to the class,species, or type to which things belong to, to a taxonomic group,items or goods subject to trading, and cloth. In English, gender hasa more restricted meaning, pointing directly at the sexes; thus,reference is made to the gender of an animal, a plant, or person, asthese are sexed beings.
b .b .b .b .b . What is the difference between sex and gender?What is the difference between sex and gender?What is the difference between sex and gender?What is the difference between sex and gender?What is the difference between sex and gender?
By sexsexsexsexsex is understood the set of hereditary or geneticallyacquired biological characteristics, which organize individuals in twocategories; whereas gendergendergendergendergender is a social construction that assigns tomen and women a series of socially differentiated characteristicsand roles.
Being born under a given sex, that is, with a series of biologicalcharacteristics, defines the expectations of parents and society asa whole about the newborn baby, the direction the baby will receiveabout what is right and wrong at the level of the household, theschool, life in general; the most adequate career; the way feelingsought to be expressed, the way to express love, to show satisfaction;to live, to understand the world, and the person’s role within theworld. There is a definition about what is right, required, desirable,possible that we all learn as part of becoming a man or woman.
Gender is built upon sexual characteristics. It refersto the set of specific activities, roles, social relations,behavior, and subjectivity for a given sexed body.
Gender relations are based upon the standards, practices,symbols, and values socially developed and shaped. They are notuniversal and change from one culture to the other. Therefore, insome places feminine and masculine things may be understooddifferently. The gender system is socially built, it is dynamic andchanging, and that is—precisely—why it can be modified.
10 ___ Taken from the National System for the Integral Development of the Family (DIF), México,1998.
We tend toWe tend toWe tend toWe tend toWe tend tomake themake themake themake themake the
mistake ofmistake ofmistake ofmistake ofmistake ofthinking thatthinking thatthinking thatthinking thatthinking that
gender impliesgender impliesgender impliesgender impliesgender impliesmakingmakingmakingmakingmaking
reference toreference toreference toreference toreference towomen or thewomen or thewomen or thewomen or thewomen or theperspective ofperspective ofperspective ofperspective ofperspective ofthe femeninethe femeninethe femeninethe femeninethe femenine
sexsexsexsexsex
3737373737
For example, a few years agoin many countries around the worldwomen were not allowed to possessland in their name, nor was itpossible for women to inherit land.Thanks to legislation modifications,both—at a national and interna-tional level— nowadays there arewomen in some countries in Africa,Latin America and Asia who arelandowners.
Another significant charac-teristic is that gender building isinterrelated with other conditionswithin society. For instance,ethnicity, social class, age, andreligion.
For this reason, all people,women and men of different ages,cultures, ethnic groups, socialclasses, and places, have a
different gender experience and identity, assigned by their socialgroup at the time of their birth, which factors define how theyshould be in accordance with the roles assigned to their sex.
c .c .c .c .c . From natural differences to social inequalitiesFrom natural differences to social inequalitiesFrom natural differences to social inequalitiesFrom natural differences to social inequalitiesFrom natural differences to social inequalities
Alone, differences between women and men do not causeinequality. But when the social group assigns a value to thesedifferences, the situation changes, and inequalities occur in thedevelopment and wellbeing of women and men (men are worth morethan women).
The inequality resulting from this social valuation prevents bothsexes from having the same access to opportunities for theirpersonal and group development. Gender studies and theory havemade it possible to learn about the contents of inequality. Thesecontents are expressed and take different shapes in all settingsinvolving male and female relations, as well as their actions.
It is generally believed that women are less capable of makingdecisions and holding positions of authority.
The living conditions of an american indianfisherwoman, widowed, poor, forty yearsold, are not the same as those for a whitewoman, widowed, wealthy, forty years old.
Gender Gender Gender Gender Gender is not synonymous with women.Gender Gender Gender Gender Gender refers to how societies definedifferent roles, rights and responsibilitiesfor men and women. Gender roles, rightsand responsibilities are variable and maychange. What is important about theconcept of gender gender gender gender gender is that when using itsocial relations between the sexes aredesignated.
FollowingFollowingFollowingFollowingFollowingare someformsare someformsare someformsare someformsare someformsof expressionof expressionof expressionof expressionof expression
of theseof theseof theseof theseof theseinequalities:inequalities:inequalities:inequalities:inequalities:
�����
3838383838
For sustainable development achievementpurposes, each person has duties andresponsibilities to fulfill, to be ablealtogether to make the expected changes.If participants are in a position ofdisadvantage, subordination or oppression(because of gender, age, ethnicity, classor socio-economic status, religion, politics,among others), it will be extremely hardto reach the very minimum agreementsneeded to acknowledge each other on abasis of equality: persons with whomtasks can be shared, and who are trustingand reliable.
In some countries the investments related to the education ofgirls is significantly lower than for boys, basing this on theassumption that girls need not study as they will remain athome when they grow up.
Men enjoy far more freedom than women. For instance, manywomen have to ask permission from their spouses to go out ofthe house.
Little or no access for women to own resources such as land,forests, fishing gear. Goods are generally in the name of men.
Thus, social mandate encourages the development of certaincharacteristics that are specific to the feminine gender and others
to the masculine gender, assigninga higher value to the masculinegender.
Therefore, PA conservationand resource managementinitiatives require mechanisms toenable identification of theseinequalities and taking thenecessary measures to contributeto gender equity. This involves thedevelopment of multiple strategiesto provide the conservationinitiative with appropriate basisand methodologies for thedefinition of policies and actions todecrease and suppress genderinequalities.
d .d .d .d .d . Tell me who you are and I’ll tell you how muchTell me who you are and I’ll tell you how muchTell me who you are and I’ll tell you how muchTell me who you are and I’ll tell you how muchTell me who you are and I’ll tell you how muchyou are worthyou are worthyou are worthyou are worthyou are worth
Gender organization does also establish the type of activitiesperformed by the masculine gender and those carried out by thefeminine gender as well as their social placement. There is a genericdivision of work, sports, politics, economy, culture, and in all of theactivities carried out within society.
Work division entails a process whereby a distinctiveassignment and distribution is made of tasks, the spaces where theytake place, the responsibilities established regarding compliance ornon compliance with the tasks, the resources to carry them out, aswell as the control of the benefits generated by such activities.
�����
�����
�����
3939393939
Gender confers certain skills and abilities to women and men,which fact leads to the assignment of specific tasks andresponsibilities, depending on the traditionally assigned identity:the role of household supplier for the masculine gender, and areproductive role for the feminine gender.
This work division is equally specific for each culture, eachgeographical situation, and according to the household’s economicsituation, and its access to productive and reproductive resources.
The work carried out by human beings does, basically, takeplace within three settings:
Reproductive workReproductive workReproductive workReproductive workReproductive workIt comprises activities related to biological reproduction, in
addition to those involving household maintenance, socialization andboys’ and girls’ education, health care, food, and all other relatedtasks.
Productive workProductive workProductive workProductive workProductive workIt includes income-generating activities, goods, services or
benefits for individual consumption or commercialization, throughwhich family reproduction is ascertained.
Community workCommunity workCommunity workCommunity workCommunity workIt refers to the activities carried out in the community to
ensure family reproduction, protection and improvement of livingconditions, and community organization.
As seen above, gender building considers women’s activities as“complementary”. “You take care of the household and I providefor the food”. However, these activities are not assigned the samevalue as the men’s productive work. Social reproduction tasks arenot valued economically or socially, and receive no recognition,whereas productive tasks are overvalued. It is taken for grantedthat the male is the one who works and provides for the family, andthat the women, boys and girls only help. Normally, all incomegenerated by productive activities remains in the hands of and underthe decision of the man, who controls “expenditures” and at timesdevotes some income to reproductive activities.
Women, instead, receive no remuneration for the work carriedout in the household, and most of the time, they have to look forways to cover the expenses generated by family reproduction andsupport, as a result of which, they need to find work outside oftheir home, carrying out either formal or informal productiveactivities (for example, food preparation and sale). Thus, womenare engaged in up to two or three work shifts.
WomenWomenWomenWomenWomenare engagedare engagedare engagedare engagedare engaged
in up to two orin up to two orin up to two orin up to two orin up to two orthree workthree workthree workthree workthree work
shiftsshiftsshiftsshiftsshifts
For a detailedFor a detailedFor a detailedFor a detailedFor a detaileddefinitiondefinitiondefinitiondefinitiondefinition
about theseabout theseabout theseabout theseabout thesesettings,settings,settings,settings,settings,
please referplease referplease referplease referplease referto Chapterto Chapterto Chapterto Chapterto ChapterIII and theIII and theIII and theIII and theIII and the
GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossary
4040404040
It should be noted that the production costs of any type ofgood or service, which do not contemplate the feminine “triple workshift”11 , are not considered real costs. “If women had unrestrictedaccess to work opportunities, the cost of staying home andperforming non-remunerated tasks, would be extremely high”(Campillo, F. and Pérez, L., 1998). In other words, even thoughreproductive work supports the productive work, the value of theseactivities is neither calculated nor taken into consideration whenestimating production costs.
Another important aspect that should be taken intoconsideration is the use and enjoyment of time. It is falsely assumedthat reproductive work, household work, is less extenuating andeasier to carry out than productive work, as a result of which, whenthe man returns home, he devotes his time to feed himself andrest. It is generally assumed that the woman wastes her time duringthe day. In addition, it is considered “natural” for her to take overeverything involving family reproduction and support. Should it benecessary to walk several kilometers to get water for cooking, thisactivity does implicitly correspond to the reproduction tasks, andtherefore, is to be carried out by the woman. Thus, there is noextra time available for women to get involved in projects ororganizations, training, recreation, education, or time for themselves.
e .e .e .e .e . Who, how and where are decisions made?Who, how and where are decisions made?Who, how and where are decisions made?Who, how and where are decisions made?Who, how and where are decisions made?
Decision-making and power exercising are just as unequal. Publicdecisions have a higher value than private (household) decisions.Yet, in both cases, it is the man who makes the decisions, even aboutactivities carried out by the women.
Thus, the activities involving training and access to knowledgeand education are, generally, undertaken by men, who have theopportunity of becoming empowered through these new experiences,not only because of the newly acquired knowledge, but also becauseof the social recognition received. Women face far more restrictionsto undergo a training process leading to skilled labor, income-generating activities, and greater recognition. When this is thecase, they have to deal with another problem: coverage of thereproductive activities, who fills in for them?
Often times, the daughters take over these tasks, or assistanceis requested from other women, relatives, grandmothers, orneighbors. It is no easy task for women to become fully involved
11 ___ It refers to women’s simultaneous participation in productive, reproductive, and communitymanagement activities. Traditionally, this term has been used to visualize the women’s laborburden posed by the three roles they perform.
4141414141
The goal of female empowermentfemale empowermentfemale empowermentfemale empowermentfemale empowerment is to transform theideology, the structures and institutions that reinforceand perpetuate gender discrimination, resorting tomechanisms such as training, participation, organization,and exercising of full citizenship rights.
12 ___ The main concepts of this section were extracted from Module 5 of the “Toward Equity”series.
in development processes, precisely, because participation demandstime and tranquility. And this can only be attained if the women andmen of the same community agree upon the changes needed toachieve equity jointly. This entails understanding about the effortsbeing made towards the development of the entire community, notjust a few of its members.
f .f .f .f .f . Why do we talk about empowerment?Why do we talk about empowerment?Why do we talk about empowerment?Why do we talk about empowerment?Why do we talk about empowerment?1212121212
EmpowermentEmpowermentEmpowermentEmpowermentEmpowerment is a process whereby people gain increasing powerand control over their lives. It involves awareness, self-confidence,broadening of options and opportunities, and increasing access toand control of the resources. Empowerment comes from “inside”,from the individuals’ themselves, it cannot be granted by others(SIDA, 1997).
Women’s empowerment is a process of change, whereby womensteadily increase their access to power, resulting in thetransformation of unequal power relations between genders.
We could say that empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment is the challenge posed byexisting power relations, as well as the process to gain greater controlover power sources. It is revealed as a redistribution of powerbetween genders.
Under this premise, the process of empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment extends itsscope of action to all institutions, structures, and relevant sourcesof power, within which, conservation and development initiatives may,undoubtedly, be included.
It should also be stressed that women’s empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment empowerment is aprocess towards equity, which grants freedom to men, as well. Itcontributes to reduce the machismo element, allowing men to freethemselves from the stereotyped roles that limit their personaldevelopment.
4242424242
13 ___ This section is based on the book “The Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity Policies Withinthe Mesoamerican Environmental Sector”. (Aguilar, L. et.al., 1999).
14 ___ As proposed by Celia Amorós, this man alone is not the great man, the subject par excellenceof the philosophical treatise: obviously, it is certain males, belonging to certain predominantor influential groups, or linked to socially significant forces (Amorós, C.,1991).
6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . How is conservation work linked to equity andHow is conservation work linked to equity andHow is conservation work linked to equity andHow is conservation work linked to equity andHow is conservation work linked to equity andequality among human beings?equality among human beings?equality among human beings?equality among human beings?equality among human beings?1313131313
Throughout past years we have been stressing the fact thatthere can be no conservation and sustainable development withoutequity, and that this is a pre-requisite for any actions aiming atimproving the people’s quality of life. However, the relationshipbetween conservation, sustainable development and equity does notyet seem quite clear.
Science and philosophy have developed a conceptual andtheoretical framework that views human populations as homogeneousgroups. To this effect, they have created the universalization ofhuman beings represented by “the man”14. Based on this premise,for many decades experts have been developing tools for datagathering, conducting appraisals, designing policies, and directingdevelopment towards that “man” as the representative par excellenceof boys, girls, women, elderly people, and young people.
These philosophical notions are deeply rooted into the guidelinesof the conservationist movement, and contradict the principles ofrecognition and regard for biodiversity. This is quite confusing, asthere is great similarity between the paradigms of theconservationist movement and those promoted by the advocates ofequity and equality among human beings.
In accordance with Amorós, C. (1991), conservationism or theecological conscience, poses a new and self-critical form of awarenessabout the human species, as an inadequate species suicidally settledin its natural environment. It denounces the extremely irrationalnature of this situation, and appeals to the sense of survival of thespecies in light of the destructive and self-destructive unawarenessand megalomania that have accompanied certain civilization options.
If conservationism represents—or at least may—if adequatelyproposed, represent a form of profound self-critical awareness aboutthe human species regarding its insertion into and relation with theenvironment, the equity and equality advocacy movements representself-criticism of the human species regarding how it has exercisedand defined its own role as a species.
4343434343
BothBothBothBothBothpremisespremisespremisespremisespremises
complementcomplementcomplementcomplementcomplementeach other ineach other ineach other ineach other ineach other in
the face of thethe face of thethe face of thethe face of thethe face of thecrisis of ourcrisis of ourcrisis of ourcrisis of ourcrisis of our
presentpresentpresentpresentpresentcivilizationcivilizationcivilizationcivilizationcivilization
Thus, just as conservationism denounces how the human specieshas mistreated nature, the equity and equality promoting movementdenounces how the human species has oppressed the other half ofitself. Furthermore, the gender equity perspectivegender equity perspectivegender equity perspectivegender equity perspectivegender equity perspective stems fromthe visibilization and acknowledgement of social, personal and culturaldiversity. That is, it rescues the heterogeneity of the social groups,just as conservationists consider the value, regard, acknowledgementand importance of biodiversity. Another coincidental aspect is thatboth positions propose a new form of life, more integral and holistic,where importance is granted to the various life scopes (Vega,S.,1995). We may conclude, therefore, that both premisescomplement each other in the face of the crisis of our presentcivilization.
The commitment of ecological awareness advocates whopromote equity and equality, consists on looking for innovativeformulas to relate to nature and re-distribute and re-elaborate theinternal relations of our own specie. This will lead us to initiate apermanent and liberating process, promoting the introduction ofnew cultural forms, adopting a way of living and feeling reality basedon relations of equity and autonomy between genders and nature.Under this context, our challenge lies on contributing to theinstitutionalization of these new cultural forms throughout the entireprocess involved in the development of conservation initiatives in PA.
7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . What does it mean to work from a gender equityWhat does it mean to work from a gender equityWhat does it mean to work from a gender equityWhat does it mean to work from a gender equityWhat does it mean to work from a gender equityperspective?perspective?perspective?perspective?perspective?
As a result of the above, we may conclude that working from agender equity perspective is far more than mere “women’s activitiesfor women”. It comprises an approach, strategies and actions forwomen and men alike. Working from a gender equity perspectivemeans to acknowledge the unequal power relations between genders,and undertake a series of actions at all levels, involving women andmen in the construction of participatory and equitable relations inthe conservation and sustainable development processes.
This identification makes visible the role differences regardingaccess to and control of natural resources and the distribution ofcosts and benefits; it also allows identification of unequalparticipation in decision making and abilities, interests and needs ofeach gender.
Therefore, working from a gender equity perspective, meansinitiating a permanent and liberating process, that includes men,women, boys, girls, and young people, at different moments (design,appraisal, planning, implementation, evaluation, and monitoring),allowing their full participation in the development of a society.
4444444444
Gender scholars should review theconcepts involving humanity and nature,and broaden the perception about humancondition. From this perspective, learningabout women does also involve learningabout men. The study of gender makes itpossible to understand women, not as anisolated aspect of society, but as anintegral part of it (Conway, J., et.al.,1996).
To achieve this vision, it is necessary to promote social learningprocesses to demolish the current gender identity construction.Within PA, it is necessary to establish activities designed to matchopportunities, by developing strategies for the integration of both,men and women, into every activity, promoting the autonomy of thelatter.
Summarizing, working under agender approach involves theincorporation of a new vision andway of feeling and living reality,based on relations of equity andautonomy between genders (menand women). It is the awarenessabout the participation of womenand men as agents and subjects ofdevelopment, which entailscongruence between the conceptadopted and the way of life.
Metaphorically speaking, itcan be said that “this is about using an appropriate lens to ensureobtaining a complete photograph”.
X
4545454545
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Aguilar, L., et.al. The Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesThe Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesThe Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesThe Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesThe Unavoidable Current. Gender Equity PoliciesWithin the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector.Within the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector.Within the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector.Within the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector.Within the Mesoamerican Environmental Sector. IUCN-Ed.Absoluto. San Jose, Costa Rica. 1999.
Aguilar, L. and Castañeda, I. About Fishermen, Fisherwomen, OceansAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, OceansAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, OceansAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, OceansAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceansand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zonesand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zonesand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zonesand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zonesand Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zones.IUCN-Ed. Absoluto. San Jose, Costa Rica. 2000.
Amorós, C. Hacia una crítica de la razón patriarcalHacia una crítica de la razón patriarcalHacia una crítica de la razón patriarcalHacia una crítica de la razón patriarcalHacia una crítica de la razón patriarcal..... 2nd. Edition.Ed. Anthropos. Barcelona, Spain. 1991.
Barrow, E. Trees and Spirituality Forest Conservation is muchTrees and Spirituality Forest Conservation is muchTrees and Spirituality Forest Conservation is muchTrees and Spirituality Forest Conservation is muchTrees and Spirituality Forest Conservation is muchmore than Mere Usemore than Mere Usemore than Mere Usemore than Mere Usemore than Mere Use. In press. Kenya. 2002.
Benet R., Soares, D. and Setién M. . . . . Diseño de una estrategia deDiseño de una estrategia deDiseño de una estrategia deDiseño de una estrategia deDiseño de una estrategia departicipación social en las ANP´s:participación social en las ANP´s:participación social en las ANP´s:participación social en las ANP´s:participación social en las ANP´s: Social Participation annex.Mimeo. Mexico. n.d.
Cifuentes, M., et.al. . . . . Medición de la efectividad del manejo deMedición de la efectividad del manejo deMedición de la efectividad del manejo deMedición de la efectividad del manejo deMedición de la efectividad del manejo deáreas protegidasáreas protegidasáreas protegidasáreas protegidasáreas protegidas..... WWF-IUCN-GTZ. Turrialba, Costa Rica.2000.
Conway, J., et.al. El concepto de género. El concepto de género. El concepto de género. El concepto de género. El concepto de género. In: Lamas, M. El género:El género:El género:El género:El género:la construcción cultural de la diferencia sexualla construcción cultural de la diferencia sexualla construcción cultural de la diferencia sexualla construcción cultural de la diferencia sexualla construcción cultural de la diferencia sexual. UNAM-PUEG.Mexico.1996.
Hockings, M., et.al. Evaluating Effectiveness. A Framework forEvaluating Effectiveness. A Framework forEvaluating Effectiveness. A Framework forEvaluating Effectiveness. A Framework forEvaluating Effectiveness. A Framework forAssessing The Management of Protected AreasAssessing The Management of Protected AreasAssessing The Management of Protected AreasAssessing The Management of Protected AreasAssessing The Management of Protected Areas. Best PracticeProtected Area Guidelines Series No. 6. Cardiff University.IUCN. 2000.
IUCN. Protected Areas in the 21Protected Areas in the 21Protected Areas in the 21Protected Areas in the 21Protected Areas in the 21ststststst Century: From Islands to Century: From Islands to Century: From Islands to Century: From Islands to Century: From Islands toNetworks. Networks. Networks. Networks. Networks. Conference Report. Albany, Western Australia.January, 1998.
IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, and theWorld Conservation Monitoring Center. Guidelines for ProtectedGuidelines for ProtectedGuidelines for ProtectedGuidelines for ProtectedGuidelines for ProtectedAreas Management. Areas Management. Areas Management. Areas Management. Areas Management. Gland, Switzerland and CambridgeGland, Switzerland and CambridgeGland, Switzerland and CambridgeGland, Switzerland and CambridgeGland, Switzerland and Cambridge. Gland,Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. 1994.
IUCN. Commission on Protected Areas, European Committee Officefor Development Parks for Biodiversity. Policy Guidance BasedParks for Biodiversity. Policy Guidance BasedParks for Biodiversity. Policy Guidance BasedParks for Biodiversity. Policy Guidance BasedParks for Biodiversity. Policy Guidance Basedon Experience in ACP countrieson Experience in ACP countrieson Experience in ACP countrieson Experience in ACP countrieson Experience in ACP countries..... Brussels, Belgium. 1999.
IUCN/CMAP. Áreas protegidas. Beneficios más allá de lasÁreas protegidas. Beneficios más allá de lasÁreas protegidas. Beneficios más allá de lasÁreas protegidas. Beneficios más allá de lasÁreas protegidas. Beneficios más allá de lasfronterasfronterasfronterasfronterasfronteras. Gland, Switzerland. 2000.
4646464646
Kisioh, H. Using Protected Areas more Effectively for ConservingUsing Protected Areas more Effectively for ConservingUsing Protected Areas more Effectively for ConservingUsing Protected Areas more Effectively for ConservingUsing Protected Areas more Effectively for ConservingBiodiversity. Biodiversity. Biodiversity. Biodiversity. Biodiversity. In: IUCN-Protected Areas and Conservation inthe New Millennium: A Regional Symposium. Proceedings of the50 th Anniversary Celebration in Eastern Africa. IUCN-EasternAfrica Regional Office. Kenya. 1998.
Lamas, M. El género: la construcción cultural de la diferenciaEl género: la construcción cultural de la diferenciaEl género: la construcción cultural de la diferenciaEl género: la construcción cultural de la diferenciaEl género: la construcción cultural de la diferenciasexualsexualsexualsexualsexual. UNAM-PUEG. Mexico. 1996.
Riquer, F. Población y géneroPoblación y géneroPoblación y géneroPoblación y géneroPoblación y género. Consejo Nacional de Población(CONAPO). (Mimeo). Mexico. 1993.
Rojas, M.H. Working with Community-Base Conservation with aWorking with Community-Base Conservation with aWorking with Community-Base Conservation with aWorking with Community-Base Conservation with aWorking with Community-Base Conservation with aGender Focus: A Guide.Gender Focus: A Guide.Gender Focus: A Guide.Gender Focus: A Guide.Gender Focus: A Guide. Case Study No. 3. MERGE. FloridaUniversity. USA. 1999.
SIDA Plan of Action: Development for Policies and Legal ServicesPlan of Action: Development for Policies and Legal ServicesPlan of Action: Development for Policies and Legal ServicesPlan of Action: Development for Policies and Legal ServicesPlan of Action: Development for Policies and Legal Services.SIDA: Sweden. 1997.
Sistema Nacional para el Desarrollo Integral de la Familia (DIF) LaLaLaLaLaperspectiva de género, una herramienta para construirperspectiva de género, una herramienta para construirperspectiva de género, una herramienta para construirperspectiva de género, una herramienta para construirperspectiva de género, una herramienta para construirequidad entre mujeres y hombresequidad entre mujeres y hombresequidad entre mujeres y hombresequidad entre mujeres y hombresequidad entre mujeres y hombres. Mexico, D.F. 1998.
Vega,S.(ed) La dimensión de género en las políticas y accionesLa dimensión de género en las políticas y accionesLa dimensión de género en las políticas y accionesLa dimensión de género en las políticas y accionesLa dimensión de género en las políticas y accionesambientales ecuatorianasambientales ecuatorianasambientales ecuatorianasambientales ecuatorianasambientales ecuatorianas..... CEPLADES-UNFPA. Ecuador.1995.
Velázquez, M. (comp.) Género y ambiente en LatinoaméricaGénero y ambiente en LatinoaméricaGénero y ambiente en LatinoaméricaGénero y ambiente en LatinoaméricaGénero y ambiente en Latinoamérica. CRIM-UNAM. Mexico. 1995.
Zaldaña, C.P. In Unity There is Power. Processes of ParticipationIn Unity There is Power. Processes of ParticipationIn Unity There is Power. Processes of ParticipationIn Unity There is Power. Processes of ParticipationIn Unity There is Power. Processes of Participationand Empowerment. and Empowerment. and Empowerment. and Empowerment. and Empowerment. “““““Toward Equity” series No. 5, IUCN-AriasFoundation. Ed. Absoluto. San Jose, Costa, Rica. 1999.
4747474747
STAR
TIN
G TH
E PR
OCE
SSST
ARTI
NG
THE
PRO
CESS
STAR
TIN
G TH
E PR
OCE
SSST
ARTI
NG
THE
PRO
CESS
STAR
TIN
G TH
E PR
OCE
SS
4848484848
4949494949
IIIIIIIIIISELECTION, LEGAL FRAMEWORK,SELECTION, LEGAL FRAMEWORK,SELECTION, LEGAL FRAMEWORK,SELECTION, LEGAL FRAMEWORK,SELECTION, LEGAL FRAMEWORK,
AND IDENTIFICATION OFAND IDENTIFICATION OFAND IDENTIFICATION OFAND IDENTIFICATION OFAND IDENTIFICATION OFSTAKEHOLDERS IN PROTECTED AREASSTAKEHOLDERS IN PROTECTED AREASSTAKEHOLDERS IN PROTECTED AREASSTAKEHOLDERS IN PROTECTED AREASSTAKEHOLDERS IN PROTECTED AREAS
As pointed out in Chapter I, there are many definitions andclassifications for PA. It would be impossible to adopt one singlemodel, as this diversity does—indeed—reflect the complexity andmultiplicity of factors and conditions involved in the definition ofobjectives and PA administration and management options. Thus, itshould be recalled at all times, that the guidelines herein proposedshould be adapted to each category, region, and culture where theywill be applied.
The methodological proposal presented is based on a logicalsequence where, ideally, the gender perspective should be consideredthroughout the entire process, from the identification and selectionof a PA, to its monitoring and evaluation. However, this is not alwaysthe case; most PA have been declared and managed without anyconsideration to the gender equity perspective. Therefore, undercertain circumstances, the specialists involved in a PA will have todecide the most adequate moment to begin the process, even if thePA is already operating.
From a gender equity perspective, it is perfectly feasible tomake revisions at any moment during the development of aconservation initiative for a PA, provided it follows the concept thatthe actions involving conservation and sustainable use of naturalresources, are part of a process that is under continuous revisionand reformulation.
Nevertheless, attention is drawn to the common practice thatit is possible to “add” or “glue” gender to plans already designed. Itis mistakenly thought that this can be done by a gender specialist.A gender perspective is not about having an annex or paragraphdisconnected from the rest of the planning and administrationinstruments of conservation initiatives for a PA, nor can it be aliento the people involved in the PA. “Gender annexes” usually stayinside of a desk drawer, because of the fact that no one knows what
Gender is notGender is notGender is notGender is notGender is notsomethingsomethingsomethingsomethingsomething
that can bethat can bethat can bethat can bethat can beglue or addglue or addglue or addglue or addglue or add
5050505050
to do with them, or how to implement the recommendations proposed,nor do they obtain adequate resource allocation. Gendermainstreaming cannot be worked out by adding feminine endings tothe documents, or mentioning that everything will be done based on“a gender perspective”. The same holds true regarding sustainability:a project will not be sustainable by simply saying so.
In practice, gender equity mainstreaming implies revision andredesign of all the relevant aspects of a PA initiative, project orprogramme, but this revision can be started at any stage andgradually make progress.
This chapter addresses the three initial stages of aconservation initiative in PA. We have included them under onesingle chapter because of their briefness and because many of therecommendations applicable to them are further developed in thefollowing chapters. These are:
1. Identification and selection of a PA
2. Developing the legal framework
3. Identification of stakeholders
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Identification and selection of a PAIdentification and selection of a PAIdentification and selection of a PAIdentification and selection of a PAIdentification and selection of a PA
Several criteria should be taken into consideration when makingthe selection; namely, biogeographical, ecological, economic, social,scientific, national and international relevance, viability or potentialfor replication. Through an adequate combination of these criteriait will be possible to balance the purposes of conservation with theneeds of the local communities and the people who might depend onthe PA resources for their way of life.
Selection criteria cannot be restricted to biological orecological aspects without considering human beings. A significantnumber of PA around the world are inhabited and their populationdepend directly on the natural resources for subsistence: in LatinAmerica 86% of PA are inhabited by people, and in Northern andWestern Europe 80% to 90% of all PA are inhabited in a seasonalmanner, particularly for grazing purposes. It can be stated thatthere is no patch of ground in the planet that has not been affected,either directly or indirectly, by human activity.
5151515151
The gender perspective, based on socialequity, contributes to the achievement ofbalance between the importance of thevarious interests of the people, groups andlocal communities, and the conservationobjectives of the PA. Thus, -from aparticular experience-, changes can bepromoted concerning PA-related local andnational legal procedures, regulations andpublic policies, in order to make them moreefficient and fair.
At the time of making the selection and declaration of a PA,the local population should, ideally, be convinced that the existenceof the PA will make positive contributions to their quality of life. Itis essential to develop ways whereby people will be able to live in aproductive and sustainable manner, while preserving biodiversity.
The concepts delimiting protection borders to keep thepopulation away from these areas, or that force their displacementthrough coercive methods, have been disastrous, not only from asocio-economic point of view, but have also proven non-viable from abiodiversity protection stand point. New ways are now widelyaccepted to address conservation objectives, through which humanactivities and social relations should be duly considered at all stagesof PA conservation initiatives.
A pre-appraisal is essential to attain an integral vision aboutthe selection and establishment of a PA. This pre-appraisal shouldbe undertaken by a multi-disciplinary team (women and men) andthe participation of the potential PA stakeholders. To carry outthe pre-appraisal from a gender equity perspective, the authorssuggest using the guidelines and recommendations included in ChapterIII of this book.
The activities involving the selection and establishment of aPA are, usually, carried out by a small team, far away from the actualsite, without the participation of the communities involved, andwithout a gender perspective. This should not discourage theattempts made towards gender equity, since the design of the PAManagement Plan or its revision may be a good time to begin the
analysis and instrumentation of thegender approach. Furthermore,the appraisal or remaining stepsmay also contribute to correct theoversights made in the declarationstatement.
Decrees or declarationsrepresent “the legal infrastructureneeded to change the managementrelations prevailing in ecosystemsand natural resources, as well asthe organization of localcommunities and relevant intereststowards sustainable development”(SEMARNAP, 1996).
5252525252In Chapter IIn Chapter IIn Chapter IIn Chapter IIn Chapter I
the eco-the eco-the eco-the eco-the eco-regionalregionalregionalregionalregional
approach isapproach isapproach isapproach isapproach isdescribedescribedescribedescribedescribe
Because of general ignorance aboutenvironmental legislation for PAestablishment and management, as well asgender equity legislation, there are manytimes when group or individual decisionsare made, which either restrictmanagement or the implementation of theactivities undertaken, or result inviolations to legal orders.
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . Developing the legal frameworkDeveloping the legal frameworkDeveloping the legal frameworkDeveloping the legal frameworkDeveloping the legal framework
The legal procedures involving the creation of a PA will dependon each country’s legislation. In general terms, these are enforcedthrough decrees that transform a geographical space (land oraquatic) into a protected natural area.
In other words, the decree establishes a new legal andinstitutional context over clearly delimited territorial and ecologicalunits.
The ecoregional approach, may be useful at the time of makingthe legal formalization, as the ecosystems and their dynamics donot fit into the political and administrative delimitations of aterritory, for which reason a regulatory plan is needed to helpovercome fragmentation. An integral approach to conservation will,most likely, imply an extensive revision of current legislation in manycountries, as it may be insufficient, inadequate, or presentinconsistencies or contradictions.
An element of strategic importance for the successfulestablishment and management of PA, is an appropriate legalframework and adequate social, institutional and political conditionsto enable enforcement. In many countries, enforcement constitutesthe “Achilles’ heel” of PA-related environmental legislation. Adequatelaws, regulations and policies do not suffice; a sine qua non conditionto ensure compliance is the appropriation by the population andinstitutions of the legal and regulatory instruments.
PA are classified at a national and international level within alegal framework related not only to environmental legislation but
also to the set of multi-sectorallaws and regulations involving PAterritory and spheres of action.Hence, it is necessary to identifyall of the dispositions (laws,regulations, official rules, decrees,treaties, agreements and notices)directly related to PA management,as well as those promoting genderequity. Management of saidinstruments will be a useful tool tovalidate and support conservationand sustainability initiatives in aPA.
5353535353
Experts responsible for PA management and administration,researchers, field professionals and, in general, all people and groupsinvolved in the PA, are strongly advised to learn about the legal andregulatory instruments involved in PA establishment and management.
When carrying out the analysis, itis essential to bear in mind thatlegal dispositions have a differenteffect on the various populations,and within these, men and womenare impacted differently.
It should be pointed out thatmanagement and completeunderstanding of all legal andregulatory instruments ispractically impossible; thisrequires specialists on the varioussubjects. However, it is also truethat knowledge and management ofapplicable legislation contributesto the empowerment process, andthat adequate mechanisms shouldbe implemented to facilitateunderstanding.
a .a .a .a .a . The significance of legislationThe significance of legislationThe significance of legislationThe significance of legislationThe significance of legislation
The establishment of a PA in a country, is—most of the time—accompanied by the promulgation of new laws or the modification ofexisting ones. PA specific legislation is the starting point for therevision of the existing legal framework. Quite commonly, the lawsthat regulate PA or the decrees about their creation, lack congruencewith respect to other laws or may result openly contradictory.Therefore, the establishment of an adequate legal framework is aprocess that should also be open to continued revision andimprovement.
To the extent where PA are related to biodiversity conservationand the sustainable use of natural resources, it is advisable to reviewother laws related to:
Environmental laws and laws that regulate natural resourcesand biodiversity: about wildlife, ecological and territoriallegislation, and environmental impact surveys.
Laws that regulate fishing activities, including regulationsinvolving permit issuance and prohibitions (close seasons),sanctions and incentives.
The application of existing regulations anddispositions constitutes one of the mostdifficult aspects to implement, both indeveloping as well as developed countries.The goal would be to have regulationsgenerally accepted by the majority ofsociety and which can be enforced.The opportunities for this depend on thelevel of knowledge of the citizens and thecredibility of government programs.In any case, it is often necessary to applythe law in an objective and strong manner,when the parties clearly benefit from non-compliance (World Bank, 1996).
�����
�����
Other lawsOther lawsOther lawsOther lawsOther laws
5454545454
Laws about maritime rights.
Laws about hydrocarbons, geology and mining.
Land legislation, particularly land ownership, land rights, andland uses.
Forestry legislation.
Legislation about rural development.
Legislation on indigenous people.
Legislation about the use of water and basins.
Tourism-related laws.
The revision of the legal framework does not only have to verifycongruity among the different laws, but also among the various lawsapplicable to the various levels of involvement.
Local and community
Municipal
State
National
International
Revision of the legal framework should be focused on thecompatibility of the various scopes of action, as well as on theidentification of potential conflicts and legal vacuums that mightbe found.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
TheTheTheTheThefollowing fivefollowing fivefollowing fivefollowing fivefollowing fivelevels should—levels should—levels should—levels should—levels should—at least—beat least—beat least—beat least—beat least—be
analyzed:analyzed:analyzed:analyzed:analyzed:
Biodiversity conservation may be considered as a topic ofnationwide interest and, therefore, fall under federaljurisdiction; however, it is possible that the approval forthe various land uses may correspond to local or municipalauthorities. To avoid potential conflicts, the zonation andestablishment of restrictions or permits should be carriedout in full agreement with the authorities involved andthe local communities.
5555555555
b .b .b .b .b . Relevant aspects to take into account whenRelevant aspects to take into account whenRelevant aspects to take into account whenRelevant aspects to take into account whenRelevant aspects to take into account whenconsidering the legal framework from a genderconsidering the legal framework from a genderconsidering the legal framework from a genderconsidering the legal framework from a genderconsidering the legal framework from a genderequity perspectiveequity perspectiveequity perspectiveequity perspectiveequity perspective
The PA regulating legal framework should also contribute toequity, for which reason, its revision should consider at least thefollowing aspects:
Legislation should include both, conservation and sustainabledevelopment objectives; i.e., quality of life of the communitiesand people settled within PA.
High priority should be assigned to the revision of uses andcustoms and common law rights. Nevertheless caution shouldbe taken since some common laws do not promote equity.
Annex 2Annex 2Annex 2Annex 2Annex 2contains acontains acontains acontains acontains alisting oflisting oflisting oflisting oflisting of
internationalinternationalinternationalinternationalinternationalagreements,agreements,agreements,agreements,agreements,
treaties,treaties,treaties,treaties,treaties,and pactsand pactsand pactsand pactsand pacts
involving PAinvolving PAinvolving PAinvolving PAinvolving PAand genderand genderand genderand genderand gender
equityequityequityequityequity�����
�����
Indigenous populations inhabit almost 20% of the Earth,on lands that have been their home for thousands of years.They are important caretakers of the land. Quitefrequently, the lands where indigenous people live aresuperimposed by PA areas. The culture and customs ofthese communities should be carefully studied andunderstood. Their sustainable management practices, aswell as common law rights should be duly incorporatedinto the modifications made to legal frameworks. Equallyimportant is to give the utmost consideration to theirgroup land ownership rights, holy sites, and cosmo-visionwith regard to the natural resources.
Consideration regarding traditional uses, customs andrights is extremely important. Yet, this should not beused as an excuse to preserve discriminatory practicestowards women under the assumption that this “has beenthe case historically” or because of “tradition”. It isnecessary to start modifying beliefs and behaviors thatjustify women’s subordination, through the implementationof a careful process of reflection and awareness, withthe participation of both women and men. Changes cannotbe imposed or decreed; they must obey to a persuasionand consensus-building strategy at all levels.
5656565656
Explicit promotion of equity among men and women,incorporating the national, international, and local legislationrelated to women’s rights and gender equity.
Consideration about the international legal framework andgovernment-acquired commitments with respect to theconservation of biodiversity and protected areas.
Provide the legal basis for the establishment of the institutionsin charge of PA management and their interactions at thevarious levels. Institutionality should explicitly includecommunity participation; i.e., it should grant legality to theagreements and pacts signed and enforced in the PA.
True ownership of the legal instruments by the communities,the stakeholders, and the institutions involved, depends onundertaking a participatory revision process. There are somecountries where there are laws to regulate citizen participationwithin the legal framework of PA.
Of particular importance is the revision of the legal situationabout ownership, possession, and use of the land, the forest, andwater resources and, in general, the natural resources. Expropriationof the land or other resources, as well as forced displacement ofthe people and communities that have lived there and possessedthe land for hundreds of years, does, usually, result in conflict andopposition that may lead to failures regarding the PA’s conservationactivities. When it becomes necessary to and the local communitiesaccept expropriations and compensations, care should be exertedto ensure that the resources provide equal benefits to all groupmembers, families and household units, particularly the women.
c .c .c .c .c . The legal framework from a gender perspectiveThe legal framework from a gender perspectiveThe legal framework from a gender perspectiveThe legal framework from a gender perspectiveThe legal framework from a gender perspective
The revision of the legal framework from a gender perspective,implies identification of all the international, national and municipallaws, regulations and rules, promoting: the equitable use, managementand control of natural resources, equitable participation in decisionmaking, equitable distribution of benefits, and policies, to put a stopto any form of discrimination or violence towards women. If the PAdecree does explicitly establish gender equity promotion among itsobjectives, it is quite possible that it will be taken up by the peopleand institutions responsible for management plan drafting.
�����
�����
�����
5757575757
As part of the regional process promoted by IUCNthroughout Mesoamerica, the Mexican Ministry ofEnvironment and Natural Resources signed in 1999, adeclaration committing itself to the promotion of genderequity in environmental policies. This document was takenup by a group of non-governmental organizations topromote similar commitments among authorities from thecountry’s six southern states. In addition, the declarationendorsed by the wife of the Governor of the State ofTabasco, served as the setting for the Director of thatState’s Protected Natural Area of the Centla Swamps, toaccept organizing a workshop to revise the ProtectedAreas Management Plan from a gender equity perspective.
Regardless of the laws or legal processes followed in each case,the most important aspect is to be aware of the fact that thesimplest regulations are the best. Generally speaking, it can be saidthat the simplest the national regulations are, the more likely it willbe for stakeholders and local communities to abide by them.
3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . Identification of stakeholdersIdentification of stakeholdersIdentification of stakeholdersIdentification of stakeholdersIdentification of stakeholders
It should be recalled that there will always be people, groups,and institutions affected by or holding interests in a conservationinitiative, even in uninhabited PA.
A very important criterion towards a successful PA, is to includeall major stakeholders from the very beginning. The identificationof stakeholders should precede PA appraisal, if it is to be aparticipatory appraisal.
Stakeholders in a PA may be people, groups, or institutions,holding similar or conflicting interests; they may or may not beorganized in formal or informal manners; they may show attitudesof indifference towards the PA, or they may show attitudes ofcollaboration or rejection.
5858585858
Active stakeholders are those who explicitly raise theirinterests in the PA’s management, possess specificabilities (knowledge, skills) or relative advantages(proximity, community influence), and who are willing toinvest resources (time, money, political authority) in thePA conservation initiative.Potential stakeholders are those who are not interestedin the PA, or who are not organized, but who, given theircharacteristics, specific skills, relative advantages orinterests, may play an important role in the conservationinitiative or benefit from it.
AmongAmongAmongAmongAmongthethethethethe
stakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersare:are:are:are:are:
�����
�����
�����
The analysis about stakeholders should be as inclusive aspossible, taking into consideration the men and women of thedifferent groups: local residents, resource users, businessmen/women, industrialists, governmental and non-governmentalorganizations, traditional authorities, formal and informal communitygroups, universities, research centers, among others.
Nonetheless, it should be pointed out that, in contexts of ageneralized corruption or an incipient democracy, the presence ofpowerful economic stakeholders (lumber, mining, oil, etc.) maycomplicate the implementation of open participatory processes.
The people and stakeholders will comprise all the women andmen interested in the PA from the moment of its declaration;however, consideration should also be given to all those who may bepotentially involved.
Historical occupants, i.e., the people who reside within theterritory of the PA; also known as “the communities”.
The owners of PA resources (land, forests, etc.) even if theydo not reside therein.
The organizations of producers, dealers, industrialists andbusinessmen/women having or who may have an economicinterest in the PA.
5959595959
Resource users, even if they are not residents (dealers, usersof raw materials, water, labor, tourist resources, etc.).
Government institutions involved in PA (not only those directlyinvolved in the PA but also those involved in a broader context).
Local authorities.
Community associations, such as church groups, youth clubs,parents’ associations, health care promoters.
Institutions involved in research, educational and culturalactivities.
Non-governmental local, national and international organizationsinvolved in the conservation of natural and cultural resources,community development and social equity within PA or adjacentareas.
Political and law-making groups involved in the PA or who haveshown an interest in it.
Financial institutions or organizations that may becomepotential financial sources for PA management andadministration.
The identification of stakeholders should consider that anyhuman group is conformed by people of different age, sex, economic,social and cultural standing. When characterizing these groups,adequate consideration should be given to all members, theirinterests and relations. For example, the users of natural resourcesshould include women, boys and girls, and adults and elderly people,taking into account the resources used in productive activities, aswell as those used in reproductive and community1 activities.
When identifying stakeholders by occupation, it should beremembered to take into account activities such as the collectionof medicinal herbs and firewood, fishing or hunting for householdconsumption. The presence of women should be considered withinall groups of stakeholders, or the reasons for their absence should,otherwise, be questioned.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
1 ____ Please refer to Chapter III for a definition about the productive, reproductive and communitysettings.
6060606060
The Somali Natural Resources Management Programme implemented by the EasternAfrica Regional Office of IUCN conducted a community land use and natural resourcesmanagement planning in Somaliland. One of the techniques they used for identifying thestakeholders was the Campfire Diagram. This diagram was used for identifying the range ofstakeholders and their stakes as well as who makes decisions. The following is the diagramfor the Qalloa Village.
Source: Barrow, E. and et.al. Lessons and Guidelines Developed from Practice in Somaliland. Somali NaturalResources Programme-IUCN-EARO. Kenya. 2000.
1. Size of the circle= relative importance of that groups stake in the natural resources.2. Proximity to Campfire= Relative power in decision-making.3. Those close to the fire are warm and can see, so that they have the power and control
the fire and decisions, and make sure the others cannot see or stay warm. While thosewho are far away are cold and cannot see and so cannot make decisions.
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample
6161616161
An untidy participatory process that does not take intoconsideration the specific weight of each stakeholder, does alsoconstitute a factor for failure in the process involving the declarationor management of a PA.
Stakeholders should be thoroughly identified, in order to learnabout their relation with the PA and extent of their participationor involment. The better the stakeholders are known, theirbackground, dynamics, inter-relation, and forms of organization andoperation, the easier it will be to undertake the work that follows.
For this reason, rescuing and acknowledging the existence ofthe essential role played by stakeholders in the development of aconservation initiative, is a requirement for the process describedin the following chapters.
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Barrow, E. and et.al. Lessons and Guidelines Developed fromLessons and Guidelines Developed fromLessons and Guidelines Developed fromLessons and Guidelines Developed fromLessons and Guidelines Developed fromPractice in Somaliland. Practice in Somaliland. Practice in Somaliland. Practice in Somaliland. Practice in Somaliland. Somali Natural Resources Programme-IUCN-EARO. Kenya. 2000.
Borrini, G. Beyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability InBeyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability InBeyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability InBeyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability InBeyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability InConservationConservationConservationConservationConservation. Volume 1: A Process Companion. IUCN, BSP, TheWorld Bank, WWF US, PVO-NGO NMRS Project, CIFOR,Intercorporation. IUCN.1997.
Kelleher, G. Guidelines for Marine Protected AreasGuidelines for Marine Protected AreasGuidelines for Marine Protected AreasGuidelines for Marine Protected AreasGuidelines for Marine Protected Areas. WorldCommission on Protected Areas. A. Phillips, Series Editor.IUCN.1999.
Ministry of the Environment, Natural Resources and Fishing.Programa de áreas naturales protegidas de México 1995-Programa de áreas naturales protegidas de México 1995-Programa de áreas naturales protegidas de México 1995-Programa de áreas naturales protegidas de México 1995-Programa de áreas naturales protegidas de México 1995-20002000200020002000. SEMARNAP-Institute of Ecology. Mexico. May, 1996.
Schmink, M. Conceptual Framework for Gender and Community-Conceptual Framework for Gender and Community-Conceptual Framework for Gender and Community-Conceptual Framework for Gender and Community-Conceptual Framework for Gender and Community-Base Conservation.Base Conservation.Base Conservation.Base Conservation.Base Conservation. MERGE: Case Study No. 1, FloridaUniversity. 1999
World Bank. Lineamientos para manejo integrado de zonas costerasLineamientos para manejo integrado de zonas costerasLineamientos para manejo integrado de zonas costerasLineamientos para manejo integrado de zonas costerasLineamientos para manejo integrado de zonas costeras.Washington,USA. 1996.
World Wide Fund. Ecoregion-Based ConservationEcoregion-Based ConservationEcoregion-Based ConservationEcoregion-Based ConservationEcoregion-Based Conservation. Bulletin. March,2000.....
6262626262
6363636363
For appraisal elaboration purposes, inmany PA the techniques applied do notallow full recuperation of their particularreality. Such is the case of appraisalsconducted only through aerial explorationor photographic analysis. Though it is truethat these techniques provide valuableinformation about aspects such as forestcoverage, these cannot be the onlyparameters considered, as they provideno information about social, cultural,economic, or political aspects upon whicha conservation initiative is built in a PA.
1 ____ This section has been elaborated taking as the starting point the manual “About Fishermen,Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a Gender Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zones” (Aguilar, L.and Castañeda, I., 2000).
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIITOOLS TOOLS TOOLS TOOLS TOOLS FOR PARTICIPATORYFOR PARTICIPATORYFOR PARTICIPATORYFOR PARTICIPATORYFOR PARTICIPATORY
APPRAISALS FROM A GENDER EQUITYAPPRAISALS FROM A GENDER EQUITYAPPRAISALS FROM A GENDER EQUITYAPPRAISALS FROM A GENDER EQUITYAPPRAISALS FROM A GENDER EQUITYPERSPECTIVE IN PROTECTED AREASPERSPECTIVE IN PROTECTED AREASPERSPECTIVE IN PROTECTED AREASPERSPECTIVE IN PROTECTED AREASPERSPECTIVE IN PROTECTED AREAS11111
Over past decades, the work carried out in protected areashas clearly shown that there can be no effective and efficientconservation and sustainable activities without previous knowledgeabout the realities prevailing at the site where a PA conservationinitiative will be developed.
Unfortunately, many of the activities undertaken in PA havestemmed from a biased standardized technical knowledge, whichdoes not recognize the structural and operational characteristics
of ecosystems, the social andcultural interweaving, the economicreality, and the political context.In addition to this, in most cases,this technical knowledge isrecuperated and analyzed byexternal personnel without theactive involvement of stakeholdersin their own appraisal building.
Therefore, one of the basicaspects to materialize such actions,is through appraisals that identifyproblems, needs, and potentials, inorder to provide the PA withsolutions based on objectives foreconomic growth, environmentalsustainability and social equity.
6464646464
It should be recalled that these criteria are part of a setof elements that should be analyzed as a whole instead ofas “parts” of a given reality. Partial appraisals should beavoided, as these will later be summarized into chapterswithout any type of analysis or connection among them.From a gender perspective, far from trying to “create” anew gender-related chapter, the intention is toincorporate this vision into the various stages of anappraisal process.
However, from the moment plans are made for the selectionof a PA, and up until the time when the conservation initiative isdesigned and implemented, various levels of analysis and executionstages are involved. As a result thereof, rather than being conceivedas one single stage, the elaboration of the appraisal needs to respondto and provide information based on the current stage ofdevelopment of the initiative. For example, the information neededfor the declaration of a protected area, will be considerablydifferent from the information needed at the time of designing themanagement plan or a specific project. However, regardless of thepoint in time when it is applied, the methodological procedure forappraisal building springs from a series of principles and criteria(participation, devoting the necessary time to data recuperation,motivation, and collective knowledge building).
The appraisal represents one of the most important componentsof a conservation initiative in a PA. The results of the appraisal willdetermine which activities should be implemented, as well as theparameters to measure the activities’ effectiveness and impact overtime.
It should be recalled at all times that a participatory appraisalparticipatory appraisalparticipatory appraisalparticipatory appraisalparticipatory appraisalfrom a gender equity perspective (PAGEP) from a gender equity perspective (PAGEP) from a gender equity perspective (PAGEP) from a gender equity perspective (PAGEP) from a gender equity perspective (PAGEP) differs from thetraditional notions about “appraisal”, and even from “participatoryappraisal” used in PA, inasmuch as the concept is built as follows:
6565656565
APPRAISALAPPRAISALAPPRAISALAPPRAISALAPPRAISALSystematic process to recognize a given situation
and the reason behind its existence.
PARTICIPATORY APPRAISALPARTICIPATORY APPRAISALPARTICIPATORY APPRAISALPARTICIPATORY APPRAISALPARTICIPATORY APPRAISALSystematic process to recognize a given situation and the
reason behind its existence, where knowledge building takesplace through the intervention and opinion of people involved
in such a situation.
PARTICIPATORY APPRAISAL FROM APARTICIPATORY APPRAISAL FROM APARTICIPATORY APPRAISAL FROM APARTICIPATORY APPRAISAL FROM APARTICIPATORY APPRAISAL FROM AGENDER EQUITY PERSPECTIVE (PAGEP)GENDER EQUITY PERSPECTIVE (PAGEP)GENDER EQUITY PERSPECTIVE (PAGEP)GENDER EQUITY PERSPECTIVE (PAGEP)GENDER EQUITY PERSPECTIVE (PAGEP)
Systematic process to recognize a given situation and thereason behind its existence, where knowledge building takesplace through the intervention and differentiated opinion of
people involved in such a situation, who—in addition to notbeing considered as an homogeneous group— are recognizedas women and men having different needs, perceptions and
realities, depending on their gender, age and social condition.In other words, power relations within the community are
exposed.
PAGEP constitutes the basis for a conservation initiative in aprotected area, seeking to obtain a collective record about what ishappening and why, to enable an accurate appraisal about thesituation and the actions needed.
A PAGEP-requiring analysis stems from the premise that theconservation and sustainable development processes undertaken ina protected area should be assessed both, from a technicalperspective as well as from the perspective of the stakeholders,considering that the latter deserve special attention, as they havebeen traditionally excluded.
6666666666
The studies for the assessment of aprotected area generally spring from anappraisal about the condition of theresources from a “scientific” point ofview, such as the study of fauna and florapopulations.This vision is usually partial, until theresearcher or specialist responsible forthe appraisal incorporates into theanalysis the opinions of the people wholive in or near the protected area. Thisdoes necessarily imply the inclusion of menand women, not only as passive agents orsources of information, but also as activeor appraisal-generating agents.
The wonders of PAGEP lie onthe importance awarded bystakeholders to collective building,the appropriation of problems,needs, and situations and theircauses. Thus, it is essential todocument the knowledges andexperience possessed by thestakeholders, bearing in mind thatthey are not homogeneous groups,as differences exist within onesingle group.
From a gender equityperspective, PAGEP springs fromthe fact that communities within aprotected area are more than ”oneman, hunter, fisherman, or farmer,adult and household head”, as hasbeen traditionally considered.Consideration should be given tothe different points of view,interests and needs of the variousstakeholders: ranchers,merchants, industrialists, formaland informal organized groups,women, men, youngsters, elderlypeople, boys and girls, which impliesworking with all these groups in adifferentiated manner.
It should be recalled that oneof the major guidelines of PAGEPis the analysis of gender withrespect to the access, control, anddecision making about existingresources in a protected area, thesexual division of work, the levelsof participation, and the patternsabout the use of time, which makesevident the existing powerrelations.
To conduct the appraisal, aselection should be made about thepeople who are “knowledgeable”about the situation in question (thiswill depend—to a large extent—on
To a gender-based appraisal conducted inJau National Park, in Brazil, wereincorporated a series of questions toobtain a more detailed vision about theprevailing situation. One of the questionswas related to the preparation of certainfoods. Through one single question it waspossible to learn about the estimatedgame and fish consumption: When was thelast time you cooked...? This question wasfollowed by a list of possible animals oraquatic products. Given the fact thatwomen were responsible for foodpreparation and distribution, the dataprovided by the women aboutconsumption, variety, frequency, andseasonality, was far more complex andthorough than the information providedby men. Added to this is the fact that—in some cases—hunters or fishermen werereluctant about releasing this informationfearing retaliation (Oliviera, R. andAnderson E., 1999).
6767676767
the appraisal’s area of interest) ensuring that people are notexcluded on the basis of a technical or biased position, and withoutfearing of involving sectors with opposing points of view.
Acknowledge that the setting-related concept is validated andput in objective terms when placed in a given historical andterritorial context. That is, within the diachronic (mutual)relation between the ecosystem and the human activityundertaken, which results in a given situation in a given timeand space (Rico, N., 1997).
Be aware of the fact that gender building, and thus, therelations established between women and men, have a historical-cultural character, and are specified as of processes associatedto particular territories, such as the systems related toproduction and symbolic and daily appropriation of nature andthe environment (Rico, N., 1997).
Acknowledge that quite often the regions where nativepopulations reside overlap with areas intended for or markedas such. Thus, any proposal must give due consideration to theancestral rights of these groups, their beliefs, and value ofthe environmental setting.
It is essential for the appraisal team to have a clear idea aboutwhat is expected from working from a gender equityperspective from a strategic, collective, and individual pointof view. This implies visualization about existing differencesbetween women and men regarding the access, information,control, and distribution of the benefits derived from theresources, based on their own perceptions and assessmentsabout prevailing differences and inequalities. It also impliesmaking visible and recognizing who does what type of work,the levels of participation, existing social systems, the patternsabout the use of time, and power relations.
It is essential for PAGEP facilitators to obtain accurateinformation about the social, cultural, environmental, andproductive conditions. This information should be acquiredthrough participatory observation techniques2 , to learn aboutthe working context. The ideal participants would be peoplewith working experience in the region.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
AAAAAgender-gender-gender-gender-gender-basedbasedbasedbasedbased
participatoryparticipatoryparticipatoryparticipatoryparticipatoryappraisalappraisalappraisalappraisalappraisal
must:must:must:must:must:
2 ___ Participatory observation is a methodology used in anthropology, whereby the researcherexperiences first hand the participants’ daily routine to, subsequently, submit a report on theknowledge gained from this experience.
6868686868
Thorough knowledge should exist about the methodologicalstrategies and techniques that may possibly be used in theappraisal, in order to select the most adequate ones, insteadof following “recipes” based on pre-established proposals.
It is essential to have the time and space needed to conductthe appraisal. It is extremely hard to attempt becomingacquainted with a community’s realities in a short period oftime. Moreover, the availability and pace of the participatingwomen and men should also be learned.
PAGEP execution involves the selection of the implementingteam; context location; design and validation; identification ofparticipants; data gathering; data analysis, evaluation and feedback;conclusions reached; and strategies to be followed.
This book will not go into extensive detail about each of theabove-mentioned factors. However, readers may refer to Annex 3Who else is out there? for a list of books, manuals, and Web pages.These reference documents also contain data gathering techniquesallowing visibilization and data gathering in the most participatoryway possible. Some of these are: “About Fishermen, Fisherwomen,Oceans And Tides: A Gender Perspective In Marine-Coastal Zones”,“Género y figura no son hasta la sepultura”, or else Module 2 of the“Toward Equity” series.
�����
�����
6969696969
This chapter proposes six conceptual tools with examples ofapplication-related techniques (these are shown in a different pagecolor at the end of each tool).
1. First tool. Analysis of the local context or situation
2. Second tool. Work division by sex
3. Third tool. Use, access and control of resources, anddistribution of costs and benefits
4. Fourth tool. Environmental degradation and impact by sex/gender
5. Fifth tool. Cultural or traditional notions
6. Sixth tool. Participation levels
The specialists responsible for the design and application ofappraisals based on the following tools, should be aware of the factthat the information gathered:
Should not be restricted to the events taking place within andaround a PA, but should collect data about adjacent areas andother contexts3 surrounding the PA (ecoregion) that have astrong influence over it.
It is important to take into consideration that the aboveinstruments pose a series of questions, which—rather thanbeing questions to be asked to the people interested inthe conservation initiatives undertaken in a PA—they aremore like a guide for the facilitators to reflect on thetype of information that needs to be built and recuperated.Therefore, these instruments are not intended for parallelappraisal purposes; they offer ideas for possibleincorporation into the social and ecological appraisalsconducted.
�����
3 ___ Geographical, political, legal, economic, among others.
7070707070
Should offer cross information about the activities (social,cultural, political, and economic) and the resources available inand used throughout the various zones (buffer, multiple usezone, core zone, etc.)
When zonation is lacking, the appraisal should provideinformation about the space context (places, areas, territories,ecosystems), and their relation to social, cultural and economicaspects, which may contribute to define a zonation within thePA.
�����
�����
7171717171
FIRST TOOLFIRST TOOLFIRST TOOLFIRST TOOLFIRST TOOLAnalysis of the SituationAnalysis of the SituationAnalysis of the SituationAnalysis of the SituationAnalysis of the Situation
or Local Contextor Local Contextor Local Contextor Local Contextor Local Context
Through this tool we are able to make an initial approach tothe people interested in participating in a conservation PA. Of greatimportance is for participants and PAGEP facilitators to unveil aseries of situations of an economic, social, cultural and environmentalnature, whereby they will be able to acquire a deeper and moresystematic knowledge about each particular context, which, in turn,will enable them to proceed without imposing situations that thestakeholders may not be fully prepared to accept.
Regarding this tool, disaggregation by sex of quantitative andqualitative data is essential. It is highly advisable to conduct aprevious search for statistical information. There are some countrieswhere considerable progress has been achieved regarding sexdisaggregation of several statistical data items. This would be ofgreat help to obtain a preliminary idea about the composition of thepopulation of the region in question.
At a productive levelAt a productive levelAt a productive levelAt a productive levelAt a productive level
a. Which are the productive activities (formal and informal)undertaken by men, women, boys and girls in the PA and adjacentareas?
b. Which are the characteristics of the main productive activitiesin the region? (labor, capital, income, commercialization,seasonality, and investment)
c. Which are the main local human, financial, material, and naturalresources available for conservation and sustainabledevelopment?
- Natural resources used directly or indirectly (water, flora andfauna)
KeyKeyKeyKeyKeyquestionsquestionsquestionsquestionsquestions
asked:asked:asked:asked:asked:
7272727272
- Agricultural production for commercialization- Income sources obtained from fishing, hunting, agriculture,
craftmanship, community services- Cooperatives, associations, organized groups
d. What are the advantages and disadvantages of productiveactivities for a conservation and sustainable developmentprocess? (technology, training, organization, income,employment, community participation, etc.)
e. How are the benefits of development distributed in the area?
f. Which are the problems that limit the conservation andsustainable development process?
g. What changes are taking place in the area’s productive andeconomic process, and how are men and women affected bythese changes?
At a socio-demographic levelAt a socio-demographic levelAt a socio-demographic levelAt a socio-demographic levelAt a socio-demographic level
a. How many people conform the communities? (Distribution bysex and age)
b. What is the poverty level by sex, ethnicity and age?
c. What is the illiteracy rate by sex, ethnicity and age?
d. What is the level of education by sex, ethnicity and age?
e. What is the school dropout rate by sex, ethnicity and age?
f. What are the ten top causes of morbidity and mortalitydisaggregated by sex, age and ethnicity?
g. What is the fertility rate?
h. What types of families exist within the communities? (womenas household heads, large families, nuclear families, etc.)
i. What are the migration and immigration patterns in the area?
- Which and what type of migration types prevail (permanent,temporary, regular, irregular)?
- Are some migrations caused by environmental degradation ofthe region (eutrofication of coastal lagoons, oil contamination,soil loss, deforestation)?
7373737373
- How does migration affect women?, How does it affect men?,How does it affect the other members of the household (girls,boys, elderly people)?
- Regarding seasonal migration, do women participate in thismigration or do they stay home?, Which are the women’sspecific duties and problems during seasonal migration?, Whatsupport do women receive when they remain at their place oforigin?, Is the support received by men prior to the migrationmade extensive to women?, How does this affect decisionmaking within the household?
- Which types of immigration take place?
- From which areas of the country or other countries doesimmigration originate?
- In what type of ecosystems were the immigrants used to work?
- How does this immigration affect the use of resources in thePA?
j. Are there any warlike conflicts in the PA?, What impact doesthis have on the PA?
k. Presence of drug traffic or related activities. What impactdoes this have on the PA?
At a health levelAt a health levelAt a health levelAt a health levelAt a health level
a. Which are the basic community services provided and thecondition thereof (water, electricity, sewage and garbagedisposal)?
b. How does water pollution affect the health of women and men(presence of skin, gastrointestinal, gynecological diseases)?
c. Which health services are available in the area?
d. Which is the nutritional condition of the population?
e. Have any educational or information programs on population orreproductive health issues been implemented in the communityor areas adjacent to the PA?
- Which were the results and experience gained?
- Are courses or chats on sexual and reproductive health issuesimparted to men and women alike?
7474747474
It is common in PA establishment and management to viewthe “population” as an obstacle for conservation, and toconsider it only as a demographical variable. The populationis not a homogeneous block of people with certain birthrates. Quite on the contrary, it is conformed by womenand men with extremely different economic, social,political and cultural interests and conditions, whichfactors influence and determine their productive andreproductive decisions. PA conservation initiatives shouldfully respect the women’s sexual and reproductive rights.
In general terms, reproductive health can be defined as aperspective that:
- Recognizes everyone’s right to regulate fertility in asafe and effective manner;
- To bear and raise healthy children;- To understand and enjoy their own sexuality; and- To remain free of illnesses, disabilities or death
associated with sexuality and reproduction.
Three basic principles guide the definition of reproductivehealth:
1. The right to choose, that refers to the couples’ rightto make a free, responsible and informed decision aboutthe number and interval and planning of births;
2. The links with sexuality, which recognize the importanceof a satisfactory and safe sexual life;
3. Significance of the cultural and socio-economic context,which is conceived as inseparable from reproductivehealth, and which alludes, among many other aspects,to the social and household roles of men and women, aswell as their access to information, education, materialand financial resources, and health services (Salles andTuirán, 2001).
f. Is traditional medicine practiced?, Of what type?
g. Which are the health problems caused by environmentaleffects?
Do notDo notDo notDo notDo notforget...forget...forget...forget...forget...
7575757575
4 ___ Tool No. 5 of the appraisal address cultural aspects in greater detail.
h. How do population growth and density affect the use, access,control and distribution of resources?
i. What is the socioeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS? How will itaffect the work in the protected area?
UNAIDS has estimated that by June 2000, 2.2 Kenyans were living with thekiller virus. The rising morbidity and mortality are likely to have an impact onproject performance. One of the most serious threats to any project isabsenteeism of community members or project staff because of illness, funeralattendance among other related issues.
At a cultural levelAt a cultural levelAt a cultural levelAt a cultural levelAt a cultural level44444
a. Are there any local myths, cultural habitats or legendsassociated with natural resources?
b. Is there any cultural monument or heritage in the area?, Whois responsible for it?
c. Which are the main recreational spaces (disaggregated by sex)?
d. How does the community perceive the changes in culturalpatterns caused by the installation of industries, draw-backactivities, tourism and other?
At a natural resource levelAt a natural resource levelAt a natural resource levelAt a natural resource levelAt a natural resource level
EcologicalEcologicalEcologicalEcologicalEcological
a. Existing ecosystems
b. Which is the situation and condition of the natural resourcebase (inventory of species and diversity)?
c. Conservation status of the natural resources
d. Presence of threatened species, regulations for theirprotection
e. Which are the region’s ecological and climatic conditions (soil,physiography, hydrological conditions, rainfall, life zones, forestcoverage, flora, fauna, etc.)?
7676767676
In a survey being conducted by Clark University at themunicipality of Santiago, Dominican Republic, theresearchers have been working on experimentalhousehold exercises. These household exercises include:A demographic profile of the householdParcel mapping, including land use and coverage,distribution of plant and animal speciesBackground of the parcel and land use and coverageBackground of the person on the site and the work-employment of household membersBackground about the use of plants and animals on the siteCultural appraisal and meaning of plant and animalspecies and the changes experienced over timeA list of species of plants and animals that peoplerecognize that exists on the parcel and surroundingareas, and the uses (if applicable) of each species, beit in the form of household or commercial products, orin the form of cultural services or valuesA discussion about the species of plants and animalsthey notice have disappeared or which populations arescarce and neededA discussion about the species they have brought orwish to bring for household or commercial purposes,and/or to improve ecological services or the quality of life
(Pers. Comm. Dr. Dianne Rocheleau, Clark University).
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
f. Which is the degree of vulnerability and risk of naturaldisasters prevailing in the PA (hurricanes, El Niño, La Niña,tornados, red tides, fires and earthquakes)?
g. Which is the zone’s condition with respect to the introductionof exotic species?
UsesUsesUsesUsesUses
a. Which natural resources’ permits and concessions are grantedin the zone, to whom, and of what type (water, land, flora,fauna)?
b. Which is the land tenure system inside and outside of the PA?- Collective, individual, communal, ancestral, customary?- Do people have ownership rights (men-women)?
7777777777
5 ___ The stakeholders’ perception and information should be gathered at this level.
c. What are the stakeholders’ environmental perceptions aboutthe condition of the resources, contamination and degradationof the PA ecosystems?
d. What are the current and projected uses of the PA and theirsocio-environmental effects and interactions (touristdevelopments, harbors, shrimp farms, fish farming, ecologicallegislation and decrees on zones regulated by an environmentalprotection system, etc.)?
e. Which natural resources are essential to ensure culturalsubsistence and survival?
f. What is the impact caused by the visits of tourists and otherpeople to the PA?
g. Are there any sustainable tourism programs?
At a political-institutional levelAt a political-institutional levelAt a political-institutional levelAt a political-institutional levelAt a political-institutional level55555
a. What is the political background of the area?
b. What is the level of autonomy of the stakeholders with regardto the government at a national level?
c. What is the experience of stakeholders regardingparticipation?
d. Are there any political conflicts or events associated with thecolonial period or more contemporary regimes?
e. Do stakeholders feel entirely free to express their opinions,or do they experience a certain degree of fear?
f. Which is the national government’s attitude and perceptionregarding community participation?, Is it encouraged,restricted, rarely promoted, prohibited?
g. What are the stakeholders’ main forms of organization?
h. Which is the participation of men and women in theorganizational structures of the stakeholders?, Who areresponsible for decision-making?
i. Which is the relationship and level of negotiation of theorganizations with other local and national entities?
7878787878
Very often, institutional standards such as kinship,marriage, religion, ethnicity or class, determine who makesthe decisions about how natural resources will be used ina community. These standards are based on genderrelations. For instance, women have a very limited politicalpresence in community groups. Public meetings arefrequently perceived as male spaces, and local organizationsand institutions are—sometimes—based on male hierarchies.To mobilize public support towards environmentalimprovements, the institutional barriers against women must,necessarily, be recognized (Rojas, M., 1999).
Do notDo notDo notDo notDo notforget...forget...forget...forget...forget...
Many times, the local population is not adequatelyconsulted regarding environmental management decisions.For example, when the Tortuguero National Park of CostaRica was created, some communities were left inside theconservation area. As part of the management activities,a process for territorial regulation was undertaken withpractically no community participation. This caused seriousconflicts, as the people were very upset because the newenvironmental regulations restricted many of theactivities carried out by them.
SpecialSpecialSpecialSpecialSpecialconsideration...consideration...consideration...consideration...consideration...
j. Are there any legal dispositions about the use and exploitationof natural resources? (For example, imposition of close seasons,endemic flora and fauna, endangered species, permit clearance,phytosanitary conditions).
k. Are there policy-related conflicts among stakeholders?- Are the conflicts clear enough?- Have workshops been held and agreements made toward
conflict resolution?- Do the agreements promote gender equity?
l. Is there any hierarchical relationship or inter-dependence linksamong the various groups of stakeholders?
m. Are there any political fractions or groups linked to the variousgroups of stakeholders?
Following is an example that describes a technique that servesto illustrate how this first tool may be addressed.
7979797979
The bags’ graphicThe bags’ graphicThe bags’ graphicThe bags’ graphicThe bags’ graphic
Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective: To undertake an appraisal whereby it is possible to identify priorityneeds by gender, through the use of a priority-based method thatincludes, in a democratic form, the opinions of participating menand women.
Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials: Color cardboard squares.Markers, tape, envelopes or small paper bags.Chips (beans, bottle-top caps, pebbles, etc.)
Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure: The bags’ graphic consists, in its simplest form, on a set of drawings.These drawings represent problem or needy areas: lack of water,lack of credit services for the fishing sector, roads, labor instabilityfor women in the tourist sector, decreased schools of mollusks. Eachof the drawings is placed on a horizontal line, and a bag or bowl isplaced below each drawing.
1. The group is divided into subgroups by sex, asking them todraw on a piece of cardboard the most important problems and needsof the community.
2. Each group presents its problematic to the plenary. Uponcompleting the presentation of all the problems, a synthesis is made.Subsequently, the drawings are placed, and the corresponding bagsor bowls are placed below them.
TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:
7979797979
8080808080
3. The men and women are asked to vote. To differentiate theirreplies, the groups are assigned different materials (for instance,pebbles for the men, and beans for the women). The drawings shouldbe placed somewhere where secret voting is guaranteed (avoidingthat participants may be mutually influenced by the answers of theirpeers).
4. Once confidentiality has been ascertained, participants areinvited to cast their vote, one at a time. Meanwhile, the others waitfor their turn. Voting should take place as quickly as possible tomaintain the interest of the other participants. Since many peoplewill remain passive while the others cast their votes, the facilitatorshould be prepared with ideas to keep non-voting participants busy.
5. Upon completing the voting process, the facilitator asks a groupof volunteers to carefully collect the votes from each bag in fullsight of the audience and to “count” them. For example, adheringthem to the bag in such a way that it may be easy to count them.This may be done by using a strip of paper where the votes from abag may be taped.
6. Upon completing vote counting, we reflect about the outcome.For example, Why so many (or so few) people approved an option?Is this considered a representative sample for most of thecommunity’s population? What other problems are of a prioritynature, and why?
8080808080
8181818181
Women living near protected areas arefrequently defined as “housewives” bytheir peers, their families, by theprotected area staff, and by otherplayers. Men are given more descriptivetitles, such as “fisherman”, “farmer”, or“cheese producer”, which titles provide aclearer description about their relationto the natural resources (Rojas, M.H., 1999).
SECOND TOOLSECOND TOOLSECOND TOOLSECOND TOOLSECOND TOOLWWWWWork Division by Sexork Division by Sexork Division by Sexork Division by Sexork Division by Sex
Each society assigns different roles, responsibilities and dutiesto women and men, in accordance with what has been pre-determinedas appropriate for each gender. This is commonly called work divisionby sex. Men and women have not always performed the sameactivities. Throughout history, both genders have performeddifferent roles, jobs and work schedules.
If we only pay attention to what men do, we will be repeatingthe same mistake that for many centuries has hidden and madeinvisible the work performed by women. It is now imperative to“view it through other eyes”, and make a pause to take a look atwhat women and men do, considering at the same time, theimplications these jobs have for both genders and the periods oftime when they are carried out.
On account of being a social construction, work division by sexis susceptible to change, it varies considerably from one society toanother, it has been modified over time, it is flexible and adapts tothe constant transformations taking place within and outside of thehousehold.
In most societies, both menand women carry out productivework, such as the production ofgoods and services, although insome situations, the productivework is divided into masculine andfeminine chores. Both sexesparticipate in community work;however, men generally undertaketasks of higher status within thecommunities, such as chairing theboards of volunteer groups, whereaswomen tend to provide support andperform organizational tasks.
8282828282
In a parallel manner, there is quite an arbitrary trend of placinghigher value to some jobs than to others. Intellectual work isconsidered more important than physical work, and the work requiringthe use of physical force is considered more demanding than theskill-demanding work.
Therefore, it is necessary to redefine the meaning of workand how it is reflected in the ways of thinking as well as in theeconomic processes. Work can be divided into three different types:productive, reproductive and communal.
Productive workProductive workProductive workProductive workProductive work
It includes the production of goods and services for householdconsumption or sale (agriculture, fishing, tourism, remuneratedemployment or self employment). When people are asked to describewhat they do, their answers usually refer to productive work,particularly income-generating work. When considering that thewomen’s productive work is less visible and less valued than men’s,the analysis about work by gender should identify the time spent onthe various tasks, their regularity, seasonality and location.
Reproductive workReproductive workReproductive workReproductive workReproductive work
It includes care and maintenance of the household unit and itsmembers, as well as giving birth to and caring for the children andelders, food preparation, water and firewood gathering, purchaseof food supplies, household chores and family health. Thereproductive work is vital to the survival of human beings and thereproduction of household labor. Yet, it is not considered as workby society, as it has no trading value.
This task is not subject to any remuneration whatsoever: fromthe state, or a company, or the husband, or the community; itrepresents a transference of women’s value from the reproductive andhousehold scope, to the productive scope (Campillo, F. and Pérez, L., 1998).
Social or community workSocial or community workSocial or community workSocial or community workSocial or community work
It includes the collective organization of social service andmanagement events: ceremonies, celebrations, actions for communitywellbeing, community groups, involvement in local politics, pro-healthmovements, etc. This type of work is not included in the economicanalysis (economic statistics), even when it involves considerablevoluntary work. Both men and women are committed to this type ofwork, although in these cases there is also a prevalence of workdivision by sex.
8383838383
KeyKeyKeyKeyKeyquestionsquestionsquestionsquestionsquestionsasked asked asked asked asked 66666
6 ___ A few questions have been included for illustration purposes; however, this are not, by nomeans, exhaustive.
The men and women from the Jau NationalPark in Brazil, have different interests inthe park’s national resources with respectto consumption, medicines, commercialproduction, or household subsistence.Ethno-botanical surveys conducted in thepark in 1995 clearly showeddifferentiated interests by genderregarding the use of medicinal plants.Midwives were knowledgeable aboutcertain plants, whereas the knowledgepossessed by traditional medicine men wasdifferent. Had the surveys taken intoconsideration only one gender, the resultswould have provided partial data about theuses of medicinal plants (Oliviera, R. andAnderson E., 1999).
c. How much time is devoted tothe activity?
d. Does it change according tothe seasons of the year?
e. How far is your workplace?
f. Is it an income-generatingactivity?, Are women incontrol of the activity andpotential income?
g. Are men or women culturallyexcluded from certain typesof work?, Which?, Why?
The analysis of the social division of work from a genderperspective is required to recognize and attach value to all the workcarried out within a community (productive, reproductive andcommunal), to plan the impact of conservation and sustainabledevelopment initiatives in a PA over the complex socio-economicsystem operating in a community, to directly contribute to raise theawareness and potential of women by exposing the extent andimportance of their actions, and ultimately, reduce the women’sworkload, and ensure their participation.
a. Who does what?- Who participates in product catching, hunting, gathering or
fishing activities, and how?- Who participates in product processing, and how?- Who participates in product commercialization, and how?
b. How is it done?- How are women, men, girls and boys involved in all stages of
the productive process?
8484848484
The women from the coast of New Brunswick, Canada,have experienced serious problems regarding the salarythey earn and the safety conditions prevailing throughoutthe fish processing industry. For example, for the sametype of work, men earn an average of 2 Canadian dollarsmore per hour than women. When the women tried todemand equal salaries, they—additionally—had to face thefact that, because they were temporary workers, theiremployers did not need to fire them; all they had to dowas not hire them the next season. Confronted with thepossibility of finding themselves out of work, the womenwere forced to suppress their salary claims (Extractedfrom Yemayá No. 2. November, 1999).
h. In the case of changes in the type of activities women do:- What is the impact in their family structure?- How does it affect the distribution of responsibilities?- Do men avoid completely some of their responsibilities and pass
them over to women?
i. In the case of activities conducted in manufacturing plants orindustries:
- What are the working opportunities for men and women withinthe tourist industry?
- What are the working conditions like?- What is the type of work carried out by women in activities
related to the industrial processing of resources?- Which is the hiring policy?- What are their working conditions?
To thinkTo thinkTo thinkTo thinkTo thinkabout.. .about.. .about.. .about.. .about.. .
- Report on sexual harassment cases- Which are the work risks faced by men and women, according
to their duties and work places?- Is there a labor union of some sort? Please explain
j. What community activities are undertaken (burial ceremonies,initiation, wedddings, dances, religious, attending communalmeetings)?
- Who is incharged of them?- Time used in those activities
8585858585
Calendar of Annual Activities AccordingCalendar of Annual Activities AccordingCalendar of Annual Activities AccordingCalendar of Annual Activities AccordingCalendar of Annual Activities Accordingto Genderto Genderto Genderto Genderto Gender
TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:
8585858585
Jan
ACT
IVIT
IES
ACT
IVIT
IES
ACT
IVIT
IES
ACT
IVIT
IES
ACT
IVIT
IES
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
MMMM M =
Adu
lt m
anB
B
B
B
B
=
Boy
WWWW W =
Adu
lt w
oman
G G G
G G =
Gir
lO
ngoi
ng a
ctiv
ity
Spor
adic
act
ivit
yIn
tens
ive
acti
vity
SYM
BOLS
:S
YMBO
LS:
SYM
BOLS
:S
YMBO
LS:
SYM
BOLS
:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
o = = = = =
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ss = = = = =
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
= = = = =
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
FISH
ING
1.O
ffsh
ore
fish
ing
MB
M
B
MB
M
B
MB
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
Proc
essi
ngW
BG
WBG
W
BG
WBG
W
BG x
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xCo
mm
erci
aliz
atio
nM
M
M
M
M
x
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
x2.
Coas
tal f
ishi
ngM
BM
BM
BM
BM
B sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssPr
oces
sing
MBW
G M
BWG
MBW
G M
BWG
MBW
G xx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
Com
mer
cial
izat
ion
WWWW Wss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
3.Ar
tisa
nal-
fish
ing
WBG
W
BG
WBG
W
BG
WBG
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
Proc
essi
ngW
W
W
W
W
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooCo
mm
erci
aliz
atio
nWWWW W
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
o4.
Reve
ring
fis
hing
WG
WG
WG
WG
WG
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssPr
oces
sing
W
W
W
W
W s
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sCo
mm
erci
aliz
atio
nW
BW
BW
BW
BW
B ss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
5.Pr
epar
atio
n of
fis
hing
gea
rsM
WBG
M
WBG
M
WBG
M
WBG
M
WBG
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oo6.
Man
ufac
ture
of
nets
,an
d fi
shin
g ge
ars
MW
M
W
MW
M
W
MW
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
7.Pr
epar
atio
n of
foo
d fo
rfi
shin
g jo
urne
ysW
G W
G W
G W
G W
G oo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooRE
COLL
ECTI
ON
OF
SHRI
MP
MW
M
W
MW
M
W
MW
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxRE
COLL
ECTI
ON
OF
SHEL
LSW
GB
WGB
W
GB
WGB
W
GB s
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
sss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssss
ssRE
COLL
ECTI
ON
OF
MO
LLUS
KSW
W
W
W
W
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
ooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oooo
oo
8686868686
Source:Source:Source:Source:Source: Adapted by Kristin Renooij-Stroes, Gender Eexpert – Dipal Project,Bluefields, Nicaragua from: Balarezo, S., Guía Metodológica paraincorporar la dimensión de género en el ciclo de proyectos forestalesparticipativos. FAO, 1993.
Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective: Generation of information about work division and the responsibilitieswithin the household, with respect to the productive systems andresource management.
Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials: Markers, blank newspaper sheetsChart like the one shown on the example for the group to fill in theinformation
Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure: 1. Participants are asked to describe the activities carried outby all members: men, women and children. To facilitate theelaboration of the schedule, the analysis is divided into: productive,reproductive, and community activities. Productive activities include:fishing, commercialization, processing, aquaculture, recollection,agriculture, cattle, forestry, craftsmanship, and other activitieswhere the family participates.
It is important that the productive activities are sub-dividedaccording to the different type of tasks associated to them (i.e.fishing, needs to include from catching to commercialization).
2. Participants are asked to indicate the dates and seasons oftheir most frequent activities, including whether they are:
PermanentPermanentPermanentPermanentPermanent:::::That is, carried out throughout the year on a continuous basis
OccasionalOccasionalOccasionalOccasionalOccasional::::: Carried out during certain periods of the year
IntensiveIntensiveIntensiveIntensiveIntensive:::::Activities that require either the participation of all or most of themembers of a family unit, or remunerated work from time to time.
Another ScheduleAnother ScheduleAnother ScheduleAnother ScheduleAnother Schedulemethod:method:method:method:method: In Dipal project in Nicaragua, the community defined the different
activities. Latter on, the participants used candies of differentcolors (depending on the sex) in order to have a visual analysis ofwho was doing what, and how they participated.
8686868686
8787878787
TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique: 24-hour reminder24-hour reminder24-hour reminder24-hour reminder24-hour reminder
8787878787
DAILY WORKDAILY WORKDAILY WORKDAILY WORKDAILY WORK WOMENWOMENWOMENWOMENWOMEN MENMENMENMENMEN BOYSBOYSBOYSBOYSBOYS GIRLSGIRLSGIRLSGIRLSGIRLS
8888888888
Source:Source:Source:Source:Source: Lorena Aguilar
Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective: To visualize the work conducted by men, women, boys and girls, andthink about the work division and its consequences with respect tothe projects and their daily life.
Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials: Markers and sheets of paperA chart where time may be divided (refer to the example). It isimportant to note that communities structure time in a differentmanner. Therefore, they must determine which elements are usedto make the time division (for instance, dawn, lunch, night, etc.)
Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure: 1. To show the poster where a column has been drawn for women,men, boys and girls.
2. The group (which should preferably be mixed and include boysand girls) is asked to state the work done during an ordinary day(write down daily activities).
3. Subsequently, an analysis is made about each one’s tasks, andtime is taken to give consideration to what the work means, thenumber of hours that men and women work, the spare time forrecreation and resting purposes, time devoted to the projects, etc.
Note:Note:Note:Note:Note: Note should be taken about the difficulty in making a precise accountabout the times used by the rural population—especially women—who often times perform several tasks at the same time, whichmakes it difficult to separate them in time. Careful considerationshould be given to this fact.
8888888888
8989898989
TheTheTheTheTheresources maymaymaymaymay
include:include:include:include:include:
THIRD TOOLTHIRD TOOLTHIRD TOOLTHIRD TOOLTHIRD TOOLUUUUUse, Acces, and Control of Resources,se, Acces, and Control of Resources,se, Acces, and Control of Resources,se, Acces, and Control of Resources,se, Acces, and Control of Resources,and Equitable Distribution of Costs andand Equitable Distribution of Costs andand Equitable Distribution of Costs andand Equitable Distribution of Costs andand Equitable Distribution of Costs and
BenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefits
Productive, reproductive and community work entail the use ofresources. Both, the work and the use of resources, usually generatebenefits for the individuals, the households and the communities.The gender approach considers the accessibility of the social playersto the resources needed for their work, the control they exertover the resources to be able to use them as they wish and theaccess to the benefits coming from the family, and personal work.
Economic or productive resources, Economic or productive resources, Economic or productive resources, Economic or productive resources, Economic or productive resources, such as the forests, rivers,estuaries, lagoons, mangroves, land, equipment, animals, tools, work,credit, employment and income-generating capacity.
Political resources,Political resources,Political resources,Political resources,Political resources, such as representative organizations,cooperatives, labor unions, concessionaries, leadership capacity,education, information, public work experience, etc.
Time, Time, Time, Time, Time, is a resource valued differently by women and men. Itis particularly critical and scarce among women.
Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits include meeting basic needs, such as food, clothingand shelter, cash money and income, possibility regarding landownership, education and training, political power, prestige, statusand opportunities to undertake new projects or activities.
The women’s subordinate position may restrict their access toand control of resources, as well as an equitable distribution of costsand benefits. In some circumstances, there may be access (theopportunity to make use of something) to the resources, but controlmay be lacking (the ability to define their use and destination).
9090909090
There are many fishing communitieswhere prevailing myths and taboosrestrict the participation of women infishing activities. However, despite thefact that they are not allowed to gofishing, they are “allowed” to own outboard engines, boats, or fishing gear.
One of the effects of the green revolution from the 60’s,was the strengthening of large single-crop parcels for sale.These single crops have been primarily controlled andmanaged by men, and many of the development projectshave been focused on such type of crops to enablecentralization of technical services availability.On the other hand, recent studies have shown (Africa,Bhutan, Nepal, the Amazon, Mexico and Central America)that, while productive systems tend to the unification ofagricultural varieties, women have basically engaged insubsistence crops, remaining as guardians of a valuableand varied germ-plasma.For example, the women from the Andean zones plantseveral types of potato seeds, as mandated by theirancestral knowledge, for the purpose of combiningconvenient attributes, such as freezing resistance,nutritional value, flavor, cooking time, whereas theirhusbands, for the most part, adopt the criteria of maleagricultural advisors who recommend planting one singletype of seed.Through seed selection and plant exchange among thediverse social interweaving (sisters, aunts, daughters inlaw, friends), women have played an important and preciousrole in diversity and the sustainable development of ruralcommunities in underdeveloped countries. As stated byGurung, J. (n.d.), for developing countries, lacking economicresources for ex-situ seed conservation, the future ofagricultural production diversity will depend on thetraditional seed harvesting and storage.
From a conservation andsustainable development pers-pective, it is important to stressthe fact that the use, access andcontrol of natural resources andthe equitable distribution of costsand benefits, as is the case ofother areas or goods, are affectedby the gender system prevailingwithin a given community. The men
and women of a community interact and use resources in differentways, and express their environmental reality in a differentiatedmanner.
To thinkTo thinkTo thinkTo thinkTo thinkabout.. .about.. .about.. .about.. .about.. .
9191919191
Although biodiversity belongs toeveryone, its access and control, as wellas the resulting benefits, theresponsibility for its conservation, and theimpacts caused by its destruction, are notequitably distributed. (Pers. comm.,Paulina Arroyo, Quito, 2001).
KeyKeyKeyKeyKeyquestionsquestionsquestionsquestionsquestions
askedaskedaskedaskedasked
The perception about and the use of the resources is, in turn,closely interrelated with age, social class and culture. Thus, it isnecessary to have a reference framework whereby it may be possibleto visualize these interrelations within a society and a given context.
No conservation and sus-tainable development initiative ina PA can disregard genderdifferences if it really aims atmaking a true impact on local livingconditions. Learning about andundertaking analysis and activitieswith only one sector of thepopulation, will not help to fully andintegrally solve the environmentaldegradation problem.
The following needs to be clarified:The following needs to be clarified:The following needs to be clarified:The following needs to be clarified:The following needs to be clarified:
a. How do the various social players relate within their ecologicalenvironment?
b. Identification of primary resources and determination abouttheir use patterns and associated impacts
c. Who benefit or do not benefit from these resources, and how?
d. Are there any conflicts regarding the use of resources?
e. Which resources are available to men?, Which resources areavailable to women?
- Bodies of water, estuaries, lagoons, rivers, mangroves, land,water, housing, small species, seeds, trees, forest
- Capital, credit, savings. (In the event credit facilities areavailable for the activities undertaken by men and women, dowomen have access to credit services)
- Labor (boys, girls, relatives, employees, other)- Production tools- Infrastructure- Permits and concessions- Raw materials for work- Transportation- Time
9292929292
f. Which are the different types of land tenure?
- To which land do women have access to or control of?- Who holds title deed to the land? (men only, women only, both)- Are there any cultural restrictions for women to own land?
g. Who (men and women), when and where do they use resourcesin an illegal manner?
- Extraction of lumber or firewood- Extraction of flora and fauna- Extraction of rocky material- Depredation of cultural-archeological resources- Hunting- Fishing
h. Which is the destination of the illegal use of the resources?
- Sale- Local consumption
i. Is there national legislation regulating product capture, huntingor harvesting?, To whom are hunting or harvesting permitsgranted?
j. What is the extent of the local population’s dependence on thenatural resources for food, house construction, income, andbasic resources in critical times?
k. Is the use of the resources subject to any type of payment?
l. Who exerts control over the resources (men, women)?
- Who owns the production-related tools?- Who owns the processing-related equipment or tools?- Who owns the storage equipment?- Who owns the commercialization-related equipment
(transportation)?
m. Who decides whether or not a resource may be used?
n. Who benefits from the resources (usufruct)?
- How is the money distributed within the household?- How does the man invest the money and on what?- How does the woman invest the money and on what?
9393939393
o. Which are the services or facilities that men and women haveaccess to?
- Extension services- Training- Commercialization and marketing (information about prices,
contacts for commercialization purposes)- Water and sanitation- Education- Organization- Health care services
p. Are there any regulations, customs or territorial rights thatpose restrictions on either gender about the use, access orcontrol of the resources?
9494949494
Who owns the things?Who owns the things?Who owns the things?Who owns the things?Who owns the things?
Source:Source:Source:Source:Source: Género y Figura, Aguilar, L. et. al., 1997
ObjectiveObjectiveObjectiveObjectiveObjective: To determine who has the access, control and benefit of goods andresources.
Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials: Utensils, things and tools frequently used by men or women. Forexample: machete, pots, plot of land, forest, house, water, andmoney.
Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure: 1. The objects are distributed among the participants
2. The facilitator asks questions that could help the discussionabout the possibilities of access and control enjoyed by men andwomen, such as:
- Whose is this?- Who uses it?- Who decides how to use it or spend it?- Can you give it away or sell it?- Who holds the title of ownership, in whose name is it?
3. Participants are asked to comment on their own situation, andwhether it would be possible to make changes having a positive impacton the lives of the same persons.
TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:
9494949494
9595959595
How Do I Use What I Have?How Do I Use What I Have?How Do I Use What I Have?How Do I Use What I Have?How Do I Use What I Have?
Source:Source:Source:Source:Source: Género y Figura. Aguilar, L. et. al., 1997
Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective: To learn about and delimit the access, use and control of naturalresources, by sex
Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials: Large tables (matrixes) to be complemented with mixed groupsPreferably using drawings
Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure: 1. This is a technique that may be used in an individual manner,with key informants, or during work meetings. Regardless of thecase, data should be gathered taking into consideration women andmen, in a differentiated manner.
2. The matrix should be applied to those natural resourcesregarding which we wish to obtain information. For example, theanimals hunted, the materials used for house building, etc.
TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:
CommonName
Whoreceives
theeconomicbenefits?(by sex)
ScientificName
(To be assignedlater by theresearcher)
When does-gathering-hunting-fishing
take place?
State ofthe resource
-scarce-abundant
Who-hunts
-gathers-fishes?
What partsare used?For whatreason?(by sex)
Whoprocesses
it?(by sex)
Destinationof the
product:-consumption
-market
This form can be used to gather information on all the resources that can be obtained from the environment.Examples include hunting, fishing, forest use, construction materials, crafts materials, flora, medicinal plants, etc.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––9595959595
9696969696
Differentiated Use of the Forest…Differentiated Use of the Forest…Differentiated Use of the Forest…Differentiated Use of the Forest…Differentiated Use of the Forest…
Source:Source:Source:Source:Source: Lorena Aguilar
Objective: Identify who men and women use the forest and its products.
Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials: Strings of two different colors (one for men and one for women)
Procedure::::: 1. With the men and women select and area in the forest (about2-3 hectares).
2. Form two groups; one with the men and the second one withthe women. Give to each group different color of strings. The groupsshould enter the forest (independently) and tie the string to thoseproducts (palms, roots, trees, shrubs, leaves, lianas) to thoseproducts they use. It is important that a wider range of uses areidentify (medical purposes, food, craftwork, house building, timber,firewood).
3. Later on, both groups will form one big group in order to enteragain the delimited area in the forest in order to identify the usesby sex. The facilitator must right down: who uses what; for whatpurposes; who and how it is process.
TTTTTechniqueechniqueechniqueechniqueechnique
9696969696
9797979797
“The path of the resources...”“The path of the resources...”“The path of the resources...”“The path of the resources...”“The path of the resources...”
Objective: To consider the different situations confronted by women and menwith respect to the use and control of natural resources.
Duration: 45 minutes
Materials: Flipchart paper or a wooden or acrylic blackboardMarkers or chalkAdhesive tapeCards representing the silhouettes of men, women, boys and girlsCards representing the cycle of a natural resource and the varioususes to which human beings put them to
Procedure: 1. If there is no blackboard available, improvise one by tapingseveral sheets of flipchart paper on the wall.
2. Explain to the participants that together they will build “thepath” of a natural resource. Efforts should be made to pick aresource as concrete as possible and of great importance to thegroup and the area where the project is operating: the water, theforest, an animal, a plant, the air, the sea, a river, etc.
3. The group should proceed to build “the path” followed by thenatural resource selected, in its natural cycle and through the varioususes human beings put it to. To this effect, the facilitator shoulduse cards with drawings representing the various moments. Ifsomeone in the group suggests a situation that is not representedon the cards previously prepared, simply draw the situation on paper,and move on with “the path” selected.
9797979797
TTTTTechniqueechniqueechniqueechniqueechnique
9898989898
4. Upon building “the path of the natural resource selected”, askparticipants to go back to “the path’s” starting point, and identifythe people involved in each of the various moments of the path. Inaccordance with the contributions made by the participants, tapenext to or on top of the moments of “the path” the silhouettes ofwomen, men, boys and girls, as the case may be. To encourageparticipation, the facilitator could ask questions such as: Whoparticipate in this moment?, Who are affected by this situation?,Who make the decisions?
5. Upon identifying the participation of men, women, boys andgirls at various moments of “the path” of the natural resource, groupreflection should be promoted through questions such as thefollowing:
- Do men, women, boys and girls have any participation in the useand control of this natural resource?, Do they participate onan equal basis?
- Does this situation affect women, men, girls and boys?, Arethey affected on an equal basis?
- Who make the decisions about this situation?, Why is this so?,Is this an equitable practice?
- If “the path” built shows the relation of women, men, boys andgirls with this natural resource, why is it that the activities inthis protected area are carried out by men mostly?
- If men and women have a different relation with this naturalresource, why don’t we consider such differences in theconservation strategies implemented?
6. To conclude, point out the importance of undertaking anaccurate appraisal of men’s and women’s situations, in order to ensurethe design of appropriate and efficient environmental protectionand conservation strategies. It would be ideal to take up the resultsof this exercise to conduct a planning process based on a genderequity approach.
9898989898
9999999999
There are countless cases of men whomigrate as a result of the depletion ofthe productive areas, leaving theirfamilies behind. Under thesecircumstances, the women have to facethe lack of firewood, the scarcity ofproducts, water, soil erosion, and otherenvironmental problems. This is not onlydue to their female condition, but is alsorelated to the fact that, generallyspeaking, she is the only adult left incharge of all household-relatedresponsibilities.
FOURTH TOOLFOURTH TOOLFOURTH TOOLFOURTH TOOLFOURTH TOOLEnvironmental Degradation and Impact byEnvironmental Degradation and Impact byEnvironmental Degradation and Impact byEnvironmental Degradation and Impact byEnvironmental Degradation and Impact by
Sex/GenderSex/GenderSex/GenderSex/GenderSex/Gender
It is impossible to ignore the environmental degradation andits differentiated impact on women and men. As the degradation ofthe environment and social structure moves forward, as a result ofpopulation growth, degradation of natural resources, and soilinfertility, men and women are forced to migrate to new places,regardless of whether or not these are protected areas. In additionto creating legal and environmental conflicts, this also increasesecological deterioration.
The feminization of povertyimplies that the worldwide crisisfaced by the environment anddevelopment, has caused women tobecome further impoverished.Among the poor of the world,women are the poorest, as aconsequence of the burden placedby their reproductive andproductive roles, and theirsubordinate condition. Forexample, it should be taken intoaccount that the impact on theenvironment does also affectreproductive aspects. Such is thecase of brackish water, hard water,or firewood scarcity, among others.
The reduction in soil fertilityand the decrease in food, water, fodder and firewood, entail anincreased workload for women, extending the time and energyrequired to gather these resources from places that are furtherand further away.
100100100100100
Environmental changes cause negative impacts not only onthe productive systems, but also on the population’s qualityof life. The most dramatic and visible effects are thosethat affect the physical and mental health of the people,as well as the productivity of the subsistence systems.In addition, the efforts made every day by the population,particularly women, to mitigate such impacts, entail coststranslated, primarily, into money, time and opportunitiesfor greater wellbeing. However, costs cannot only beassociated with the impacts, but also with the lack ofprevention of said effects and policies for resourceconservation. The consequences of these environmentaldeterioration should be analyzed from the differentiatedeffect on women and men, from their asymmetricalinsertion into the social structure and consequentvulnerability (Rico, N. 1997).
In addition to investing more hours in obtaining resources suchas water and firewood, women face the problem of reduced familyfood intake. Women generally sacrifice their food rations and thoseof their daughters, in favor of the male members (their sons andpartner/spouse). This is added to the women’s struggle to keeptheir household’s quality of life, with less and less resources,continued pregnancies and reproductive problems, which explainsthe increased health deterioration of poor women.
The incidence of natural disasters is becoming increasinglyevident, as a result of global climatic change. This characteristicmakes it necessary for communities to be prepared to deal withthis type of situations. The disasters over the past few yearsrevealed that the impact of these phenomena has a differentiatedeffect on men and women. Women play a critical role in kinship andreciprocity networks, (social structure), which in rural communitiespermit to mitigate the burden of poverty, risk and crisis. Thesenetworks are capable of mobilizing and redistributing resources,labor and information, thereby increasing the families’ survivalcapacity. The role played by women in these networks needs to bebetter documented, understood and appreciated, in order tocontribute to an equitable and sustainable management of PAresources.
Do notDo notDo notDo notDo notforget...forget...forget...forget...forget...
101101101101101
Cultural practices, such as the fact thatwomen are not allowed to go to publicplaces alone, without being accompaniedby a male member of their own family, mayincrease their vulnerability to naturaldisasters. For instance, in the case ofthe recurrent floods in Bangladesh, manywomen drown because they refuse to getout of the house alone.
KeyKeyKeyKeyKeyquestionsquestionsquestionsquestionsquestions
askedaskedaskedaskedasked
An element which should notbe omitted when analyzing theenvironmental degradation pro-blems, is who is responsible forimplementing the sustainabilitypractices designed for environ-mental recovery. As clearly statedby Escalante (1994), the close linkbetween women and nature maylead to positions arguing thatwomen enjoy an alleged privilegedposition with respect to nature orthe environment. This line orargument entails the risk of ending
up supporting the traditional work division and the correspondinggender risks, and assigning women an additional work shift. It isimportant to take into consideration which population derivesbenefits and which population pays for the costs of environmentaldegradation, as a result of existing practices. In this way, it ispossible to identify the imbalances and, thus, agree on more equitableforms of cost and benefit sharing, between men and women, andamong diverse social groups.
a. Which are the major environmental problems operation-wise?
b. Does the population that resides in the PA or near it perceiveany problem regarding the resources?, Which resources havebecome scarce now, have habitats or species disappeared?
c. From the population’s point of view, which are the causes ofthese problems? (natural disasters, poverty, migration,population increase).
d. How does environmental degradation affect women and men?
e. Which activities are required to improve environmentalconditions?, Do people feel they can do something to preventthis situation or is it a government responsibility?
f. Who will take over responsibility for environment-orientedactivities?, Does this reflect an equitable distribution of costsand benefits derived from resource management?
g. What has been the impact of environmental legislation andregulations on the living conditions of local populations?
h. What is the differentiated impact of natural disasters by sex?,How do men and women cope with the disaster (during, afterand the recovery stage)?
102102102102102
Before, now and afterBefore, now and afterBefore, now and afterBefore, now and afterBefore, now and after
Source:Source:Source:Source:Source: IUCN’s Social Area Group
Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective: To assess the community’s situation regarding the use andconservation of natural resources (sensitive to the identificationof gender differences)
Identification about the community’s expectations towards aconservation and sustainable development project.
Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials: Large blank newspaper sheetsColor markers, pencils and crayonsTape
Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure: 1. The community is divided into groups. It may be groups ofwomen, men, youngsters, boys and girls. Three sheets of newspaperand markers, pencils and crayons are handed to each group.
2. The groups are asked to draw the community, first in the past(taking into account the background information participants haveabout their community). On the other sheet of paper, they drawdrawdrawdrawdrawthe communitythe communitythe communitythe communitythe community at the present time, and on the third, they will drawhow they would like to live in the future.
3. Depending on the interest of the appraisal, certain keyelements may be prioritized and identified. In our case, we haveworked with the following questions:
TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:
102102102102102
BEFOREBEFOREBEFOREBEFOREBEFORE NOWNOWNOWNOWNOW AFTERAFTERAFTERAFTERAFTER
103103103103103
- What was the community like before?
- What were the natural resources like, the forest, themountains, and the rivers?
- Where did the water come from?
- How did they carry out their work?
- Which were their greatest problems?
4. The same questions are asked for the present time.
5. The same questions are asked for the future.
6. Subsequently, each group tapes their drawings and presentsthem to the plenary. At the end of the presentations, the communitymay analyze the contributions, differences in appreciation andprioritization, according to the group working on it. The futurepresents elements of a cultural character that is important to discussthoroughly.
103103103103103
104104104104104
105105105105105
“Women should never get on a fishing boat because theybring bad luck”.
“Taking along a man whose woman is pregnant will bringless fish to the boat”.
“A menstruating woman should not touch the fishing gearbecause they would become contaminated”.
FIFTH TOOLFIFTH TOOLFIFTH TOOLFIFTH TOOLFIFTH TOOLCultural or Traditional NotionsCultural or Traditional NotionsCultural or Traditional NotionsCultural or Traditional NotionsCultural or Traditional Notions
Cultural factors are vital to appraisals, as it is around themthat stakeholders have been creating, shaping, and defining theirsocial, cultural, religious, and ecological environment.
Unfortunately, most of the PA initiatives undertaken in theworld have disregarded the enormous importance of culturaltraditions and customs associated with natural resources. This hasled to serious conflicts among the human groups who have inhabitedthe areas and the “external” managers of the PA. In recent years,agreements have been reached at a national as well as internationallevel to acknowledge the right of ancestral groups to the appreciationof their traditions and customs.
On the other hand, there are a series of myths, traditions andtaboos associated with the various ecosystems (forests, deserts,seas), which—to a certain extent—regulate the utilization, knowledgeand connection of part of the users with the resources. For example,in the case of marine-coastal areas, it has been possible to identifya large number of myths and taboos associated, mainly, with theparticipation of women in fishing or picking activities. Among thesemyths or taboos we can point out the following:
Awareness about the different notions and the gender “burden”these notions place on the natural resources is extremely valuablefor a PAGEP.
106106106106106
KeyKeyKeyKeyKeyquestionsquestionsquestionsquestionsquestions
askedaskedaskedaskedasked
A study called “Between the sea and thecorn field” was conducted at theChuburmá Village, in Puerto Progreso,Peninsula of Yucatán, Mexico. Throughthis research it was possible to gatherthe women and put together ancestral andcurrent cooking recipes, as a result ofwhich it was possible to determineconsumption patterns and the dynamicsof some natural resources (members ofthe SSS Kook Paakal, et.al., 1998).
a. Are there traditional or customary regulations and legislationregarding the use and conservation of natural resources?
b. Are there common law rights over natural resources and informalagreements regulating the access to community or “open” resources?
c. What are the main traditions and celebrations kept bycommunity members?
d. Are there myths or local legends associated with any of theactivities carried out in the PA?
e. How dependent are community populations on the resources interms of social customs, cultural practices, or ceremonial orreligious practices?
f. Is any special cultural orspiritual significance attachedto a particular site or species?
- Are these protected or is therea certain level of restrictionwithin the traditional or nativesystem (holy forests, caves,cemeteries).
- Are there any groups orindividuals who view themselvesas owners or custodians ofcertain habitats or resources?
g. Which is the traditional knowledgeabout the climate, dynamics of thenatural resources, etc.?, Is itdifferentiated by gender?
h. Are there any gender-basedcultural restrictions affectingthe access or control to anyresource?
i. Which are the cultural regulations,traditions or restrictions thataffect gender relations associatedwith productive and environmentalaspects?
j. How do these restrictionsaffect the possibilities toimprove resource managementin a PA in order to increase itssustainability and equity?
In Kakamega District in Kenya there aretaboos that prevent married women fromplanting tress (such as eucalyptus) for theconstruction of houses. It is said that ifa married women has to plant a tree thatwill be used for timber, the roots will growtowards the house and overturn it.Married women are neverthelesssanctioned by community to grow treesfor fuel wood and fodder. Sesbania sesbanalso know as omosabisabi or “mama”(mother) trees are not regarded as treesby local communities. This tress providewoodfuel ( Mwangi, W. and Houghton, I., 1993).
107107107107107
Socio-dramas and representationsSocio-dramas and representationsSocio-dramas and representationsSocio-dramas and representationsSocio-dramas and representations
Source:Source:Source:Source:Source: Gustavo Briceño and Ilse Valenciano
Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective: To make a representation about a specific topic, in order to illustratea given situation as closely as possible. At the end of the activity,the most important aspects represented are recorded.
Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure: 1. The socio-drama is a technique that may be used in variousways.
2. The topics to be represented are determined according tothe interest of the participants, and in accordance with theobjectives of the appraisal. For example:
- A working day in the life of a woman and a man
- Domestic violence
- Situations that are typical to women, men, or both, in varioussettings: home, work, the market, the street, etc.
3. Upon concluding the representation of the situations (it cantake place in subgroups), the facilitating team will encourage detaileddiscussions about one of the topics represented. Following are someexamples of encouraging questions:
TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:
107107107107107
108108108108108
- Is this a commonplace situation?
- Does it only happen in some cases? When? Why?
- Does it affect women, men and boys and girls in a similar way?
- How did we feel during the representation (players, audience?)?
There are times when representing or acting is easier than discussingor rationalizing about certain realities, particularly when it comesto “difficult” situations.
Some persons dislike this type of activities. Even if after severalattempts at trying to motivate them to participate, they refuse tobecome involved in the representations, these persons may still makea very useful contribution, through their insight as part of theaudience, or by providing support in elements such as wardrobe,sound, etc.
RememberRememberRememberRememberRememberthat…that…that…that…that…
108108108108108
109109109109109
KeyKeyKeyKeyKeyquestionsquestionsquestionsquestionsquestions
askedaskedaskedaskedasked
SIXTH TOOLSIXTH TOOLSIXTH TOOLSIXTH TOOLSIXTH TOOLLLLLLevels of Social Participationevels of Social Participationevels of Social Participationevels of Social Participationevels of Social Participation
Society produces and reproduces social relations and assignsdifferentiated roles to women and men, which—in turn—results indifferent opportunities and spaces for leadership exercisingpurposes.
Acknowledgment of this situation is essential to promoteconservation and sustainable development initiatives in a PA,particularly when considering that development is determined bythe power relations and interests existing among local and externalsocial players. Therefore, it is necessary to learn about theserelations, how they are developed and worked out, to ensuresuccessful conservation and sustainable development processes.
a. How are the male and female members of the stakeholdersinvolved in the decision-making and planning processes at ahousehold and community level?
b. What type of institutions and organizations exist (traditional,clans, formal and informal associations and organizations), andhow are they conformed (by sex, age, etc.)?
c. Are there any specific institutions, organizations or groups ofstakeholders linked to the management of any naturalresource?, Are these local or do they enjoy national orinternational recognition?
d. In which organizations or groups of stakeholders are womeninvolved and how?
e. Which is the projection or impact of the groups’ actions oncommunity life?
110110110110110
To deliver conservation messages andprograms to women, one must learn abouttheir meeting places. Quite frequently,formal and public spaces are not spacesfor women. If the participation andopinions of women is sought, then theyhave to create their own meeting spaces.It is also important to identify whichresources fall under the influence of menand which under the influence of women.Natural resources are frequentlyinfluenced by gender relations. Forexample, women control the fruits,although not the fruit trees (Rojas, M.,1998).
f. Are there any social networksand networks for mutual helpto strengthen the community’sorganizational processes?,How do men and womenparticipate in these networks,which are their roles?
g. Are there social structures tofacilitate negotiation proces-ses among the differentstakeholders?
h. Which is the level ofinformation of men and womenabout the legal dispositionsaffecting their rights ingeneral terms, and theiraccess to and use ofresources, in particular?
i. Which participation spaces exist for men and women incommunity organization, and local and regional governments?
111111111111111
Institutional diagramInstitutional diagramInstitutional diagramInstitutional diagramInstitutional diagram
Source:Source:Source:Source:Source: Plan de Acción Forestal para Guatemala, 1997. Adapted by LorenaAguilar
Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective:Objective: To identify the various organizations involved in the community’sdevelopment and the importance men and women grant to them.
Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials:Materials: Blank newspaper sheets, markers, round pieces of paper (optional),tape
Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure: 1. Participants are divided into subgroups; they are asked to statethe name of the community-involved institutions.
2. Participants are, subsequently, asked to classify the institu-tions in order of importance with respect to their involvement incommunity affairs. It is fundamental to recognize which institutionsare the most important according to the opinion of the people, andwhich are respected and trusted by the community. To this effect,participants may be asked to draw on larger circles the mostimportant institutions, and on smaller circles, by order of importance,the rest of the institutions or organizations. Paper circles ofdifferent sizes may be provided for this activity. Participants arethen asked to indicate how these institutions interrelate among eachother, by superimposing paper circles to indicate the existence ofcollaboration among them.
3. If participants have worked on the floor, then the mostaccepted versions should be carefully copied on a sheet of paper.
TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:
1101101101101101 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 1
112112112112112
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Aguilar, L. and Castañeda, I.About Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderPerspective in Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective in Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective in Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective in Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective in Marine-Coastal Zones. . . . . Ed. Absoluto – IUCN.San Jose, Costa Rica. 2000.
Aguilar, L., et. al.SeekSeekSeekSeekSeek... and Ye Shall Find.... and Ye Shall Find.... and Ye Shall Find.... and Ye Shall Find.... and Ye Shall Find. Creating participatory appraisalsfrom a gender perspective. Ed. Absoluto – IUCN –AriasFoundation. “Towards Equity” series. Module 2. San Jose,Costa Rica. 1999.
Aguilar, L., et.al.Género y figura no son hasta la sepulturaGénero y figura no son hasta la sepulturaGénero y figura no son hasta la sepulturaGénero y figura no son hasta la sepulturaGénero y figura no son hasta la sepultura. Guía para laconstrucción de relaciones de equidad en iniciativas dedesarrollo sostenible. Ed. Absoluto – IUCN. 2ª. ed. San Jose,Costa Rica. 1997.
Campillo, F. and Pérez, L.Género y gerencia empresarial en pequeñas empresas ruralesGénero y gerencia empresarial en pequeñas empresas ruralesGénero y gerencia empresarial en pequeñas empresas ruralesGénero y gerencia empresarial en pequeñas empresas ruralesGénero y gerencia empresarial en pequeñas empresas ruralesy organizaciones de desarrolloy organizaciones de desarrolloy organizaciones de desarrolloy organizaciones de desarrolloy organizaciones de desarrollo, , , , , Consultorías Futura. CostaRica. 1998.
Castañeda, I., et.al.Equidad de género y sustentabilidad en la Península de Atasta,Equidad de género y sustentabilidad en la Península de Atasta,Equidad de género y sustentabilidad en la Península de Atasta,Equidad de género y sustentabilidad en la Península de Atasta,Equidad de género y sustentabilidad en la Península de Atasta,Campeche: diagnóstico situacionalCampeche: diagnóstico situacionalCampeche: diagnóstico situacionalCampeche: diagnóstico situacionalCampeche: diagnóstico situacional..... Project supported by theJohn and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Mexico. 1999.
Escalante, C.La participación de las mujeres en la estrategia de desarrolloLa participación de las mujeres en la estrategia de desarrolloLa participación de las mujeres en la estrategia de desarrolloLa participación de las mujeres en la estrategia de desarrolloLa participación de las mujeres en la estrategia de desarrollo
sostenible desde la perspectiva de génerosostenible desde la perspectiva de génerosostenible desde la perspectiva de génerosostenible desde la perspectiva de génerosostenible desde la perspectiva de género..... Paper deliveredat the workshop: Women and Environment: highlighting theconnection. Towards Beijing. Mar del Plata, Argentina. 1994.
Gurung, J.....Gender Dimensions of Biodiversity Management: Cases fromGender Dimensions of Biodiversity Management: Cases fromGender Dimensions of Biodiversity Management: Cases fromGender Dimensions of Biodiversity Management: Cases fromGender Dimensions of Biodiversity Management: Cases fromBhutan and NepalBhutan and NepalBhutan and NepalBhutan and NepalBhutan and Nepal. . . . . International Center for IntegratedMountain Development. Newsletter No.31. n.d.(www.icimod.org.sg/publications/newsletter/gender.htm).
ICSFYemayá: revista del ICSF sobre género en la pescaYemayá: revista del ICSF sobre género en la pescaYemayá: revista del ICSF sobre género en la pescaYemayá: revista del ICSF sobre género en la pescaYemayá: revista del ICSF sobre género en la pesca..... No. 2.India. 1999.
113113113113113
IUCNProtected Areas in the 21Protected Areas in the 21Protected Areas in the 21Protected Areas in the 21Protected Areas in the 21ststststst. Century: from Islands to. Century: from Islands to. Century: from Islands to. Century: from Islands to. Century: from Islands toNetworksNetworksNetworksNetworksNetworks. Conference Report. Albany, Western Australia.January, 1998.
Kemf, E.The Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous People InThe Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous People InThe Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous People InThe Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous People InThe Law of the Mother: Protecting Indigenous People InProtected AreasProtected AreasProtected AreasProtected AreasProtected Areas..... Sierra Club Books. San Francisco, USA.1993.
Mwangi, W. and Houghton, I.Women Plant Shrubs not Trees: A Brief Look at Women andWomen Plant Shrubs not Trees: A Brief Look at Women andWomen Plant Shrubs not Trees: A Brief Look at Women andWomen Plant Shrubs not Trees: A Brief Look at Women andWomen Plant Shrubs not Trees: A Brief Look at Women andForestry. Forestry. Forestry. Forestry. Forestry. EcoNews Africa. Vol. 2 No.6 April. 1993
Members of the SSS “Koox Paakal”, et. al.Entre el mar y la milpaEntre el mar y la milpaEntre el mar y la milpaEntre el mar y la milpaEntre el mar y la milpa..... Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y lasArtes Dirección de Culturas Populares. Programa de Apoyo alas Culturas Municipales y Comunitarias. Yucatan, México. 1998.
Oliveira, R. and Anderson, E.Gender, Conservation and Community Participation: The CaseGender, Conservation and Community Participation: The CaseGender, Conservation and Community Participation: The CaseGender, Conservation and Community Participation: The CaseGender, Conservation and Community Participation: The Caseof the Jaú National Park, Brazilof the Jaú National Park, Brazilof the Jaú National Park, Brazilof the Jaú National Park, Brazilof the Jaú National Park, Brazil..... MERGE: University ofFlorida. Case Study No. 2. 1999.
Rico, M. N.Género, medio ambiente y sustentabilidad del desarrolloGénero, medio ambiente y sustentabilidad del desarrolloGénero, medio ambiente y sustentabilidad del desarrolloGénero, medio ambiente y sustentabilidad del desarrolloGénero, medio ambiente y sustentabilidad del desarrollo.Seventh Regional Conference for the Integration of Womeninto the Economic and Social Development of Latin Americaand the Caribbean. CEPAL. Santiago de Chile, Chile. 1997.
Rojas, M.Working with Community-Base Conservation with a GenderWorking with Community-Base Conservation with a GenderWorking with Community-Base Conservation with a GenderWorking with Community-Base Conservation with a GenderWorking with Community-Base Conservation with a GenderFocus: A Guide. Focus: A Guide. Focus: A Guide. Focus: A Guide. Focus: A Guide. Case Study No.3. MERGE. Florida University.1999.
Salles, V. and Turián, R.Salud reproductiva: historia del enfoque, conceptos, ejesSalud reproductiva: historia del enfoque, conceptos, ejesSalud reproductiva: historia del enfoque, conceptos, ejesSalud reproductiva: historia del enfoque, conceptos, ejesSalud reproductiva: historia del enfoque, conceptos, ejestemáticos y perspectivas críticas: argumentos previos a latemáticos y perspectivas críticas: argumentos previos a latemáticos y perspectivas críticas: argumentos previos a latemáticos y perspectivas críticas: argumentos previos a latemáticos y perspectivas críticas: argumentos previos a labúsqueda de nexos y diálogosbúsqueda de nexos y diálogosbúsqueda de nexos y diálogosbúsqueda de nexos y diálogosbúsqueda de nexos y diálogos..... In: Work Notebooks AboutReproductive Health and Sustainable Development.Environment and Society-Women and Environment. Mexico.2001.
Seki, E. and Sen, S.Meeting Information Needs On Gender Issues In InlandMeeting Information Needs On Gender Issues In InlandMeeting Information Needs On Gender Issues In InlandMeeting Information Needs On Gender Issues In InlandMeeting Information Needs On Gender Issues In InlandAnd Small Water Body FishersAnd Small Water Body FishersAnd Small Water Body FishersAnd Small Water Body FishersAnd Small Water Body Fishers. FAO: Field document. No. 32.Harare, Zimbabwe. 1994.
114114114114114
115115115115115
1 ____ Plan or program may be used indistinctly, according to country use.
CHAPTER IVCHAPTER IVCHAPTER IVCHAPTER IVCHAPTER IVTHE MANAGEMENT PLANTHE MANAGEMENT PLANTHE MANAGEMENT PLANTHE MANAGEMENT PLANTHE MANAGEMENT PLAN11111 : FROM: FROM: FROM: FROM: FROMINEQUITY VISIBILIZATION TOINEQUITY VISIBILIZATION TOINEQUITY VISIBILIZATION TOINEQUITY VISIBILIZATION TOINEQUITY VISIBILIZATION TO
EQUITY PROMOTIONEQUITY PROMOTIONEQUITY PROMOTIONEQUITY PROMOTIONEQUITY PROMOTION
The previous chapters have dealt with the identification andselection of a PA, development of the legal framework, and the needto identify the various stakeholders involved in the conservationinitiative. Guidelines have also been provided for the elaboration ofa participatory appraisal from a gender equity perspective. All ofthese stages provide a series of input and criteria to determine themost adequate management activities for the PA.
This chapter will specifically address the process involving process involving process involving process involving process involvingthe elaboration of a management plan from a gender perspectivethe elaboration of a management plan from a gender perspectivethe elaboration of a management plan from a gender perspectivethe elaboration of a management plan from a gender perspectivethe elaboration of a management plan from a gender perspective(MPGP), (MPGP), (MPGP), (MPGP), (MPGP), which in itself constitutes a planning exercise. The proposalherein presented is based on social participation principles, and theingredient that attaches a special color to it is gender equity.
The process and results of a MPGP in a PA should reflect abalance between the objectives and the guidelines involvingmanagement category, the interests and needs of local communities,and the various stakeholders.
MPGP seeks to make women and men assume a position aboutthe conservation initiative, to analyze the positive or negative impactsof the initiative on their daily lives, as well as their impact on thePA, develop a vision about the present and the future, and assumeindividual and community commitments towards conservation andsustainable development.
This chapter presents a methodological proposal for theelaboration of a MPGP, which may be summarized in the followingeight steps:
116116116116116
EightEightEightEightEightsteps:steps:steps:steps:steps:
2 ___ There are instances when external consultants are contracted to develop the managementplan. In these cases, the consultants’ terms of reference should clearly state that themanagement plan will be developed from a gender equity perspective.
Development of a MPGP is a slow process of successiveapproximations, where the process is as important as theresults. The first step is gaining awareness about thelocal reality, making use of various participatory techniquesto identify objectives, set goals and propose alternativesand solutions.
Do notDo notDo notDo notDo notforget...forget...forget...forget...forget...
Permanent validation by the stakeholders is requiredthroughout the entire process.
The process for MPGP design requires open mindedness,willingness and patience. Usually, the facilitators are part of a teamconformed by specialists from governmental offices, universities,and non-governmental organizations. The team may also beconformed by individuals who are familiar with the region, localauthorities, PA managers, external staff and specialists onconservation issues.
Ideally, the facilitator team should have undergone a previousintegrating process, as a result of which, everyone concerned isfully convinced and committed to the process involving the MPGP2 .
1. Management plan participants2. Appraisal analysis3. Development of objectives4. Zonation5. Conceptual framework and guidelines6. Definition of programs and subprograms7. Definition of schedules and resources8. Equity promoting ideas
PER
MA
NEN
TVA
LID
ATI
ON
117117117117117
PA residents possess different levels of “knowledges”. Theseknowledges are as important as the official knowledge. Thus,both points of view should be adequately linked, in order tomake decisions whereby it will be possible to design an efficientand effective plan.
There are groups or sectors with different interests andnotions, for which reason a negotiation process should beundertaken to encourage the groups to voice their needs andfind ways to meet such needs. These diverse interests mayspring from economic, political or cultural groups, which—usually—enjoy a certain extent of recognition, but they mayalso spring from both, women and men, negotiating at an individuallevel. Thus, it will be necessary to generate capabilities and spacesfor negotiation and addressing potential conflicts.
A dialogue and negotiation process should take place among allstakeholders: among men, among women; among women andmen; and among economic and political groups, to name a few.
The participation of women and men should be balanced3 .Women need support to learn to voice their opinions andconcerns in public and negotiate their particular interests; andmen need to learn to value the approaches voiced by women, inthe understanding that both are valid. This process supportsmutual recognition and respect; it is the basis of the democraticprocesses promoting representative decisions.
Take into consideration the awareness process of local groupsand authorities, to define strategies for the incorporation ofwomen and men.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
TheTheTheTheThefacilitatingfacilitatingfacilitatingfacilitatingfacilitatingteam shouldteam shouldteam shouldteam shouldteam should
take thetake thetake thetake thetake thefollowingfollowingfollowingfollowingfollowing
criteria intocriteria intocriteria intocriteria intocriteria intoconsideration:consideration:consideration:consideration:consideration:
A process is not democratic when women are not recognized,are not present, or do not fully participate at all levels, orwhen their rights or dignity as individuals are violated.
When working with mixed groups, it is highly advisable for theMPGP to be facilitated by a mixed team, to gain the confidence ofboth, men and women. If the group includes indigenous participants,due consideration should be given to the cultural differences,including translation services, if needed.
3 ___ We are aware that the balance is a desired goal and that some times it is very difficult toachieve. In some cases it will be necessary to work with men and women in separate groupsbefore having a community meeting. This will allow women to speak out in their own spaces aswell as presenting some of their concerns as a group an not as a single individual.
118118118118118
4 ___ Please refer to Chapter II.5 ___ Reference is made to the socio-environmental characteristics of the groups because the
cultures develop attitudes, customs, and practices associated with their own ecosystem. Forinstance, the communities residing in areas where there is a high rate of rainfall, developdrainage practices for their crops, whereas cultures having lower rainfall rates, developirrigation systems.
The stakeholders’ “social map” should be clearlyidentified, as the success of the management plan lieson democratic participation. Not all people have the sameabilities or skills needed to participate in a conservationinitiative. Thus, it is extremely important to make cleardistinctions among the various groups of stakeholders,and ensure that all men and women have the opportunityof participating.
It isIt isIt isIt isIt isnecessarynecessarynecessarynecessarynecessary
that. . .that. . .that. . .that. . .that. . .
There are several mechanismsto secure the participation ofwomen and men, that may beadapted to the style andprocedures deemed mostconvenient for each PA. Thischapter will not address thesemechanisms extensively, but thereader may refer to Annex 3 ofthis book “Who is out there?”, fora listing of the books, manuals andWeb pages that include a widerange of methodologies, tools andtechniques.
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Management planManagement planManagement planManagement planManagement planparticipants: Are all theparticipants: Are all theparticipants: Are all theparticipants: Are all theparticipants: Are all theright participants presentright participants presentright participants presentright participants presentright participants present
and are these all there are?and are these all there are?and are these all there are?and are these all there are?and are these all there are?
To ensure that the management plan will be plural and inclusive,and that the various groups of stakeholders4 have been invited, itwill be necessary to design mechanisms and techniques to work withall of them. These may vary and should be adapted to the socio-environmental characteristics5 of each group.
It is important to assess the groups’ representativeness, as itis quite likely that not all of the population will participate in theprocess involving the development of the management plan.
There are instances when it is advisableto work with separate groups of men andwomen. The facilitator should keep inmind that gender education affects themanner in which men and women definetheir needs or problems. Women havebeen socialized to identify more easily theneeds of other people: their daughters,sons, husband, relatives, or communitymembers. Therefore, it is extremelyimportant to probe deeply into the repliesgiven by women about their needs, untilthere is certainty that their own needshave truly surfaced.
119119119119119
Direct participation, where people voice their opinions, discuss,vote, work and assume commitments in a direct manner. Theseare basically individual representations.
Semi-direct participation, where people delegaterepresentation to others—relatives, friends, communityrepresentatives, a well-known person from the community—but maintain close communication with their representatives.
Indirect participation, where people delegate representationon others—specialists, advisors, NGOs, political parties, thechurch or other institution—but never or hardly ever interactwith their representatives in a direct manner.
When initiating the process for plan development, it isimportant to consider that the various forms of participation withina PA will be determined by different factors: size of the PA,management category, space distribution, socio-cultural diversity,among others.
There are communities where socio-cultural factors limit theparticipation of women, for which reason mechanisms should becreated to promote greater participation equity, withoutdisregarding community traditions. It is also important to considerethnic and religious diversity, as well as their own particularparticipation mechanisms.
In many countries, laws and regulations clearly establish thecriteria guiding the population’s participation during the process formanagement plan development.
There There There There Thereare severalare severalare severalare severalare severalforms offorms offorms offorms offorms of
participation:participation:participation:participation:participation:
�����
�����
�����
6 ___ Meaning plan.
For example, in Mexico the law stipulates that.. “theMinistry of Environment and Natural Resources(SEMARNAT), shall formulate not later than one yearafter the date of publication in the Official Gazette ofthe respective declaration, the management programmanagement programmanagement programmanagement programmanagement program66666 forthe corresponding protected natural area, by promotingthe participation of the area’s population, owners, and landconcessionaires, other competent entities, state andmunicipal governments, including the Federal District, asapplicable, as well as any other interested social, publicor private organizations and individuals…”SourceSourceSourceSourceSource: Article 65 of the General Law for Ecological Balance andEnvironmental Protection, Mexico, 1999.
For example...For example...For example...For example...For example...
120120120120120
It should be mentioned that the plan would be developedthrough different methods, meetings, and consultations undertakenat different points in time. Therefore, the steps involved in theprocess and invitation mechanisms are steps that may be repeatedas many times as necessary.
Productive schedules (agriculture, fishing, harvesting),reproductive activities (meal times, children’s chores, laundry),and community celebrations.
Social relations (family, clan, among others), which at timesare invisible forms of organization.
Capability of the group(s) to hold meetings.
The people invited to meetings should be clearly informed aboutthe objectives of the meetings, as well as the purpose and scope oftheir participation. Consultations should not be limited to “listeningor gathering opinions”, based on which decisions will be made at alater time by a small group of people. Just as impossible it is toexpect all decisions to be taken collectively. The scope ofparticipation of the various stakeholders in decision making, shouldbe clearly established, and accepted by and acceptable to everyoneconcerned.
Time is of the essence,particularly in the case of women,since given the type of work theycarry out in their household, thereare many times when they areunable to attend meetings at thesame hours scheduled for othergroups. Consideration should begiven to handling differentschedules for different worksubgroups. In addition,consideration should also be givento childcare, as there are manyinstances when women cannotattend the meetings because theyhave no one to look after theirchildren.
�����
�����
�����
OtherOtherOtherOtherOtherelementselementselementselementselements
that shouldthat shouldthat shouldthat shouldthat shouldbe taken intobe taken intobe taken intobe taken intobe taken intoconsiderationconsiderationconsiderationconsiderationconsiderationwhen settingwhen settingwhen settingwhen settingwhen setting
times fortimes fortimes fortimes fortimes formeetingsmeetingsmeetingsmeetingsmeetings
are:are:are:are:are:
It is essential to take into account thatthe spaces for information disseminationand meeting arrangements, should beaware of the fact that women, men andthe various groups do not necessarily haveaccess to the same places, sources orinformation means. For example, femaleinvitations may take place through thechildren’s school notebooks; and in thecase of youngsters, through recreationalspaces such as dance halls or sports fields.
121121121121121
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . Appraisal analysis: Where and how are we?Appraisal analysis: Where and how are we?Appraisal analysis: Where and how are we?Appraisal analysis: Where and how are we?Appraisal analysis: Where and how are we?
To begin the process for MPGP development, we must firstconsider the information generated by the appraisal.
The facilitating team, together with the communities andstakeholders, proceeds to make an analysis of the informationobtained. The end purpose is to set the foundations upon which themanagement plan will be built, but prior to this, stakeholders requireinformation feedback, analysis and appropriation. The facilitatingteam should make an in-depth study about gender, without ignoringany aspect, regardless of how simple it may seem. Of the utmostimportance is to understand the logic behind gender relations withina given environmental setting, particularly regarding the access, useand control of resources, the distribution of costs and benefits,and decision making about existing resources.
Knowledge about the background and political situation of thestakeholders and the communities, and their implicationsdifferentiated by women and men.
Knowledge about the ecological environment and presentcondition.
Indication, in a clear and concise manner, about the gendersituation prevailing in the protected area and zones of impact,with respect to living conditions; production of goods andservices in the area; social standing; ecological, economic,productive and political aspects of the various social groups; existingorganizations, and level of participation of women and men.
Indication about the needs and demands voiced by the womenand men of the community.
Identification of regulations, patterns and legislation having adifferentiated effect on women and men (country legislationand common law rights).
Work division by sex among participating groups: Who doeswhat regarding productive, reproductive and community work?,When and how is it done?
To identify the patterns regulating the access, use and controlof resources, goods and services, including the distribution ofcosts and benefits between women and men. Particularattention should be paid to those resources and services overwhich the PA conservation initiative expects to have a certaindegree of impact.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
FollowingFollowingFollowingFollowingFollowingare some ofare some ofare some ofare some ofare some of
the elements tothe elements tothe elements tothe elements tothe elements tobe consideredbe consideredbe consideredbe consideredbe consideredin appraisalin appraisalin appraisalin appraisalin appraisal
analysis:analysis:analysis:analysis:analysis:
122122122122122
Reflect demographic trends such as: birth rates and migratorypatterns of men and women.
Inclusion of quantitative and qualitative data about power andsubordination relations between the men and women of theparticipating groups
Identification of the different forms of women participation(quantity and quality) in the decision-making processes atcommunity level, at household level, and at the level ofcommunity organizations.
Several techniques may be applied to present the findings ofthe appraisal. Following are two matrixes that may be used. Thesematrixes are very important inasmuch as they seek to “make a crosscomparison” between environmental, social and economic information.
�����
�����
�����
123123123123123
RESOURCE: MANGROVESRESOURCE: MANGROVESRESOURCE: MANGROVESRESOURCE: MANGROVESRESOURCE: MANGROVES
7 ___ Biological characteristics, resource status, inventories, status, ecological relations.8 ___ It refers to the access, use and control of resources and the equitable distribution of costs and benefits.
Mangroves250 ha.
Women’saccess to themangrove forfirewoodextractionpurposes islimited; thereare noconcessions inthe hands ofwomen.
Women,together withboys and girls,extractmollusks; theentireproduction issold tomiddlemen,who pay themonly US$0.50per kilo.
Cooperative ofcoal producers.
Independentwoodmen.
Group of womenengaged in theextraction ofmollusks.
Women involvedin firewoodextraction.
The height of themangrove rangesbetween 4.50 mand 13.20 m; theaverage is 8 m.
Density rangesfrom 600 to 3,800trees per hectare.
Over the past 10years 50% of thearea has been lost.
Serious effectsassociated withwater pollutioncaused by theagrochemicalsused in theproduction ofwatermelons inthe area.
It basicallyconsists ofrihizophoramangle.
A significantpresence ofmollusks at themouth of theestuary.
Molluskoverexploitation,resulting in animportant loss ofgenetic material.
The size ofmollusks forextraction doesnot meet minimumcommercializationstandards.
They have theconcessionsfor lumberextraction.
They engagein fishing inestuarywaters.
They are incharge ofselling thelumber andcoal.
¿W¿W¿W¿W¿What ishat ishat ishat ishat isthere?there?there?there?there?ExistingExistingExistingExistingExistingnaturalnaturalnaturalnaturalnatural
resourcesresourcesresourcesresourcesresources
¿¿¿¿¿How areHow areHow areHow areHow arethey?they?they?they?they?77777
¿W¿W¿W¿W¿Who areho areho areho areho arepresent?present?present?present?present?Groups ofGroups ofGroups ofGroups ofGroups of
stakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholders
SocialSocialSocialSocialSocialgender relationsgender relationsgender relationsgender relationsgender relations88888
ImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsfor thefor thefor thefor thefor the
managementmanagementmanagementmanagementmanagementplanplanplanplanplanWomenWomenWomenWomenWomen MenMenMenMenMen
124124124124124
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE LIVERPOOL COMMUNITYSOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE LIVERPOOL COMMUNITYSOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE LIVERPOOL COMMUNITYSOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE LIVERPOOL COMMUNITYSOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE LIVERPOOL COMMUNITY
9 ___ These areas vary depending on the data gathered by the appraisal.
Fishermen’s cooperative
Indigenous council
52%
80%
80%
65%
Number of people (75)
Illiteracy (70%)
Number of people (100)
Illiteracy (70%)
48%
20%
20%
35%
Who are present?Who are present?Who are present?Who are present?Who are present?
Groups ofstakeholders
Socio-demographicSocio-demographicSocio-demographicSocio-demographicSocio-demographicareaareaareaareaarea99999
Differentiated effectDifferentiated effectDifferentiated effectDifferentiated effectDifferentiated effectby genderby genderby genderby genderby gender
ImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsfor thefor thefor thefor thefor the
managementmanagementmanagementmanagementmanagementplanplanplanplanplanWomenWomenWomenWomenWomen MenMenMenMenMen
125125125125125
The objective is a situation or condition expected to existin the future. It should be reachable and realistic.
ItsItsItsItsItswording shouldwording shouldwording shouldwording shouldwording shouldcontemplate:contemplate:contemplate:contemplate:contemplate:
�����
�����
Two types of objectives may be defined: a general objectiveand specific objectives.
General objectiveGeneral objectiveGeneral objectiveGeneral objectiveGeneral objective
The general objective includes a broader and far reachingpurpose. It defines the changes expected through theimplementation of the conservation initiative, the situation that isexpected to be reached. It should take into consideration genderdifferences and undertake activities to overcome inequalities andinequities, and have a broader and more integral impact.
Balancing out the interests of ecological nature and thoseaffecting the people’s quality of life.
Expressing the equity-related changes the conservationinitiative expects to promote in the PA.
Specific objectivesSpecific objectivesSpecific objectivesSpecific objectivesSpecific objectives
These are the accomplishments the PA conservation initiativeexpects to achieve as a result of the activities undertaken. It shouldbe verified whether the specific objectives do, entirely, cover thepurposes of the general objective.
3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . Development of objectives: What do we want toDevelopment of objectives: What do we want toDevelopment of objectives: What do we want toDevelopment of objectives: What do we want toDevelopment of objectives: What do we want toachieve?achieve?achieve?achieve?achieve?
Upon completing the analysis of the information generated bythe appraisal and determining the impact that the conditionshighlighted might have on the MPGP, the next step is to develop theobjectives of the plan. At this stage it is important to take up theobjectives and the declaratory upon which the PA was based, as theobjectives established for plan management must, necessarily, bein correspondence with the objectives established for the PA.
At this point it is worth clarifying certain aspects related tothe scope of an objective and how it is worded.
126126126126126
This is one of the most difficult steps, as it constitutes thelink that connects the desired situation with the activities that willbe undertaken to reach said situation. The specific objectives shouldclearly identify gender equity mainstreaming, both, language-wise(inclusion of women and men), as well as contents-wise.
At this time in MPGP development, it is advisable to make aclear identification about the elements of change we wish to achieve,each of which may be expressed by way of a specific and as realisticas possible objective. The number of objectives developed willdepend on management capability, the resources available for theconservation initiative, and the diversity of activities to beundertaken.
In most cases, it is advisable to either define certain specificobjectives that address gender gaps, or mainstream gender equityinto the conservation and sustainable development objectives.
Propose the equity-oriented changes and transformationsexpected to be achieved in the relations between women andmen.
Define the conditions leading to the empowerment of womenregarding the access and control of the resources and theequitable distribution of benefits.
Reduce the poverty levels of women and men, through profitableand ecologically viable productive alternatives.
Promote women’s organization and their actual participation indecision-making spaces, thus, contributing to thedemocratization of power within the conservation initiativeimplemented in the PA.
When developing the MPGP objectives, it is important for thewomen and men of the various groups of stakeholders to reachconsensus about the objectives they wish to include, making surethat these reflect the needs and interests of both genders.
Care should be exerted throughout the entire process to ensurethat these objectives are based on the two principles mentionedearlier in this document:
Conservation as an equity promoting opportunity.
Social equity as an indispensable requisite for conservation andsustainable development.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
Therefore,Therefore,Therefore,Therefore,Therefore,the specificthe specificthe specificthe specificthe specificobjectivesobjectivesobjectivesobjectivesobjectives
aim to:aim to:aim to:aim to:aim to:
127127127127127
General objectiveGeneral objectiveGeneral objectiveGeneral objectiveGeneral objectiveTo provide the elements needed to conform and integratestrategies and actions towards the conservation, use, andrational exploitation of renewable and non-renewablenatural resources, to guarantee the region’s equitable andsustainable development.
Specific objectivesSpecific objectivesSpecific objectivesSpecific objectivesSpecific objectivesTo establish, define, systematize and prioritize theactions involving protection, restoration, research,education, legislation, regulations, operation, andfinancing that will be undertaken in the area from agender equity perspective.To delimit, together with the stakeholders, the legalrecommendations and dispositions that will be appliedto the integral management of the natural resourcesexisting in the protected area.To propose the coordinating mechanisms that will beenforced at a local, national and international level tomanage the protected area in an equitable manner.
�����
�����
�����
4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . Zonation: area demarcationZonation: area demarcationZonation: area demarcationZonation: area demarcationZonation: area demarcation
There is no pre-determined model for PA zonation; areademarcation should be established in accordance with countrylegislation and regulations, and should be based on thecharacteristics and conservation status of the ecosystems, species,or natural phenomena to be protected, socio-economic aspects, andpresent potential uses and exploitation of natural resources.
To offer protection for representative habitats, ecosystemsand ecological processes.
To preserve some areas in their natural condition without humandisturbance except for scientific and conservation purposes.
To protect the natural and cultural qualities of the PA,allowing—at the same time—a reasonable spectrum of humanuses.
SomeSomeSomeSomeSomezonationzonationzonationzonationzonation
guidelinesguidelinesguidelinesguidelinesguidelinesare:are:are:are:are:
�����
�����
�����
128128128128128
To reserve appropriate areas for certain human uses, to theextent that the effects resulting from such uses may beminimized.
To separate conflicting human activities.
To describe the area’s resources.
To describe the uses of the resources by sex, ethnic, economicgroup and age. This description should focus on present uses,although consideration should also be given to past uses andlevels of use.
To analyze by sex, ethnic, economic group and age, the costsand benefits about the limitations and opportunities of potentialactivities in the area.
To define in an equitable manner the boundaries, objectivesand conditions of use and entrance to the different areas.
Zonation is an instrument whereby the administrators, alongwith the stakeholders and communities, define the purposes of eachPA sector as well as possible uses. Zonation may be determinedthrough either a legal document, or a more informal means. What isreally important is to disseminate it among all PA stakeholders. Beloware some of the elements conforming zonation from a gender equityperspective:
When establishing the uses, rules and regulations of the forest,land and other resources, an analysis should be conducted aboutthe uses women attach to the resources, prior to establishingrestrictions or prohibitions. Women should, likewise, beincluded in the allocation of firewood quotas for householdactivities, herb gathering for medicinal or food purposes,hunting or fishing for self consumption and low-scalecommercialization.
Women and men should be informed about the sanctionsapplicable to resource depredation, and should be included insurveillance and supervision tasks.
When zonation involves the displacement of human populationstowards other lands, women should be consulted and includedin decision making, payment of indemnifications, as well as theselection of new sites, whether for productive, reproductiveor community activities. This is particularly important when itinvolves relocation of human settlements, as women are alsodirectly affected by this situation.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
129129129129129�����
�����
As a result of the resolution adopted by 15 states in Indiaunder the program for Joint Forest Management, forforest protection purposes, women had to walk an averageof 10 kilometers to gather firewood in non-restrictedareas. The resolution established severe penalties (publicflagellation) for wood collectors in the PA. The resultwas that women accounted for 90% of the people punished(Sarin, M. 1995).
The work conducted at the TerrabaSierpe area in Costa Rica, involvedpoachers and illegal fishermen, as theypossessed extremely valuable informationabout animal populations. There weremany instances where the animal habitatspointed out by these groups correspondedto areas that were later classified asnucleus or restricted use areas.
The creation of income-generating alternatives for womenshould be guaranteed, either to compensate them forprohibitions imposed on activities previously carried out bythem, or to improve their quality of life.
When conflicts of interest arise and mechanisms areestablished to deal with them and make the correspondingdecisions, particular attention should be paid to the inclusionof women, boys, girls, and the elderly members of thecommunity.
Zonation may be undertaken through several techniques. Oneof the most common techniques is the elaboration of communitymaps identifying the different zones in accordance to use by thevarious stakeholders.
Regardless of the techniqueused, the zonation process shouldclearly define the uses women andmen make of the resources. Thisis essential to the inclusion orexclusion of these uses in thezonation. Particularly, becausethere are many regions in theworld where zonation begins bymaking a list of permittedactivities. The activities that arenot permitted are excluded, andconsequently, considered asillegal activities.
130130130130130
5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . Conceptual framework and guidelinesConceptual framework and guidelinesConceptual framework and guidelinesConceptual framework and guidelinesConceptual framework and guidelines
It is strongly advised that a section outlining the theoreticalbasis and guiding principles upon which the MPGP is based, beincorporated into the written document resulting from the MPGP,such as sustainability, equity, participation, among others.
As a result, the document will be read in an agile and non-repetitive manner, there will be congruity in the guidelines proposed,and the people who were not directly involved in the plan’sdevelopment process, will be able to find a clear and definedconceptual framework to correctly apply the guidelines containedtherein.
6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . Definition of programs and subprogramsDefinition of programs and subprogramsDefinition of programs and subprogramsDefinition of programs and subprogramsDefinition of programs and subprograms
Upon having defined and delimited the zones and determinedthe uses that will be allowed, restricted and forbidden, the nextstep involves a process whereby it will be possible to put into practiceand achieve the objectives previously developed.
This process is undertaken by defining the components,programs or subprograms comprising large areas of activity, suchas environmental education, research, training, population dynamics,and productive and community projects.
Because of their connection with the objectives, thesesubprograms vary according to the characteristics of each PA.
Subprograms describe the entire organizational system, wheretechnical, methodological, administrative, and operational elementsare integrated, including the conditions needed to execute the PAconservation initiative. At this point in the MPGP is where thestrategies or work methods for the conservation initiative will bedetermined. The following question is asked: What has to be doneand how will the work be carried out? And a definition is maderegarding the participation of the various stakeholders and otherpeople.
One way to guarantee gender equity mainstreaming insubprograms, is for each subprogram to establish equityachievement responsibilities, clearly defined within the rolesof their permanent staff, including the resources needed forimplementation purposes. This will ensure that all subprogramswill include activities to develop the potential of women, andestablish relations based on gender equity.
ToToToToToguaranteeguaranteeguaranteeguaranteeguarantee
mainstreamingmainstreamingmainstreamingmainstreamingmainstreaming�����
131131131131131
Of the utmost importance is to provide the technical andfinancial resources needed by the activities to be undertaken,including mechanisms to guarantee the participation andvisibilization of women in the environmental, productive andsocial processes.
As part of the resources needed for subprogram execution,efforts should be made to gain access to the technicalresources and methodologies that facilitate the application ofthe gender equity approach. For example, systems to gatherdata disaggregated by sex, indicators to project and assessthe presence of a gender equity perspective in the varioussubprograms, among others.
The technologies, times, meeting places, and messagedissemination forms selected, should be convenient andappropriate for women. This will enable the MPGP to have astrategy to guarantee the participation of women, preventingthem from being limited as a result of the socialization process.
Subprogram development and implementation requires, at thevery least, one person in charge of gender issues, with authorityand decision-making power and resources, responsible for theprovision of technical assistance, and monitoring and evaluationof the gender dimension. This is not incompatible with thestipulation to the effect that all members of the team in chargeof the implementation of the conservation initiative in the PA,are equally responsible for its incorporation and application.There are instances where such personnel may be requestedas part of inter-institutional cooperation in the region (officesaddressing women-related issues, development organizations,poverty prevention programs, etc.).
Setting-up of a gender unit conformed by the head of the unitplus those identified in each subprogram, acting as liaisonsamong subprograms and the person in charge of gender.
It is essential to design gender sensitizing and trainingprograms for all personnel, as part of a permanent effortthroughout the execution of the conservation initiative.
After completing the definition of the subprograms, it will benecessary to specify how these will be implemented. This is generallydone through the implementation of more specific actions oractivities, such as the Annual Operating Plans. At this moment, it isextremely important to conduct an exercise for the purpose ofprioritizing and selecting activities, ensuring that, in addition topromoting conservation, they also promote equity. This exercisemay be carried out through the following technique.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
132132132132132
How can potential activities or actions be identified through thevarious alternatives at hand to influence conservation and equitypromotion?
Methodology: 1. Upon defining the subprograms, it is necessary to identifyidentifyidentifyidentifyidentifypotential actions or activities potential actions or activities potential actions or activities potential actions or activities potential actions or activities to be undertaken. Creativity isessential at this stage. Action proposals should meet tworequirements: first, to provide the answers to the problemsidentified, and secondly, to ensure that the solutions proposedpromote equity or avoid inequalities.
2. Once the action proposals have been defined, it is advisable torequest process participants to analyze the feasibility of thesolutions proposed, based on the following criteria:
- Equitable benefit. Equitable benefit. Equitable benefit. Equitable benefit. Equitable benefit. Promotes an equitable distribution betweenmen and women of the costs and benefits generated, breakingaway from the traditional forms of resource control.
- Increased income.Increased income.Increased income.Increased income.Increased income. Improvement on the quality of life of menand women (economic as well as reproductive-wise).
- Profitability. Profitability. Profitability. Profitability. Profitability. Are there mechanisms through which localplayers may meet their economic needs in a manner compatiblewith conservation in the PA in question?, Should it becomenecessary, is there capital availability to undertake theinvestments required?, If necessary, do the local people feelconfident enough to invest in income-generating activities?
Which is the most convenient solution?Which is the most convenient solution?Which is the most convenient solution?Which is the most convenient solution?Which is the most convenient solution?TTTTTechnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:echnique:
132132132132132
133133133133133
- Technical and social feasibility.Technical and social feasibility.Technical and social feasibility.Technical and social feasibility.Technical and social feasibility. The solution is adequate tothe community context and it is technically possible toimplement it.
- Life span.Life span.Life span.Life span.Life span. What is the period of time required?, Is this along-term solution?
- Local resourcesLocal resourcesLocal resourcesLocal resourcesLocal resources. Is there availability in the area of the human,natural and material resources needed to solve the situation?,If not, where will they come from?, And who will secure them?
- SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainability. Does the impact on the natural resourcescontribute to conservation?, Will it be a long-term impact?,Can the stakeholders do it with little external assistance andcontinue doing it after the assistance is ended?
- ParticipationParticipationParticipationParticipationParticipation. Involves a large segment of the population, atleast a sufficient number of women and groups of women. Doespublic appreciation promote the contribution made by womento community development, placing them in a social positionsimilar to the position men enjoy in the community?, Aredemocratic power practices promoted within the groups ofwomen and men, as well as in decision-making spaces?
- Appreciation of local knowledges and experiences. Appreciation of local knowledges and experiences. Appreciation of local knowledges and experiences. Appreciation of local knowledges and experiences. Appreciation of local knowledges and experiences. Good useof the knowledge and experience possessed by women and menabout the use and management of natural resources, traditionalknowledge about biodiversity, ecosystems, climate management,resource use and management.
- Decision makingDecision makingDecision makingDecision makingDecision making. Promotes the involvement of women and menin decision-making spaces under equal conditions.
- Risks or threats. Risks or threats. Risks or threats. Risks or threats. Risks or threats. What type of changes could occur as aresult of the solution?, Will it be possible to face them?
3. Following criteria definition, the next step is to submit thevarious actions to the consideration of the participants, in order toselect the action that meets with all of the selected criteria. Ascoring system is used to this effect.
SadSadSadSadSad (0 points): when it is a bad solution with regard to thecriterion assessed.
SeriousSeriousSeriousSeriousSerious(1 point): when it is a fair solution with regard to thecriterion assessed.
HappyHappyHappyHappyHappy (2 points): when it is good solution with regard to thecriterion assessed.
133133133133133
134134134134134
It is worth mentioning that when there is no Management Plan ineffect for a PA, and short-term conditions for drafting such a planare unavailable, the work about gender equity may be started throughthe Annual Operating Plan or any other planning instrument in effect.The overall guidelines presented in this chapter may be adapted.In addition, there are tools and techniques at a project level thatmay be very useful for field work (please refer to Annex 3).
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample
Benefits
Increased income
Requires external resources
Is ecologically viable
Promotes participation
Score obtained
Priority
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5
Less advisable
8
More advisable
CRITERIACRITERIACRITERIACRITERIACRITERIA
Acquisition of gear forAcquisition of gear forAcquisition of gear forAcquisition of gear forAcquisition of gear fororganized fishermenorganized fishermenorganized fishermenorganized fishermenorganized fishermen
Improve aquacultureImprove aquacultureImprove aquacultureImprove aquacultureImprove aquacultureproductivityproductivityproductivityproductivityproductivity
ACTIONS PROPOSEDACTIONS PROPOSEDACTIONS PROPOSEDACTIONS PROPOSEDACTIONS PROPOSED
134134134134134
135135135135135
7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . Definition of schedules and resource allocationDefinition of schedules and resource allocationDefinition of schedules and resource allocationDefinition of schedules and resource allocationDefinition of schedules and resource allocation
Upon completing the identification of subprograms and relatedactivities, the next step is to determine the human, financial andequipment resources required, work out the schedules and determinethe persons responsible for the actions. This last point is essential,since it will not be advisable to have a series of activities withoutthe people needed for their promotion or execution.
It is also essential to consider the costs involved in the internaland external activities required for MPGP implementation. Thus, itwill be possible to determine as accurately as possible the investmentrequired and costs involved.
The schedule becomes the instrument through which it ispossible to keep control of the various times needed for MPGPimplementation, and compliance with the activities planned forobjective achievement.
In a MPGP the schedule is an essential instrument to keep trackof the actions undertaken within each subprogram, the progressachieved, as well as to determine the actions needed for activityfollow-up purposes.
The management plan that has been drafted from a genderequity perspective, will be completed in this section upon reflectingthe importance inherent to the allocation of human and financialresources for gender equity building throughout plan subprograms.
The PA technical team includes feminine and masculine staffequitably distributed throughout throughout throughout throughout throughout the most important areas ofthe management plan.
The personnel selection policy considers gender criteria andassigns priority to people who are knowledgeable and sensitiveto gender equity (for example, the program will not hirepersonnel who have been charged for household or sexualviolence).
The directors and field workers should be sensitive to genderequity.
The PA has an on-going staff training process addressing genderequity issues.
The allocation of at least 20% of the budget to explicitlyguarantee actions leading to gender equity.
NecessaryNecessaryNecessaryNecessaryNecessaryconditions:conditions:conditions:conditions:conditions:
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
136136136136136
In a Belize PA, the women from fishing communities andretired fishermen attended a training course about thepatterns of behavior of birds in a mangrove area. Theincorporation of these community members has beenextremely successful as a result of their detailedobservations and records. They even come to know thebirds in an individual manner (giving them names), and areextremely happy about their work, not only because ofthe money they earn, but also because they now feel theyare participating in the protection of these species. Theyare also appreciated by the communities and are invitedto visit schools for informal chats about their ownexperiences.
The resources required for the implementation of the activitiesplanned should be clearly guaranteed, or the ability to securethem should exist. Resource allocation should consider criteriarelated to rationality, contingency precaution, and theimplementation of coherent and coordinated activitiesthroughout plan execution.
8 .8 .8 .8 .8 . Equity promoting ideasEquity promoting ideasEquity promoting ideasEquity promoting ideasEquity promoting ideas
The programs, subprograms and operating plans may include awide range of new activities offering alternatives for employment,as well as personal and community development. This is an opportunityfor equity promotion provided the participation of women, elderlypeople, and youngsters is encouraged and prioritized.
Following are some examples of activities. Consideration shouldbe given to the fact that the implementation of some of theseactivities will require women to devote some of their time, for whichreason it is essential to reduce or distribute their workload andavoid imposing an excessive burden on them.
a .a .a .a .a . Studies, scientific research and monitoring ofStudies, scientific research and monitoring ofStudies, scientific research and monitoring ofStudies, scientific research and monitoring ofStudies, scientific research and monitoring ofspeciesspeciesspeciesspeciesspecies
In most communities there always are members—usually olderwomen and men—who possess considerable knowledge about thearea’s biodiversity. Through previous training, they may be excellentspecimen collectors and be able to participate in inventory takingactivities, population surveys, and recovery of knowledge about theproperties of medicinal plants.
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample
�����
137137137137137
It would be most appropriate to incorporate into this activity theshamans, traditional doctors, or women who use these plants on adaily basis.medicinales.
There are many water, soil, or air quality monitoring systemsand tests that may be carried out by community women, followingprevious training, without the need for highly sophisticatedlaboratories, (for example, level of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), testto determine the presence or absence of [P/A], or analysis involvingpaper strips10 ).
b .b .b .b .b . Management of natural populationsManagement of natural populationsManagement of natural populationsManagement of natural populationsManagement of natural populations
There are some projects involved in management of threatenedspecies or species which habitats have disappeared, that providehuman populations with alternative income sources. Of particularimportance are the projects providing opportunities whereby womenand elderly people are able to participate in the benefits derivedfrom such projects. There are countries where great success hasbeen achieved through management of certain species, such as deer,crocodiles, butterflies, camels, elephants, fish, turtles, llamas, andalpacas, which redound not only in economic but also ecologicalbenefits.
c .c .c .c .c . Protection, surveillance and administrationProtection, surveillance and administrationProtection, surveillance and administrationProtection, surveillance and administrationProtection, surveillance and administration
Women, boys, girls, and elderly people constitute groups withgreater levels of permanence in rural areas. This characteristicallows them to participate in surveillance activities related to thecontrol of end seasons, restrictions and quotas.
The incorporation of boys and girls since early childhood intoconservation initiatives is highly advisable, as the ecosystems’recovery and restoration cycles are long, and quite possibly, duringtheir youth years they will be responsible for the execution of thesecycles.
Female technicians and professionals may carry out certainadministrative tasks. Also, women may undergo training to acquireskills on data accounting control, management and systematization,resource administration, or relations with local authorities, etc. Thisaspect is further addressed in Chapter V, dealing with PAadministration and management.
10 ___ For further information about these tests, please refer to “Guidance Document for SampleCollection and the Use of Commercial Presence-Absence (P-A) Tests for the BacteriologicalAnalysis of Drinking Water”. Laboratory Services Branch, Ministry of Environment and Energy,Ontario, Canada, 1997.
138138138138138
In Brazil, the women’s association of Bahia de Sol, hasundergone training about the steps required for IBAMA(environmental agency) registration. Through thisknowledge, women are able to help the fishermen obtainthe corresponding fishing permits, that are mandatoryfor rural populations involved in fishing activities (MaríaCristina Manshy, extracted from Yemayá, 1999).
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample The government of Costa Rica has promoted compensationpayments for carbon fixing with some developed countries.The amounts received for these environmental services aretransferred to the communities, in accordance with the totalarea of preserved, planted or recovered forests. TheMinister of Environment, in coordination with its genderoffice, determined that a part of the funds obtained in returnfor environmental services, would be allocated to equitypromotion activities among beneficiary communities.
d .d .d .d .d . Payment of environmental services that canPayment of environmental services that canPayment of environmental services that canPayment of environmental services that canPayment of environmental services that canpromote equitypromote equitypromote equitypromote equitypromote equity
One of the issues under international discussion is thecompensation for environmental services. One such strategy consistson charging users (at a local, national and even international level)for the services provided by the forests. Among these services itis worth mentioning carbon fixing or capture, and payment for forest-produced resources, such as water, among others.
This concept poses the challenge of undertaking equitypromoting activities related to cash benefits received in return forthese services. For instance, a commercialization strategy basedon payments received for environmental services, might ensure thata percentage of the amount collected be allocated to indigenousand female farmers, as direct beneficiaries of this type of initiatives.
e .e .e .e .e . Women’s participation in fire prevention and controlWomen’s participation in fire prevention and controlWomen’s participation in fire prevention and controlWomen’s participation in fire prevention and controlWomen’s participation in fire prevention and control
Wildfire prevention and control of agricultural field burningpractices are two of the most important prevention activities relatedto management of protected areas. For example, in Indonesia,Central America, and the Philippines, the women who live in areasadjacent to the PA as well as in the areas of influence, have been
139139139139139
formally trained to become part of the wildfire fighting brigades.Women are capable of promoting the replacement of agriculturalfield burning for other practices, participating in area mappingactions to control wildfire and agricultural field burning risks, andcommunity training in wildfire prevention and control.
f .f .f .f .f . Environmental educationEnvironmental educationEnvironmental educationEnvironmental educationEnvironmental education
Most management plans include the environmental educationcomponent. The gender equity approach may be incorporated intothis component in two ways: first, by including in environmentaleducation programs considerations about how conservation initiativesin a PA represent an opportunity for gender equity promotion; andsecondly, by incorporating women into the activities derived fromthis component. The latter would be more appropriate ifenvironmental education is carried out through the use of all typesof techniques, such as camp and field days, visits and informal chats.
g .g .g .g .g . Technologies to help reduce women’s workloadTechnologies to help reduce women’s workloadTechnologies to help reduce women’s workloadTechnologies to help reduce women’s workloadTechnologies to help reduce women’s workload
Women’s work shifts require devoting much of their time toactivities which time and resource requirements could beconsiderably reduced. Some of the actions could be directed towardsaccess to firewood, water, medical services (physicians’ visits tothe communities), childcare facilities, etc.
h .h .h .h .h . CreditCreditCreditCreditCredit
Credit access is extremely important for female activities,where scarce, insufficient or inappropriate credit facilities hinderwomen’s development, profitability and income. However, it shouldbe recalled that because of their gender condition, women usuallypossess no assets, which fact—in turn—restricts their access tocredit facilities. Therefore, consideration might, alternatively, begiven to include in credit portfolios non-traditional collateral suchas stoves, jewels, sewing machines, huipiles11 , etc.
11 ___ A huipile is an embroider blouse used by the indigenous women in Guatemala, whose price canbe very high.
In some villages in Africa women have to walk up to 20 Km. To obtain water. Insome cases this activities takes all their day. In Ndhiwa in East Africa aproject introduced bicycle transport. This has reduced women’s workload intwo ways, men or older children are going to look for the water or even somewomen are using them. This means that there are saving time and energy thatwas earlier used unproductively for transport, on more productive activitiesor even spare time (Easter Africa Newsletter, April 2001).
140140140140140
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample There are some Moslem countries where prior to thewedding, the groom presents the bride with a certainamount of gold jewels. For credit access purposes, thewomen have worked out, together with the banks, a creditsystem that allows them to pledge their jewels.
i .i .i .i .i . Non-traditional activitiesNon-traditional activitiesNon-traditional activitiesNon-traditional activitiesNon-traditional activities
The ideas and beliefs about what is masculine and what isfeminine is also reflected on the assignment of certain activities tomen and women. It is common for professions and activities such asnursing, cooking, or secretarial work, to be assigned to women,whereas others like engineering and mechanics are considered asmasculine activities. These stereotypes hinder modifying opportunityinequalities between women and men.
Women’s participation in trades usually assigned to men is knownas non-traditional activities. Some of these may be undertaken in aPA. For example, the tourism sector may well be a field for innovationin non-traditional trades, by training women in activities such asdiving guides, vehicle driving through ecotourist trails, or boatingand kayaking in coastal areas, parking lot concessions and othertourist-related services (such as renting of horses), restaurants,information modules, tourist shops, ecoshelter administrators, repairmechanics for boats, cars, and other vehicles.
Other options derived from projects connected to theproductive use of resources, without affecting the ecosystems, suchas plant collection for medicinal or commercial uses, such as theBach flowers, potpourri or aromatic herbs, production of naturaldyes, sale of ferns or aerial plants, the fibers and skins of marinespecies for handcraft production.
j .j .j .j .j . Enterprises involving recycling and organicEnterprises involving recycling and organicEnterprises involving recycling and organicEnterprises involving recycling and organicEnterprises involving recycling and organicproductsproductsproductsproductsproducts
There is a good account of women-operated recyclingenterprises, involving collection, processing, and sale of productssuch as paper, aluminum and plastic.
Organic crops have gained popularity over the last few years,but require certification to increase market value. Women couldundergo training and work as organic product inspectors; learn,develop and promote new practices to improve soil fertility through
141141141141141
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample
k .k .k .k .k . Female concessions, permits, possession andFemale concessions, permits, possession andFemale concessions, permits, possession andFemale concessions, permits, possession andFemale concessions, permits, possession andinheritanceinheritanceinheritanceinheritanceinheritance
There are very few groups of women or individual womenconsidered as concessionaires of forest or marine resources. Thenegotiation about this type of benefits is of the utmost importancefor female participation under equal opportunity conditions. Thesame applies to land ownership or inheritances (inheritances go tothe eldest son), for which reason it is essential to set up mechanismsto reduce these irregularities and promote legal modifications.
Women should be consulted and taken into consideration incases of relocation of productive lands or housing areas. Mechanismsshould also be established to guarantee that indemnificationpayments be equitably distributed within the household, ensuringthe inclusion of female household heads, or female membersresponsible for land production (even if they are not land owners) inabsence of a formal owner.
The permits, concessions and listings involving the legal use ofresources and geographical zones should explicitly recognize theactivities carried out by women, regardless of whether of arecollection or self-consumption nature.
the production of cover crops and composting; install women’senterprises for the production of organic input like fertilizers,fungicides, and biologic pest controls; women-managed cooperativesfor organic products’ commercialization, and restaurants sellingorganic food.
By venturing into resource exploitation, an elephant parkin Thailand is raising funds by manufacturing paper fromelephant dung. The project was granted to a group ofwomen from the Ayutthaya Park, located 80 km North ofBangkok, who extract and dry the fibrous pieces fromelephant slops, for paper manufacturing, using the surplusnutrients as fertilizer. Women call this “golden slops” onaccount of the income they obtain from paper sales.
142142142142142
12 ___ The Notebook on Reflections on Masculinity-Related Issues may be consulted. “Gender DoesAlso Concern Men”. Briceño, G. and Chacón, E. IUCN-Arias Foundation-El Productor. Ed.Absoluto S.A. 2001
l .l .l .l .l . Literacy campaignsLiteracy campaignsLiteracy campaignsLiteracy campaignsLiteracy campaigns
Development of literacy campaigns along with training on rights,legislation, gender, sexuality, and issues involving the appropriateand sustainable use of resources.
The guides for the literacy campaign that involve learning thevocal letters, words and phrases, should be strategically designedso that the messages used to learn to read and write be related towomen’s rights, non-traditional roles, violence prevention, resourceaccess possibility, minimum collection sizes for certain species,fragility of the ecosystems, the role of flora and fauna in the foodand reproductive chain, and reproductive health.
m .m .m .m .m . Other equity promoting activitiesOther equity promoting activitiesOther equity promoting activitiesOther equity promoting activitiesOther equity promoting activities
It should be recalled that gender relations are expressed atthe individual as well as collective level. Whenever these relationsexperience modifications, important changes affect people’s livesin many ways: regarding the distribution of household chores,arrangements between couples, relation with the daughters, sonsand other relatives; income generation, social recognition, personalappreciation and self-esteem.
The incorporation of a woman into a conservation project toundertake an income-generating activity that demands spending timeaway from her home, may turn into a true revolution inside herhousehold, deriving in conflictive situations or additional workloads.Thus, it is important that, simultaneously to the above-mentionedparticipation and training activities, actions be included to preventand reduce the conflicts resulting from any situation that involveschange.
Some actions are related to issues such as masculinity12 allowingthe development of new forms of relationship at both, householdand community levels.
It is advisable to schedule meetings, workshops and campaignsaimed at reflecting and informing about issues involving intra-familyviolence, reproductive health, the rights of women and men, girls’and boys’ rearing and education, and equitable distribution ofhousehold chores.
143143143143143
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Aguilar, L. et.al.A Good Start Makes a Better Ending: Writing ProposalsA Good Start Makes a Better Ending: Writing ProposalsA Good Start Makes a Better Ending: Writing ProposalsA Good Start Makes a Better Ending: Writing ProposalsA Good Start Makes a Better Ending: Writing Proposalsfrom a Gender Perspectivefrom a Gender Perspectivefrom a Gender Perspectivefrom a Gender Perspectivefrom a Gender Perspective. . . . . Ed. Absoluto S.A.-IUCN-AriasFoundation: “Towards Equity” series. Module No. 1. San Jose,Costa Rica. 1999.
Blanco, L. and Rodríguez, G.Practicing What We Preach: Toward Administration andPracticing What We Preach: Toward Administration andPracticing What We Preach: Toward Administration andPracticing What We Preach: Toward Administration andPracticing What We Preach: Toward Administration andManagement with EquityManagement with EquityManagement with EquityManagement with EquityManagement with Equity. . . . . Ed. Absoluto S.A.-IUCN-AriasFoundation: “Towards Equity” series. Module No. 7. San Jose,Costa Rica. 1999.
Briceño, G. and Chacón, E.El género también es asunto de hombres. El género también es asunto de hombres. El género también es asunto de hombres. El género también es asunto de hombres. El género también es asunto de hombres. Ed. Absoluto S.A.-IUCN-Arias Foundation -El Productor. San Jose, Costa Rica.2001.
DANIDA.Handbook on Logical Framework Approach for ProjectHandbook on Logical Framework Approach for ProjectHandbook on Logical Framework Approach for ProjectHandbook on Logical Framework Approach for ProjectHandbook on Logical Framework Approach for ProjectPreparationPreparationPreparationPreparationPreparation. DANIDA, Denmark. 1990.
Laboratory Services BranchGuidance Document for Sample Collection and the Use ofGuidance Document for Sample Collection and the Use ofGuidance Document for Sample Collection and the Use ofGuidance Document for Sample Collection and the Use ofGuidance Document for Sample Collection and the Use ofCommercial Presence-Absence (P-A) Tests for theCommercial Presence-Absence (P-A) Tests for theCommercial Presence-Absence (P-A) Tests for theCommercial Presence-Absence (P-A) Tests for theCommercial Presence-Absence (P-A) Tests for theBacteriological Analysis of Drinking WaterBacteriological Analysis of Drinking WaterBacteriological Analysis of Drinking WaterBacteriological Analysis of Drinking WaterBacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water. Ministry ofEnvironment and Energy. Ontario, Canada. 1997.
Lingen, A., et. al.Gender Assessment Studies a Manual for Gender ConsultantsGender Assessment Studies a Manual for Gender ConsultantsGender Assessment Studies a Manual for Gender ConsultantsGender Assessment Studies a Manual for Gender ConsultantsGender Assessment Studies a Manual for Gender Consultants.NEDA: Development Cooperation Information Department,Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Hague, Netherlands. 1997.
Sarin, M.....Regenerating Indigenous Forests: Reconciling Gender EquityRegenerating Indigenous Forests: Reconciling Gender EquityRegenerating Indigenous Forests: Reconciling Gender EquityRegenerating Indigenous Forests: Reconciling Gender EquityRegenerating Indigenous Forests: Reconciling Gender EquityWithin Joint Forest ManagementWithin Joint Forest ManagementWithin Joint Forest ManagementWithin Joint Forest ManagementWithin Joint Forest Management. . . . . IDS Bulletin, GenderRelations and Environmental Change. Vol. 26. No.1. January,1995.
144144144144144
145145145145145
STAR
TIN
G TH
E PR
OCE
SSST
ARTI
NG
THE
PRO
CESS
STAR
TIN
G TH
E PR
OCE
SSST
ARTI
NG
THE
PRO
CESS
STAR
TIN
G TH
E PR
OCE
SS
146146146146146
147147147147147
1 ____ The agency term will be used to refer to the entity responsible for PA administration.
“Management can be defined as the set of actions ofpolitical, legal, administrative, research, planning,protection, coordination, promotional, interpretative andeducational character, which result in a better use andpermanence of a PA, and the achievement of its objectives”(Cifuentes, M., et.al, 2000).
CHAPTER VCHAPTER VCHAPTER VCHAPTER VCHAPTER VADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENTADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
OF PROTECTED AREAS FROM AOF PROTECTED AREAS FROM AOF PROTECTED AREAS FROM AOF PROTECTED AREAS FROM AOF PROTECTED AREAS FROM AGENDER PERSPECTIVEGENDER PERSPECTIVEGENDER PERSPECTIVEGENDER PERSPECTIVEGENDER PERSPECTIVE
The administration and management of a PA is generally underthe responsibility of an agency1 that is in charge of the ManagementPlan operation. In some instances, management is in the hands of apublic entity, for example, the state or federal office responsiblefor national parks, natural areas or biosphere reserves; it may alsobe an office attached to the Ministry of Environment, or aninstitution specifically created for this purpose. Another modalityis to assign management responsibility to a non-governmentalorganization, through an agreement signed between the NGO andthe government; and there are other instances when PAadministration takes place under a self-administered modality, underthe responsibility of the community, which assumes full managementresponsibilities.
Management should be participatory, with considerablecommunity and stakeholders’ participation. It cannot be stressedenough that PA conservation initiatives will only achieve theirobjectives through equity and improvement of the population’s qualityof life.
148148148148148
The involvement of communities and groups in PA management,is a process that can be deepened as the Management Plan isexecuted. However, participation should not be viewed as acontinuous or linear sequence. There may be instances where acommunity might consider that the best way to participate wouldbe by sharing management responsibility with another agency,without expecting to attain full control.
The following diagram may be useful to identify thecharacteristics of the population’s participation in the administrationand management of a PA.
Control sharedControl sharedControl sharedControl sharedControl sharedby the agency in chargeby the agency in chargeby the agency in chargeby the agency in chargeby the agency in charge
Full controlFull controlFull controlFull controlFull controlby stakeholdersby stakeholdersby stakeholdersby stakeholdersby stakeholders
PARTICIPATION IN PA MANAGEMENT: A CONTINUUMPARTICIPATION IN PA MANAGEMENT: A CONTINUUMPARTICIPATION IN PA MANAGEMENT: A CONTINUUMPARTICIPATION IN PA MANAGEMENT: A CONTINUUMPARTICIPATION IN PA MANAGEMENT: A CONTINUUM
Full controlFull controlFull controlFull controlFull controlby agency in chargeby agency in chargeby agency in chargeby agency in chargeby agency in charge
PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT OF A PROTECTED AREAPARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT OF A PROTECTED AREAPARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT OF A PROTECTED AREAPARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT OF A PROTECTED AREAPARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT OF A PROTECTED AREA
..... consultation.....active
..... seeking .....consensus
..... negotiation .....(involved in
decision-making)and development
of specificagreements
.. shared authority ..and responsibilities
in a formal way(i.e., through
positions in themanagement board)
..... transference .....of authority
andresponsibilities
No interference or contributionfrom stakeholders
No interference or contributionfrom the agency in charge
Greater stakeholderexpectations
Greater stakeholder contribution,commitment and accountability
Source: Collaborative Management of Protected Areas:Tailoring the Approach to the Context. Borrini, G., 1997.
149149149149149
Co-managementCo-managementCo-managementCo-managementCo-management, is also known as participatorymanagement; it is an institutional arrangement betweenthe local users of a territory or group of natural resourcesor stakeholders interested in its conservation, and publicentities responsible for the administration of theseresources.
Co-management should not be understood as one singleevent. Co-management is not only about transferring PAmanagement responsibility or part of it to a communitygroup; it should be viewed as a process towards skilldevelopment, to enable communities to play an effectiverole in biodiversity conservation.
There are different management systems: administration inthe sole hands of a government entity, co-administration betweenan NGO and the communities, management by a federal authority,private management of an area, and self-administration by thecommunities established in PA.
There are many criteria and conditions involved in thedetermination about PA management. For example, there aremanagement categories and conservation objectives that may limitthe level of participation. The communities’ organizational level totake over management of an area, does also affect.
Nevertheless, there is increasing consensus about the fact thatcommunity participation is of the essence for a more effective andefficient PA management. One of the forms that is gaining wideacceptance in some regions of the world is co-management.co-management.co-management.co-management.co-management.
Based on the above characteristics, co-management constitutesan extremely feasible alternative to mainstream or integrate agender equity perspective into PA conservation work. Since thistype of management favors recognition about the various levels of“knowledges” possessed by men and women, (it is possible to visualizethe differences and inequalities), skills will be developed to enableboth genders to play a leading role in biodiversity conservation andsustainable development activities.
150150150150150
Co-management is based on the complementarity of the variousplayers and institutions, to reach the common objective of preservingthe natural resources and using them in a rational manner; as such,it focuses on the comparative advantages of the various players’capabilities, skills, knowledge and interests. That is, it entails theestablishment of alliances where responsibilities, authority, rights,and duties will be shared.
Co-management does not necessarily mean the constitution ofa legal structure, although it is advisable to formalize communityparticipation through agreements or other legal mechanisms, in orderto make an explicit recognition about the contributions to be madeby the various community members and groups, including theirparticipation in benefit distribution and decision-making.
Some negative experiences have turned co-management intosome form of participation simulation. In the name of conservationand claiming the importance and fragility of certain ecosystems,non-governmental organizations that enjoy international support andhave access to significant financial resources, have displacedcommunities from management and resource administration. Suchtype of situations entails the risk of transferring stateresponsibilities to an external group.
The word co-management implies the participation of two ormore players in the process. It is not about transferring stateresponsibilities to another organization or agency, but to shareshareshareshareshareresponsibilities and rights. It should be kept in mind that PAare part of a nationwide system governed by national as well asinternational regulations, which compliance is stateresponsibility.
Co-management requires a process leading to decentralization,desconcentration and delegation of responsibilities, duties andrights. To carry out the work assigned, the necessary skillsneed to be developed within stakeholders. Thus, co-management should be viewed as a process for empowermentand capacity building, rather than a process entailing thetransference of a certain amount of hectares.
Co-management should not be viewed as a biodiversityappropriation opportunity for national and internationalenvironmental NGOs. NGOs should take over management ofa protected area only on a temporary basis, while thecommunities located in or near the PA undergo the trainingprocess required prior to management take over.
�����
�����
�����
AsAsAsAsAsunderstoodunderstoodunderstoodunderstoodunderstood
in this book,in this book,in this book,in this book,in this book,co-managementco-managementco-managementco-managementco-managementsprings from asprings from asprings from asprings from asprings from a
series ofseries ofseries ofseries ofseries ofprinciples:principles:principles:principles:principles:
151151151151151
�����
In Canada, many of the areas proposedfor conservation purposes includeterritories belonging to the Inuit(Eskimos) and the First Nations (otherindigenous populations). For several years,the land claims filed by the AboriginalPeople have been negotiated in and extracourtrooms. Currently, severalparticipatory management agreementsincorporate a detailed account of theresults of the negotiations, and meet thespecific needs of the various AboriginalPopulations and the protection of naturalresources. Management Boards, involvingrepresentatives from governmentagencies and Aboriginal Populations,address all management-related issues,from long-term planning to daily activities.The Boards, established throughlegislation, have formalized the rights ofthe indigenous stakeholders to participatein management activities (Borrini, G.,1997).
Co-management requires national policies that define theconcept of co-management and its regulatory legal framework.The lack of this type of instruments has been the cause forexcesses and abuses in the name of co-management, which haveled to PA privatization by private enterprises.
Care should be exerted toensure that co-management favorsequity both, among stakeholdersand between genders, as it iscommon practice to assign resourceadministration to previouslyorganized groups, which are mostlyor entirely constituted by men.Even though it is important torecover previous forms ofcommunity organization, instead ofarbitrarily creating orsuperimposing structures, a fullrevision and restructuring of thegroups should be undertaken toencourage women participation atall levels: as administrators, indecision-making spaces, resourceoperation and administration,evaluation and follow up. It is alsoimportant to invest resources andtime to support the creation ofwomen’s organizations, to grantthem legal standing to participatein this type of public spaces.
There are certain duties in co-management that may be delegatedto community groups or members,
or to other institutions, like local non-governmental organizations.To this effect, it is important to clearly specify the managementactivities to be undertaken, by who and how.
If the entire PA conservation initiative has been designed in aparticipatory manner, the stakeholders will already have beenidentified (please refer to the selection of stakeholders in ChaptersII and IV of this book). Yet, when implemented, the plans will, mostlikely, require a certain amount of adjustment and accuracy, whichshould be undertaken in an open and transparent manner. The bestway to define the distribution of tasks, responsibilities, rights andduties, is through the elaboration of a co-management agreement.co-management agreement.co-management agreement.co-management agreement.co-management agreement.
152152152152152
The co-management agreement should—then—be based onaccurate information; it should stipulate the development of commonobjectives and minimum solutions; it should establish the rules ofthe game, define the decision-making mechanisms, as well as theprinciples of association among the various groups of stakeholders.
The territory comprised by the PA, its boundaries and zonation
The duties assumed by each stakeholder
The individuals responsible for each duty: persons, institutions,groups, and organizations
The rights of PA residents and stakeholders
The obligations of PA residents and stakeholders
The systems and mechanisms involving decision-making
The systems and mechanisms involving control and surveillance
The methods and mechanisms for conflict resolution
The methods and mechanisms for public information andconsultation
The Management Plan’s monitoring, evaluation and revisionsystems
A co-A co-A co-A co-A co-managementmanagementmanagementmanagementmanagementagreementagreementagreementagreementagreement
should clearlyshould clearlyshould clearlyshould clearlyshould clearlystipulate:stipulate:stipulate:stipulate:stipulate: �����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
Definition ofDefinition ofDefinition ofDefinition ofDefinition ofseeseeseeseesee
stakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersstakeholdersin Chapter IIin Chapter IIin Chapter IIin Chapter IIin Chapter II
and IVand IVand IVand IVand IVof this bookof this bookof this bookof this bookof this book
153153153153153
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample During an initial meeting held to establish a co-managementsystem at the Godam Forestry Area—which includesextensive bamboo plantations—a very serious conflictarose between the Bhanjda bamboo basket weavers andthe Haryana Forest Department of Godam (HFD). Themeeting was prolonged for five days, during which timeHFD staff and community members addressed pertinentissues, assisted by a support team.
The Bhanjdas residents possess no land and are completelydependent upon bamboo basket production and theavailability of fresh bamboo. Most community membersare illiterate and are engaged in no other trade than basketweaving; furthermore, their product enjoyed good demand,for which reason they could not understand why they wererequired to modify their traditional activity. HFD hasplanned to grant permits for Bhanjdas families to cutlimited quantities of bamboo during certain times of theyear, but the field experts from the Forest Departmentfelt that the villagers were violating the quotas assigned,which led to confrontations with the Bhanjdas.
The same group dynamics was followed during these fivedays: the field staff listened in silence to the community’sBhanjdas, but upon going back to the office, theyquestioned most of the demands expressed by theBhanjdas. They insisted that the local people weredishonest. It was obvious that the conflict between HFDstaff and the Bhanjdas had created such huge barriersthat it was impossible to expect field personnel to stickto their traditional role of only tending to their own pointof view. The support group, The Hill Resource ManagementSociety, responsible for establishing the co-managementagreement, returned over and over to the community totake a look at the demands and the responses to thesedemands. The support group found that HDF staffcontradicted and rejected the demands of the Bhanjdas,right in front of them, instead of contributing newelements to be carried back to the community.
154154154154154
At the end of the exercise, during a meeting attended bya large number of community members, the chief of theHFD office read aloud the draft establishing the basisfor the Co-management Agreement to be signed betweenthe Bhanjdas Management Society and the ForestDepartment. The potential agreement did immediatelycreate an optimistic reaction among the Bhanjdas andcreated expectations among HFD personnel. The Bhanjdaswomen assumed an active role during the discussion andcommitted themselves to the transformation of theconditions of the bamboo forest within a three-yearperiod, provided the HFD did honor its own commitment.Upon seeing the Bhanjdas’ change in attitude, the fieldstaff also began changing theirs. Now, the Bhanjdas areclearly interested in having the support group follow upon HFD agreement compliance. They have, finally, beenable to understand that to keep this change in attitude,both parties need to honor their own commitments. TheHaryana Forest Co-management Program was legallyconstituted in early 1990 (IUCN 1997).
In spite of the gender equity advantages posed by the co-management model, this does not imply that other managementsystems cannot contribute to build more equitable and ecologicallysustainable societies. What is most important is political will anddisposition by the management agency to address the issue.
On the other hand, gender cannot be tackled only at the levelof actions and strategies for the stakeholders (external). It alsoentails taking up and promoting a series of requirements andconditions within the management agency itself.
The need to adjust the policies or strategies and the internalstructure of the organizations responsible for PA management, stemfrom an ethical ethical ethical ethical ethical demand to secure democratic and equitableworkspaces. It also stems from an operative operative operative operative operative demand, given thefact that, without undertaking an internal change process, thestructure of the organization or agency will become a straight jacketthat will hinder the successful implementation of equity-relatedefforts. It does, ultimately, correspond to a demand linked withthe management agency’s projectionprojectionprojectionprojectionprojection towards the promotion anddevelopment of local and community structures involved in PAmanagement, whereby the latter will be allowed to create equity-related spaces.
155155155155155
2 ___ This section was built from Module 7 of the “Towards Equity” series. Blanco, L. and Rodríguez,G. Practicing What We Preach: Toward Administration and Management with Equity. Practicing What We Preach: Toward Administration and Management with Equity. Practicing What We Preach: Toward Administration and Management with Equity. Practicing What We Preach: Toward Administration and Management with Equity. Practicing What We Preach: Toward Administration and Management with Equity. Ed.Absoluto S.A. -IUCN- Arias Foundation. San Jose, Costa Rica. 1999.
3 ___ Given the importance of this level and the analysis required, this subject is addressed underChapter VI, Monitoring and Evaluation Systems.
4 ___ The term Program or Management Plan is indistinctively used in many countries; we haveselected Plan because of its broader scope.
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Management based on gender equityManagement based on gender equityManagement based on gender equityManagement based on gender equityManagement based on gender equity22222
A gender equity policy within PA management entails adoptinga set of principles, actions and measures logically, continuously andsystematically structured, and aimed at achieving more equitablerelations between women and men within the management agencyand its areas of influence.
These should cover the following levels:
a. Public policy level
b. Programmatic level
c. Operative level
d. Monitoring and evaluation3
GEN
DER
EQU
ITY
a .a .a .a .a . Public policy levelPublic policy levelPublic policy levelPublic policy levelPublic policy level
The Management PlanManagement PlanManagement PlanManagement PlanManagement Plan44444 is the instrument whereby managementguidelines are established. It should outline the strategies for a PAconservation initiative to promote gender equity. The commitmentabout gender equity promotion should be explicitly expressed in thePlan. If the Plan was not elaborated from a gender perspective, itshould be reviewed and corrected. If at all possible, a gender-basedparticipatory appraisal should be conducted, and restructuredaccording to the guidelines stipulated in Chapters III and IV of thisbook.
ExplicitExplicitExplicitExplicitExplicitcommitmentcommitmentcommitmentcommitmentcommitmentthat the PAthat the PAthat the PAthat the PAthat the PAconservationconservationconservationconservationconservationinitiative willinitiative willinitiative willinitiative willinitiative willcontribute tocontribute tocontribute tocontribute tocontribute to
promotepromotepromotepromotepromotegendergendergendergendergenderequityequityequityequityequity
156156156156156
There are some countries where environmental legislationor public policies formally establish gender equitypromotion. For example, the Ministries of Environmentof Mesoamerica have endorsed policy declarations anddrafted action plans. These guidelines should be takenup in both, management policies and PA plans.
The addendum The addendum The addendum The addendum The addendum “Commitments and action plan“Commitments and action plan“Commitments and action plan“Commitments and action plan“Commitments and action planto incorporate the gender perspective intoto incorporate the gender perspective intoto incorporate the gender perspective intoto incorporate the gender perspective intoto incorporate the gender perspective into
the Management Plan” should contain:the Management Plan” should contain:the Management Plan” should contain:the Management Plan” should contain:the Management Plan” should contain:
ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives. General and specific, for the short, medium,and long term.
Strategies or programmatic lines of actions toStrategies or programmatic lines of actions toStrategies or programmatic lines of actions toStrategies or programmatic lines of actions toStrategies or programmatic lines of actions toincorporate the gender equity perspective.incorporate the gender equity perspective.incorporate the gender equity perspective.incorporate the gender equity perspective.incorporate the gender equity perspective. Forexample: implementation of a gender informationsystem; increased number of women who participate indecision-making; implementation of institutionalprocedures to promote the gender equity perspectivein PA; elaboration of conservation projects for women.
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities. One or more activities should beincorporated into each strategy or programmatic lineof action. For example, to implement an informationsystem, the activities scheduled might be:bibliographical revision of information systems from agender approach; training courses for the staff of themanagement agency and the stakeholders, and designof techniques for gender data gathering(questionnaires, interviews, surveys, focal groups).
No olvidarNo olvidarNo olvidarNo olvidarNo olvidar
When due to limitations of a financial, human resource or anyother nature, it is not possible to carry out an extensive revision ofthe Management Plan, it is advisable to draft an Annex document oraddendum explaining the commitment towards gender equitypromotion and the corresponding action plan. This document shouldexplain the actions and measures to be taken, and stipulate timeschedules, responsible people and resources; and it should beincorporated into the Management Plan and bear equal legal status.
�����
�����
�����
Do notDo notDo notDo notDo notforget...forget...forget...forget...forget...
157157157157157
People responsible, resources and time schedules.People responsible, resources and time schedules.People responsible, resources and time schedules.People responsible, resources and time schedules.People responsible, resources and time schedules.There should be a person responsible for each action.This individual should be provided with the resourcesneeded to carry out the new activities, and timeschedules should be determined for each one. Careshould be exerted not to assign the activities to womenunder the assumption that they are capable of carryingout the tasks just because they are women, as well asto ensure the activities do not overburden one singleperson or group of persons.
Resources. Resources. Resources. Resources. Resources. Since the gender equity perspective wasnot originally included in the Plan, quite likely, therewill not be availability of financial, human, and materialresources for the new activities. It will, thus, benecessary for each area to reallocate some of theirresources to this activity, simultaneously undertakingactions towards securing financial assistance, which mayalso become part of the action plan.
Setting up theSetting up theSetting up theSetting up theSetting up themanagementmanagementmanagementmanagementmanagement
agencyagencyagencyagencyagency
b .b .b .b .b . Programmatic levelProgrammatic levelProgrammatic levelProgrammatic levelProgrammatic level
The management agency is the entity responsible forManagement Plan execution. This responsibility is generally assignedto a government institution, which, under a more participatory plan,delegates some of its duties and authority on other stakeholders.
The operation of the management agency should facilitaterelations, communication, responsibility distribution, duties and tasksamong all work areas involved. Its organization chart should beclear and vastly discussed with all personnel. This will be of greathelp to enable any employee from the management agency to provideany information requested by the communities and groups, andestablish coordinated and collaborative working relations.
�����
�����
158158158158158
For example, in Bahuaja-Sonene the evident presence ofwomen as former park directors, park rangers, health carepromoters, served to dispel the general idea thatprotected areas are located in areas too remote to attractprofessional women (IUCN, 1997).
�����
�����
�����BelowBelowBelowBelowBelow
is an accountis an accountis an accountis an accountis an accountof some ofof some ofof some ofof some ofof some of
the advantagesthe advantagesthe advantagesthe advantagesthe advantagesor limitationsor limitationsor limitationsor limitationsor limitations
of theseof theseof theseof theseof thesesolutionssolutionssolutionssolutionssolutions
5 ___ Please refer to the Glossary.
Often times, women do not hold management positions withinPA management agencies. In the case of Central America, women,who also have less access than men to these posts, coordinate lessthan 3% of the PA. This is due to the opportunity inequalitiesprevailing for top-level positions, but also because the duties andwork places of protected areas management agencies were chosenwithout taking into consideration gender differences. Thus, theplace of residence, time schedules, and conditions under which themanagement agency will operate, should be determined consideringgender differences as well as the opinion and needs of the womenwho may be capable of filling these positions. It is also necessaryto undertake affirmative actionsaffirmative actionsaffirmative actionsaffirmative actionsaffirmative actions55555 towards facilitating women’saccess to these management positions.
There are a series of initiatives that could be promoted toincorporate gender perspective within management agencies. Someof these are:
Appointment of a person responsible for gender issues or aunit specialized on the subject
Hiring a gender consultant
Mainstreamed assignment of responsibilities to all teammembers
By appointing a person responsible for promoting the genderequity perspective within the PA conservation initiative and theexecution of the Management Plan, it is possible to shift fromintention to actions, as this provides permanence to the subject,makes it visible, and makes it possible to address the subject in aprofessional manner. However, the person in charge of the genderarea may be confronted with the risk of being isolated or excluded
159159159159159
from essential activities of the Management Plan, or not having thebudget or staff needed to carry out the duties, or having a very lowhierarchical position in the organization chart, as a result of whichfacts, she/he will be unable to exert any influence on the remainingcomponents of the Plan. It may also happen that the gender topic isassigned to a female team specialist simply because she is a woman,without—necessarily—verifying whether her gender specializationis appropriate, or assuming that gender equity is an issue which onlyconcerns women.
This situation might result in the gender specialist becomingoverburdened with work to prove the importance of the subject, orhaving to deal with a demand far beyond thebudget and humanresource possibilities. This gender inequality may create radicalreactions on the part of the appointed person, which are likely toresult in attitudes of rejection by the other technicians. However,the presence of a gender responsible person could constitute thedriving force needed to promote gender equity, provided the existinglimitations are overcome, a gender knowledgeable person is assignedto the position, adequate budget and staff are allocated, and she/he is vested with authority and influence over other areas.
When hiring a female consultant or a group of genderspecialists, these usually conduct high-quality research, appraisals,reports or work plans. Unfortunately, though, even if the consultantor group of specialists are hired for successive periods, they willremain as external advisors and will not interact in a permanent waywith the dynamics of the PA work and team, let alone with thecommunities and stakeholders.
The third option, related to the mainstreamed assignment ofresponsibilities to all team members, may be theoretically valid, butdiscouraging in practice. Experience has shown that, without firstcreating specific mechanisms, delegation to the entire team will endup becoming everyone’s and no one’s responsibility, and, consequently,falling into general oblivion. This type of alternative could beappropriate when there are previous experiences and all personnelas an integral part of the activities and work areas have alreadyadopted the gender equity perspective.
The simultaneous implementation of several of the above-mentioned strategies would be quite advisable. For example, hiringa specialist responsible for gender issues, with full participation indecision-making spaces, and appointing gender responsible personnelwithin each of the work areas. Thus, there would always be a top-level individual responsible for gender promotion, supported, at thesame time, by a representative team at the level of the organizationresponsible for PA management.
160160160160160
ConformationConformationConformationConformationConformationof a teamof a teamof a teamof a teamof a team
Work division by sex where productive tasks are generallyassigned to the men and the reproductive tasks to women,tends to be reproduced when women join the labor force.Thus, preference is given to hiring women for tasksinvolving cooking, cleaning, certain administrative duties(secretaries, special events’ hostesses and workshops),with low salaries, in positions with very little decision-making power, and little social prestige. Instead, men arehired for high-ranking technical, specialized operationalor administrative work. Obviously, this generates andreproduces inequality. The incorporation of women andmen into non-traditional jobs (in other words, jobs thatare usually assigned to men), has shown that women arecapable of successfully undertaking many of these jobs.However, there is great need for certain affirmativeactions, such as training, including training in non-traditional trades, to encourage women to incorporatethemselves into the labor marketplace.
The conformation of the PA management team does also beargreat importance. An adequate balance is recommended amongprofessionals, technicians, and operating personnel from the variousfields of activity, particularly with respect to economic, social andcultural aspects, on one hand, and physical, ecological and biologicalaspects, on the other. But this is not enough; equitable managementof human resources is a process that goes beyond the delimitationof personnel responsibilities. This action approaches personnel fromthe premise that each person is a key resource with particularlyvaluable characteristics. At the same time, individual responsibilitiesand knowledge are only one piece of a broader team, for which reason,overspecialization should not be favored, as it would hinder adequatelevels of communication among the various team members.
At the time of conforming a work team, care should be exertedto avoid feminine undervaluing with regard to the people who willwork for the management agency. Undervaluing women’s capabilitiesand qualities is not always conscious, and may seem natural or as anexisting situation.
It is important to undertake constant revisions about certainaspects that result in discriminatory situations.
Do notDo notDo notDo notDo notforget...forget...forget...forget...forget...
161161161161161
In Punta Allen, at the Sian Ka’an protectedarea, there is a sense of urgency to turnfishermen into tourist guides before thecoral reef becomes extinct. A touristguide course has been developed to learnEnglish and other skills. One womanattends the course, even though she wasnot a fisherwoman, she was acceptedbecause of her personal charisma anddesire to participate. She has become animportant role model for other women.Women breaking away from traditionalroles are sometimes pointed at with prideand others with consternation. They areagents of change (Rojas, M., 2000).
For instance, in Mexico, there is greatsalary discrimination in certain positionsand fields of activity. This discriminationis measured by comparing the incomereceived by men and women for the samejob, with similar qualifications, andworking the same number of hours. Thevalue of the discrimination rate indicatesthe extent of the change to beundertaken for salary equity purposes.Thus, the income of women industrialsupervisors should be increased by103.4%, the salary of women art workersby 138.8%, the salary of women publicworkers by 45.1%, the salary of womenfarmers by 49%, the salary of womenhandcrafters by 29.9%, the salary ofwomen agricultural administrators by37.9%. Salary discrimination rates inMexico reflect that out of the 18 tradesanalyzed, in 14 occupations the salariesobtained by women were lower than men’s,whereas they earned more in only fourtrades; of these, women’s participationwas quite insignificant, and the fourthcovered housemaids, where women earned5.9% more than men (INEGI, 2000).
Personnel selection and hiring.Personnel selection and hiring.Personnel selection and hiring.Personnel selection and hiring.Personnel selection and hiring.PA management has proven howconvenient it is to integratecommunity members tomanagement tasks, includinginstances when they are directlyhired to work for themanagement agency or relatedactivities. Such hiring shouldinclude men as well as women,so that both may have accessto the benefits of new jobs.The hiring process shouldclearly state that it is directedto both genders to avoidappointing women to certainpositions only.
Salaries, responsibilities andSalaries, responsibilities andSalaries, responsibilities andSalaries, responsibilities andSalaries, responsibilities andpromotion policies.promotion policies.promotion policies.promotion policies.promotion policies. Thedifferences prevailing in theincome earned by women andmen do not only stem from thefact that men occupy positionsof higher hierarchy and salarylevel. It also happens thatwomen obtain lower salarieseven when carrying out jobsthat are similar to those of themen. The equity principle (equalsalary for equal work) is, thus,disrupted. It is useful to makesalary comparisons by gender,and should the differences besignificant, an analysis should beconducted in order to take thenecessary steps to bringsalaries to equal levels. Thesame process is applicable tothe assignment of roles andpromotion policies, ensuring thelatter are available to men andwomen alike.
�����
�����
Some ofSome ofSome ofSome ofSome ofthese are:these are:these are:these are:these are:
162162162162162
Support services, working conditions and schedules.Support services, working conditions and schedules.Support services, working conditions and schedules.Support services, working conditions and schedules.Support services, working conditions and schedules. A gender-sensitive organization sets up mechanisms to resolve theproductive and reproductive tension experienced by its staff.The effects of traditional roles place greater tension on women,for which reason women deserve special attention, until such atime when changes are made to the practices related to workdivision by sex, and a more equitable scheme of householdresponsibilities exists between women and men.
It also is essential to take into account the conditions underwhich many men work in the PA. For example, there are parkrangers who live in the area for extended periods of time (22days of work and 8 days of rest). Throughout variousworkshops, men have stated that this poses serious limitationsto the relations with their sons and daughters, as they seethem very little and are unable to take an active participationin their education or be there when needed. They have alsostated this isolation affects the relation with their spouse/partner.
�����
A gender-sensitive management agency should recognizewomen and men as “couples”, “fathers”, “mothers”, andmembers of a family with specific requirements. Supportshould be provided to women and men to ease the burdenposed by the reproductive workload. Yet, it is not onlymaterial conditions that should be considered; just asimportant is to promote an institutional policy based onmutual respect and the recognition and incentive abouteach other’s virtues. Following are some gender-sensitiveindicators for an organization:
The materials disseminated throughout the institutionshow respect for women.
Facilities such as bathroom and childcare are provided.
There are procedures in place to prevent and sanctionsexual harassment.
Women and men do not pull practical jokes about theother gender.
Take notTake notTake notTake notTake notof . . .o f . . .o f . . .o f . . .o f . . .
�����
�����
�����
�����
163163163163163
Training activities for the staff of the management agencyTraining activities for the staff of the management agencyTraining activities for the staff of the management agencyTraining activities for the staff of the management agencyTraining activities for the staff of the management agencyand the stakeholders. and the stakeholders. and the stakeholders. and the stakeholders. and the stakeholders. Gender equity mainstreaming demandsestablishing gender equity as one of the guiding principles of aPA conservation initiative. However, the formal adoption ofthis principle is not sufficient; a gender-sensitive team is ofthe essence, resistance- or prejudice-free, and with a thoroughunderstanding about the gender-sensitive actions to beundertaken. Three dimensions of training can be identified:training aimed at sensitizing personnel on gender equitymatters; training on practical techniques to make operativethe gender perspective; and training to specifically providesupport to female personnel, i.e., to assist women to increasetheir technical capabilities.
c .c .c .c .c . Operative levelOperative levelOperative levelOperative levelOperative level
The population should be informed about the conservationinitiative undertaken in a PA, including knowledge about and accessto the Management Plan, to be able to assess the advantages anddisadvantages posed by the PA conservation initiative, and to learnabout potential forms of participation.
There are times when people are not aware that they live in aprotected area, ignoring, thus, existing restrictions about the accessto or use of resources, as stipulated by the Management Plan, thealternatives that will be promoted, and the future opportunitiesfor participation. It is not enough to inform the community’sorganized groups or those carrying out remunerated economicactivities. The information should reach the entire populationthrough adequate communication means.
- The diversity of styles between men and women isviewed as organizational strength.
- Spaces are facilitated to promote the development ofcaring relations among the workers’ families.
�����
�����
�����
CommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunicationand informationand informationand informationand informationand information
as essentialas essentialas essentialas essentialas essentialtools fortools fortools fortools fortools for
participationparticipationparticipationparticipationparticipation
164164164164164
To disseminate the project about “Non-Timber Forestry Products” at theCachoeria reserve in Brazil, a meeting washeld at the site where the first healthcare post and the first school had beenbuilt, and where most of the populationbelonged to either the labor union or theCooperativa Agroextractivista de Xapuri(CAEX). In other words, the conditionsseemed ideal for discussions about themodel for an exploitation-related reserve.However, Francisco said that, “Therepresentative explained everything butI did not understand anything. Herepeated it twice and then asked if anyoneunderstood what he had said. Everyonesaid no” (Pontificia Universidad Católicade Perú, 1997).
FollowingFollowingFollowingFollowingFollowingare some ofare some ofare some ofare some ofare some of
thesethesethesethesethesetechniques:techniques:techniques:techniques:techniques:
The communities andstakeholders are not homogeneouspopulations, for which reason thecommunication and informationmethods cannot be alike foreveryone. The project shouldensure that all women receive theinformation. It should be recalledthat the women, boys and girls, andthe elderly are also users andmanagers of natural resources, andpotential participants in amanagement plan. Key questionsasked:
a. Is the population informedabout the conservation initiativeand Management Plan for the PA?
b. Which stakeholders havebeen involved the most?, Withinthe stakeholders: Who hasparticipated more actively?, Havewomen, native populations, elderly
women and men, and boys and girls been informed and involved?
c. Are the groups involved in management activities or are theypart of the management agreement?, What type of relation isestablished with the groups that are not directly involved inmanagement activities?
d. Which are the groups’ formal and informal mechanisms toconvey information?, Are these mechanisms used to informabout the PA conservation initiative?
The use of certain techniques for public information anddissemination may be especially appropriate to reach certain groups.
Workshops and public information meetingsWorkshops and public information meetingsWorkshops and public information meetingsWorkshops and public information meetingsWorkshops and public information meetingsAs many workshops and public meetings as necessary may beorganized, depending on the size of the population and thediversity of the stakeholders. The presence of a gender-sensitive facilitator with experience in group facilitation isrecommended. The invitation for workshop attendance shouldexplicitly include women, and the design should be planned inagreement with the participants. The workshop objectives,date and place, duration and time schedule, will be determined.
�����
165165165165165
In a small village within the protected areaof La Encrucijada, Mexico, a publicmeeting was called for the evaluating teamof the Parks in Peril project, which wasattended by male fishermen only. Thewomen were working somewhere else. Asstated by a woman “Many programs lackfemale participation. Several members ofthe staff do not talk to us because weare women”. These barriers areextremely common and there arestrategies to address them (Rojas, M.,2000).
�����
Should there be opposition among certain groups or personsabout the participation of women, it might be advisable to
schedule workshops exclusively forwomen, at the places and spaceswhere they meet: school meetings,health clinics, churches, etc. Otherobstacles for female participationmay be the schedules, lack ofchildcare facilities, the language inthe case of indigenous communities,the characteristics of thefacilitator, and clarity regardingthe usefulness of the informationto be received. To overcome suchobstacles, consideration should begiven to scheduling simultaneousworkshops for male and femaleadults and boys and girls, makingavailable children care services,setting workshop hours in line withthe routines of the women and
other groups, making translation services available, preferablyby a member of the community, and inviting the women or groupsof women to participate in the workshop in question.
Audiovisual presentations and signpostingAudiovisual presentations and signpostingAudiovisual presentations and signpostingAudiovisual presentations and signpostingAudiovisual presentations and signpostingThe preparation of audiovisual material such as slides or videosare good workshop aids and help to tackle certain communicationproblems, particularly when there is a high level of illiteracyamong participants. It should be recalled that female illiteracyrate is higher among adult populations, and that there is lessfemale bilingualism in local populations. The materials shouldbe prepared in a very didactic manner and translated into thenative language, if necessary. The problems needing solutionshould be specified, including the manner in which the solutionwill benefit the community and the women. The populationshould identify itself with the images presented in theaudiovisual material, keeping in mind that women should bepresent in them; gender stereotypes should be avoided as well.
166166166166166
Throughout a vast strip of semi-arid land in Kenya, inhabited by Masaicommunities engaged in grazing activities, the Management Plan for theElangata Wuas Ecosystem was implemented. The objective of the plan was topromote new practices aimed at a sustainable use of resources. In the hopeof strengthening women’s capability for discussion and participation, as wellas to learn about their problems, the program decided, in 1993, to apply a newtechnique called “photographic evaluation”.
The exercise consisted on asking small groups of women to discuss about thepositive and negative aspects of their lives, and then take a few photographsto represent such problems. Cameras were provided to groups of four womeneach. When the photos were developed, two sets were made: one for thegroup of women and the other for the Plan’s team. Each group explained tothe promoter the reason for taking each particular photograph. Subsequently,the groups got together and discussed the results. The photos were mountedand the women recorded their comments about them. The group that bestrepresented the negative and positive aspects through the photographsreceived a small prize. The discussion was taken from groups of four togroups of 20 women. The women were handed printed photographs to takehome and show to visitors, which action originated much discussion.
Finally, the best photos were used in Plan meetings with other participants,both, women and men. Ever since, photo display is used in Kenya, Germany,and other countries. Many people have been surprised about the quality ofthe photos taken by women who had a camera in their hands for the first time(IUCN, 1997).
Placing signs and signpostingPlacing signs and signpostingPlacing signs and signpostingPlacing signs and signpostingPlacing signs and signpostingThe provision of visual and written information is a massivedissemination mean that may contribute to awaken thepopulation’s interest and awareness. For example, marking theboundaries of the PA, the buffer zones, and the areas ofrestricted access or use. It may also include information aboutendangered species, species needing protection, and practicesthat should be encouraged or eliminated. This could beaccompanied by the installation of modules or information tableslocated at much frequented places, including the sites attendedby women and children.
�����
167167167167167
At the Annapurna Protected Area a“mobile camp” was included as part of theeducation and extension program. Thepurpose was to create awareness aboutvarious conservation-related issues.There are two types of “mobile camps”.A special one is set up every year duringthe time of low agricultural activity.Camps include a wide range of disciplinesand a complete team of specialists toaddress subjects like forestry,alternative power, tourism, communitydevelopment, women’s development, andconservation. Other types of camps aredirectly involved in addressing specificsubjects or responding to specific needsas they emerge (IUCN 1997).
Other effective information methodsOther effective information methodsOther effective information methodsOther effective information methodsOther effective information methodsStreet performances, musical events, puppets, clowns, etc.Some communities have a community radio station that may beused for information purposes or to include informativemessages in popular and high-rating radio programs. Itinerantshouting, mural newspapers, and banners are means that may
be more effective than a formalmeeting and complement thedissemination task.
Creation of an advisoryCreation of an advisoryCreation of an advisoryCreation of an advisoryCreation of an advisorycommittee and a gender equitycommittee and a gender equitycommittee and a gender equitycommittee and a gender equitycommittee and a gender equitypromoting teampromoting teampromoting teampromoting teampromoting teamThe constitution of an advisorycommittee conformed byrepresentatives from the variousstakeholders, may be extremelyuseful to establish a liaisonmechanism with the community, aswell as to gather the proposals andopinions in connection with theimplementation of the ManagementPlan. The creation of this bodyshould be duly stipulated in themanagement agreement, and itshould preferably include peoplewho have no direct participation inPA management, for external pointof view purposes. The duties of theadvisory committee are:
- To act as the communication channel between the communityand the management agency
- To promote participation of the various groups in PAmanagement activities
- To receive from the various community groups complaints,suggestions or requests about Plan implementation
- To conduct regular evaluations about the execution of theManagement Plan
- To propose adjustments, modifications and improvements tothe execution of the Management Plan
- To participate in conflict resolution and surveillance tasks
�����
�����
168168168168168
GenderGenderGenderGenderGenderpromotionpromotionpromotionpromotionpromotion
teamteamteamteamteam
The participation of a local NGO withexperience in gender issues, could beextremely useful when there is noprevious experience or there are signs ofresistance by the community, themanagement agency, or certainstakeholders. The NGO may be part ofthe promoting team and provideassistance about gender-sensitizationactivities, but always working jointly withcommunity women and men.
�����
�����
Together with the advisory committee a gender equitygender equitygender equitygender equitygender equitypromoting team promoting team promoting team promoting team promoting team may be appointed to promote the participation ofwomen, represent their interests and verify that the actions andpolicies established in the Management Plan or the addendum forthe incorporation of gender equity, are effectively undertaken.
The gender equity promoting team may operate in a formal orinformal manner, as it may seem convenient, in accordance with the
conditions and spirit of thecommunity and the stakeholders.It should be conformed by personswho show interest or willingness orpersons identified with theimplementation of gender equitypolicies, and its activities shouldrelate to institutional managementin coordination with themanagement agency. Thepromoting team may include both,women and men, and among itsduties is carrying out workshopsabout gender awareness issues thatinclude masculinity.
In practice, women’s participation and organization have beenstrengthened by:
Promoting women’s organizations
Promoting women’s participation within communityorganizations. Both entail advantages and disadvantages
The advantage posed by the participation of women in theirown organizations, is that these open a space for women to discussand analyze their problems and needs with greater freedom, andgain strength for an active participation in community, local andregional structures. Women’s groups also are an opportunity tostrengthen their own self-esteem. Among the disadvantages is thefact that, due to predominant customs and values, community men,technicians and other women, might feel distrustful about the groupsof women, and isolate, criticize or relegate them to unimportanttasks.
Strengthening women’s participation within communityorganizations has the advantage of incorporating them into the majordevelopment activities undertaken by the PA conservation initiative,as a result of which, they might be included in the decision-makingprocess. However, community organizations are not always willing
169169169169169
to allow women to participate in their hierarchical structures orthe decision-making process. Women are hardly ever elected tocommunity boards of directors, as a result of which, quite frequently,their interests and expectations are not represented. In addition,women themselves have no confidence on their leading abilities, orfeel that these are male tasks and responsibilities.
The most convenient form of participation should be determinedon a case-by-case basis. The promoting team should make sure thatmen and women have equal opportunities to participate in theactivities carried out when the Management Plan is implemented.
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Aguilar, L. and Castañeda, I.About Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderPerspective in Marine-Coastal Zones.Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zones.Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zones.Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zones.Perspective in Marine-Coastal Zones. IUCN-Ed. Absoluto.San Jose, Costa Rica. 2000.
Blanco, L. and Rodríguez, G.Practicing What We Preach: Toward Administration andPracticing What We Preach: Toward Administration andPracticing What We Preach: Toward Administration andPracticing What We Preach: Toward Administration andPracticing What We Preach: Toward Administration andManagement with Equity. Management with Equity. Management with Equity. Management with Equity. Management with Equity. Ed. Absoluto S.A.-IUCN-AriasFoundation: “Towards Equity” series. Module No. 7. San Jose,Costa Rica. 1999.
Borrini, G.Beyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in ConservationBeyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in ConservationBeyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in ConservationBeyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in ConservationBeyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in Conservation.Volume 2: A Resource Book. IUCN, BSP, The World Bank, WWFUS, PVO-NGO NMRS Project, CIFOR, Intercorporation. Gland,Switzerland. 1997.
Borrini, G. Collaborative Management of Protected Areas: TailoringCollaborative Management of Protected Areas: TailoringCollaborative Management of Protected Areas: TailoringCollaborative Management of Protected Areas: TailoringCollaborative Management of Protected Areas: Tailoringthe Approach to the Context.the Approach to the Context.the Approach to the Context.the Approach to the Context.the Approach to the Context. Gland, Switzerland. IUCN. 1997.
Cifuentes, M. and et.al.Medición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidasMedición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidasMedición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidasMedición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidasMedición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidas.Serie Técnica No. 2. WWF-IUCN-GTZ. Turrialba, Costa Rica.2000.
Girot, P., McCarthy, R. and Salas, A.El comanejo de áreas protegidas en Centroamérica: unEl comanejo de áreas protegidas en Centroamérica: unEl comanejo de áreas protegidas en Centroamérica: unEl comanejo de áreas protegidas en Centroamérica: unEl comanejo de áreas protegidas en Centroamérica: uninstrumento para la consolidación del Sistema Centroamericanoinstrumento para la consolidación del Sistema Centroamericanoinstrumento para la consolidación del Sistema Centroamericanoinstrumento para la consolidación del Sistema Centroamericanoinstrumento para la consolidación del Sistema Centroamericanode Áreas Protegidas (SICAP) y del Corredor Biológicode Áreas Protegidas (SICAP) y del Corredor Biológicode Áreas Protegidas (SICAP) y del Corredor Biológicode Áreas Protegidas (SICAP) y del Corredor Biológicode Áreas Protegidas (SICAP) y del Corredor BiológicoMesoamericano (CBM).Mesoamericano (CBM).Mesoamericano (CBM).Mesoamericano (CBM).Mesoamericano (CBM). IUCN/ORMA/ACB-AP. San Jose, CostaRica. 1998.
170170170170170
Grupo Inter-institucional Género y Agricultura.Cómo implementar el enfoque de género en los programasCómo implementar el enfoque de género en los programasCómo implementar el enfoque de género en los programasCómo implementar el enfoque de género en los programasCómo implementar el enfoque de género en los programasde desarrollo rural.de desarrollo rural.de desarrollo rural.de desarrollo rural.de desarrollo rural. Dossier, SIMAS. Nicaragua. 1998.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI).Mujeres y hombres en México. Mujeres y hombres en México. Mujeres y hombres en México. Mujeres y hombres en México. Mujeres y hombres en México. 4th. Edition, INEGI, ComisiónNacional de la Mujer. Mexico. 2000.
Oliveira, R. and Anderson, E.Gender Conservation and Community Participation: The CaseGender Conservation and Community Participation: The CaseGender Conservation and Community Participation: The CaseGender Conservation and Community Participation: The CaseGender Conservation and Community Participation: The Caseof the Jaú National Park.of the Jaú National Park.of the Jaú National Park.of the Jaú National Park.of the Jaú National Park. MERGE, University of Florida,PESACRE, USAID, MacArthur, WIDTECH. U.S.A.1999.
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Manejo de recursos naturales desde una perspectiva deManejo de recursos naturales desde una perspectiva deManejo de recursos naturales desde una perspectiva deManejo de recursos naturales desde una perspectiva deManejo de recursos naturales desde una perspectiva degénerogénerogénerogénerogénero. . . . . Workshop Seminar. Permanent Seminar forAgricultural Research. CC.SS School. Gender Studies Program.Peru. 1997.
Rojas, M.Rojas, M.H. Working with Community-Base Conservation withWorking with Community-Base Conservation withWorking with Community-Base Conservation withWorking with Community-Base Conservation withWorking with Community-Base Conservation witha Gender Focus: A Guide.a Gender Focus: A Guide.a Gender Focus: A Guide.a Gender Focus: A Guide.a Gender Focus: A Guide. Case Study No. 3. MERGE. FloridaUniversity. U.S.A.1999.
171171171171171
Management effectiveness is considered as the set ofactions through which, based on particular aptitudes,capabilities and competences, it is possible to fulfill in asatisfactory manner the role for which the protected areawas created (Cifuentes, M. et.al., 2000).
CHAPTER VICHAPTER VICHAPTER VICHAPTER VICHAPTER VIIMPLEMENTATION OF A GENDER-IMPLEMENTATION OF A GENDER-IMPLEMENTATION OF A GENDER-IMPLEMENTATION OF A GENDER-IMPLEMENTATION OF A GENDER-
SENSITIVE MONITORING ANDSENSITIVE MONITORING ANDSENSITIVE MONITORING ANDSENSITIVE MONITORING ANDSENSITIVE MONITORING ANDEVALUATION SYSTEM FOR EFFECTIVEEVALUATION SYSTEM FOR EFFECTIVEEVALUATION SYSTEM FOR EFFECTIVEEVALUATION SYSTEM FOR EFFECTIVEEVALUATION SYSTEM FOR EFFECTIVEMANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREASMANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREASMANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREASMANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREASMANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS
The PA system is currently going through a critical stage, as itis facing the need for conservation initiatives implemented inprotected areas to show effectiveness and objective compliance.
As stated by Cifuentes, M., et.al. (2000), it is necessary todetermine the progress and achievements made through the actions,processes and activities to perpetuate PA, the weaknesses foundover time, as well as the problems or critical issues that should beaddressed in order to achieve either an adequate PA managementor a PA system. The answers to these questions are not simple;they may arise from or nourish through a periodical, objective andparticipatory monitoring and evaluation system of managementcomponents. To this effect, methodological proposals are neededto provide adequate information not only to tackle managementproblems and weaknesses, but also to propose new alternatives.
To reach this end, one must recognize three elements thathave had a negative influence on monitoring and evaluation processes.
1. Generally speaking, the various activities undertaken inprotected areas (research, tourism, fishing, forestry, economicassessment of resources, livestock, harbor and oil activities,among others) have been monitored and evaluated from severalperspectives. Some are quite “scientific”, like, for instance,
172172172172172
those focused on the physical and chemical conditions of waterand flora populations; other approaches are of a “productive”nature, primarily based on quantitative data like the numberof vehicles available in the PA and percentage of visitors.
2. Monitoring and evaluation have been viewed as activities carriedout by “external specialists”. These specialists are usuallyincorporated at the end of a process and are not necessarilyan integral part of the PA conservation initiative. Thisstereotype has also marked the fact that the various socialplayers are unable to participate, as monitoring and evaluationare considered activities of such complexity that onlyspecialists on the subject should undertake them.
3. The ideas about monitoring and evaluation are influenced byexperiences focused on a conductivist approach based on goodand bad, or praise and punishment. Therefore, they are notunderstood as processes involving achievements anddifficulties, progress and set backs, which should be takeninto consideration for the incorporation of timely and pertinentmodifications.
Thus, efforts should be made to move forward towards a fullunderstanding about the concept involving monitoring and evaluationof PA effectiveness as a dynamic and participatory process, that isan integral part of the work conducted in a PA.
According to Hockings, M. et.al. (2000), three components1
are necessary for effective PA management:
Issues concerning the design of a particular site and theIssues concerning the design of a particular site and theIssues concerning the design of a particular site and theIssues concerning the design of a particular site and theIssues concerning the design of a particular site and theprotected areas systemprotected areas systemprotected areas systemprotected areas systemprotected areas systemAmong some important elements are the size and shape of aspecific PA; the existence of buffer zones and links betweenprotected areas; ecological representation; and appropriatenessof PA to achieve their stated function.
Appropriateness of the administration system and itsAppropriateness of the administration system and itsAppropriateness of the administration system and itsAppropriateness of the administration system and itsAppropriateness of the administration system and itsprocessesprocessesprocessesprocessesprocessesLooking at how management is conducted and how wellmanagement is responding to challenges, including, for example,aspects of planning, training, capacity building, equity promotion,social relations and implementation. This component looks bothat whether there is enough management and at whatevermanagement process and actions are appropriate.
1 ____ The authors have incorporated into these three components elements whereby it is possibleto make visible the importance of gender equity.
�����
�����
173173173173173
DeliveryDeliveryDeliveryDeliveryDeliveryAssessing whether PA are achieving their stated aims.Assessments include biological aspects (for example, whetherkey species are surviving, recovering or diminishing), and socialaspects (such as recreational uses, attitudes of the communitiesadjacent to a PA, equitable distribution of costs and benefits,stakeholders’ participation, or co-management promotion). Awell-designed protected area, with capable and committedpersonnel, will not be able to achieve its objectives if, forexample, poachers are depleting species, or if the communitiesadjacent to the PA make no efforts to improve their quality oflife in an equitable manner.
Increase the involvement of participants, women and men, inthe PA conservation initiatives, particularly within the variousdecision-making spaces, and keeping an eye on agreementcompliance and control.
Adapt and improve PA administration and management.Monitoring and evaluation are considered as an integral partof the administration process, allowing continued feedbackamong execution, planning and administration.
Improve planning by verifying how effective the actionsundertaken are.
Promote the fact that accountability does not only entailfinancial aspects, but administration effectiveness as well.
Assess the impact of the activities undertaken in the PA. Forexample, whether they promote social justice, a more equitablequality of life, and sustainable development.
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . Implementation of the monitoring and evaluationImplementation of the monitoring and evaluationImplementation of the monitoring and evaluationImplementation of the monitoring and evaluationImplementation of the monitoring and evaluationsystemsystemsystemsystemsystem
Conservation as an equity promoting opportunity
Equity as an indispensable requirement for conservation andsustainable development
ThroughThroughThroughThroughThroughthethethethethe
utilizationutilizationutilizationutilizationutilizationof thisof thisof thisof thisof this
conceptualconceptualconceptualconceptualconceptualframeworkframeworkframeworkframeworkframework
about effectiveabout effectiveabout effectiveabout effectiveabout effectivemanagement,management,management,management,management,
it will beit will beit will beit will beit will bepossiblepossiblepossiblepossiblepossible
to:to:to:to:to:
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
This bookThis bookThis bookThis bookThis booksprings fromsprings fromsprings fromsprings fromsprings fromthe followingthe followingthe followingthe followingthe following
principles:principles:principles:principles:principles:
174174174174174
Under these assumptions, the objectives and role of aconservation initiative should not be exclusively focused on biologicalaspects, but should integrate social aspects as well.
Therefore, the monitoring and evaluation system formanagement effectiveness should not only assess the effectivenessof impact on the conservation of biodiversity, but should, at thesame time, be able to provide information about the progress andachievements made on aspects such as quality of life, participation,equity promotion, and development of local abilities.
To the above end, we should be aware of the fact that indifferent PA conservation initiatives, the efforts made towardsgender equity mainstreaming, are either weakened or lost, becauseof the lack of a monitoring and evaluation system to guide the processtowards equity building. Fear arises about the possibility that maybethings are not being done well, as a result of which, the projecttends to reduce the actions taken towards a simple numericincorporation of women.
If, on the other hand, the process is planned in terms of specificdeadlines and goals, with the assistance of a monitoring and evaluationsystem to ensure compliance, then both, the people working in thePA, as well as the stakeholders, become empowered.
The results, activities, criteria and indicators are the point ofreference for the monitoring and evaluation system, and have to beformulated differentiated by gender in order to ensure that theparticipation of women and men will not depend on the awarenessand will of the PA team, but is integrated into the objectives andplans of the PA.
The design of a system for evaluating effectiveness that isgender-sensitive should be included during the initial stages of PAplanning, for the following three reasons:
The objectives, goals and activities are set up from the verybeginning.
Monitoring and evaluation costs are included in the budget.
The monitoring and evaluation system should be constant,permanent and systematic.
�����
�����
�����
175175175175175
The efforts to structure gender-sensitive monitoring andevaluation systems into conservation initiatives, have faceda series of distortions and obstacles of a theoretical andmethodological nature, such as the following:
A prevailing notion that gender-based evaluations arecomplex, should be undertaken by experts, they makeit hard to reach approximations, and it is impossible tochange the power relations system.
Qualitative aspects are not too scientific andmeasurable, and, therefore, it is not possible to designthe instruments needed for monitoring purposes.
Lack of starting points. Monitoring and evaluationsystems are expected to be created without theavailability of gender analysis indicators, criteria orelements, about the aspects to be influenced. Theunavailability of indicators for the changes expectedin gender identities, roles or relations, makes it moredifficult to measure these changes, which—generally—end as assessments based on scarce evidence.
Lack of measuring elements associated with the positiveor negative changes in men.
It is believed that the inclusion of gender attemptsagainst the culture and customs of a zone or population,forgetting that every initiative or project offersoptions to promote changes in attitudes and aptitudes.
The system is initially nourished by the appraisal, which resultswe may call “analysis of the initial situation” , as it offers a referenceabout the status of gender relations among the various stakeholdersand PA administration when the process began. As the initiative isdeveloped, the monitoring and evaluation system will start takingshape and receiving input. In this way, the system is not conceivedas a section within the conservation initiative, but, rather, as amainstreamed element that will be present throughout all stages.
ObstaclesObstaclesObstaclesObstaclesObstacles
Chapter IIIChapter IIIChapter IIIChapter IIIChapter IIIof this bookof this bookof this bookof this bookof this book
includesincludesincludesincludesincludesaspects to beaspects to beaspects to beaspects to beaspects to beconsidered inconsidered inconsidered inconsidered inconsidered inan appraisalan appraisalan appraisalan appraisalan appraisal
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
176176176176176
TheTheTheTheTheproposal isproposal isproposal isproposal isproposal is
based on sixbased on sixbased on sixbased on sixbased on sixmanagementmanagementmanagementmanagementmanagement
fields:fields:fields:fields:fields:
a .a .a .a .a . The proposalThe proposalThe proposalThe proposalThe proposal
Until now, several organizations (IUCN, WWF, IDB, TNC, 2000)have made progress regarding the development of a methodology toevaluate the effectiveness of management applied to differentmanagement categories; however, these have been designed toprovide information primarily about biological and administrativeaspects.
In light of this reality, we devoted our efforts to propose aseries of gender equity indicators and criteria that may beconsidered by the people responsible for and involved in a PA.Through the methodological proposal it is possible to assess PAmanagement effectiveness at four levels: area protected at anindividual level, protected areas system, management andadministration of the area, as well as towards its areas of influence.
The “management fields” (ámbitos) considered were built basedon those defined in IUCN and WWF proposals. In this way, acontribution is expected to be made to the gender equity approachwithin the definition process underway. Attached (Annex 4) is abrief summary about the management fields described in “MeasuringManagement Effectiveness in Protected Areas” (WWF, GTZ, IUCN,2000), to understand the logics behind the above-mentioned levels.The social aspects have been extended to facilitate incorporation,and new settings or variables have been included in the above-mentioned proposal.
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . AdministrativeAdministrativeAdministrativeAdministrativeAdministrative - personal- financial- organizational- infrastructure
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . PoliticalPoliticalPoliticalPoliticalPolitical - community participation- intrainstitutional- interinstitutional
3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . LegalLegalLegalLegalLegal - ownership- set of laws and regulations
4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . PlanningPlanningPlanningPlanningPlanning
5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . KnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledgeKnowledge - environment- development and promotion
6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . Management plan’sManagement plan’sManagement plan’sManagement plan’sManagement plan’s - co-managementprograms andprograms andprograms andprograms andprograms and - access, use and control of resourcessubprogramssubprogramssubprogramssubprogramssubprograms (legal and illegal)
- health
177177177177177
When defining indicators and criteria, these should befocused on the initiative’s priority issues. To makemonitoring and evaluation operational, the system shouldbe global, precise and restricted to essential essential essential essential essential issues. Inthe monitoring and evaluation system may be included allthe elements that conform the plan: objectives, results,activities, procedures and means. However, keeping sucha complex system will require a large amount of time.Therefore, a manageable number of variables should beprioritized for evaluation purposes.
An excessively quantitative monitoring, where numbersare the priority, may generate a “data cemetery”, inasmuchas there will be data about most of the activities andresults expected, but may lack the opportunity or abilityto analyze and interpret this information.
Do notDo notDo notDo notDo notforget...forget...forget...forget...forget...
The criteria applied to each of the above-mentionedmanagement fields, represent indicators that make visible socialand gender equity aspects. The biological criteria or indicators aswell as those developed by IUCN and WWF have not been included,in order to avoid repetition or making this section unnecessarilylengthy, but for further information, reference may be made toAnnex 4. The reader should complement them with the indicatorsproposed in the methodological proposal of this book. Thus, theeffectiveness monitoring and evaluation system will rely onadequately balanced biological, administrative and social criteria andindicators.
The proposed criteria and variables stem from a processundertaken these past few years with different communities. Theobjective is to develop gender equity indicators for the environmentalsector from the perspective and expectations of the men and womenof the communities.
These indicators should be considered as a point of reference,rather than as a recipe. They can be adapted and modified accordingto the realities of each management system and in accordance withthe needs and concerns of the stakeholders of the PA. Ideally, thestakeholders should be involved in the development of the monitoringand evaluation system, and the corresponding criteria and indicators.
For a moreFor a moreFor a moreFor a moreFor a morecomprehensivecomprehensivecomprehensivecomprehensivecomprehensivelisting aboutlisting aboutlisting aboutlisting aboutlisting about
the indicatorsthe indicatorsthe indicatorsthe indicatorsthe indicatorsand theirand theirand theirand theirand their
developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopmentprocess,process,process,process,process,pleasepleasepleasepleaseplease
refer torefer torefer torefer torefer toModule 6 ofModule 6 ofModule 6 ofModule 6 ofModule 6 ofthe “Towardthe “Towardthe “Towardthe “Towardthe “Toward
Equity” Series:Equity” Series:Equity” Series:Equity” Series:Equity” Series:“Eyes that“Eyes that“Eyes that“Eyes that“Eyes that
See… HeartsSee… HeartsSee… HeartsSee… HeartsSee… Heartsthat Feel…”that Feel…”that Feel…”that Feel…”that Feel…”
178178178178178
Consequently, the indicators and criteria selected for themonitoring and evaluation system are closely tied to theobjective expected to be achieved. Thus, a selection ismade about the activities that provide the best point ofreference to measure progress.
The pace pace pace pace pace of the monitoring and evaluation system shouldbe set in accordance with the needs of the initiative; ifvery low, the information will not be ready when decisionsneed to be made. Focusing on the essential andestablishing clear priorities clear priorities clear priorities clear priorities clear priorities is a vital principle. It is farbetter “more or less accurate and fast, than accurateand too late”. Attention should be paid not only toquantity, but also to quality and participation2.
2 ___ “Taking the Pulse of Gender” Module 4 of the “Towards Equity” series. Rodríguez, G., et.al.1999. This module provides additional information about gender-sensitive monitoring andevaluation systems.
The indicators and criteria herein proposed have been conceivedto measure management effectiveness, regardless of themanagement category corresponding to the PA. The indicators thatare not applicable to certain management category, should not beconsidered to determine the effectiveness of a PA, as is the caseof the criteria considered in co-management. The methodologicalproposal is open and dynamic. It allows inclusion, elimination, ormodification of indicators and criteria, depending on each PA’sparticular characteristics.
b .b .b .b .b . AssessmentAssessmentAssessmentAssessmentAssessment
The proposal regarding the rating system involves three levelsfrom 0 to 2. Rate 2 corresponds to the optimal setting, and refersto the best situation or condition that should prevail in a PA, inorder to develop the activities and reach its management objectives.
To assign a rate, the participants in the monitoring andevaluation process should first define the performance scales thatwill be used for each indicator or criterion.
One of the most common criticisms among personnel involvedin conservation initiatives is the means and criteria used by evaluatingteams to measure progress. This situation becomes even moredifficult when the initiatives have been evaluated from a genderequity perspective.
179179179179179
“When we arrived in this community therewere a series of taboos and restrictionsregarding the participation of women inforestry cooperatives. As a matter offact, there was not a single woman in anystructure of this type. Through theinitiative’s support, great efforts weremade to change this conduct, and at theend of one year, two women wereparticipating. When the externalevaluation was conducted, the evaluatingteam used 40% as the indicator for femaleparticipation in decision-making positions.Obviously, the initiative was negativelyscored.”
PerformancePerformancePerformancePerformancePerformancescalescalescalescalescale
Through a performance scale it is possible to obtain amore accurate measurement. Income and value added aremeasured in terms of money. But health is measured inaccordance with disease and death rates. Occupation ismeasured by employment; the diversity of species by therates of threatened species, etc. Subsequently, adetermination is made about the levels of good and poorincome, mortality rates, unemployment rates, percentageof threatened species, etc. The result is a series ofperformance measurements, where the same scale is used,making it, thus, possible to use them together and incombination (IDRC-IUCN, 1997).
There are frequentcomplaints about the impactindicators utilized because they donot accurately reflect the realitywhere the initiative was inserted.
Performance scales bycriterion or indicator are createdto avoid situations such as theabove mentioned. A scale is builtfrom a certain number of equalparts, proportionately to the unitsthat will be used.
For example, a scale may bedefined as follows:
Number of women in decision-making positions
3 - Excellent1-2 - Good0 - Bad
The advantage of performance scales is that they are builttaking into account the realities of the setting. In the case ofgender relations, this becomes extremely important, as it avoidsusing standard criteria or indicators created in countries that arefar more developed in terms of more equitable relation building.
180180180180180
Needless to say, the best rates represent the goals. Acountry with an illiteracy rate of 60% should establishthe best rate at 20%, because an international objectiveis to reduce by 80% the illiteracy rate by the year 2020worldwide. However, a 20% rate of illiteracy still is apretty high percentage. Most of the developed countrieshave percentages under 2%. It would be preferable todefine the best rate at a 2%, setting the goal at 20%.
ExampleExampleExampleExampleExample 0-20%0-20%0-20%0-20%0-20% 40-60%40-60%40-60%40-60%40-60%20-40%20-40%20-40%20-40%20-40%
People possess a lowlowlowlowlowlevel level level level level of informationabout the right of womento live free of violence
Couple-wise, womennever never never never never participate indecision-making.
People possess an averageaverageaverageaverageaveragelevel level level level level of information aboutthe right of women to livefree of violence.
Couple-wise, womensometimes sometimes sometimes sometimes sometimes participate indecision-making.
People possess a highhighhighhighhighlevel level level level level of informationabout the right of womento live free of violence.
Couple-wise, womenalways always always always always participate indecision-making.
To measure the criteria proposed in this book, we haveincorporated terms such as low, average, or high percentage, andadjectives such as few, some, equitable. The measure used hasbeen:
Low percentage from 0 to 20%Average percentage more than 20% up to 40%Equitable percentage 40% to 60%
In the case of qualitative indicators or criteria, thesecategories could be replaced by adjectives such as:
- Scarcely-few times-in general- Low-average-high- Never-sometimes-always
A performance scale needs to be set or built for each variableor criterion selected. This implies defining the best and worst rate.
181181181181181
In those cases where the indicator may only be measured interms of non-compliance or compliance, the intermediate level isnot applicable.
Another important aspect to consider is the breakeven point.breakeven point.breakeven point.breakeven point.breakeven point.For instance, upon arriving in a community and finding that there isnot a single woman involved in an organized forestry group, a largeamount of time and resources (training, negotiations) will have tobe invested before a woman is accepted in a group. This breakevenpoint has an initial investment and a higher value added, as it marksthe difference and lays down a precedent towards more equitablerelations. Therefore, it is very important to clarify and highlightthis type of situations in evaluation reports, given the fact thatthere are times when moving from a 0% to a 5% is considered toolow, when that 5% does actually have a higher value added becauseit is the breakeven point.
c .c .c .c .c . Gender-sensitive indicatorsGender-sensitive indicatorsGender-sensitive indicatorsGender-sensitive indicatorsGender-sensitive indicators
The following table shows the indicators proposed from agender perspective. It would be useful in cases where the criterionor indicator is appropriate to the PA situation, to find the level thatcorresponds to a given experience.
The indicator is placed in a row with three possible ratings.
Each experience will verify the corresponding indicator level(0, 1, or 2), to determine any corrective actions that may be requiredand increase its effectiveness from a gender equity perspective.This allows the creation of a reference number for its situation, toenable its comparison over time or with other PA.
For example...For example...For example...For example...For example...
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
No women or men from localpopulations are hired.
Some women and men from localpopulations are hired.
Women and men from localpopulations are hired on anequitable basis.
ADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEPERSONALPERSONALPERSONALPERSONALPERSONAL
BreakevenBreakevenBreakevenBreakevenBreakevenpointpointpointpointpoint
182182182182182
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
The PA does not have apersonnel hiring policy thatpromotes the participation ofwomen and men.
Women and men from localpopulations are not hired.
The entire PA’s operating,administrative and technicalpersonnel3 are conformed bymen only.
There is no motivation amongpersonnel regarding genderequity mainstreaming into PAactivities.
There is no plan in force foraffirmative actions4 , they arenot enforced, and there is nosupport to decrease existinginequality gaps.
General perception about theexistence of disrespectfulrelations5 between women andmen.
There is no strategy designed toaddress sexual harassment inthe PA.
Women and men are not paid thesame salary for the same job.
The operating, administrativeand technical personnel of thePA have not undergone any typeof training or guidance ongender6 .
Some men and women from localpopulations are hired.
The operating, administrativeand technical personnel in 50%of PA are conformed by womenand men.
There is little motivation amongpersonnel regarding genderequity mainstreaming into PAactivities.
Incipient affirmative action plan.
Perception about the existenceof fairly respectful laborrelations between women andmen.
A strategy exists to addresssexual harassment in the PA, butit is not enforced.
The operating, administrativeand technical personnel of thePA have undergone certaintraining or guidance on genderissues (2 courses).
The PA has a personnel hiringpolicy that promotes theparticipation of women and men.
Women and men from localpopulations are hired equitably.
The operating, administrative andtechnical personnel in all of thePA areas are conformed bywomen and men.
The staff is mainstreaming thegender equity perspective into PAactivities.
An affirmative action plan is ineffect and it has a clear impact inthe promotion of gender equity.
Perception about the existence ofgenerally respectful laborrelations between women andmen.
The strategy to address sexualharassment in the PA isefficiently operating.
Women and men are paid thesame salary for the same job.
The operating, administrative andtechnical personnel of the PAhave undergone considerabletraining or guidance on genderissues (more than four specificevents).
ADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEPERSONALPERSONALPERSONALPERSONALPERSONAL
3 ___ It refers to the different departments, programs or work components.4 ___ Affirmative actions refer to strategies implemented to achieve equal opportunities through measures or activities
to offset or correct discrimination (for instance, training for women on subjects they do not usually handle, quotasystems).
5 ___ In verbal, physical or psychological terms.6 ___ Under this criterion it is necessary to divide the information between the social science personnel and the natural
science personnel, as well as disaggregated by sex.
183183183183183
There is no gender equityspecialist in the PA.
Personnel performanceevaluations do not consider theimpact on the promotion of moreequitable relations.
The PA has no financialresources to include gender inits different work areas orcomponents.
The PA has no mechanisms toinform the stakeholders aboutits financial and accountingsituation.
There is no organization chartthat clearly defines powerrelations in the PA.
Information flow among thevarious levels and positions ispractically non-existent.
No differentiated facilities areprovided for the women and menthat work in the PA7.
PA structures are unsafe, theircondition is deplorable and posesa risk to personal health.
There is a gender equityspecialist in the PA.
Personnel performanceevaluations consider for some ofthe staff the impact on thepromotion of more equitablerelations.
The PA has scarce financialresources (less than 20% oftotal budget) to carry outgender work throughout thedifferent work areas orcomponents.
The PA occasionally holdsmeetings to inform thestakeholders about its financialand accounting situation.
There is an organization chartthat does not clarify powerrelations or is unknown to PApersonnel.
Information flow among thevarious levels and positions isacceptable.
The PA provides some facilitiesfor women and men, givingconsideration to the gendercondition.
PA structures are somewhatsafe, although they are not intop-notch condition.
There is a promoting team in thePA working jointly with thegender equity specialist.
Personnel performanceevaluations consider for all staffthe impact on the promotion ofmore equitable relations.
The PA has sufficient financialresources (about 20% of totalbudget) to carry out gender workthroughout the different workareas or components.
The PA has mechanisms to ensureproviding the stakeholders withaccurate information about itsfinancial and accounting situation.
Clear and well-definedorganization chart. It is knownby all personnel and shows anadequate level of internaldecision autonomy.
Permanent mechanisms are usedto ensure adequate informationflow among the various levels andpositions.
The PA provides facilities forwomen and men, givingconsideration to the gendercondition.
PA structures are very safe,comfortable and in goodcondition.
ORGANIZATIONALORGANIZATIONALORGANIZATIONALORGANIZATIONALORGANIZATIONAL
FINANCIALFINANCIALFINANCIALFINANCIALFINANCIAL
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
ADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEADMINISTRATIVEPERSONALPERSONALPERSONALPERSONALPERSONAL
INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE
7 ___ Bathrooms, bedrooms, facilities for elderly care.
184184184184184
There is no communitycooperation, recognition orsupport towards the PA.
There is no system to guaranteefull representation by thevarious stakeholders in the PAconservation initiative.
The stakeholders involved in thePA initiative are not equitablyrepresented.
Perception by the stakeholders(disaggregated by sex) about thefact that they are unable toinfluence the conservationinitiative, they do not feel partof the process.
Low percentage (under 20%) offemale participation in mixedorganizations related to the PAconservation initiative.
The establishment of women’sorganizations has not beenpromoted in the PA.
The PA conservation initiativehas not increased thepercentage of women whoparticipate in environmental andnatural resource managementactivities.
Community work has notpromoted the participation ofwomen in public positions in localinstitutions.
There is partial cooperationbetween administration and thecommunity, although the latterdoes not participate in PAplanning or managementactivities.
There is a system wherebypartial representation by thevarious stakeholders is ensured.
Some of the stakeholdersparticipating in the PA initiativeare not equitably represented.
Perception by the stakeholders(disaggregated by sex) about thefact that they can have a partialinfluence on the conservationinitiative, they feel theyparticipate in only a certain partof the process.
Average percentage (30%) offemale participation in mixedorganizations related to the PAconservation initiative.
The PA conservation initiativehas increased the percentage ofwomen who participate inenvironmental and naturalresource management activities.
Community work has promotedpartial participation of women inpublic positions in localinstitutions.
Throughout PA activities exists aformal and institutional strategyfor equitable communityparticipation.
There is a system whereby fullrepresentation by the variousstakeholders is ensuredthroughout the PA conservationinitiative.
Most of the stakeholdersparticipating in the PA initiativeare equitably represented
Perception by the stakeholders(disaggregated by sex) about thefact that they are able toinfluence the conservationinitiative, they enjoy a feeling ofprocess appropriation.
Equitable percentage (40%-50%)of female and male participationin mixed organizations related tothe PA conservation initiative.
The number of women’s groups inthe PA has increased.
The PA conservation initiativehas achieved an equitableparticipation of women and men inenvironmental and naturalresource management activities.
Community work has promoted anequitable participation of womenin public positions in localinstitutions.
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
POLITICALPOLITICALPOLITICALPOLITICALPOLITICALCOMMUNITY COMMUNITY COMMUNITY COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PPPPPARTICIPATIONARTICIPATIONARTICIPATIONARTICIPATIONARTICIPATION
185185185185185
Perception that there is nofemale presence in public spaces.
Low percentage of womeninvolved in consultation/management processes aboutpublic policies related to PAmanagement.
There is no strategy orguidelines to promote genderequity throughout the entityresponsible for PA management.
There is no coordination withorganizations specialized ingender issues operating in thePA.
There is no coordination withother government agenciesoperating in the PA.
The ancestral rights (commonlaw rights) of native populationsregarding ownership of the land,water, forest, minerals, amongothers, in the PA, are neitherknown nor respected.
Land titles are given only to men.
Perception that there is scarcefemale presence in public spaces.
Average percentage of femaleparticipation in consultation/management processes aboutpublic policies related to PAmanagement.
There is a strategy or guidelinesto promote gender equity,although it is not enforced and isnot known to PA personnel.
Occasional actions areundertaken jointly withorganizations specialized ingender issues operating in thePA.
Occasional actions areundertaken jointly with othergovernment agencies operating inthe PA.
The ancestral rights (commonlaw rights) of native populationsregarding ownership of the land,water, forest, minerals, amongothers, in the PA, are known andpartially respected.
Land titles are jointly held (bythe woman and the man in thecase of couples by right or fact).
Perception that there is asignificant presence of women inpublic spaces.
Equitable percentage of femaleand male participation inconsultation/ managementprocesses about public policiesrelated to PA management.
There is a PA strategy orguidelines regarding genderequity promotion adequatelyfollowed by PA personnel.
Actions are coordinated withorganizations specialized ingender issues operating in the PA.
Actions are coordinated withother government agenciesoperating in the PA.
The ancestral rights (common lawrights) of native populationsregarding ownership of the land,water, forest, minerals, amongothers., in the PA, are known andrespected.
Women are direct beneficiariesof land titles.
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
POLITICALPOLITICALPOLITICALPOLITICALPOLITICALCOMMUNITY COMMUNITY COMMUNITY COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PPPPPARTICIPATIONARTICIPATIONARTICIPATIONARTICIPATIONARTICIPATION
INTRAINSTITUTIONALINTRAINSTITUTIONALINTRAINSTITUTIONALINTRAINSTITUTIONALINTRAINSTITUTIONAL
INTERINSTITUTIONALINTERINSTITUTIONALINTERINSTITUTIONALINTERINSTITUTIONALINTERINSTITUTIONAL
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
LEGALLEGALLEGALLEGALLEGALOWNERSHIPOWNERSHIPOWNERSHIPOWNERSHIPOWNERSHIP
186186186186186
PA work has not promotedfemale ownership or co-ownership of businessenterprises.
PA work has not promotedfemale ownership or co-ownership of equipment and toolsfor production, processing,commercialization, and otherservices associated with naturalresources.
The international agreementsand national legislation on genderequity are neither known norrespected.
Ancestral rights are notrecognized. National laws andregulations prevail in theconservation initiative.
The PA legal framework is notclear; it is filled with seriousdeficiencies and contradictions,which fact hinders integrationand participation.
The subject of female and maleintellectual ownership overnatural resources, is notaddressed by the PAconservation initiative.
Stakeholders do not know thelaws/regulations related to thePA8 and PA personnel make nodissemination efforts.
PA work has partially promotedfemale ownership or co-ownership of businessenterprises.
PA work has increased thepercentage of female ownershipor co-ownership of equipmentand tools for production,processing, commercialization,and other services associatedwith natural resources.
The international agreementsand national legislation on genderequity are known and partiallyrespected.
Ancestral rights are recognizedin an incipient manner; nationallaws and regulations prevail inthe conservation initiative.
The PA legal framework issufficiently clear; there are fewdeficiencies, which, althoughpresent, allow the integrationand participation of thestakeholders.
The subject of female and maleintellectual ownership overnatural resources, is addressedby the PA conservation initiativein a partial and fragmentedmanner.
In spite of proper dissemination,user adherence to the laws/regulations related to the PA, ispartial.
PA work has successfullypromoted female ownership andco-ownership of businessenterprises.
PA work has successfullypromoted female ownership or co-ownership of equipment and toolsfor production, processing,commercialization, and otherservices associated with naturalresources.
The international agreements andnational legislation on genderequity are known and respected.
Ancestral rights are recognizedand respected, and efforts aremade to complement and makecompatible the system involvingnational laws and regulations withthe ancestral rights system.
The PA legal framework is clear,consistent, and allows theequitable integration of thestakeholders into PA managementand conservation.
The PA conservation initiative hasimplemented a strategy topromote recognition about femaleand male intellectual ownershipover natural resources.
The laws/regulations related tothe PA are fully adhered to bythe stakeholders and PApersonnel make every possibleeffort towards properdissemination.
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
LEGALLEGALLEGALLEGALLEGALOWNERSHIPOWNERSHIPOWNERSHIPOWNERSHIPOWNERSHIP
SET OF LAWS AND REGULATIONSSET OF LAWS AND REGULATIONSSET OF LAWS AND REGULATIONSSET OF LAWS AND REGULATIONSSET OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS
8 ___ The information should be disaggregated by sex, as there are instances when the creation of a PA has not taken intoaccount the differentiated use of natural resources. For example, when designing a PA no consideration is given tothe fact that women gather firewood in the area, and when applicable regulations are discussed with the community,this activity is restricted. This leads to regulation violations, as the women were neither invited to these meetingsnor consulted about such regulations.
187187187187187
The management plan waselaborated without stakeholders’participation.
There is an operating plan, but itdoes not take into considerationnor does it respond to the needsof the various stakeholders,equity promotion is notmainstreamed.
The information obtained is notdisaggregated by sex.
Scientific research is carriedout by external scientists only.
Traditional cultural knowledgeand resource managementpractices are not documented.
Community members have noaccounting or financial knowledgeor skills.
The management plan waselaborated taking intoconsideration only a certainsector of the population.
There is an operating plan thattakes into consideration theinterests and needs of thestakeholders in a partial manner,equity promotion is notmainstreamed.
Only part of the informationobtained is disaggregated bysex.
There are some times whencommunity men and womenparticipate in scientificresearch. However, thescientist’s vision always prevails.
Traditional cultural knowledgeand management practices,although documented, are notrecognized or appreciated by PApersonnel.
Community women and menpossess basic knowledge aboutfinancial and accounting matters.
The management plan waselaborated with the participationof all stakeholders, taking intoaccount social diversity (women,men, native people, of differentages).
The operating plan responds tothe interests and needs of thestakeholders, and its actions arebased on equity promotion.
All of the information (statistics,census, activity impact) isdisaggregated by sex.
Community women and men areinvolved in scientific research,and local knowledge andexperiences is recognized andappreciated.
Traditional cultural knowledgeand management practices aboutthe resources of women and menare duly documented, known byPA personnel, and used in theManagement Plan.
Community women and menpossess knowledge andexperience about accounting andfinancial matters.
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
PLANNINGPLANNINGPLANNINGPLANNINGPLANNING
DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
188188188188188
Women are not trained ontechnical-productive fields(agriculture, technology, tourism,fishing, administration,economy).
Women do not undergo trainingrequired for power or decision-making positions.
Women are not trained inorganization or leadership issues.
Women do not participate asbeneficiaries of the trainingprograms involving productive,conservation and communitydevelopment projectmanagement.
Women do not participate inenvironmental education trainingprograms.
Women are not trained, and donot participate as communityfacilitators (multipliers).
There are no training programspromoting the participation ofwomen and men in non-traditionalactivities.
Men are not willing to participatein masculinity-sensitizationspaces.
The literacy program isaddressed to men.
Women and men obtain nocommunity or domestic support(information, assistance) onnatural resource management.
Some training activities intechnical-productive aspectsinvolve women.
A small percentage of womenundergo training required forpower or decision-makingpositions.
A small percentage of womenundergo training on organizationand leadership.
A small percentage of womenparticipate as beneficiaries ofthe training programs involvingproductive, conservation andcommunity development projectmanagement.
A small percentage of womenparticipate in environmentaleducation training programs.
A small percentage of women aretrained and participate ascommunity facilitators.
There are a few partialinitiatives to train women andmen in non-traditional activities.
Some men are willing toparticipate in masculinity-sensitization spaces.
Some women participate inliteracy programs.
A small percentage of women andmen obtain community ordomestic support (information,assistance) on natural resourcemanagement.
Equitable participation of womenand men in training activitiesabout technical-productiveaspects.
An equitable percentage ofwomen undergo training requiredfor power or decision-makingpositions.
An equitable percentage ofwomen undergo training onorganization and leadership.
Women account for 40% of totalparticipation in trainingworkshops involving productive,conservation and communitydevelopment project management.
Women account for 40% of totalparticipation in environmentaleducation training programs.
An equitable percentage ofwomen are trained andparticipate as communityfacilitators.
There is a training programpromoting equitable participationof women and men in non-traditional activities.
Overall, men are willing toparticipate in masculinity-sensitization spaces.
Women and men have an equitableparticipation in literacy programs.
Women and men obtain communityor domestic support (information,assistance) on natural resourcemanagement.
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION
189189189189189
Information about environmentallaws and regulations is notprovided to the population, or isonly provided to men.
Women and men are not aware ofnational and internationallegislation about human rightsand equity.
The conservation activities ofthe Management Plan do notpromote equity relations.
The Management Plan does nothave a participatory monitoringand evaluation system.
Few women and men considerthat the initiative is acceptableor convenient to naturalresource conservation(reluctance exists).
Few women and men considerthat the conservation initiativewill improve the quality of life ofthe communities.
The Management Plan does nothave a strategy that will allowcommunity women and men toadminister their own naturalresources.
A small percentage of communitywomen and men have access toinformation about environmentallaws and regulations.
A small percentage of women andmen are aware of national andinternational legislation abouthuman rights and equity.
Some of the conservationactivities of the ManagementPlan promote equity relations.
The Management Plan has amonitoring and evaluation systemthat links the stakeholders in afew aspects.
Some women and men considerthat the initiative is acceptableor convenient to naturalresource conservation (somereluctance exists).
Some women and men considerthat the conservation initiativewill improve the quality of life ofthe communities.
The Management Plan has astrategy that is incipientlyallowing community men andwomen to administer their ownnatural resources.
Community men and women haveequal access to information aboutenvironmental laws andregulations.
Both, men and women, are awareof national and internationallegislation about human rights andequity.
Equity is mainstreamedthroughout all of theconservation activities of theManagement Plan.
The Management Pan has aparticipatory monitoring andevaluation system.
Most women and men considerthat the initiative is acceptableand convenient to naturalresource conservation (there isno significant reluctance).
Most women and men considerthat the conservation initiativewill improve the quality of life ofthe communities.
The Management Plan has astrategy that allows communitymen and women to administertheir own natural resources9 .
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGEDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTIONDEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
MANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMS
CO-MANAGEMENTCO-MANAGEMENTCO-MANAGEMENTCO-MANAGEMENTCO-MANAGEMENT
9 ___ Implies transference or co-responsibility of authority and duties.
190190190190190
There are no institutionalmanagement arrangementsbetween the PA and thestakeholders.
Women feel left out of thedecisions taken about the accessand control of the naturalresources of the PA.
There is no equitabledistribution of costs andbenefits in relation to the PAmanagement and thecommunities.
Women do not benefit from theconcession of natural resources.
Few women benefit from thecompensation for environmentalservices10.
Women take no part in decisionsinvolving conservation anddevelopment activities.
Few women benefit from creditprograms.
The credit amounts to whichwomen have access to are scarceand proportionately smallcompared to the amountsprovided to men.
There is no credit collateralsystem based on a gender equityapproach11 .
Some management arrangementsexist between the PA and thestakeholders.
Some women feel they haveparticipation in the decisionstaken about the access andcontrol of the natural resourcesof the PA.
There is some distribution ofcosts and benefits in relation tothe PA management and thecommunities.
Some women benefit from theconcession of natural resources.
Some women benefit from thecompensation for environmentalservices.
There are a few instances whenwomen take part in decisionsinvolving conservation anddevelopment activities.
Some women benefit from creditprograms.
Institutional managementarrangements exist between thePA and the stakeholders.
Women feel they haveparticipation in the decisionstaken about the access andcontrol of the natural resourcesof the PA.
There is an equitable distributionof costs and benefits in relationto the PA management and thecommunities.
Women are equitably benefitedfrom the concession of naturalresources.
Women are equitable benefitedfrom the compensation forenvironmental services.
Women have an equitableparticipation in the decisionsinvolving conservation anddevelopment activities.
Credit programs equitably benefitwomen.
Women and men have access toequitable amounts of credit
There is a credit collateralsystem based on a gender equityapproach.
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
MANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSCO-MANAGEMENTCO-MANAGEMENTCO-MANAGEMENTCO-MANAGEMENTCO-MANAGEMENT
ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)
10 ___ Implies cash compensations resulting from conducting conservation work on their own property or maintaining theecosystems’ integrity.
11 ___ A gender-based collateral system allows women to pledge assets owned by them, such as guipiles (traditional garmentshand-embroidered by indian women in Guatemala), jewelry, stoves, sewing machines, etc.
191191191191191
The proposed system does, by no means, intend to becomprehensive. The primary objective is to provide ideas andsuggestions from a gender equity perspective to analyze the realityand understand its changes. For this reason, the staff from eachof the protected areas should review the proposal from a criticalstandpoint to:
1. Understand the feasibility of integrating gender equityindicators into their monitoring and evaluation system.
2. Adapt conventional mechanisms and work formats in PA tomainstream the gender equity perspective.
3. Make a selection about the indicators that may be betteradapted to their specific situation.
4. Design special indicators, taking into consideration the above-mentioned examples, to better reflect and report the changesfor their specific situation.
5. Prioritize indicators. A monitoring and evaluation system shouldbe essentially flexible and practical. We suggest adopting about20 indicators for integration into the monitoring system.
The illegal exploitation ofnatural resources carried out bymen and women persists.
Men and women have no accessto health care services.
Women and men have no accessto information and servicesrelated to sexual andreproductive rights.
There is no technical offer toimprove health conditions(water, latrines, environmentalsanitation, waste management,nutrition).
Some changes of opinion havetaken place in the attitude ofmen and women towards theillegal exploitation of naturalresources.
The health services to whichmen and women have access toare poor.
Men and women have a limitedaccess to information andservices related to sexual andreproductive rights.
The technical offer to improvehealth conditions (water,latrines, environmentalsanitation, waste management,nutrition) is incipient andfragmented.
The illegal exploitation of naturalresources by men and women isminimum.
The health services to which menand women have access to areadequate.
Women and men have access toinformation and services relatedto sexual and reproductive rights.
An integral strategy exists toimprove health conditions (water,latrines, environmental sanitation,waste management, nutrition).
RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0RATE 0 RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 2RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1RATE 1
MANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSMANAGEMENT PLAN’S PROGRAMS AND SUBPROGRAMSACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)ACCESS, USE AND CONTROL OF RESOURCES (LEGAL AND ILLEGAL)
192192192192192
The idea is not to establish yet one more system to assess theimpact in gender equity relations. This would imply considering theproposal as an additional burden for PA personnel, which fact wouldreinforce the separation of gender-related work from the majorobjective of the PA. Quite on the contrary, the proposal impliesselecting the most appropriate indicators for integration into thesystem used by the PA. In this way both, practice and gender equity,are structurally linked as requirements for conservation anddevelopment, considering conservation as an opportunity for equityachievement.
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Aguilar L. and Castañeda, I.About Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: A GenderPerspective In Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective In Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective In Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective In Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective In Marine-Coastal Zones. . . . . IUCN-Ed. Absoluto.San Jose, Costa Rica. 2000.
Cifuentes, M et.alMedición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidas.Medición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidas.Medición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidas.Medición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidas.Medición de la efectividad del manejo de áreas protegidas.WWF-IUCN-GTZ. Turrialba, Costa Rica. 2000.
Escalante, A., et.al.Eyes that See… Hearts That Feel: Equity IndicatorsEyes that See… Hearts That Feel: Equity IndicatorsEyes that See… Hearts That Feel: Equity IndicatorsEyes that See… Hearts That Feel: Equity IndicatorsEyes that See… Hearts That Feel: Equity Indicators. . . . . Ed.Absoluto S.A. -IUCN- Arias Foundation: “Towards Equity”series. Module No. 6. San Jose, Costa Rica, 1999.
Hockings,M., et.al.Evaluating Effectiveness. A Framework for Assessing theEvaluating Effectiveness. A Framework for Assessing theEvaluating Effectiveness. A Framework for Assessing theEvaluating Effectiveness. A Framework for Assessing theEvaluating Effectiveness. A Framework for Assessing theManagement of Protected Areas. Best Practice ProtectedManagement of Protected Areas. Best Practice ProtectedManagement of Protected Areas. Best Practice ProtectedManagement of Protected Areas. Best Practice ProtectedManagement of Protected Areas. Best Practice ProtectedArea Guidelines. Area Guidelines. Area Guidelines. Area Guidelines. Area Guidelines. Series No. 6. Cardiff University-IUCN.Cambridge, Untited Kindgdom. 2000.
IDRC-IUCNAn Approach to Assesing Progress Towards Sustainability:An Approach to Assesing Progress Towards Sustainability:An Approach to Assesing Progress Towards Sustainability:An Approach to Assesing Progress Towards Sustainability:An Approach to Assesing Progress Towards Sustainability:Approach, Methods, Instruments and Field Experiences.Approach, Methods, Instruments and Field Experiences.Approach, Methods, Instruments and Field Experiences.Approach, Methods, Instruments and Field Experiences.Approach, Methods, Instruments and Field Experiences.IUCN Publication Service Unit. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland. 1997.
Rodríguez, G., et.al.Taking the Pulse of Gender: Gender-Sensitive MonitoringTaking the Pulse of Gender: Gender-Sensitive MonitoringTaking the Pulse of Gender: Gender-Sensitive MonitoringTaking the Pulse of Gender: Gender-Sensitive MonitoringTaking the Pulse of Gender: Gender-Sensitive Monitoringand Evaluation Systems.and Evaluation Systems.and Evaluation Systems.and Evaluation Systems.and Evaluation Systems. Ed. Absoluto S.A. -IUCN- AriasFoundation: “Towards Equity” series. Module No. 4. San Jose,Costa Rica, 1999.
193193193193193
AN
NEX
ESA
NN
EXES
AN
NEX
ESA
NN
EXES
AN
NEX
ES
194194194194194
195195195195195195195195195195
Annex 1Annex 1Annex 1Annex 1Annex 1GLOSSARYGLOSSARYGLOSSARYGLOSSARYGLOSSARY
Access and control of resources and distribution of benefits andAccess and control of resources and distribution of benefits andAccess and control of resources and distribution of benefits andAccess and control of resources and distribution of benefits andAccess and control of resources and distribution of benefits andopportunitiesopportunitiesopportunitiesopportunitiesopportunitiesGender relations characterized by inequity define the unequal accessand controlOf men and women to natural resources and opportunities. Thisalso determines the unequal distribution of costs and benefitsderived from their use. That is why these aspects constituteelements of analysis within gender relations.
- AccessAccessAccessAccessAccess is defined as the possibility for participation, utilizationand benefit to resources and opportunities.to resources and opportunities.to resources and opportunities.to resources and opportunities.to resources and opportunities.
- Control Control Control Control Control refers to the authority, ownership, and decision-makingpower. Under certain circumstances, women may have access (thepossibility of using) to a resource, for example, the land, but theylack or have limited control over it (they are unable to decide whetherto sell or pledge).
- ResourcesResourcesResourcesResourcesResources are goods and services: economic or productive (land,equipment, tools, work); political (leadership capacity, informationand organization); financial (money, capital, credit); and time.
- Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits are the economic, social, political and psychologicalretributions derived from the utilization of the resources. Benefitsinclude meeting basic and strategic needs: food, housing, education,training, political power, status, etc.
- OpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunitiesOpportunities are the possibilities to develop intellectual,physical and emotional abilities, to pursue and achieve the goals setin life.
Active stakeholdersActive stakeholdersActive stakeholdersActive stakeholdersActive stakeholdersAre the communities that express a direct interest in PAmanagement, possess specific abilities (knowledge, skills) or relativeadvantages (proximity, community influence), and are willing to investresources (time, money, political authority) in the PA conservationinitiative.
Affirmative actionsAffirmative actionsAffirmative actionsAffirmative actionsAffirmative actionsConsist on strategies aiming at promoting equal opportunities throughactions whereby it is possible to offset or correct discriminations,which are the direct result of social practices or systems. Theyaim at implementing specific programs to provide women with specificadvantages.
196196196196196196196196196196
The affirmative action is “…the most valid and widely accepted toolat an international level to overcome the obstacles that hinder theachievement of equality between men and women”.
Although affirmative actions are usually identified with actionsfocused on increasing the political participation of women, thesemay be extended to other fields of action. To eliminate or decreasediscriminatory situations, they may be adjusted to the reality ofthe organizations and rural development projects.
Afforestation and reforestationAfforestation and reforestationAfforestation and reforestationAfforestation and reforestationAfforestation and reforestationThe activity of afforestation is defined as the transformation ofareas where organized trees did not previously exist in the forest.
Agenda 21Agenda 21Agenda 21Agenda 21Agenda 21Action document stemming from the United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, in 1992.Agenda 21 was negotiated for two years and accepted by 179governments that attended the Summit. Agenda 21 is a 500-page,40-chapter document that describes a worldwide action program toaddress the environmental crisis at a global level and promotesustainable development. It is not binding. It promotes setting upsustainable development councils in each country to be watchfulabout compliance with the commitments stipulated by Agenda 21.
Benefits’ equityBenefits’ equityBenefits’ equityBenefits’ equityBenefits’ equityIt refers to the final impact that the development efforts have onboth genders. It implies that results must be equally accessible toand exploited by men and women. Equal opportunities does not,necessarily, imply that both genders share equal benefits.
BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversityThe variability of living organisms of any source, including land andmarine ecosystems, other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecologicalcomplexes they are part of; it comprises the diversity within eachspecies, among species and ecosystems.
Biological resourcesBiological resourcesBiological resourcesBiological resourcesBiological resourcesThe genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations, orany other biotic component of ecosystems with real or potentialvalue or usefulness to human beings.
BiosecurityBiosecurityBiosecurityBiosecurityBiosecurityThe control of risks derived from the transference, manipulationand utilization of living organisms modified as a result ofbiotechnology, that may have an effect on the environment and humanhealth.
197197197197197197197197197197
BiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereThe total range of living beings and their environment that comprisesthe lithosphere (surface of the Earth), the hydrosphere (Earthwaters) and the atmosphere, which is almost 15 km thick from thesurface of the Earth.
BiotaBiotaBiotaBiotaBiotaAll species of living things (plants and animals) within a particularterritory or area. It refers to the living weight of all organismswithin a particular area or habitat. It is, sometimes, expressed asa weight per unit of land area or unit of water volume.
BiotechnologyBiotechnologyBiotechnologyBiotechnologyBiotechnologyAny technological application using biological resources, livingorganisms or their by-products, for the creation or modification ofproducts or processes for specific uses.
BiotopoBiotopoBiotopoBiotopoBiotopoArea inhabited by a specific group of living organisms.
Birth gross rateBirth gross rateBirth gross rateBirth gross rateBirth gross rateNumber of live births per one thousand inhabitants over a certainperiod of time, usually one year.
DeserticationDeserticationDeserticationDeserticationDeserticationIs the degradation of the soil in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid zones,resulting from various factors that include climatic variations andhuman activities. This definition considers three distinct elements,with distinct requirements, such as droughts in short periods oftime, long-term climatic fluctuations, and soil degradation due tohuman activity. One aspect that is worth highlighting in thisdefinition is the land degradation phase, which is conceptuallydifferent from soil degradation, since land degradation does notonly contemplate the degradation of the soil, but of any otherbiological and physical elements of the land, such as plant cover,animal biota, water resources, etc. This is the conceptual basisthat determines desertification in an integral manner and comprisesphysical, chemical and biological components under interaction withthe social and economic variables of a specific area or region.
Close seasonClose seasonClose seasonClose seasonClose seasonPeriod of time during which the exploitation of all types of activitiesis suspended, due to a decrease in wild populations, as a result ofunforeseen natural phenomena or disasters that affect thedistribution and stability of the species.
Co-managementCo-managementCo-managementCo-managementCo-managementAlso known as participatory management, involves an institutionalarrangement between the local users of a territory or set of natural
198198198198198198198198198198
resources and/or groups interested in its conservation, and publicentities responsible for the administration of said resources. Theprocess leads to the development of community skills to enable themto effectively undertake a biodiversity conservation role.
Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD)Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD)Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD)Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD)Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD)United Nation Agency responsible for Agenda 21 compliance.
Common law rightCommon law rightCommon law rightCommon law rightCommon law rightUnwritten standards that generate a right based on traditions andcustoms.
Condition and position, practical and strategic needsCondition and position, practical and strategic needsCondition and position, practical and strategic needsCondition and position, practical and strategic needsCondition and position, practical and strategic needsCategories supporting gender analysis to determine thedifferentiated situation of women and men, in order to developstrategies to minimize inequalities prevailing at community level,effectively resolve the needs of women and men, and undertakepriority actions in favor of those experiencing the greatestdisadvantages for their development.
----- ConditionConditionConditionConditionConditionIt refers to living conditions, i.e., the situation under which peoplelive. It specifically points at the so-called practical needs (povertyconditions, access to services, productive resources, opportunitiesrelated to health care, education, etc).
----- PositionPositionPositionPositionPositionIt refers to social positioning and recognition, the status assignedto women as compared to men (inclusion in decision-making spaces,at a community level, equal salaries for equal work, restrictionsregarding access to education and training, for instance).
----- Practical gender needsPractical gender needsPractical gender needsPractical gender needsPractical gender needsIt refers to the needs derived from the material living conditionsof men and women.
----- Strategic gender needsStrategic gender needsStrategic gender needsStrategic gender needsStrategic gender needsThese are long-term needs, which consist on the possibility of makingequal and equitable the gender position of men and women in society.
ConservationConservationConservationConservationConservationThe protection, care, management and maintenance of ecosystems,habitats, species and wildlife populations, inside or outside of theirnatural environments, to safeguard the natural conditions requiredfor their long-term permanence.
DeforestationDeforestationDeforestationDeforestationDeforestationDestruction of the forests to the extent that their naturalreproduction becomes impossible.
199199199199199199199199199199
Ecological legislationEcological legislationEcological legislationEcological legislationEcological legislationEnvironmental policy instrument, which purpose is to regulate orpromote the use of the soil and productive activities towards theprotection of the environment, the sustainable conservation andexploitation of the natural resources, through the analysis ofdeterioration trends and exploitation potential.
Ecological nicheEcological nicheEcological nicheEcological nicheEcological nicheThe functional role of an organism within a natural community.
EcologyEcologyEcologyEcologyEcologyIs the science derived from biology that studies the inter-relationsbetween living beings and their environment.
EcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemSystem or dynamic group of vegetal, animal, and microorganismcommunities that interact with their environment as one functionalunit.
EmigrationEmigrationEmigrationEmigrationEmigrationChange of regular residence from a political-administrative unit toanother, at a given time, considered from the place where themovement originates.
Endangered speciesEndangered speciesEndangered speciesEndangered speciesEndangered speciesClassification of endangered species, which survival is remote underpresent causal factors. These include the species which numberhas decreased to a critical level, or which population has decreasedso drastically to consider them under immediate danger of extinction.Also included are species that may have possibly disappeared buthave been seen in their wild habitat over the past 50 years.
Endemic speciesEndemic speciesEndemic speciesEndemic speciesEndemic speciesPopulation of a species that is native to the region, and which areaof distribution is restricted to a small place.
EnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentIt refers to all living and non-living components and all factors (likethe climate) that surround an organism. Environment is frequentlymistaken for the word ecology, which is the science that studiesthe relations among living beings and with all the non-living parts ofan environment. The environment may be conceived as a row ofdomino tiles. Ecology would be the effect of the domino tiles whilefalling.
Environmental impactEnvironmental impactEnvironmental impactEnvironmental impactEnvironmental impactMeasurable impact of human activity over a given ecosystem. Themanifestation of environmental impact is a measuring instrument
200200200200200200200200200200
whereby it is possible to measure the significant and potentialenvironmental impact generated by an undertaking or activity, aswell as the steps needed to avoid it or minimize negative effects.
Environmental indicatorEnvironmental indicatorEnvironmental indicatorEnvironmental indicatorEnvironmental indicatorIt is a parameter or value derived from general parameters thatdescribes in a synthetic manner the pressures, condition, answersand/or trends of environmental and socio-environmental ecologicalphenomena, which meaning is broader than the properties directlyassociated with the value of the parameter.
Environmental protectionEnvironmental protectionEnvironmental protectionEnvironmental protectionEnvironmental protectionAny activity to maintain the balance of the environment throughthe prevention of pollution and deterioration of the naturalresources. It may consist of: a) changes in the characteristics ofgoods and services, and changes in consumption patterns; b) changesin production techniques; c) waste treatment or disposal in separateenvironmental protection facilities; d) recycling; e) prevention oflandscape degradation.
Environmental servicesEnvironmental servicesEnvironmental servicesEnvironmental servicesEnvironmental servicesThese services describe the qualitative (even space-wise) functionsthat natural resources provide. Three types of environmentalservices usually exist: a) deposit-related services, which reflectthe functions of the natural household environment as an absorbentdump of residuals from productive, household and industrial activitiesin general; b) productive-related services, like the water, land andair, which reflect economic and ecological functions for humanconsumption, energy and agricultural purposes, among others; c)consumption-related services, encompassing the basic functions ofthe environment in anticipation of recreational and socializationneeds, as well as the cosmological needs of certain societies.
Equal opportunitiesEqual opportunitiesEqual opportunitiesEqual opportunitiesEqual opportunitiesIt is the situation where men and women have equal opportunitiesto become intellectually, physically and emotionally fulfilled, topursue and achieve the goals they set in life, and develop theirpotential abilities, regardless of gender, class, sex, age, religionand ethnic group.
Equal treatmentEqual treatmentEqual treatmentEqual treatmentEqual treatmentIt presupposes the right to equal social conditions of safety,remuneration and work conditions for women and men alike.
EqualityEqualityEqualityEqualityEqualityCondition of one thing being equal to another in nature, form, qualityand quantity. The achievement of the objective of equality goesbeyond the mere prohibition or elimination of discriminations.
201201201201201201201201201201
EquityEquityEquityEquityEquitySeeks people’s access to equal opportunities and development ofbasic capabilities. This means that the barriers hindering economicand political opportunities, as well as the access to education andbasic services, should be eliminated, so that men and women of allages, conditions and positions, may be able to take advantage ofsuch opportunities and benefit from them.
It means justice, that is, giving each one what belongs to her/him,recognizing the conditions or characteristics that are particular toeach person or human group (sex, gender, class, religion, age); therecognition of biodiversity, without discrimination.
ErosionErosionErosionErosionErosionIs the destruction, deterioration and elimination of the soil. Thefactors accelerating erosion are: the climate, rainfall and wind speed,topography, slope degree and length, physical and chemicalcharacteristics of the soil, ground cover and nature, degree ofcoverage, natural phenomena like earthquakes, and human factors,such as indiscriminate deforestation, subsequent burning, andexcessive grazing.- Wind erosionWind erosionWind erosionWind erosionWind erosion: Erosion caused by the wind- Water erosionWater erosionWater erosionWater erosionWater erosion: Erosion caused by the water
Ethnic groupsEthnic groupsEthnic groupsEthnic groupsEthnic groupsIt refers to the classification of the population according to itssocial and cultural organization, which conform particular ways oflife for all its members. As a general rule, the people who integratean ethnic group share similar characteristics, such as race, language,and territory and, most of all, their way of looking at and interpretingthe world. Each ethnic group defines specific ways of life for womenand men, which determines the particular condition and position ofwomen.
Exotic species or populationsExotic species or populationsExotic species or populationsExotic species or populationsExotic species or populationsThose species located away from their natural environment, whichincludes hybrid and modified species.
FamilyFamilyFamilyFamilyFamilyTaxonomic category used in the classification of living beings, togroup one or several similar classes, which are assumed to be closelyrelated; the characteristics used to designate the family usuallyare easily noticeable.
FaunaFaunaFaunaFaunaFaunaThe group of animal species living, growing and developing in a givenplace, or that existed during a specific geological period.
202202202202202202202202202202
Forest coverForest coverForest coverForest coverForest coverAll the trees and other woody plants (scrub) covering the soil of aforest. It includes: trees and all types of bushes; bushes and weedsgrowing under or on forest clearings or thickets; humus or fallenleaves, branches, fallen trees, and other plant materials partiallyrotten on the surface and the upper soil layer.
GEF (Global Environmental Fund)GEF (Global Environmental Fund)GEF (Global Environmental Fund)GEF (Global Environmental Fund)GEF (Global Environmental Fund)It is the fund that the World Bank administers since the Summit ofthe Earth, which is used make loans to governments for environmentalprojects.
GenderGenderGenderGenderGenderGenders are bio-socio-cultural groups, historically built from theidentification of sexual characteristics that physically classify humanbeings. Once classified, they are assigned a differentiated set offunctions, activities, social relations, forms and standards ofbehavior. It is a set of economic, social, legal, political andpsychological determinations and characteristics, that is, cultural,which create that which in each time, society and culture, constitutesthe specific contents of being a man or a woman.
Gender analysisGender analysisGender analysisGender analysisGender analysisIt is a theoretical-practical process through which it is possible toconduct a differentiated analysis about the roles between men andwomen, as well as the responsibilities, access, use and control aboutthe resources, problems or needs, priorities and opportunities, toenable planning development in an efficient and equitable manner.
Gender analysis does, necessarily, imply studying the diverse formsof organization and operation existing within societies and analyzingsocial relations. This analysis should describe the subordinationstructures existing between genders. Gender analysis should notbe limited to the role of women in society; it should cover and comparethe role of women vs. men and vice versa.
Genetic resourcesGenetic resourcesGenetic resourcesGenetic resourcesGenetic resourcesThe genetic material with real or potential value.
Global fertility rateGlobal fertility rateGlobal fertility rateGlobal fertility rateGlobal fertility rateAverage number of children delivered by a woman throughout herreproductive life, in accordance with the fertility rates by ageconsidered over a certain period of time.
HabitatHabitatHabitatHabitatHabitatCombination of environmental conditions within a specific site, whereliving beings develop. A living or non-living place and its surroundings,inhabited by a certain population, for example, humans, plants,animals, microorganisms, etc.
203203203203203203203203203203
Habitat managementHabitat managementHabitat managementHabitat managementHabitat managementManagement activities involving vegetation, soil and otherphysiographic elements or characteristics in specific areas, withspecific conservation, maintenance, improvement or restoration goals.
HomophobiaHomophobiaHomophobiaHomophobiaHomophobiaFear of and aversion towards homosexual people (men and women).This term has traditionally been used to especially designate theaversion towards homosexual men.
Human settlementsHuman settlementsHuman settlementsHuman settlementsHuman settlementsThe establishment of a given demographic conglomerate, along withits set of living-related systems in a physically located area. Naturalelements and infrastructure are considered within the area.
ImmigrationImmigrationImmigrationImmigrationImmigrationDisplacement involving the change of regular residence from apolitical-administrative unit to another, at a given time, consideredfrom the viewpoint of the place of arrival.
Infant mortality rateInfant mortality rateInfant mortality rateInfant mortality rateInfant mortality rateNumber of deceased infants under one year of age per one thousandbirths, usually over a one-year period.
Integral managementIntegral managementIntegral managementIntegral managementIntegral managementManagement activities involving biological, social, economic andcultural aspects linked to wildlife and its habitat.
Intensive managementIntensive managementIntensive managementIntensive managementIntensive managementManagement activities involving wild species or populations underconditions of captivity or confinement.
Life expectancyLife expectancyLife expectancyLife expectancyLife expectancyThe average number of years a person may expect to live underunchanged mortality trends. It is commonly stated as life expectancyat birth.
Load capacitLoad capacitLoad capacitLoad capacitLoad capacityAn ecosystem’s estimated tolerance to the use of its components.This tolerance should be such so as to keep it from exceeding itscapacity for short-term recovery, without the application ofrestoration or recovery measures to restore ecological balance.
MainstreamingMainstreamingMainstreamingMainstreamingMainstreamingGender mainstreaming means that continuous attention should bepaid to equality between men and women in development policies,strategies and interventions. Gender mainstreaming does not onlymean ascertaining the participation of women in a previously established
204204204204204204204204204204
development program. It also aims at guaranteeing the participationof men and women in the definition of objectives and planning stages,to ensure that development meets the needs and priorities of womenand men alike. Therefore, equality should be considered with respectto the analysis, policies, planning processes and institutional practicesthat determine the global conditions for development.
Gender mainstreaming requires undertaking an analysis about theimpact that development-related interventions might have on womenand men in all areas of social development. The analysis should beundertaken prior to making important decisions about the goals,strategies and resource allocation.
ManagementManagementManagementManagementManagementIs the set of political, legal, administrative, research, planning,protection, coordination, promotion, interpretation, education, etc.actions undertaken to improve exploitation practices to ensure thepermanence of a protected area and compliance with its objectives.
MigrationMigrationMigrationMigrationMigrationDisplacement involving the change of regular residence from apolitical-administrative unit to another, at a given time,
MisogynyMisogynyMisogynyMisogynyMisogynyAttitude of hatred or contempt towards women, merely becausethey are women.
Mortality gross rateMortality gross rateMortality gross rateMortality gross rateMortality gross rateNumber of deaths per one thousand inhabitants over a certain periodof time, usually one year.
Multiple use areasMultiple use areasMultiple use areasMultiple use areasMultiple use areasThese are geographical areas established in PA, where thedevelopment of diverse activities and uses of natural resources ispromoted and allowed, for the purpose of simultaneously achievingsustainable production and nature conservation.
Native species or populationsNative species or populationsNative species or populationsNative species or populationsNative species or populationsThose belonging to wild species found in their natural habitats.
ParticipationParticipationParticipationParticipationParticipationIs a social process through which the various players of a population,considering their own interests (class, group, gender, etc.), becomeinvolved in a direct manner and through their representatives inthe operation of the various aspects of their collective life.Participation is a sine qua non condition of citizenship, as oneindividual is considered to be a citizen when he/she has the powerof influencing the processes that have a direct or indirect effecton their own destiny.
205205205205205205205205205205
PopulationPopulationPopulationPopulationPopulationSet of individuals from the same wild species that share the samehabitat. It is considered as the basic management unit of wild speciesliving in freedom.
Population ageingPopulation ageingPopulation ageingPopulation ageingPopulation ageingModification of the population structure by age, which translatesinto a proportional increase in the number of old people and adecrease in the relative importance of children and youngsters.
Population studyPopulation studyPopulation studyPopulation studyPopulation studyStudy about the local populations of a species, in order to appraiseand assess the size and density of the population, its numbers bysex and age, birth, death and growth rates, as well as the number ofindividuals that may be serviceable during a certain period of time,without affecting the resource and its long-term productivepotential.
Population’s total growthPopulation’s total growthPopulation’s total growthPopulation’s total growthPopulation’s total growthThe total increase in population resulting from the interaction ofbirths, deaths, and migration of a population, within a certain periodof time.
Potential stakeholdersPotential stakeholdersPotential stakeholdersPotential stakeholdersPotential stakeholdersAre the communities that have no interest in the PA or that—although not organized—given their characteristics, specific skills,relative advantages or interests, may play a significant role in theconservation initiative or benefit from it.
PowerPowerPowerPowerPowerDominion, authority or jurisdiction to command, define, control anddecide about something or someone.
Dominion-related powers are social, collective and personal. Theyenable alienation, exploitation and oppression of another person.They result in concatenated processes related to forms ofinterfering in the life of other people from a superiority rank (worth,hierarchy, power). The dominion powers are the set of capacitiesthrough which it is possible to have control over other people’s lives,to expropriate their assets, subordinate them and run theirexistence. Domination implies judgment, punishment and ultimately,forgiveness.
PreservationPreservationPreservationPreservationPreservationSet of policies and measures taken to maintain the conditionsfavoring the evolution and continuation of ecosystems and naturalhabitats, as well as the conservation of populations of viable speciesin their natural environments and biodiversity components outsideof their natural habitats.
206206206206206206206206206206
Protected areaProtected areaProtected areaProtected areaProtected areaConsists of an area of land and/or sea especially devoted to theprotection and maintenance of the biological diversity, includingnatural resources and related cultural resources, managed throughlegal means or other effective means (IUCN).
Public interest (social)Public interest (social)Public interest (social)Public interest (social)Public interest (social)Are the overall interests of the collectivity of citizens from acountry. Said interests are established by law, and there are legalregulations protecting these interests to the benefit of thecollectivity.
Rare speciesRare speciesRare speciesRare speciesRare speciesWorldwide populations of small species, that are not currentlyendangered or are not vulnerable, but that may face such risks inthe future. These species are located in geographically restrictedareas or specific habitats, or are scantily scattered on a large scale.
RecoveryRecoveryRecoveryRecoveryRecoveryRestoration of natural processes and genetic, demographic, orecological parameters of a population or species, with regard to itsstate at the initiation of the recovery activities. It also refers toits past local abundance, structure and dynamics, to resume itsecological and evolutionary role, and the consequent improvementregarding habitat quality.
RehabilitationRehabilitationRehabilitationRehabilitationRehabilitationSet of activities undertaken to recover the conditions favoring thecontinuation of natural processes.
RepopulationRepopulationRepopulationRepopulationRepopulationPlanned release into the natural habitat, of specimens of the samewild subspecies or, in the event the existence of subspecies had notbeen determined, of the same wild species, for the purpose ofstrengthening a reduced population.
RestorationRestorationRestorationRestorationRestorationSet of activities undertaken to recover and restore the conditionsfavoring the evolution and continuation of natural processes.
RoleRoleRoleRoleRoleRole, duty or representation played by a person within society. Thisrole is based on a system of standards and customs that determinesthe type of activities a person should carry out.
SexSexSexSexSexRefers to the set of hereditary biological characteristics thatorganize individuals into two categories: man and woman.
207207207207207207207207207207
SocializationSocializationSocializationSocializationSocializationThe psycho-social processes where the individual is historicallydeveloped as a person and member of a society. During this processthe personal and social identity is acquired or built, as part of thesocial group the individual belongs to. The individual is shaped as aperson, with its own characteristics and features, which are theresult of this shaping process.
SpeciesSpeciesSpeciesSpeciesSpeciesThe basic unit of taxonomic classification conformed by the set ofindividuals with similar morphological, ethological and physiologicalcharacteristics that are capable of breeding and generating fertileoffspring, and sharing similar habitat requirements.
Species and subspecies subject to special protectionSpecies and subspecies subject to special protectionSpecies and subspecies subject to special protectionSpecies and subspecies subject to special protectionSpecies and subspecies subject to special protectionThe species or subspecies under exploitation limitations or closeseasons due to decreased populations or a restricted geographicaldistribution, or to favor its recovery and conservation or therecovery and conservation of associated species.
SpecimenSpecimenSpecimenSpecimenSpecimenAny living or dead animal or plant.
SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilitySustainabilityIt refers to the access, use and adequate management of naturalresources, to guarantee continued supply of the basic needs of menand women for present and future generations.
Behavioral pattern to guarantee future generations will have theoption of enjoying at least the same level of wellbeing of theirpredecessors. Emphasis is made on the intergenerational equity ofdevelopment.
Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentThis is a concept which use was generalized as of the report issuedby the United Nations World Committee for Environment andDevelopment, chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland. It deals with adevelopment model focused on improving the quality of human life,without exceeding the load capacity of the ecosystems, so that thebenefits of nature and society will be sufficient not only for presentbut also future generations.
Sustainable use of natural resourcesSustainable use of natural resourcesSustainable use of natural resourcesSustainable use of natural resourcesSustainable use of natural resourcesIntegral utilization of ecosystems and species, in full compatibilitywith the characteristics and potential of the natural environment,to reproduce and preserve the conditions that enable their existence,without undermining their future regenerative capabilities(Sustainable Use Initiative-SUI, World Conservation Union-IUCN).
208208208208208208208208208208
SynergySynergySynergySynergySynergyCombined and simultaneous action of two or more forces, so thatthe resulting total effect is greater than the sum of the parts. Itis the effect of network work.
Threatened species and subspeciesThreatened species and subspeciesThreatened species and subspeciesThreatened species and subspeciesThreatened species and subspeciesSpecies or subspecies that could be in danger of extinction shouldthe factors causing habitat deterioration or modification continueto persist or if their populations continue decreasing. A threatenedspecies is equivalent to a vulnerable species.
Triple roleTriple roleTriple roleTriple roleTriple roleA triple role consists on the participation of women in productive,reproductive and community activities at the same time (please referto productive work, reproductive work, and community work).
Vulnerable speciesVulnerable speciesVulnerable speciesVulnerable speciesVulnerable speciesLiving beings classified as “threatened” in the near future if causalfactors persist. Among these are included the species which majorityor entire population is diminishing due to overexploitation, vastdestruction of the habitat, or other environmental disturbances.Also considered are the populations that have been significantlydecreased and which safety has not been attained, and thedistribution of populations are still abundant but being affected byadverse factors.
Wild faunaWild faunaWild faunaWild faunaWild faunaLand animal species that subsist subject to the natural selectionprocesses and are freely developed. It includes the smallerpopulations that are under man’s control, as well as household animalsthat turn wild as a result of abandonment, and thus, susceptible tocapture and appropriation.
Women’s empowermentWomen’s empowermentWomen’s empowermentWomen’s empowermentWomen’s empowermentEmpowerment is the process whereby people gain increasing powerand control over their own lives. It involves aspects such asconscience raising, development of self-confidence, and extendedopportunities and options. Women’s empowerment is a process ofchange where women increase their access to power, which—in turn—results in the transformation of unequal power relations betweengenders.
Women’s invisibilizationWomen’s invisibilizationWomen’s invisibilizationWomen’s invisibilizationWomen’s invisibilizationSociety’s devaluation of the activities carried out by women. Aclear example of this is society’s concept about household andreproductive work, which are not taken into consideration in nationalstatistics.
209209209209209209209209209209
Work division by sexWork division by sexWork division by sexWork division by sexWork division by sexIt refers to the differentiated attribution that is conventionallymade about the capabilities and abilities of women and men, andconsequently, the distribution of various tasks and responsibilitiesin social life.
----- Productive work:Productive work:Productive work:Productive work:Productive work: It includes the production of goods andservices for consumption or sale (agriculture, fishing). This type ofwork usually generates income or involves monetary transactions,and is accounted for by national census and statistics.
- Reproductive work: Reproductive work: Reproductive work: Reproductive work: Reproductive work: It includes care and maintenance of thehousehold unit and its members, as well as child procreation andcare, food preparation, water collection, purchase of supplies,housework, and family health care. This type of work is notconsidered as such by society, and has no trading value.
----- Community work:Community work:Community work:Community work:Community work: It includes the collective organization ofsocial and service events. This type of work is not considered or ispartially considered in economic analyses, even when it involves manyhours of voluntary work.
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Aguilar,L. and Castañeda I.....About Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderAbout Fishermen, Fisherwomen, Oceans and Tides: a GenderPerspective in Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective in Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective in Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective in Marine-Coastal ZonesPerspective in Marine-Coastal Zones. IUCN-Ed. Absoluto.San Jose, Costa Rica. 2000.
Haupt A. and Kane, T.Guía rápida de poblaciónGuía rápida de poblaciónGuía rápida de poblaciónGuía rápida de poblaciónGuía rápida de población. Population Reference Bureau,Washington DC, U.S.A. 1980.
Narváez Lozano, AlfredoEnrédate. Guía de acción juvenil para la sustentabilidadEnrédate. Guía de acción juvenil para la sustentabilidadEnrédate. Guía de acción juvenil para la sustentabilidadEnrédate. Guía de acción juvenil para la sustentabilidadEnrédate. Guía de acción juvenil para la sustentabilidad.Instituto Mexicano de la Juventud, SEP, Mexico, D.F, Mexico. s.f.
SEMANAP and INEGIEstadísticas de medio ambienteEstadísticas de medio ambienteEstadísticas de medio ambienteEstadísticas de medio ambienteEstadísticas de medio ambiente. SEMANAP and INEG.Mexico. 1999.
SEMARNATGlosario de términos de la Subsecretaría de RecursosGlosario de términos de la Subsecretaría de RecursosGlosario de términos de la Subsecretaría de RecursosGlosario de términos de la Subsecretaría de RecursosGlosario de términos de la Subsecretaría de RecursosNaturales. Naturales. Naturales. Naturales. Naturales. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y RecursosNaturales. Mexico. 2001.
210210210210210210210210210210
211211211211211211211211211211
AnnexAnnexAnnexAnnexAnnex 2 2 2 2 2LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKLEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKLEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKLEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKLEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
a .a .a .a .a . List of major international conventions andList of major international conventions andList of major international conventions andList of major international conventions andList of major international conventions anddeclarations promoting gender equitydeclarations promoting gender equitydeclarations promoting gender equitydeclarations promoting gender equitydeclarations promoting gender equity
Convention Against of all Forms of Discrimination AgainstWomen, 1984
United Nations’ Conference on Environment and Development, 1992
Fourth World Conference on Women, 1995
United Nation Conference on Population and Development, 1994
United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification, 1997
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Among the above, it is worth highlighting the commitmentsadopted at the United Nations’ Conference on Environment andDevelopment (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), where the guidelines of Agenda21 were taken up again with respect to the participation of womenin nationwide management of ecosystems and the fight againstenvironmental degradation; the elimination of sex-relateddiscrimination, and guaranteeing women’s access to the resources(land and other), as well as to education and safe employment(Chapter 24).
At the Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995),the commitments adopted recognize and support the participationof women in natural resources management and the protection ofthe environment, through their effective action regarding decisionmaking, mainstreaming of a gender perspective in policies andprograms that promote sustainable development, and in theevaluation of the impact that development and environmental policieshave on women.
b .b .b .b .b . Synthesis about the international legal frameworkSynthesis about the international legal frameworkSynthesis about the international legal frameworkSynthesis about the international legal frameworkSynthesis about the international legal frameworkrelated to the conservation and sustainable userelated to the conservation and sustainable userelated to the conservation and sustainable userelated to the conservation and sustainable userelated to the conservation and sustainable useof protected areasof protected areasof protected areasof protected areasof protected areas
The international agreements and declarations on environmentalissues may be divided into worldwide declarations or regional orbilateral declarations. Both are important in the development ofconservation initiatives.
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
�����
212212212212212212212212212212
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
Aguilar, G. and González, M.Manual de legislación sobre humedales de Costa Rica.Manual de legislación sobre humedales de Costa Rica.Manual de legislación sobre humedales de Costa Rica.Manual de legislación sobre humedales de Costa Rica.Manual de legislación sobre humedales de Costa Rica.Published by the Ministry of Environment and Energy(MINAE), National System for Conservation Areas, WorldConservation Union, Mesoamerican Unit (IUCN/ORMA),Embassy of The Netherlands. San Jose, Costa Rica. 1998.
IUCNGuidelines for Marine Protected AreasGuidelines for Marine Protected AreasGuidelines for Marine Protected AreasGuidelines for Marine Protected AreasGuidelines for Marine Protected Areas. . . . . Published by IUCN.Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. 1999.
Whizar, L. Silvia (Comp).Océanos, mares y zonas costeras, Océanos, mares y zonas costeras, Océanos, mares y zonas costeras, Océanos, mares y zonas costeras, Océanos, mares y zonas costeras, Cuadernos para una SociedadSustentable, Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Mexico. 1996.
BIOLOGICALDIVERSITY
WETLANDS
MARINERESOURCES
POLLUTION
- United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity- Convention on the Protection of the World’s Natural and Cultural Heritage- UNESCO Program about Man and the Biosphere Program- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna (CITES)- Convention on the Conservation of Wild Migratory Species
- The RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands
- United Nations’ Convention on Sea Rights- Convention on Territorial Sea and the Adjacent Zone- Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and
International Lakes
- Convention on the Prevention of Sea Pollution due to Spillage of Waste andOther Materials
- United Nations’ Convention on Sea Rights- Kyoto protocol to the United Nations- International Agreement on the Prevention of Ship-related Pollution (MARPOL
73/78)- Regional Agreement on Transboundary Traffic of Hazardous Materials- Agreement on the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Montreal Protocol about
Substances Causing Depletion of the Ozone Layer- Basila Agreement on the Control of Transboundary Traffic and Disposal of
Hazardous Materials
ISSUESISSUESISSUESISSUESISSUES AGREEMENTS-CONVENTIONSAGREEMENTS-CONVENTIONSAGREEMENTS-CONVENTIONSAGREEMENTS-CONVENTIONSAGREEMENTS-CONVENTIONS
213213213213213213213213213213
AnnexAnnexAnnexAnnexAnnex 3 3 3 3 3WHO ELSE IS OUT THERE?WHO ELSE IS OUT THERE?WHO ELSE IS OUT THERE?WHO ELSE IS OUT THERE?WHO ELSE IS OUT THERE?
Directory About Gender and Protected Natural AreasDirectory About Gender and Protected Natural AreasDirectory About Gender and Protected Natural AreasDirectory About Gender and Protected Natural AreasDirectory About Gender and Protected Natural Areas
ICSF’s activities comprisemonitoring, research, campaigns,action programs, andcommunications.
Network about aquatic and womenwith links to other Web sites.
The ICSF’s women’s program forfisheries began in 1993. Its primaryobjective is to strengthen theparticipation of women in fisheriesand decision-making organizations atvarious levels.Fisherwomen, No. 1 and 2.Price $30 and $20 US, respectively.
Managing Ecosystems and Resourceswith Gender Emphasis, MERGE:ecosystem and resource managementprogram from a gender perspective.It has published three documentsaddressing gender, communityparticipation and natural resourcemanagement.
Directorio de Áreas NaturalesProtegidas de México(Mexico’s Protected Natural AreasDirectory).
IUCN’s site for the protected areasprogram supporting the activities ofthe World Committee for ProtectedAreas (WCPA).
This site provides information aboutthe research program initiativeMINGA (Managing NaturalResources, Latin America and theCaribbean), one of the initiatives ofthe International DevelopmentResearch Center f (IDRC). Theprogram seeks to facilitate thelearning processes needed to enableequitable and sustainablemanagement of natural resourceswithin the context of continuedchange involved in the globalization
Women in Fisheries Bulletin
65, Rue Gretry, B-1000 BRUSSELS,BelgiumTel: (32) 2-218 1538Fax: (32) 2- 217 8305E-mail: [email protected] India: 27 College Road MADRAS –600006Tel: (91) 44-827 5303Fax: (91) 44-825 4457E-mail: [email protected]
Publications made by the Universityof Florida and PESACRE
Revista México No. 41, June, 1998.
For the publications section pleasecontact:http://wcpa.iucn.org/pubs/publications.html
International Development ResearchCenter (IDRC)
DETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITES DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
http://www.spc.org.nc/coastfish/
http://orgs.womenconnect.com/WAN/
http://www.icsf.net/
http://www.latam.ufl.edu/publications/spanish.html
http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/guias_md/gm980612.htm
http://wcpa.iucn.org/wcpainfo/aboutppa.html
http://www.idrc.ca/minga/
214214214214214214214214214214
processes, structural adjustmentsand democratization. MINGA’s mainapproach is to improve the use ofinformation and strengthen thecapabilities and participation of allsectors in decision-making activitiesrelated to effective management ofsustainable natural resources inselected ecoregions of LatinAmerica and the Caribbean.
“Programa de ecoturismo en áreasnaturales protegidas de México”.“Ecotourism program for protectednatural areas of Mexico”.It is a document elaborated by theMexican Ministry of Environment,Natural Resources and Fisheries,and the Ministry of Tourism. Thestudy addresses tourism withrespect to the environment, theappraisal of nature throughecotourism, the socio-economic andinstitutional dynamics of ecotourism,tourist operators, local communitiesand tourist activities based onnature and natural ecosystems likeprotected areas.
Information platform about genderand rural development. Among itspurposes is providing users withuseful information related to gendermainstreaming and delivery ofservices to rural women, andpromote the exchange ofinformation about gender and ruralwomen between program executorsand rural development programs.
Mega Site containing useful andreliable information on gender andthe environment to improveunderstanding and impact of actionsinvolving sustainable humandevelopment in Central America.
SEMARNAT – SECTURMexico D.F., September 2, 1997.
http:/www.planeta.com/planeta/97/1197mexico.html
http://www.gema.org
http://www.poam.org
DETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITES DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
215215215215215215215215215215
Available in English and French
This nine-module series comprisesconcepts, methodologies, tools andinstruments to mainstream a genderperspective throughout all thephases and cycles of developmentand conservation projects.
It reviews major scopes about theuse of gender indicators anddetermines the type of indicatorsthat may be used. It also containsdiscussions about concepts andmethods.
Guide for field project staffimplementing conservation anddevelopment projects.
Tools at for macro level (political),for intermediate level (program),and field level. The field levelmanual presents methods and toolsfor facilitation, participatoryevaluation and analysis, placingemphasis on the study of the way oflife of rural populations. The threemanuals contain 40 tools.
The Publications DistributionAssistantSecretariat of the Pacific CommunityB.P. D5 Noumea Cedex 98848New CaledoniaTel: +687 262000Fax: +687 263818E-mail: [email protected]://www.spc.org.nc/coastfish/
IUCN – ORMAP. O. Box 0146-2150100 m. South of the Moravia ChurchSan Jose, Costa RicaTel.: +506 236 2733Fax: +506 240 9934http://www.poam.orge-mail: [email protected]
Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency (CIDA)200 Promenade Du Portage, 5/FHull, PQ, K1A 0G4. Canada(+1) 819 - 953 50 23(+1) 819 - 953 54 69http://w3.acdi-cida.gc.ca/index-e.htm
Island PressP.O. Box 7 Covelo, CA 95428Tel: 1-800-828-1302Fax: 707-983-6414e-mail: [email protected] requests may besubmitted through the web site:www.islandpress.org/islandpress/contact.html
Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United NationsSustainable Development DepartmentWomen and Population DivisionWomen in Development ServiceViale delle Terme di Caracalla,00100 Rome, ItalyTel.: 39-6-52255102,Fax: 39-6-52252004e-mail: [email protected] on line:http://www.fao.org/sd/seaga
Setting up a Small-scale Business:A Guide for Women in Fisheries.
Aguilar, L., et.al. (1998) “TowardsEquity” series, San José, Costa Rica:IUCN-Arias Foundation.
Beck, T. and Stelcer, M. (1996).The Why and How of Gender-Sensitive Indicators:A Project-level Handbook.Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency (CIDA).
Margoluis, R. and Salafsky, N.(1998)Measures of Success: Designing,Managing and MonitoringConservation and DevelopmentProject.Island Press.Washington DC.
Thomas-Slayter, B. et.al.(1995)A Manual for Socio-Economic andGender Analysis: Responding to theDevelopment Challenge,Clark University.Worcester, USA.
DETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITES DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
216216216216216216216216216216
Analysis of community needs andparticipatory methodologies(participation of rural scopes).Oriented towards the creation ofcommunity resource plans: includes12 tools.
A training manual specificallydesigned in a user-friendly fashion.It includes a methodological trainingsection and materials that may bereproduced for pamphlets and otherprinted material.
It presents tools and concepts tofacilitate mainstreaming gender andequitable social aspects into projectdesign and development.
Participatory tools for a gender-based evaluation, planning,awareness and analysis of the needto work towards the empowermentof all groups. It presents 35 tools.
It presents six work areas toorganize gender analysis within thepsychological and political context.Each one with an illustrated casestudy.
Through case studies, the booksuggests various ways to incorporateparticipatory techniques intoproject design and implementation.
World Resources InstituteCenter for InternationalDevelopment and Environment1709 New York Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20006 USATel: 202 729-7600Fax: 202 729-7610e-mail: [email protected] site http://www.igc.org/wri/wripubs.htmlwww bookstore:http://www.wristore.com
UNIFEM United NationsDevelopment Fund for Women304 East 45th Street, 15th floorNew York, NY 10017Tel: 212/906-6400Fax: 212/906-6705Sitio Web:http://www.unifem.undp.orgPara ordenar: http://www.womenink.org/orderfrm.htmlE-mail: [email protected]
U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment Information CenterRonald Reagan Building1300 Pennsylvania Ave., NWWashington, D.C. 20523-0016Tel: +1 202-712-4810Fax: +1 202-216-3524http://www.dec.org/partners/
Intermediate Technology Publications103/105 Southampton RowLondon WC1B 4HH, UKTel.:+44 171 436 9761Fax: +44 171 436 2013E-mail: [email protected]://www.oneworld.org/itdg/index.html
Gender and Development TrainingCenterWilhelminastraat 182011 VM Haarlem NLTel. (+31) 23 5342149
Requests via fax or telephone:Books & electronic products:Tel. 1-800-645-7247 or(703) 661-1580;Fax (703) 661-1501Subscriptions:Tel. (201) 476-2192;Fax (201) 476-2197
National Environmental Secretariat,Government of Kenya,Clark University,Edgerton University,and Center for InternationalDevelopment and Environment of theWorld Resources Institute (1990)Participatory Rural AppraisalHandbook.World Resources Institute.New York.
Parker, Rani (1993)Another Point of View:A Manual on Gender AnalysisTraining for Grassroots Workers.UNIFEM.
Russo, S., et. al. (1989)Gender Issues in Agriculture andNatural Resource Management.United States Agency forInternational Development.(USAID).Washington DC.
Slocum, R., Wichhart, L., Rocheleau,D. and Thomas-Slayter, B. (1995)Power, Process and Participation:Tools for Change.Intermediate TechnologyPublications.London.
Oxfam (1996)Concepts and Frameworks forGender Analysis and Planning.OXFAM. United Kingdom.
World Bank (1996)The World Bank ParticipationSourcebook.World Bank.Washington, DC.
DETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITES DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
217217217217217217217217217217
It presents 11 tools for datacollection, which may be used togather data disaggregated bygender and provides advice for agender analysis. The exampleprovided refers to agriculture andagroforestry.
Essential tools to mainstreamgender analysis into program design,as an integral and programming partof the search and development ofagriculture.
It examines participatorymethodologies for gendermainstreaming in agriculturalprojects. It compares the scopesand challenges faced by theintroduction of gender to fieldstaff. It includes participatorymethods and institutionalizesgender-sensitive participatoryplanning.
MERGE: Managing Ecosystems andResources with Gender Emphasis.
MERGE: Managing Ecosystems andResources with Gender Emphasis.
To order by e-mail:Books and electronic products:Contact: The World BankP.O. Box 960Herndon, VA 20172-0960, U.S.A.Subscriptions:Contact: The World BankBox 7247-7956Philadelphia, PA 19170, U.S.A.http://www.worldbank.orge-mail [email protected]
ID Publications, Clark University950 Main Street, Worcester MA01601 USA.Tel: (508) 793-7527Fax: (508) 793-8820
Kumarian Press, Inc.14 Oakwood AvenueWest Hartford, CT 06119-2127,U.S.A.Toll-free: Tel. 1 800 289 2664For information:Tel. 1 860 233 5895Fax 1 860 233 6072e-mail [email protected]
Sales and Marketing Group, FAOViale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100Rome, ItalyFax: +39 (06) 5705 3360Document available on:http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/SUSTDEV/WPdirect/WPre0048.htm
Tropical Conservation andDevelopment ProgramCenter Latin American Studies.University of FloridaP.O Box 115531, Gainesville, FL 32611e-mail: [email protected]://www.tcd.ufl.edu/merge/Case1Spa.PDF
Tropical Conservation andDevelopment ProgramCenter Latin American Studies.University of Florida P.O Box 115531,Gainesville, FL 32611e-mail: [email protected]://www.tcd.ufl.edu/merge/Case2Spa.PDF
Thomas-Slayter, B., Esser, A.and Shields, M. (1993)Tools of Gender Analysis:A Guide to Field Methods forBringing Gender into SustainableResource Management.Clark University.Worcester, USA.
Feldstein, H. and Poats, S. (1989)Working Together:Gender Analysis in Agriculture.(Volume 1: Case Studies and Vol.2Teaching Notes).Kumarian Press.West Hartford, USA.
Koopman, J. (1997)Gender and Participation inAgricultural Planning: Key issuesfrom ten case studies.FAO. Rome.
Schmink, M. (1999)Conceptual Framework for Genderand Community-Base Conservation.University of Florida and PESACRE.USA.
Oliveira, R. and Anderson, E. (1999)Gender Conservation and CommunityParticipation : The Case of the JaúNational Park.University of Florida and PESACRE.USA.
DETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITES DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
218218218218218218218218218218
MERGE: Managing Ecosystems andResources with Gender Emphasis.
This work is based on existing textson gender and the experience ofeducational work undertaken withgroups of women, within the projectinvolving community managementstrengthening in Ecuador.
The development and application ofthe methodology herein presentedinvolved field tests conducted forover three years.
It was held in Montevideo, inSeptember of 1999.The document presents genderresearch studies conducted inBrazil, Central America, the AndeanRegion, South Cone, and Mexico.
Inform. Final consultancy report,July, 2000Randi Randi Group – FUNDAGRO –Quito, Ecuador.
This seminar seeks to provide initialbalance to gender mainstreaming inconservation and developmentprojects. It gathers certaindocuments and papers delivered atthe seminar organized by SEPIA andthe program for gender studies.
Tropical Conservation andDevelopment ProgramCenter Latin American Studies.University of Florida P.O Box 115531,Gainesville, FL 32611e-mail: [email protected]://www.tcd.ufl.edu/merge/Case3Spa.PDF
Visión de Género. Ecuador, Quito.
Proyecto Fortalecimiento a laAutogestión Comunitaria en elEcuador.
http://www.siscom.or.cr/cdp/proyecu/cuadernos/modulo1_2/cuad4/index.html
Web Ste of the document on line:
http://www.gema/org./6_docum/doc22.html
The document may be found on theWeb Page of the InternationalDevelopment Research Center,Regional Office for Latin Americaand the CaribbeanMontevideo, Uruguay.http://www.idrc.ca/lacro/docs/conferencias/género.html
P.O. Box 8500. Ottawa, ONKIG3H9CanadáTel. + 1 (613) 2366163
http://www.idrc.ca/minga/poats.texto.html
http://www.abyayala.org/informacion.php?CODLIBRO=820&FAC_CODIGO=
Rojas, M. (2000)Working with Community-BaseConservation with a Gender Focus:A Guide.University of Florida and PESACRE.USA.
Primer Taller:Conceptos principales de Género.Documento sobre Capacitación parael Desarrollo Humano y Comunitario,del Proyecto de Fortalecimiento dela Autogestión Comunitaria en losAsentamientos Precarios delEcuador.
Sturzinger, U. and Bustamante, B.“Con hombres y mujeres. Propuestade una metodología práctica paraincorporar un enfoque de género enproyectos de desarrollo”.
Taller “Género y desarrollo” (1999)Montevideo, Uruguay.
Poats, S. (2000)“Género en el manejo de losrecursos naturales con referencia alPrograma Minga del CIID”.
Seminario Taller: diálogo y debate.“Manejo de recursos naturalesdesde una perspectiva de género”.
DETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILDETAILWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITESWEB SITES DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
219219219219219219219219219219
SUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLEFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITY VARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLE
ADMINISTRATIVES
POLITICAL
Staff
Financing
Organization
Infrastructure
Community support andparticipation
Internal institutional support
Various institutional support
External support
AnnexAnnexAnnexAnnexAnnex 4 4 4 4 4BASIC INDICATORS TO EVALUATE MANAGEMENTBASIC INDICATORS TO EVALUATE MANAGEMENTBASIC INDICATORS TO EVALUATE MANAGEMENTBASIC INDICATORS TO EVALUATE MANAGEMENTBASIC INDICATORS TO EVALUATE MANAGEMENT
EFFECTIVENESS IN PROTECTED AREAS EFFECTIVENESS IN PROTECTED AREAS EFFECTIVENESS IN PROTECTED AREAS EFFECTIVENESS IN PROTECTED AREAS EFFECTIVENESS IN PROTECTED AREAS 11111
AdministratorTechnical personnelAdministrative personnelOperative personnelAdditional hiring capacity
Operative budgetTimely delivery of budgetExtraordinary or special financingCapacity to secure own resourcesFinancial accounting system(parameters contained in thedocument)
FilesOrganization chartInternal communicationStandardization of activities
Equipment and toolsFacilities for basic managementFacilities for specific managementFacilities’ salubriousnessFacilities’ safetyBoundary demarcationAccesses
Parent institution
Administration of the PAsystem
1 ____ Tomado de Cifuentes, M., et.al., 2000.
220220220220220220220220220220
LEGAL
PLANNING
KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
ILLEGAL USES
Land tenure
Set of laws and generalregulations
Law on PA creation
PA management plan
Management plan compatibilitywith other plans
Annual Operative Plan
Planning level
Zonation
Boundaries
Socioeconomic informationBiophysical informationCartographical informationLegal informationResearchMonitoring and feedbackTraditional knowledge
ResearchEnvironmental educationEnvironmental interpretationProtectionMaintenanceCommunity projection
Lumber extractionExtraction of natural non-renewable resourcesFlora and fauna extractionDepredation of culturalresourcesSquattingPoachingAgriculture and livestockFishingRecreation and tourismEducationInfrastructure construction
DomainConflicts
ClarityApplication
Existence and current applicabilityof the planCharacteristics of the planningteamLevel of plan execution
Existence and current applicabilityof the planLevel of plan execution
Subvariables could be defined foreach variable, depending on thelevel of information available
Each program is evaluated throughthe following subvariables:- Design- Execution- Coordination- Follow up and evaluation
SUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLEFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITY VARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLE
221221221221221221221221221221Water: marine and land systemsLandAir
LEGAL USES
BIOGEOGRAPHICALCHARACTERISTICS
THREATS
Lumber extractionExtraction of rocky materialFlora and fauna extractionHuntingAgriculture and livestockFishingRecreation and tourismEducationInfrastructure construction
ShapeSizeIsolationVulnerability
Visitation-related impactContamination
FiresAdvance of human settlementsMigrationIntroduction of organismsNatural disastersDevelopment of infrastructureSubversive operations and/orwarlike conflictsDrugs traffic and relatedactivities
Overall, the above-mentioned fields of activity provide thereference framework for PA management:
Administrative Scope:Administrative Scope:Administrative Scope:Administrative Scope:Administrative Scope:Comprises aspects through which it is possible to measure
institutional management capacity, regardless of the managementregardless of the managementregardless of the managementregardless of the managementregardless of the managementsystem. system. system. system. system. It includes aspects involving a sound internal organization,personnel management, financial management, and operatinginfrastructure; all oriented towards compliance with the medium-and long-term goals and objectives proposed by management.
Political Scope:Political Scope:Political Scope:Political Scope:Political Scope:Corresponds to the existence of and compliance with PA
management guidelines. It evaluates the congruence of intra andinterinstitutional actions that reflect, to a certain extent, theexistence of general policies aiming at the conservation of the
SUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLESUBVARIABLEFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITYFIELD OF ACTIVITY VARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLEVARIABLE
222222222222222222222222222222
natural resources of the protected areas. External support isshown by the scope and stability of resource management advice.Intrainstitutional support is reflected on the clearness ofconservation policies and PA management; and efficientinterinstitutional support reflects jurisdictional clarity in additionto an adequate level of coordination and exchange of informationand experiences to implement major conservation projects.
Legal Scope:Legal Scope:Legal Scope:Legal Scope:Legal Scope:Legislation is a tool that lays down the norms about PA
institutional jurisprudence and related resource conservation actions.This field of activity includes the existence of laws or otherregulations, general or specific, to provide management-relatedassistance and guarantee the area’s long-term permanence.Furthermore, the knowledge about legal aspects strengthensmanagement activities, provided current regulations are applied ina correct, timely and expedite manner.
Planning Scope:Planning Scope:Planning Scope:Planning Scope:Planning Scope:The objectives proposed are achieved through adequate
planning, defining it as the ongoing process to draft, review andapprove proposed objectives that seek to have control over thefuture. Together with the evaluating team, an analysis is undertakenabout aspects such as action follow up, zonation plans, existenceand execution of management plans, operating plans, or other planninginstruments.
Knowledge Scope:Knowledge Scope:Knowledge Scope:Knowledge Scope:Knowledge Scope:The knowledge generated over the elements of a given system,
are essential to management activities. Through the availability ofas much Information as possible, PA managers are better able toface the challenges posed by management activities, especially inthe tropics where the systems are extremely complex. This settingdoes primarily identify the availability of bioecological, physical andcultural information and knowledge. Knowledge regarding theresearch activities undertaken in a PA and the frequency involved,are a thermometer to determine the amount of informationgenerated and handled in a PA.
Management Programs Scope:Management Programs Scope:Management Programs Scope:Management Programs Scope:Management Programs Scope:Refers to the set of actions, which—grouped in programs within
management and/or operating plans—enable the achievement of PAgoals and objectives. These actions are evaluated through aspectsthat are essential execution-wise, and it is considered that thedesign, coordination with other programs, and planned execution,should be appropriately monitored and evaluated.
223223223223223223223223223223
Current Illegal Uses Scope:Current Illegal Uses Scope:Current Illegal Uses Scope:Current Illegal Uses Scope:Current Illegal Uses Scope:Considers the activities that are in opposition to management
objectives, area regulations, or practices which exceeds permittedlimits, are outside of permitted zones, or are causing negativeeffects on the PA. Through the evaluation of these illegal uses itwould be possible to identify and direct the development ofmanagement programs.
Current Legal Uses Scope:Current Legal Uses Scope:Current Legal Uses Scope:Current Legal Uses Scope:Current Legal Uses Scope:Involves activities that are compatible with PA management
objectives; they are permitted and are carried out in such a mannerthat care is exerted not to exceed the resources’ capacity of use.
Biogeographical Characteristics Scope:Biogeographical Characteristics Scope:Biogeographical Characteristics Scope:Biogeographical Characteristics Scope:Biogeographical Characteristics Scope:Includes factors that affect and may be determinant to the
compliance with management objectives. The basic principlesregarding island biogeography are essential for evaluation purposes.The size and shape of a PA may hinder or facilitate the executionof conservation activities. The isolation of the area is directlyrelated to the connectivity, representativeness, viability, resilience,and permanence that a PA should have.
Threats Scope:Threats Scope:Threats Scope:Threats Scope:Threats Scope:Refers to factors causing ecosystem destabilization. These
are natural or non-natural factors affecting the stability of theenvironment and, consequently, the achievement of managementobjectives. The greater the factor incidence, the lower the valueassigned.
The World Consevation UnionUCNI
IUCN - The World Conservation Union was founded in 1948
and brings together 79 states, 112 government agencies,
760 NGOs, 37 affiliates, and some 10,000 scientists and
experts from 141 countries in a unique worldwide partnership.
Its mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies
throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity
of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources
is equitable and ecologically sustainable. Within the
framework of global conventions IUCN has helped over 75
countries to prepare and implement national conservation
and biodiversity strategies. IUCN has approximately 1000
staff, most of whom are located in its 42 regional and
country offices while 100 work at its Headquarters in Gland,
Switzerland.
If you are interested in obtaining this publication, please
contact:
Senior Gender Advisor
P.O. Box 146-2150 Moravia, Costa Rica
Telephone: (506) 241 0101
Fax: (506) 240 9934
Electronic mail: