in pursuit of humane and sustainable

8/2/2019 In Pursuit of Humane and Sustainable

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International Journal of Sustainable Develohmenl f World Ecolopy 15 (2008) 179-188DOI 10.384S/SusDev.l5.3:l

In pursuit of humane and sustainable

housing patterns on the island ofCyprus

Detya Oktay* and Kyriakos Pontikir

Eastern Medite rranean University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Archi tecture,Famagusta, N. Cyprus

"California State University Northridge, Interior Design Program, Department of Family andConsumer Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Northridge, CA, USA

Keywords: Housing, old housing pattems, new housing pattems, sustainability, Cyprus

SUMMARY

The newly developed urban environment often shows extensive neglectof local valuesan d a lack of design promoting environmental qualityin our cities and towns within the'eco nom ic' conce pt of a city. Most housing env ironmen ts, particularly those produ cedonthe basi.sof mass production systems,are missing vital aspecLsof sustainability and lackenvironm ental an d hu ma ne qualitie.s, bothat urban and architectural levels. Itis essentialto focus on the requirements of sustainable development, bothas a philosophy ofplanning and design and during the process of making and managing our environments.Current urban and architectural development practicesin Cyprus cannot be consideredsustainable. However, traditional settlementson Cyprus, such as the vernacular patterns,are excellent examplesto learn from as they represent a long-established cultureandgood use of local values and resources, matched with local skills meeting people's needs.This paper first focuses on what sustainability means in terms of housing environments byhighlighting tb e qualitiesof traditional hous ing patternsin Cypriot settlements. Second ,it provides a critical evaluation of newly deve loped hous ing pa ttern s on the island in term sof the environment and traditions. Finally,it proposes principles of sustainable plan ningand design whose mainaim is to create buildings thatare sensitive to people and tbee n w o n m e n t and are culturally specific.

INTRODUCTIONSince the inception of the Bruntland Report urban and architectural environments are often(WCED 1987), the sustainable city bas been recog- good examples of sustainable design, representingnised as a city that enables all its citizens to meet good uses of local resources matched with localtheir own needs and to enhance their well-being, skills, to produce a built environment which meetswithout degrading the natural world or the lives of people's needs. A new appreciation of these tradi-other people, now or in the future. Traditional tional built environments is greatly needed

Corre spon den ce: Derya Oktay, Eastern M editerranean University, Faculty of Architec ture, Dep artment of Arc hitecture ,F t N C i M i 10 T k E il d 0kt2 @ d t


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Sustainable housing pattems Oktay and Po ntikis

(Alexander 2004; Oktay 2001). In this regard,housing seems to act as a container for changingcircumstances, where individualsand groups playan Important role in the creation of their habitats,

an d at the same time housing provides oppor-tunities for long-term flexibility and adaptabihty(Lynch 1961;Marcus and Sarkissian 1986 ). Accord-ingly, the housing fabric must be capable ofsustaining changes and must also be based on long-term user needs, life cyclesand market conditions(European Commission 1990). Unfortunately,thecreation of newly developed e nvironm ents can leadto extensive neglect of local values and a lackof design th at prom otes the qualityof the environ-ment in our cities and towns. In such cases, urban

development is often influenced by rapid, one-directional, unbalanced and unplanned urbanisa-tion. In this situation, housing environments,particularly those produced on the basis of massproduction systems, are missing vital aspectsof sustainability and lack environmental andhumane qualities, both at the urban and architec-tural level.

As previously note d (Cobham 1969; Oktay 1999,2001, 2002), urban and architectural developmentpractice in Cyprus, both in the no rthand the south,

cannot be considered sustainable. This paperfocuses on what sustainability means for housingenvironm ents where individuals and g roups play animportant role in the creation of their habitats andwhere opportunities are provided for long-termflexibility and adaptability.

After providing a critical evaluation of existinghousing environments in terms of environmentand tradition, this paper then proposes principlesof sustainable plannin g and design whose main aimis to create buildings that are sensitive to people

and environment and are culturally specific.Although the idea of sustainabilityis wide ranging,including local food productionand consumption(i.e. the Italians 'Slow City' movement that isbased on the concept of 'Slow Food'), wasterecyting, etc. (Van der Ryn 1992: 68; Girardet2004), the scope of this paper has been limitedtothose aspects which directiy pavethe way towardssustainable communities. In this context, thefollowing issues will be addressed: local urbandensity and context, community development,movement patterns, open spacesand landscape,and overall building design.

A REVIEW OF OLD AND NEWH O U S I N G PAT T E R N S IN CYPRUS

In the era of globalisation, which has broughtdiverse problems,a new appreciation of traditionalcities and urban environments is greatiy needed,because they are often good examplesof sustain-able design that represent good uses of localresources matched with local skills, whichpro-duces a built environment that meets people'sneeds. Cyprus is one such case, where the settie-ments reflect many periods in its long history(Papacharalambous 1968). Since promotingsus-tainable lifestyles in our towns and cities dependsmainly on the design of the physical environm ent,aset of key planning and design principles willbeproposed in order to dehver sustainable housingpatterns through exploring the qualities of tradi-tional urbanism and architecture in Cypriotsettiements.

Contextual patterns

When local urb an co ntext is conside red, the districtor neighbourhood is the identifying symbol,both for evaluation of the city and for new urban

extensions, and is also fundam ental for sustainabledevelopment (Moughtin 1996: 111). The term'neighbourhood' has a special interest for urbandesigners, and designing comm unitieshas been amajor social concern for more than three decades.Therefore, each district should havea strong iden-tity, and density of built elemen ts shouldbe in pro-portion to natural elements. In planning forsustainability, the concept of density needs to becarefully considered;it should be related to designin such a way that the advantages and disadvantagesof its level are investigated by considering existingsocial dynamics and environmental values. Thequality of public spaces is also important, as theygive cities their distinctive charac ter (Oktay 200 1,2002).

The traditional urban pattem in North Cyprusis medieval in character, with well-scaled narrowstreets, cul-


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houses with each other and to a larger circulationartery, the street was the most nidimentary inter-section between the pri\'ate and public domains,and shaped an outdoor 'common room'. In the

past, this familiar territorywas

almost an extensionof the home, where a multitude of group activitieswas accommodated within the limits of privacy(Figures 1 and 2) (Oktay2001,2002).

The cohesive and dense neighbou rhoodis todaygenerally being replaced by a scattered d istributionof slab-like ap artm ent buildings in residential areas,which can hardly be recognised or imagined as anentity. Consequentiy, identity of districts is lackingand buildings are designed with litde concern fortheir relationship to each other or for the global

effect of the city. Although safe, well maintained,attractive and uncluttered public spaces providethe vital 'glu e' between buildings, and playa crucial

Figure 1 Typical traditional urban layout in a Cypriottown

A r - K

Figure 2 Traditional urban context in Nicosia (Photo:TlieodoulosN. Toufexis, in S.G. Lazarides 2004)

role in strengthening communities (Oktay 2001),most public spaces in our newly developed districtsare poorly designed, managed and maintained.They have no defmition, no meaning, no proper

landscape, and no relationship to surroundingbuildings.

Social-spatial patternsCreating a liveable housing environment and pro-viding a sense of place and community has been acrucial question following the negative effects of'The Modem Movement' on cities all over theworld. The radical changes stemming from the

Comprehensive Planning and Modern Movementnot only affected the urb an form, b ut also bro ugh tabout a de terio ratio n in social life. Massive housingprojects built at the edge of acity, with the ideals ofliberation, proved to be inhuman and led to indi-vidualism and alienation (Oktay 200 0).

In the older settlements on Cyprus, the conceptof neighbourho od was of great importance beforethe traditional lifestyle began to deteriorate. Theneighbourhood was not only a physical entitywithin the city bu talso a social un it prov iding social

and economic cooperation among neighbours(Oktay 1 999,20 01 ). Reviews and research on socialand spatial aspects of private and semi-private resi-dential ou tdoo r spaces in traditional areas of citiessupp ort the view that certain social values and con-ditions affect the formation and use of these spaces(Saaman 1 968;Yanvood 1991). Thetwo importantelements in such settlements are the 'street' as asemi-public space and the 'courtyard' as a privatespace. The street, as a three-dimensionally definedspace that hasa direct link with houses,has becomethe comm unal meeting place for neigh bours, par-ticularly for women and children (Figures3 and 4),while the courtyard serves a variety of uses includ-ing for social and celebratory events.

These positive social-spatial qualities perta iningto the older settlements are never reflected in newhousing developments. These modem develop-ments lack any local social and traditional values,both in individual houses and multistorey apart-ments. The most negative design aspects thatcause social segregation in these settlements are theincoherent formation of buildings, creating a 'noman's land' around buildings, and the lack of apositive transition and interaction between indoor


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Figure 5 The street in a new housing environment inFamagusta (D. Oktay Archive)

cityscape, which is generally informal in characterdue to the effect of Ottom an urbanism , and despitethe lack of planned squares and an active use ofsquares ( meydan in Turkish) by people, therewas asocial and psychological tendency towards meetingand gathering in open spaces (Eldem 1987; Cerasi1999). Many small public squares once existedwithin the Ottoman quarters, at intersections ofstreets or in front of significant buildings, clearlyshowing their importance in the social life of thecities.

The Cypriot town was traditionally known for itsfruit gardens. These gardens were an importantcomponent of the hierarchy of exterior spaces,extending from public square to semi-public street,semi-private courtyard and/or private garden.Within this hierarchy, settlements did not appearparticularly green when walking along the streets,where greenery in more private spaces was lessexposed to the street environment. In terms ofsustainable landscaping at the neighbourhoodscale, the use of locally appropriate plants/treeshelps to create areas with different themes thatare used as bordering elements, as in vernacularTurkish settlements. For instance, orange trees mayhave defined on e distiict, whereas date palms, olivetrees and eucalyptus trees may have defined others.Th e trees served bothas shading elem ents and fruitsources (Oktay 1998). In some districts, aqueductswere used as dividing elemen ts in addition to theirwater function and aesthetic contribution to thelandscape (Figure 6).

As revealed by Oktay's (1997) study in No rthernCyprus, open spaces are a cornerstone in the dailylife of people, and satisfaction with their dwellingsgreatly depe nds on the quality of their private and

Figure 6 Date palms and aqueducts as dividingelements in Lefka (Photo: Nevter Zafer)

iFigure 7 A new housing complex, lacking greenery(D. Oktay Archive)

semi-private open spaces. However, in new develop-ments, these spaces lack the qualities that providepositive meaning and availability to residents. Theyare often built on flat sites with no trees, and standas isolated concrete towers, missing the oppor-tunity to create some unity through the use oflandscaping. Itis also unfortunate that there are noconscious efforts to green surrounding spaces(Figure 7). R esidential exterior spaces lack resp on-siveness to the users' needs, their lifestyle and their


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socio-cultural conditions. This is especially true iuthe case of multistorey housing developments,where n eithe r the phy sical-aesthetic characteristicsof the outdoor spaces nor their functions and uses

have been considered. There is serious dissatisfac-tion with the provision and/or qualities of collec-tive open spaces in all new housing areas iu Cyprus(Oktay 1997).

Building pattemsAt the buildingscale, we still see that con tempo raryhousing (for example the detached houses inFigure 8) ignores timeless traditional buildingpattems which could have easily been used to

create humane and sustainable environments, asdetailed below.

Integrated open, semi-open an d enclosed spaces

As me ntion ed earlier, oftentimes contem porarybuildings are not well integrated with the ir ou tdoo rop en spaces, which a re usually leftover spaces withno meaningful geometry. In traditional architec-ture, however, it was very important to integratethe building with the site. The building site had

specific characteristics in term s ofviews, landscape,terrain, existing neighbouring conditions, pedes-trian traffic and so on. All these conditions wererespected and the design of the building helpedsustain and enhance the existing structure of thesite. Furthermore, it was important to integrate allspaces - enclosed, semi-open and op en spaces - tocreate a well-integrated whole (Figure 9). This wasachieved by the m aster builders when they were lay-ing out spaces - starting by first preserving the trees,then laying out the mass of the building and itsrooms, and lastly incorporating semi-open spacessuch as covered verandas and po rches (Papachara-lambous gives a detailed accotint of the m aking ofa traditional dwelling in his book. The CypriotResidence 1968; 7-21). This conscious, step-by-stepprocess ensured the inclusion and integration of allthree types of space.

Building construction and materials

Traditional building construction systems andmaterials were n ot only sustainable bu t also energyefficient and user friendly, allowing the users toparticipate in the building process (Pontikis

Figure 8 Front faade of a contem porary hous e (K.Pontikis Archive)

uan

Figure 9 Well-integrated spaces in aC'ypriot residence (Photo: Stefanos Sinos) Iradional

2000/2001). Stone and mud brick constmctionemployed natural materials readily available fromthe locality. Houses could be built and taken downwithout polluting the environment. The small sizeof their construction units made them easy tohandle aud one could easily put them in place andalso adjust and modify the space and details so thattheyfeltcomfortable.Also, the thickness of the wall,usually 40 to 50 cm, kep t the building space warmduring winter and cool during Stimmer. Buildingopenings werealso smallso as not to allow too mu chenergy to escape or enter . Furth erm ore, thick wallsallowed peo ple to personalise the ir space by creat-ing window seats, bookshelves, etc.

The contem porary construction system, which isprimarily cast in place conc rete and terraco tta in-fillblock walls, is not as flexible and user friendly astraditional systems. The insulation properes ofmodem materials tised are not as high iu com-parison to traditional materials, therefore housesover-rely on mec hanical m eans to heat and co ol thespace. Some ho uses with big expanses ofglass might


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allow for a better view but, at the same time, theyallow hot or cold air to enter/escape from thebuilding; thereis, therefore, a treme ndo us waste ofenergy which could have been conserved if build-

ings were more energy efficient.

Hand-crafted building detailing

Handm ade building details are absent from manycontemporary buildings because they are eitherconsidered expensive extras or not appropriate tomodem architecture. The same even qualityappears in windows, columns, verandas, wall treat-ments, etc. This produces m onoton ous structureswith no character and identity. The creation of

some special handmade entities (Figure 10) waspredominant in traditional dwellings (see POAK:Pancyprian Architectural Heritage Organization,Traditional Craftsmen of Cyprus, Nicosia Munici-pality, 1982) and helped to provide identity andcharacter to the building. Traditional masterbuilders knew th at too m uch intensity or evennessin a buildingwas no t desirable and focused ona fewentities that were crucial to the life and ch arac ter ofthe building. In the same building, one could fmdintense and beautiful artefacts, while in others theyare simple and inexpensive. These special elem entshelped to create a memo rable bu ilding with a localidentity. Also, ornament was an integral part ofthe building form, it arose out of the constructionprocess and represented motifs from Cypriot lifeand environment. A building with interestingdetailing and ornamentation will have a characterand identity irrespective of budget, because it usesan appropriate distribution of money on the build-ing (Pontikis 2004 ).

T

Figure 10 Traditiona l wooden doo r witli hand les (KPontikis Archive)

buildings, and materials used on the building, e.g.roof tiles. Therefore, finding the most appropriateand harmonious exterior and interior colours for abuilding was challenging and requires on-siteexperimentation and a step-by-step process whereeach colour unfolds sequentially while preservingand enhancing the life of the building (Pontikis2000).

CA>lour of the building

Today, most new buildings are painted whitebecause itis the easiest. Traditionally, in most ruralbuildings, construction materials had their ownnatural colours. Mud bricks were covered witha layer of mud so as to protect them from theelements. Stone was left exposed, showing its natu-ral colours. In urb an settings, most buildings werepainted white or light pastel colours. These lightcolours worked very well with the strong Mediterra-nean sun, as dark colours provided too muchcontrast and were avoided. Colour is also affectedby site conditions - landscaping, neighbouring

Well-defined gardens tvith heal vegetation an dlandscaping

Most contem porary ho uses are placed onloLs, with-out respect for the open space surrounding thebuilding. The open space is now usually leftoverspace that cannot be used for a garde n. Traditionalmaster builders first walked the land and tried topreserve good open spaces and place their b uildingin the less good a rea (Sinos 1976). Th en, they builtgarden walls and tiellises to better define thegarden and make it more private so as to pro\'ideintimacy and quietness for the family. Card en seats,an outdoor oven and a water fountain were also


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built to accommodate family needs. Lastly, theyused local vegetation app ropr iate to the mostly ho tand arid climate of Cyprus - bougainville a, jasm ine,lemon trees, almond trees, pomegranate trees, fig

trees and oth er vegetation ad orned Cypriot gardensand courtyards (Figures11 and 12). Th e courtyard,with its fruit trees, flowers and small vegetable plot, isthe closest relation the C ypriot house has to n ature ,and thus also provides the inhabitants with directaccess to nature. The semi-open spaces (i.e.sundurma, sofa) also have access to greenery (Oktay1999-2002). This local, colourful, and fragrantvegetation helped to connect the people to the landand create a sense of ownership and belonging.

modem urban and architectural developmentpractice in Cyprus cannot be considered sustain-able. There is little knowledge and experience ofimplementing sustainable housing (Oktay 2004)

and, due to serious institutional problems relatedto housing, there is a need to focus on somesustainability priorities. Traditional settlementson Cyprus, like vernacular patterns worldwide(Alexander 2004), are excellent examples to learnfrom as they represent a long-established culture,good uses of local values and resourc es, ma tched tolocal skills, to meet peo ple's need s. Acknowledgingthe fact that housing not only satisfies the basicneed for shelter, but also satisfies other needs

CONCLUSIONSRecommendations for future housingdevelopm ents in CyprusAs previously high lighted by Oktay (1998, 1999,2001-2002) and Oktay and Pontikis (2005),

Figure 11 A private ga rden with local veg etation(Ph oto: K ostas Voniatis)

Figure 12 Typical Cypriol house entra nce ado rnedwith jasmine (Photo: Pinar Uiucay -D. Oktay Archive)


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required for sustainability (European Commission1990), certain physical and social values should beconsidered in the design of housing en vironm ents.

Identifiability through physical and social co-

hesion, as in the traditionalmahalle-the quarter inan Ottoman city - should be re-interpreted for thenewly developed housing environments, againstthe negative effects of urb an sprawl. In this context,concerning the districts' need for more definitionand distinctiveness, it may be wise if they arebounded by and pro\ide a continuous system ofgreenbelt corridors determinedbynatural physicalconditions. Circulation elements should be im-proved in away that prom otes efficiency,isenviron-mentally sensitive and prioritises the needs ofpedestrians, cyclists and public transport users.Nature m ust be part of thecity culture, for practicaluse as well as for the recreation of inhabitan ts. Anattempt to integrate features such as edible land-scapes of fruit ees, and highly productive gardensinto site design would be beneficial for inhabitantsin terms of lower heating and cooling bills, lowerfood costs, and reduced risk of flooding and land-slide damage. Public spaces should receive greatattention, not only in central districts, but also atthe urban edges and in newly developed settle-ments, where the space between them is becomingmore important as housing densities increase. Anample supply of purpose-built open spaces in theform of squares, greens and parks, whose frequentuse is encouraged through placement and designshould be provided.

At the building scale, particular attention shouldbe given to the design of enclosed, semi-open andope n spaces, and how these spaces can best be inte-grated to produce a seamless whole. The thought-ful design of each space, along with the ir successfulintegration will provide the right degree of com-munity and privacy to inhabitants. Traditional

construction technologies and materials affordedgreat flexibility and allowed master builders andusers to be involved in the making of their buildingsand created a responsive building environment.

Contemporary technology and materials, though,are more cumbersome and inflexible, thus notallowing the creation of a personalised buildingenvironment. Standardised, manufactured build-ing components and finishes, such as ready-madekitchens, floorings, door handles, etc., do not leadto the creation of a personal environment. Hand-crafted detailing of local motifs and local buildingcolours helped traditional buildings to acquiretheir local identity and to 'belong' to the land.Contemporary housing, however, with m ode m and

minimalist designs, does away with hand crafteddetailing and deals with large and bare surfacesof concrete and glass. This universal modemapproach to design creates buildings that are notsensitive to the Cypriot building culture and thuslack a local identity.

Well-defmed gard ens w ith trellises, local vegeta-tion and landscaping were traditional for accom-modating outdoor living. The desire for outdoorliving is still applicable today, therefore these pat-tems are still essential for creating pleasant court-

yards and gardens. Accordingly, when a morefiexible design process is possible, traditionalpattems such as the concept of the courtyard canbe reinterpreted and modified, not only in rowhousing but also in multistorey housing develop-me nts and housing blocks, where it can be arrang edaround a semi-private open space.

Finally, there is the need for broader masterplan ning in both physical and policy terms, and forurban design solutions that are sensitive to theirlocal contexts and sympatheticto people's needs, inorder to create sustainable housing environmentsat a larger scale.

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