in courtroom speech patrick henry declares, "give me liberty, or give me death."
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Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763. American colonists developed common values and established a foundation for representative government. Britain defeated France in the French and Indian War. In courtroom speech Patrick Henry declares, "Give me liberty, or give me death.". NEXT. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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In courtroom speech Patrick Henry declares, "Give me liberty, or give me death."
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American colonists developed common values and established a foundation for representative government. Britain defeated France in the French and Indian War.
Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Early American Culture
Roots of Representation
The French and Indian War
Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763
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Section 1
Early American Culture The British colonies were shaped by prosperity, literacy, and new movements in religion and thought.
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Land, Rights, and Wealth
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• Cheap farmland, many resources give colonists chance to prosper
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• Property owners, landowners, city dwellers who pay fee could vote
Early American Culture
• American colonies have three classes:- high rank—large landowners - middle rank—small farmers - low rank—servants, slaves, hired workers • Colonial women hold the same rank as their husbands or fathers
Chart
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Women and the Economy
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• Enslaved African women help raise cash crops
• Women in towns do housework, some run inns, businesses
• Also work in fields, barter with neighbors for goods and services
• Most white women are farm wives: do housework, tend gardens, animals
• Women could not own property without husband’s permission
• Women could not vote, preach, or hold office
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Young People at Work
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• Colonial families often large; more children means more workers
• Work free 4—7 years; receive necessities, training; then work for wages
• At age 11, boys often become apprentices—learn trade from craftsmen
• At age 6, boys are “breeched,” help father at work
• At age 13 or 14, often sent to households to learn specialized skills
• Girls rarely apprenticed, learn household skills from mother
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Colonial Schooling
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• Most children are taught to read to understand Bible
• Textbooks emphasize religion
• Poor children learn reading from mother or “dame schools”
• Only children from rich families learn writing, arithmetic
• Educated African Americans rare; illegal to teach enslaved to read
• Colonial America has high literacy rate
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Newspapers and Books
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• Many newspapers appear in colonial America
• Captivity narratives popular, about colonists captured by Native Americans
• Almanacs, regional histories, personal stories are popular
• Most books come from England; gradually colonists publish own books
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The Great Awakening
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• Many colonists lose religious passion; religion seems dry, distant
• Jonathan Edwards is a popular preacher involved with Great Awakening
• In 1730s, 1740s, the Great Awakening religious movement is influential:- emphasizes inner religious emotion - deemphasizes outward religious behavior
Continued . . .NEXT
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• Great Awakening encourages equality, right to challenge authority
• Great Awakening changes colonial culture:- congregations argue about religious
practices, split apart - many join other Protestant groups - some groups welcome women - some groups welcome African Americans,
Native Americans • Inspires George Whitefield; sermons raise money for home for orphans
continued The Great Awakening
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The Enlightenment
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• The Enlightenment emphasizes knowledge through reason, science
• Enlightenment begins in Europe; scientists discover natural laws
• Benjamin Franklin is famous American Enlightenment figure
Continued . . .NEXT
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• English philosopher John Locke says people have natural rights: - rights to life, liberty, property - natural rights protected by government - if government fails, people have right to
change it• Ideas about natural rights, government
influence Europe, colonies
continued The Enlightenment
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Section 2
Roots of RepresentationColonists expected their government to preserve their basic rights as English subjects.
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The Rights of Englishmen
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• In 1215, King John is forced to accept Magna Carta (Great Charter)
• Over time, rights of Magna Carta are granted to all English people
• Magna Carta grants rights to English noblemen and freemen: - cannot have property seized by king or his
officials - in most cases, cannot be taxed unless
council agrees - cannot be put on trial without witnesses - can be punished only by jury of peers
Roots of Representation
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Parliament and Colonial Government
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• Parliament—England’s chief lawmaking body has two houses: - members of House of Commons are elected
by the people - members of House of Lords are nonelected
• English colonists form representative assemblies like House of Commons
Continued . . .NEXT
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• English colonists govern themselves in some ways
• Passes laws that affect colonies • Parliament has no colonial representatives
• Colonists dislike these laws, clash with king-appointed royal governor
• England has authority over colonial governments
continued Parliament and Colonial Government
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A Royal Governor’s Rule
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• James II becomes king (1685), imposes strict rule on colonies
• Andros ends representative assemblies; colonists refuse to pay taxes
• Appoints royal governor Edmund Andros to rule dominion
• Combines Massachusetts and Northern colonies into one dominion
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England’s Glorious Revolution
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• English Parliament overthrows King James, appoints William and Mary
• Change in leadership is called England’s Glorious Revolution (1688)
Continued . . .NEXT
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• William and Mary uphold the English Bill of Rights (1689): - monarch cannot cancel laws, - cannot impose taxes unless Parliament
agrees - free elections, frequent meetings of
Parliament - excessive fines and cruel punishment
forbidden - people can complain to monarch without
being arrested • American colonists claim these rights
• Establishes government based on law, not on desires of ruler
continued England’s Glorious Revolution
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Shared Power in the Colonies
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• After Glorious Revolution, Massachusetts regains self-government
• Governor, his council, colonial assembly share power
• Still have king-appointed royal governor Chart
Continued . . .NEXT
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• Royal governor can strike down laws
• England has little involvement in colonial affairs—salutary neglect
• If governor blocks law, assembly might refuse to pay him
• Colonial assembly responsible for governor’s salary
continued Shared Power in the Colonies
• Governors rarely enforce certain laws; colonists feel independent
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• John Peter Zenger—publisher of New-York Weekly Journal
• Stands trial; jury says he has right to speak truth
• At the time, illegal to criticize government in print
• In 1735, he prints criticism of New York’s governor
• Is released; colonists move toward freedom of press
The Zenger Trial
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Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War forced France to give up its North American colonies.
Section 3
The French and Indian War
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France Claims Western Lands
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• French claim territory from Appalachian range to Rocky Mountains (1682)
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• Main French settlements along the St. Lawrence River in Canada
The French and Indian War
• Colony of New France’s population about 80,000 (1760)
• British colonies’ population more than a million settlers (1760)
• Many Europeans in New France work as fur traders
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Native American Alliances
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• English compete with French for furs
• Series of wars between French, English, and Native American allies
• Huron, Algonquin peoples allies of French; Iroquois allies of English
• Native American groups compete to supply furs to Europeans
• Final war is the French and Indian War (1754—1763)
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Conflict in the Ohio River Valley
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• British fur traders move into Ohio River Valley (1750s)
• French refuse to leave, capture English fort, rename it Fort Duquesne
• French build forts to protect region; Virginia colony upset, claim region
• French destroy village and British trading post to keep British out
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War Begins and Spreads
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• George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French troops (1754)
• Iroquois refuse to ally themselves with British
• Seven Years’ War is worldwide struggle for empire between Britain, France
• French and Indian War part of larger Seven Years’ War
• Benjamin Franklin’s plan to unite colonies—Albany Plan of Union
• Colonial legislatures defeat this plan
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Braddock’s Defeat
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• British send General Edward Braddock, two regiments to Virginia
• Braddock killed; second-in-command Washington miraculously survives
• Braddock and his troops defeated by French and Indian troops (1755)
Interactive
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The British Take Quebec
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• By 1759, British control six French forts
• British commander James Wolfe, French commander Montcalm killed
• Finally, British troops sneak up cliff path, attack fort in morning
• For two months British unable to capture the fort at Quebec
• British defeat French at Battle of Quebec; turning point of war
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The Treaty of Paris
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• Britain, France battle in other parts of world three more years
• Treaty of Paris:- Britain claims all of North America east of
the Mississippi - France gives New Orleans and Louisiana
territory to Spain - Britain gives Cuba, Philippines to Spain for
Florida - ends French power in North America
• Seven Years’ War ends in 1763; British win
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Pontiac’s Rebellion
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• British settlers move onto Native American lands
• This starts deadly outbreak; Native Americans retreat
• British give Delaware war leaders smallpox-infected blankets
• Native Americans attack settlers, destroy forts—Pontiac’s Rebellion
• British issue Proclamation of 1763: - forbids colonists to settle west of
Appalachians - angers colonists who thought they had won right to settle
Map
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