www.cnn.com/EARTH/9704/25/

toilet.to.tap/, accessed 6 Nov. 05

UTILITY MANAGEMENT

Improving the Efficiency of Water Reuse

Ben Koopman

Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

Conserve Florida Conservation Clearinghouse Research

Agenda Workshop

30 November 2007

2

What is water reuse?

―Water reuse‖ is the application of reclaimed

domestic wastewater for beneficial uses.

3

How is water reuse related to water conservation?

In water reuse, reclaimed water can substitute

for potable quality water.

4

How is water reused in Florida?

Adapted from the Florida 2005 Reuse Inventory

Public Access

Areas, 49%

Ground Water

Recharge, 16%

Agricultural

Irrigation, 14%

Industrial Uses,

14%

Wetlands and

Other, 7%

5

MGD

Ca

pa

cit

y

Flo

w

Florida 2005 Reuse Inventory

2005 reuse was

0.66 Bgal/d

41% of domestic

ww flow

Projected at 1.3

Bgal/d in 2020

65% of domestic

ww flow

How much water is reused in Florida?

6

What constrains water reuse?

Cost of Reclaimed Water Distribution

7

5

Water Quality

– Emerging Contaminants

– Salt Problems

John Ruetten (2003) Urban Water Research Center Seminar

5

Public Perception

6

What are some ideas for overcoming these constraints?

• Mostly underground

• Reclaimed water used locally

• Sludge transported in sewer to Main Facility

9

Satellite Facilities for Water Reclamation

13

New York Times (2006)

The Solaire, Battery

Park, NYC—250 units

Clerico (2006)

• 48% reduction in potable

water consumption

• 56% volume and 41% load

reduction in wastewater

Water reclaimed onsite

with MBR plus UV/

ozone disinfection

(25,000 gal/d capacity)

• Reclaimed water used for toilet

flushing, air conditioning, central

laundry & irrigation

Water Smart Buildings

7

What are research priorities for water reuse in Florida?

MGD

Reuse Trends in Florida

Ca

pa

cit

y

Flo

w

Steadily increasing

flow and capacity

since 1986

2005 reuse was 0.66

Bgal/d

41% of domestic

ww flow

Projected at 1.3

Bgal/d in 2020

65% of domestic

ww flow

Florida 2005 Reuse Inventory Back6

8

Clark County, Nevada Satellite Water Reclamation Facilities

• Mostly underground

• Reclaimed water used locally

• Sludge transported in sewer to Main Facility

9

Palm Beach

County

Broward

County

Miami-Dade

County

Boynton-Delray

Boca Raton

Broward/North

Hollywood

Miami-Dade/North

Miami-Dade/Central

Palm Beach

County

Broward

County

Miami-Dade

County

Boynton-Delray

Boca Raton

Broward/North

Hollywood

Miami-Dade/North

Miami-Dade/Central

Palm Beach

County

Broward

County

Miami-Dade

County

Boynton-Delray

Boca Raton

Broward/North

Hollywood

Miami-Dade/North

Miami-Dade/Central

Palm Beach

County

Broward

County

Miami-Dade

County

Boynton-Delray

Boca Raton

Broward/North

Hollywood

Miami-Dade/North

Miami-Dade/Central

• Regional WWTPs often located far

from reuse sites

• Difficult to route transmission

mains through city centers

• Saltwater intrusion in coastal areas

lowers reclaimed water quality

• Avoid problems by mining

wastewater from branch sewers

10

Back

Koopman et al. (2006)

More water-smart cities, buildings and homes

Integrated Water Management

Diagger (2001) Kappe Lecture

Water

treatment

Wastewater

Satellite

Treatment

Stormwater

First Flush

Water

Reclamation

Biosolids

Water

Energy

City

• Pollutant priorities: nutrients, pathogens, toxic organics

• Satellite facilities for reclaimed water production close to demands

• Resource recovery (biosolids, phosphate, energy)

Nutrients

Precipitation

Surface or groundwater

11

Reclaimed water

WWT

Imported

wastewater

Impervious

Sto

rm s

ew

er

Bldgs

Blue Water in Green Cities

Novotny, V. (2006) Wingspread Workshop

• Less

imperviousness,

more green space

• Enhanced removal

of organic

chemicals, nutrients,

and endocrine

disrupters from

wastewater;

nonpotable reuse

• Storage of excess

precipitation for

reuseSubsoil

Precipitation

ET

I/I

ET

Surface or groundwater

Store Treat

Topsoil

Agriculture

WT

Exported

water

12

13

Back

New York Times (2006)

The Solaire, Battery

Park, NYC—250 units

Clerico (2006)

• 48% reduction in potable

water consumption

• 56% volume and 41% load

reduction in wastewater

Water reclaimed onsite

with MBR plus UV/

ozone disinfection

(25,000 gal/d capacity)

• Reclaimed water used for toilet

flushing, air conditioning, central

laundry & irrigation

2050 2000 1950 1900 1850 1800

Waste to

land

Poor

management

=> odors,

nuisances

Waste to

water bodies

Improved

hygiene;

polluted

receiving

waters

Sanitary

wastewater

treated

Less point

source &

more

stormwater

pollution

Less water;

more water

reuse

Crumbling

major

infrastructure

Privy

vault-

cesspool

Combined

sewers

Separate

sewers

Dry sewage

(pail) systems

More separate

sewers

??

More of the wastewater infrastructure will be

decentralized

14http://ecopropertyservices.com/D

omestic_Sewage_Treatment.php

Opportunity

Replace old infrastructure with next generation systems

Back

• Present approach is capital and water intensive and precludes

resource recovery

Burian et al. (2000) J. Urban Technology 7, 3, 33–62 15

Clean Water Act State Revolving Loan funds flat or declining

ASCE (2007) This Week in Washington, 12 March 2007

Back

Less money will be available

16

Provided $4.5 billion annually in recent years

4.5 x 20 = $90 billion vs. $390 needed

less than 1/4 of projected needs

Other wastewater management related funding is available

through

• Water Pollution Control Program Grants (for states)

• Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (for states,

municipalities and others)

• Clean Water Indian grants

http://www.forester.net/sw_0103_buddy.html

Urine is used on fields in the background

owned by the Stockholm Water Company

Kvarnström et al. (2006) 17

Part of our urine will be collected separately and used for

resource recovery

Controlled release

Feces

Changed

composition

(+) net

primary

energy

MAP precip

Storage

Ecological (Sustainable) Sanitation

• Costs of nutrient removal decreased

• Recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen for use as fertilizer

• Net primary energy production at WWTP

Larsen and Gujer (1996); Kvarnström et al. (2006)

5% of organic matter

80% of N

40–50% of P

Urine

Agriculture

18

Partial

nitrification

Example process for resource recovery from and treatment of

separated urine

MAP

precipAnammox

MAPMgO

Separated

urine

Headworks

of WWTP

NH4 + 1.5 O2 NO2 + 2 H + H2O+ - +

Magnesium ammonium

phosphate (struvite)

NH4 + NO2 N2 + 2 H2O+ -

• Fertilizer (MAP) recovered

• O2 requirement for N removal cut by more than 50%

• No organic matter required for N removal

• Enhanced degradation of micropollutants by ammonia

monooxygenase

Back19

References

Hermanowicz, S. and Asano, T. (n.d.) Abel Wolman's The Metabolism of Cities Revisited: A

Case for Water Reuse. Accessed 29 Oct. 2006 at

http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~hermanowicz/other/Hermanowicz_reuse.pdf

20

Burian et al. (2000) J. Urban Technology 7, 3, 33–62

Diagger, G.T. (2001) Kappe Lecture, Sponsored by the American Academy of

Environmental Engineers. Accessed 14 April 2007 at

http://www.cmer.wsu.edu/Seminar/The%20Wastewater%20Treatment%20Plant%20of%20t

he%20Future.ppt

Kvarnström et al. (2006) Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

Accessed 22 April 2007 at http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Urine_Diversion_2006-1.pdf.

Koopman et al. (2006) Ocean Outfall Study. Accessed 4 June 2007 at

http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/reuse/docs/OceanOutfallStudy.pdf.

Clerico, E.A. (2007) The Solaire – A Case Study in Urban Water Reuse. Paper presented

at Water for All Life, 12-14 March 2007, Baltimore, Maryland. Accessed 2 June 2007 at

http://www.waterforalllife.org/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=67.

Novotny, V. (2006) Wingspread Workshop, Racine, Wisconsin, 12-14 July 2006.

Accessed 15 April 2007 at

http://www.coe.neu.edu/environment/DOCUMENTS/Wingspread%20Final%20Report.pdf.

21

New York Times (2006). Accessed 4 June 2007 at

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/17/business/businessspecial2/17leeds.html?ex=1181102

400&en=e308de257f4d6683&ei=5070

Larsen, T.A. and Gujer, W. (1996) Water Science and Technology 34, 3–4, 87–94;

Kvarnström et al. (2006) Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Accessed

22 April 2007 at http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Urine_Diversion_2006-1.pdf.