Improving Public Safety at Fingertips:A Smart City Experience

Marcel Mendonça1, Bruno Moreira1, Jazon Coelho1,2, Nelio Cacho1, Frederico Lopes1, Everton Cavalcante1,Adelson Dias1, José Lucas Ribeiro1, Emiliano Loiola2, Daniela Estaregue3, Brunna Moura1

1Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil2Secretariat of Public Safety of Rio Grande do Norte – IT Department, Natal, Brazil

3Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

Email: marcelluiz96@hotmail.com, brunocmoreira@live.com, falecomjazon@gmail.com, neliocacho@dimap.ufrn.br,fred@imd.ufrn.br, evertonranielly@gmail.com, adelsondias@live.com, {zelucasr, emiliano.loiola, daniesta}@gmail.com,

brunnamoura@rocketmail.com

Abstract—Nowadays, we are in the century of cities: there aremore people living in the cities than in the countryside. In general,overpopulated cities around the world have common problemsin several areas, such as city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, transportation, utilities, etc. In the particularcase of Brazil, one of the major problems of cities is the highlevel of violence. This paper describes how the Brazilian cityof Natal is implementing technological systems in the context ofpublic safety to transform itself into a smart city, as a cooperationbetween university and government secretariat. More specifically,the paper presents ROTA, a smart city platform aiming atcontributing to improve public safety. We also hereby describe arobust, scalable mobile application that fulfills the communicationgap between control room and field personnel, as well as a Webdashboard intended to support data analysis and statistics aboutoccurrences.

I. INTRODUCTION

Until the end of the last century, there were more peoplein the countryside than in the cities. However, this patternchanged in the first decade of the 21st century, the century ofthe cities: nowadays, there are more people living in cities thanin the countryside. As cities grow, so increases the complexityand management challenges for government authorities indealing with the various urban problems resulted from sucha high population density. A solution adopted by many citiesto face these challenges is the realization of the smart cityconcept. According to Caragliu et al. [1], a city becomes smartwhen investments in human and social capital and in moderninformation and communication technologies (ICTs), throughparticipatory and engaged actions, harmoniously contribute tothe sustainable economic growth and life quality.

Ideally, smart cities should be able to adapt itself on thefly by pulling readings from a vast array of sensors, feedingsuch data into software that can see the “big picture”, andtaking proper actions. Indeed, the old city of concrete, glass,and steel now conceals a huge underworld of computers andsoftware [2]. Through the Internet, such devices are beingstitched together into a nervous system supporting the dailylives of billions in a world of giant and medium cities. Smartcities use smart computing technology to make the criticalinfrastructure components and services of a city (including

city administration, education, health care, public safety, trans-portation, etc.) more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient[3].

One of the main issues to be handled in the today’s citiesis related to public safety as it is an important requisitefor achieving the well-being of the society and the generalquality of life. For instance, many cities in Brazil have beenstruggled with violent crime and other social disorders, therebycreating an atmosphere of fear in neighborhoods and resultingin unacceptably high levels of criminality. In this context, im-plementing the smart city concept can surely have a significantimpact in the improvement of public safety. Some police forcesare now recognizing that integrating new ICTs platforms withother city resources can have a dramatic influence in drivingdown criminality rates and increasing public safety.

Despite the relevance of improving public safety in smartcities, the literature presents few works in this direction.Erickson et al. [4] present a Web-based Next-GenerationIncident Command System (NICS), which provides (i) ge-olocation and situation awareness of a specific location ofthe city, (ii) support to request resources in case of criminalactivity, (iii) reporting and collaborating via messages (text ormultimedia), and (iv) standardized interfaces among systemmodules messages. IBM has also developed IBM IntelligentOperations Center (IBM-IOC) [5], a platform to support smartcities solutions that (i) allows supervisors to monitor andmanage a range of services, (ii) enables agencies to respondrapidly to events in the city, (iii) provides situation awarenessand reporting to the respective agencies, (iv) facilitates real-time collaboration, (v) streamlines management of resourcesand critical assets, etc. Another example is the one reported inan article published in The New York Times [6], which showsthe use of technology as a support tool for police activityin combating crime through the sharing of police reportsinformation via smartphones. Nonetheless, these solutions areproprietary and hence less adaptable to local particularities.

In 2015, Natal, a city of Northeastern Brazil, has joinedthe IEEE Smart City initiative as an affiliated city. Thisinitiative aims to transform Natal into a smart city through thedevelopment of systems and applications to bolster the use of

ICTs as means of contributing to improve the life quality ofits citizens. Regarding public safety, such an initiative intendsto strengthen data quality and improve information sharingaiming to provide actionable, timely intelligence, as well asto support police operations. Monitoring and assessing themovement of police personnel is a key issue in improving theeffective police activities, which in turn is directly applicableto the effective management of a smart city. For example,monitoring the movement of police personnel can help toeffectively make plans for emergency response, determine mit-igation priorities, analyze historical events, and predict futureevents. It can also help police officers to determine potentialincident sites and facilitates to explore the relationship betweenincident and land use [7].

One of the systems developed under the Natal’s smart cityinitiative is ROTA, a platform aimed to improve public safetyby integrating several information systems from different lawenforcement agencies. Our previous work [8] has introducedpreliminary ideas of the ROTA platform and presented thePatrol Supervisor Module (ROTA-PSM), a mobile applicationused by patrol supervisors to display the real-time position ofall patrol vehicles and occurrences. In this paper, we describe anew version of ROTA by means of two new modules, namelythe Patrol Vehicle Module (ROTA-PVM) and the DashboardModule. ROTA-PVM is a mobile application built upon theROTA platform and designed to fulfill the communication gapbetween control room and field personnel, thereby improvingoperational efficiency. By using this application, the fieldpersonnel can receive notifications about new incidents fromcontrol room, along with driving directions and historicalinformation for proper situational awareness. Furthermore, theDashboard Module available at the new version of the ROTAplatform allows analyzing the trajectory of all patrol vehiclesand assisting patrol decisions. For instance, the dashboard canindicate whether patrol workload is equitably shared amongthe existing patrol districts.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. SectionII describes some details of the Natal Smart City initiative.Section III presents the architecture and the implementationdetails of the ROTA platform and the developed mobile ap-plications targeting public safety. Finally, Section V providessome concluding remarks.

II. THE SMART CITY INITIATIVE IN NATAL

To ensure harmony between sustainable urbanization, so-cioeconomic progress, and the safety of citizens, solutionsare sought for feasible living conditions and sustainable citydevelopment. One solution adopted by many cities is to realizethe smart city concept. Such a concept arises from the needto manage several problems caused by the expansion ofurban population [9], thereby affecting the quality of severalservices, such as transportation, public safety, water, tourism,entertainment, electricity, etc. The main goal is to improvequality of life for citizens and the challenge is how to ensuresustainable urbanization in conformance to a triple that takesinto account environmental, economic, and social progress.

The Natal City Council, in partnership with both public andprivate sectors, has defined a plan to transform Natal into asmart city. The purpose of the Natal Smart City initiative isto allow for and speed up the delivery of outcomes acrossvarious sectors through a truly integrated approach. Manyactions have been implemented to realize this plan [10],[11]. For instance, the plan creates a network infrastructurenamed Giga Metropole, an optical backbone of approximately160 km, as well as a passive network of approximately 300km to interconnect public institutions in the state of RioGrande do Norte. More precisely, the Giga Metropole networkwill benefit around 650 public and private institutions in theNatal Metropolitan Area, including 350 state and municipalpublic basic education schools, police stations, universities andtechnical schools, teaching laboratories, and ten hospitals.

In addition to the improvements on connectivity infrastruc-ture, the Natal Smart City plan defines some strategies toimprove the services provided to its citizens. Public safety isone of the key services. According to Brazilian Constitution,public safety is managed by state governments in terms of twodifferent law enforcement agencies, one civilian and the othermilitary. On the one hand, the Civil Police is responsible forcriminal investigation. On the other hand, the Military Police isresponsible for the operational policing [12], i.e., in particularpatrolling to respond to citizens’ calls for help and civilianemergencies.

The operational policing comprises two main stakeholders,namely patrol supervisors and patrol officers. Patrol super-visors use patrol vehicles to monitor the execution of thepatrol plan. The patrol plan covers the definition of area cov-erage (haven, ambush, and crime-prone areas), patrol teams,duration, stand-by points, and route plan. Patrol officers usepatrol vehicles to respond to control room calls, patrol theassigned beats defined by the patrol plan, and observe andcheck suspicious people and vehicles. The closest and mostimportant links for patrol officers are the control room andpatrol supervisors, with intense communication through theradio communication system of the vehicles.

ICTs play a key role in the operational policing. Thepromise of technology to improve the effectiveness of control-ling crime and enhance professional status and organizationallegitimacy, has resulted in a long-lasting close affinity betweentechnology and police work, the so-called e-policing [13],[14]. The main aspect of e-policing is to mobilize informationtowards making it available to officers through mobile comput-ing [15]. In this context, the Natal Smart City Plan defines a setof strategies and actions to create smart city applications andplatforms. One of these platforms is ROTA, which dispatchescitizen calls to patrol vehicles and monitors the position andstatus of patrol vehicles during their daily duties.

III. ROTA: A PLATFORM TO IMPROVE PUBLIC SAFETY

ROTA is a smart city software platform aimed to improvepublic safety by integrating several information systems fromdifferent law enforcement agencies. This platform encom-passes technologies to collect, process, share, store, and ana-

Fig. 1. Overview of the ROTA Platform

lyze a large amount of data coming from different sources inorder to turn data into powerful insights. Therefore, the mainexpected benefits resulting from the adoption of ROTA areproviding police officers with better, precise information, aswell as improving the use of human and material resources atboth individual and organizational levels.

The ROTA architecture (see Fig. 1) is composed of threelayers. The Integration Layer integrates information fromdifferent law enforcement agencies, in particular the Inte-grated Center of Public Safety Operations (CIOSP), the StateTransit Department (DETRAN-RN), and the Police Technical-Scientific Institute (ITEP-RN). CIOSP is a control roomresponsible for answering calls to an emergency telephonenumber for Police, firefighting, and ambulance services, sim-ilar to 911 in USA or 112 in Europe. In turn, DETRAN-RNmaintains the registry of all circulating vehicles and supervisestheir transit, while ITEP-RN handles the identification of allcitizens and maintains public records on their criminal history.The Integration Layer plays a significant role in this scenarioas smart city applications may use multimodal informationcoming from heterogeneous sources [16].

Aiming at offering important insights from processing andanalyzing input data provided by different sources, the Ana-lytics Engine Layer is responsible for reasoning on patternsand on pertinent background knowledge (such as occurrencesand patrol vehicle data), making correlations with spatial andtemporal information, and displaying relevant visualizations tousers. Information handled in the Analytics Engine Layer alsoallows analyzing historical events and defining patrol plans.Data handled by the the Analytics Engine Layer are accessedvia the Facade Layer.

The first version of ROTA [8] was validated by means of

;

Fig. 2. Screenshot of the ROTA-PSM mobile application used to track patrolvehicles and occurrences.

a mobile application, the Patrol Supervisor Module (ROTA-PSM). ROTA-PSM is an Android mobile application thatdisplays the real-time position of patrol vehicles and georefer-enced occurrences in the last 24 hours. Fig. 2 shows a screenof ROTA-PSM that displays in real-time the position of allpatrol vehicles (triangles) and CIOSP’s occurrences (circles).This application is used only by patrol supervisors and allowsthem to figure out the position of patrol vehicles and whetherthey are following the assigned patrol plan. As an example, apatrol supervisor can use ROTA-PSM to find out which patrolvehicles should be (re)located to cover regions with largerconcentration of occurrences and low policing.

By offering a real-time monitoring of both patrol vehiclesand occurrences, the ROTA-PSM application has became avaluable work tool against criminality and to improve public

safety. As important benefits resulting from the use of ROTA-PSM, we can mention an easier management of the policingareas and relevant subsides to help to patrol supervisors indecision-making processes, such as intervening on the redis-tribution of patrol vehicles or not. This directly contributesto improve the population’s safety feeling by noticing thepresence of patrol in areas with a significant number ofoccurrences.

IV. NEW DEMANDS AND FUNCTIONALITIES

Despite the benefits of the first version, the ROTA platformhad some limitations regarding the communication betweencontrol room and patrol officers. For instance, to deal witha citizen call, the data flow normally begins when a person(usually a crime victim) makes a call to CIOSP (control room)and an occurrence is recorded. Next, a telephone operatorrecords information about the occurrence and all related detailsat a dispatch system, so that he/she uses radio communicationto assign a patrol vehicle to the location where the crimewas noticed. After handling the occurrence, the patrol officerinforms CIOSP that the occurrence was handled and it mustmake a report about the situation itself, victims, and arrestedpeople. In this context, note that the whole communicationbetween patrol officers and CIOSP is verbal and takes placevia radio, with several drawbacks: (i) high traffic and soundpollution in the radio data communication channel; (ii) highprobability of human failure when transmitting or memorizinginformation about an occurrence; (iii) transferring informationvia radio requires more time since repeated voice checks arenecessary to confirm the provided information [17]; (iv) lowprecision on statistics about the time at which occurrencesare effectively handled; and (v) low precision on the exactoccurrence location as the person that has made the emergencycall may be unable to so.

The previously mentioned limitations have motivated us todevelop tools aimed to improve response time to occurrencesand patrol efficiency, culminating in two new modules thatuse resources provided by the ROTA Platform. The firstone is the Patrol Vehicle Module (ROTA-PVM), a mobileapplication used by patrol officers to support its operationsand improve occurrence handling. The second module is aWeb dashboard intended to support reporting, analysis, andstatistics on occurrences and trajectories of patrol vehicles.

To cope with the functionalities of both ROTA-PVM anddashboard, it was necessary to add new data flows to theROTA platform, a flow that takes information to the ROTADashboard and a two-way data flow between ROTA-PVM andthe Facade Layer. The two-way data flow responsible for in-tegrating the ROTA platform with the dispatch system was themost complicated one to be implemented because the CIOSPuses a legacy dispatch system with no source code available.For this reason, it was necessary to substantially change theIntegration Layer in order to monitor and change the dispatchsystem database. When the telephone operator dispatches anoccurrence to a patrol vehicle, the Integration Layer needsto identify the change in the dispatch system database and

send the occurrence to be handled by ROTA-PVM runningin that assigned patrol vehicle. The same happens when thepatrol officer uses ROTA-PVM to change the status of theassigned occurrence. This new status must be updated in thedispatch system database in order to be seen by the telephoneoperator. The following two subsections details the new ROTAfunctionalities.

A. The Patrol Vehicle Module (ROTA-PVM)

ROTA-PVM is an Android mobile application installedin Motorola ET1 tablets deployed in the patrol vehicles.These resistant, durable tablets run Android version 4.1.1 andthey are compatible with WiFi and mobile (3G) networks.The main purpose of ROTA-PVM is to support patrol inits operations, thus making occurrence handling easier andfaster. By adopting ROTA-PVM, the occurrence handlingflow no longer requires using radio communication, exceptwhen strictly necessary. When an occurrence is registered, anotification appears on the screen of the patrol vehicle’s tablet.Upon confirming that the received notification was seen, thepoliceman is provided with all relevant data regarding theoccurrence, such as location, type, suspect’s characteristics,and the transcription of the call made by the citizen to CIOSP.With these information in hands, it is possible to improveoccurrence handling without requiring it to CIOSP. During theoperation, the patrol officer can notify any change regardingthe occurrence, e.g., his/her arrival on scene, the need of anadditional displacement, finishing occurrence, and occurrencereports.

In addition to the agility resulted from the adoption ofROTA-PVM, the five aforementioned problems are solved.First, the radio communication channel will be used onlyin urgent situations, such as reinforcement forces. Second,with all information about the occurrence (including the tran-scription of the call made by the citizen), the patrol officerbecomes more confident on how to proceed according to thecurrent situation. Furthermore, notifying the arrival of thepatrol vehicle using the mobile device increases the precisionof the exact occurrence location and of the displacement time.

Besides occurrence handling, ROTA-PVM encompassesother independent components able to provide other function-alities that are relevant to patrol officers:

• search for vehicle registration plate number, which canbe used to obtain more information about a given vehiclesuch as trade, year, color, etc., including checking theintegrity of a vehicle ownership (regular or stolen), aswell as any other pendencies;

• search for civil information, thereby allowing to checkthe verity of documents or data given by a citizen;

• search for arrest warrant decreed against the person ad-dressed in police action, thus not requiring a displacementto a police station or information request via radio;

• map tracing, which displays the location of all occur-rences in the city and allows calculating the shortest pathto the location of the assigned occurrence.

;

Fig. 3. Architecture of the ROTA-PVM mobile application.

The components of ROTA-PVM communicate with theROTA platform by making requests to RESTful Web services(Facade Layer) that provide all information used in the mobileapplication. In turn, these Web services perform multiplequeries to the public agencies that collaborate with Police,such as ITEP-RN and DETRAN-RN. It is important to high-light that the architecture of ROTA-PVM was conceived to bemodular (see Fig. 3), so that all functionalities are independentfrom each other. Therefore, development and maintainabilitybecome more scalable and flexible since new solutions andfunctionalities relevant to policemen can be easily incorporatedinto ROTA-PVM.

Even though Internet connection is required to fulfill mostof the offered functionalities, ROTA-PVM was designed tobe continuously used, despite the lack of access to a mo-bile Internet connection. In these situations, the occurrencehandling component (the most sensitive to this eventuality)allows the user to proceed with the occurrence handling flowby temporarily storing all information in a local database.Once the Internet connection is reestablished, all updatesabout the occurrence handling are sent to the ROTA platform.Therefore, patrol officer activities are not interrupted, evenwith no Internet access.

Fig. 4 shows three screenshots of the ROTA-PVM mobileapplication. The first one (top) refers to a pop-up notificationdisplayed when a new occurrence is assigned to the patrolvehicle. By tapping the “Accept” button, the notification isaccepted and the patrol officer is redirected to the occurrencehandling screen (middle), which shows all details regardingthe occurrence and a transcript of the call made by the citizen.When arriving on scene, the patrol officer taps the “Arrivedon scene” button and confirms his/her arrival (bottom).

B. The Web Dashboard

In order to provide ROTA with trajectory analysis andoccurrence statistics, we have developed a layered Web Dash-

;

Fig. 4. Three screenshots of the ROTA-PVM mobile application: notificationof a new occurrence (top), details regarding an occurrence to be handled(middle), and confirmation of arrival on occurrence scene (bottom).

board relying on OpenStreetMap [18]. As shown in Fig. 5,the current version of the dashboard supports four layers: (i)AISPs, strategical regions of the city delimited by Police; (ii)trajectory of all patrol vehicles within a time interval; (iii)position tracking of patrol vehicles at a given time instant; (iv)different occurrences, which are shown using different colorsaccording to their type, e.g., person in suspicious behavior,theft, possible threats, etc; and (v) a heatmap representing thedensity of occurrences in certain areas.

Two main sources feed the ROTA dashboard. Data aboutoccurrences (as location and type) shown in the dashboardare provided by CIOSP and supported by the ROTA-PVMmobile application. In turn, the HERMES Moving ObjectsDatabase [19] is used to provide information about the patrolvehicles and to support both spatial and temporal querieson available trajectory data. HERMES integrates several data

;

Fig. 5. Web dashboard for visual analysis of patrol vehicles, trajectories, andoccurrences.

mining functions and trajectory patterns, thus allowing forsophisticated analysis on the trajectories of patrol vehicles.

Is is worth mentioning that the ROTA dashboard is exten-sible and hence other layers can be easily added to it. Forinstance, crime statistics for specific AISPs are interestinginformation that can be displayed on the dashboard, whichcan make use of data coming from the ROTA platform itselftowards offering an intelligent decision-making method toassign patrol vehicles along the city.

V. FINAL REMARKS AND FUTURE WORK

This paper presented the new version of ROTA, a smartcity platform aimed to improve public safety by collecting,integrating, analyzing, and share information about occur-rences and patrol vehicles. Such a new version delivers adashboard able to analyze the trajectory of all patrol vehiclesand assist many patrol decisions. Additionally, this paperdescribed ROTA-PVM, a robust, scalable mobile applicationthat fulfills the communication gap between control room andfield personnel. By using ROTA-PVM, field personnel canreceive notification of new incidents from control room, withdriving directions and historical information for proper sit-uational awareness. Therefore, ROTA-PVM can significantlyenhance safety and improves operational efficiency, besidesadding value to police forces. From the use of the developedsolutions, it is already possible to observe a paradigm shiftfor patrol officers, who now acknowledge the importance oftechnological tools to support the execution of their dailyactivities. This new version of ROTA platform is operationalsince April 2016 and has been used by 40 patrol supervisorsand 200 patrol officers.

In terms of future work, the next steps of this projectare to evaluate the usability, intuitiveness, availability, andefficiency of the ROTA dashboard and the ROTA-PVM mobileapplication. We also intend to develop a mobile application tobe used by citizens in order to create emergency occurrencesinstead of phone calls to the CIOSP (control room).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was partially supported by the Smart MetropolisProject.

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