improving household water filter for arsenic removal in cambodia: localized production and...
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
1/42
International Workshop on Sustainable Water Technology:
Appropriate Technology for Water in Asia (9-13 Feb 2015)
Improving household water filter for arsenic
removal in Cambodia: localized production and
distribution of granular iron oxide
Professor Chih-Hsiang Liao
Dept. of Environ. Resources ManagementChia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science
Tainan, Taiwan
[email protected]; http://chliao.postach.io/
mailto:[email protected]://chliao.postach.io/http://chliao.postach.io/http://chliao.postach.io/http://chliao.postach.io/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
2/42
Indochina
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
3/42
Demographic Data
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
4/42
Outline
Arsenic painful story in Taiwan
iWatch on Cambodia water
Household water filters
Iron-oxide furnished household water filters
Summary
Acknowledgement
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
5/42
Arsenic painful story
in Taiwan
A Mukherjee, MK Sengupta, MA Hossain, S Ahamed, B Das, B Nayak, D Lodh, MM Rahman,
and D Chakraborti. Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater: A Global Perspective with
Emphasis on the Asian Scenario. J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2006 Jun; 24(2):142-163.
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
6/42
st
aquifer
2
nd
aquifer
3
rd
aquifer
4
th
aquifer
Arsenic conc. dist. in differentlayers of aquifer
Southwest
Coast
Focused Area in Taiwan
http://e-info.o
rg.t
w/column/underwa
ter/2005/gw05081201.h
tm
http://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htmhttp://e-info.org.tw/column/underwater/2005/gw05081201.htm -
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
7/42
Deep well water
Shallow well water
Seawater intrusionin the coastal area
http://www.blackfoot.org.tw/know/know.html
http://www.blackfoot.org.tw/know/know.html -
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
8/42
Incidence of arsenic contamination in
artesian well water
Source material of arsenic: pyritic materialor black shale occurring
in underlying geological strata Well-documented in 1961-1985
The southwest coast of Taiwan
Affected population: 140,000
Arsenic content: 10-1820 g/L (tested); 400-600 g/L (endemic area)
Predominating arsenic species: As(III) (average As(III)/As(V) = 2.6)
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
9/42
Arsenicosis and related diseases
Incidence as early as 1920; a post-war outbreak in 1956
40,421in 37 villages
7,418(hyper-pigmentation); 2,868(keratosis), and 360(BFD);
Some cases of cancer(liver, lung, skin, prostate, bladder, kidney) in
the endemic areas.
Diseases, such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascularanomalies, hypertension, and cerebral apoplexy, occurred at
significantly higher levels than in the areas free of blackfoot disease.
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
10/42
Blackfoot Disease(BFD)
A peripheral vascular disease: spotted discolorationon the skin of
the extremities, especially the feetthe spots changing from white
to brownand eventually to black(hence the name BFD)the
affected skin thickening (keratosis), cracking and ulcerating(lesion)amputationof the affected extremities to save the victims
Arsenicalone was thought to be responsible. Later on, the
fluorescent humic substances in combination with arsenic are the
probable cause of BFD. In 1975, a total of 1141BFD patients were identified in this area (20
km north of Tainan). [Chen et al. (1994), ES&T]
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
11/42
Endemic
level
Arsenic
exposureDiagnosis Action
30 > 350 ppb
Occurrence of arsenicosis;
Children with skin symptom of
chronic arsenicosis.
Require remedy
measures since
arsenic hazard has
taken place.
20 ~ 350 ppb
No occurrence of arsenicosis;
A few cases of skin symptom of
chronic arsenicosis, or no skin
symptom but with quite limited
cases of blackfoot disease
Preventive measures
are to be taken,
knowing arsenic
hazard has just
begun.
10 > 350 ppb No occurrence of blackfoot disease
No skin symptom of arsenicosis
Take preventive
measures long before
arsenic may cause
any hazard.
Classification of endemic arsenicosis
Field experiences (1/3)
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
12/42
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
13/42
Phase Goal and outcomesI. (1971-1975) Center for blackfoot disease prevention and control
Blackfoot disease prevention team
Tap water pipe installation
New patientsdecreased by 72% when compared to
those 5 years agoII. (1977-1981) Abatement of groundwater intake in endemic area
Tap water supply
Reducing new incidence, especially those with age
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
14/42
iWatch on Cambodia water
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
15/42
Arsenic Alert
Arsenic threat found in groundwater survey Fri, 18 August 2000. Phelim Kyne
Arsenic poisoning suspected by testing Fri, 5 January 2001. Phelim Kyne
Arsenicosis
Well-water users show signs of arsenic poisoning Thu, 21 September 2006.Cheang Sokha
Arsenic deaths
Arsenic deaths stalk Kandal village Wed, 4 August 2010. Will Baxter and Sun Narin
Silent killer taking toll (Kandal province)Wed, 19 March 2014. Laignee Barron and SenDavid.
Search Arsenic in the PPP
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
16/42
Arsenic Affected Provinces
2.25 million people living within the arsenic affected area
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
17/42
1 Phnom Penh Municipality 14 Oddar Meanchey Province
2 Banteay Meanchey Province 15 Pailin Province (municipality)
3 Battambang Province 16 Preah Sihanouk Province
4 Kampong Cham Province 17 Preah Vihear Province
5 Kampong Chhnang Province 18 Pursat Province
6 Kampong Speu Province 19 Prey Veng Province
7 Kampong Thom Province 20 Ratanakiri Province
8 Kampot Province 21 Siem Reap Province
9 Kandal Province 22 Stung Treng Province
10 Koh Kong Province 23 Svay Rieng Province
11 Kep Province(municipality) 24 Tako Province
12 Krati Province 25 Tbong Khmum Province
13 Mondulkiri Province
Provinces of Cambodia
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
18/42
Prek Russey/Koh Thum/Kandal
The Most Focused Village
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
19/42
J. Buschmann, M. Berg, C. Stengel, and M.L. Sampson. Arsenic and Manganese Contamination of Drinking Water Resources in Cambodia:
Coincidence of Risk Areas with Low Relief Topography . Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 2146-2152.
Arsenic level within the catchment of
Tonle Sap, Mekong and Bassac Rivers
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
20/42
Population with suspected Arsenicosis symptoms
Info source: arsenic in Cambodia (Arsenic Center Camobdia)
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
21/42
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
22/42
Info source: arsenic in Cambodia (Arsenic Center Camobdia)
Governments Response (2/2)
MRD: Water supply rate in rural area
100% in 2025
70%(50%) in 2015(Note: 31% in 2006)
KAP(Knowledge, Attitude and Practice) survey to asses the
extent of awareness and practice relating to arsenic
5 year arsenic mitigation strategic action plans
Capacity building: both national and provincial teams includingestablishment of arsenic center at MRD
Collaboration with other partners to respond to the problem
Ministry of Rural Development
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
23/42
Household Water Filters
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
24/42
Ceramic Water Purifier (CWF)
http://www.rdic.org/water-ceramic-filtration.php
Physical straining of dirt and bacteria out of the water as they are too large
to pass through the ceramic substrate.
Chemical action of colloidal silver as a biocide to kill microbes.
Indirect sedimentation of particles within the pores of the filter.
Clay and laterite (optional) + rice husks;
Firing in the kiln;
Silver nitrate painted onto the inside
and outside surfaces of the filter
46% reduction in diarrheal disease between filter users and non-users
95.1% average (and up to 99.99%) reduction of E.coli in drinking water
90-99% reduction in viruses
A highly successful means of empowering households to manage their own safe water supply.
http://www.rdic.org/water-ceramic-filtration.php -
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
25/42
Ceramic filter pilot projects (2002-
2006) in Cambodia have yielded
promising results that suggest these
interventions can be effective in
improving drinking water quality and
can contribute to substantial health
gains in populations using them.
Improving Household Drinking Water Quality:
Use of Ceramic Water Filters in Cambodia
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
26/42
Pipe
Arsenic Biosand Filter (ABF)
KanchanTMArsenic Filter (KAF)
1. Tommy Ngai (MIT) and Sophie Walewijk (SU). THE ARSENIC BIOSAND FILTER (ABF) PROJECT: DESIGN OF AN APPROPRIATE HOUSEHOLD
DRINKING WATER FILTER FOR RURAL NEPAL. Final Report July 2003.
2. B. Ghimire. KANCHANTMARSENIC FILTER: Can Iron and Arsenic Particles Migrate through the Sand Layer? A research project submitted to
Massachusetts Institute of Technology And Environment and Public Health Organization (>2005).
3. TKK Ngai, B Dangol, SE Murcott, RR Shrestha (Eds). A simple solution for arsenic problem: KanchanTMArsenic Filter. April 2005, Environment
and Public Health Organization (ENPHO).
4. S Chea, S Mao, D Uy, TKK Ngai, T. Mahin. Kanchan Arsenic Filter Evaluation of Applicability to Cambodia, Phase I Technical Report,September, 2008.
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
27/42
ABF/KAF/Rural Nepal
As: 87-96% (mean = 93%)
Total coliform: 0 - >99% (mean = 58%),
E. Coli : 0 - >99% (mean = 64%)
Iron: >90 - >97% (mean = >93%).
The users liked the high flowrate (range = 4-23 L/hr, mean
= 14 L/hr), simple operation, minimal maintenance, as wellas the clean-looking and good-tasting water coming out of
the filters. They think the filter is a durable, permanent
solution to their drinking water problems.
Performance
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
28/42
Design flow rate (15-20 L/hr)
Amount of iron nails (5 kg)
Maximum allowed influent arsenic (500 ppb) and iron (10 ppm)
Short circuiting due to the incoming water which may dispersenails
Arsenic adsorption capacity for different type of iron nails?
Possible harmful substances leaching from nails?
Using constructing materials available to villagers?
Capability of sand layer for retaining iron and arsenic particles?
Filter cost reduction? (1400-1800 NRs or $20)
Concerned Aspects
ABF/KAF/Rural Nepal
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
29/42
KAF Evaluation/Rural Cambodia
KAF found highly effective with high arsenic and
phosphate levels of raw water
Arsenic of 637 ppb dropped down to
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
30/42
Sono 3 Kolshi Filter/Bangladesh
Developed by a team led by Prof. Hussamand Dr. Munir in 2001 using composite
iron matrix (CIM) as the active arsenic
removal component
Clean water production rate: 30 L/hr
$35; life span of >5 year
Test data:
80-1900 ppb (Astotal)10-12 ppb;
73-1170 (As(III))
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
31/42
Iron-oxide furnished
Household Water Filter
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
32/42
Iron oxide preparation: Fundamental
Seeding material (e.g., quartz sand)
Ferric oxide, Fe2O3(s)
Ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3(S)
Goethite, FeOOH(s)
Fe2+ Fe3+
Oxidizing
Agent:O2, KMnO4, HO
Iron oxide
Air
Fenton
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
33/42
Feo-based Treatment System for Nitrate Removal
Iron Precipitation by Fluidized Sand Bed Process
I. Production of Iron-coated sand (iron pellets)
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
34/42
Conditions:Initial influent Fe2+= 300-375 mg/L
Sand dosage = 25 kg (no classification)
Air Flow rate = 5 L/min
Feeding flow rate = 50 mL/min
Retention time = 11.25 hrsSand size distribution:
< 0.297 mm = 0.6%
0.297-0.42 = 2.6%
0.42- 0.59 = 25.4%
0.59-0.84 = 66.6%
> 0.84 mm = 4.8%
I. Production of Iron-coated sand (iron pellets)
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
35/42
Characteristics of iron-oxide pellets(a) pH variation and (b) total iron release.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(a)
pH
T i m e e l a p s e d , h r s
pH = 5
pH = 6
pH = 7
pH = 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0(b)
Totaliro
n
,ppm
T i m e e l a p s e d, h r s
pH = 5
pH = 6
pH = 7
pH = 8
Iron-oxide pellets = 3 g/125 mL; Temp = 25.
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
36/42
Arsenate adsorption equilibrium test(a) pH variation; (b) arsenate removal.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 260
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(a)
pH
T i m e e l a p s e d , h r s
pH = 5
pH = 6
pH = 7
pH = 8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
0
10
20
30
40
5060
70
80
90
100
110
(b)
Arsenate
Re
moval,%
T i m e e l a p s e d , h r s
pH = 5
pH = 6pH = 7
pH = 8
Iron pellets = 3 g/125 mL; initial As (V) = 200 g/L; Temp = 25
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
37/42
Arsenic removal profiles
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
10
20
3040
50
60
70
80
90
100
ArsenateRemoval,%
As (V) , ppb
As(V) , pH = 5
As(V) , pH = 6
As(V) , pH = 7
As(V) , pH = 8
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
pH = 5
pH = 6
pH = 7
pH = 8
(c)
FinalpH
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
10
20
3040
50
60
70
80
90
100
ArseniteR
emoval,%
As (III) , ppb
As(III) , pH = 5
As(III) , pH = 6
As(III) , pH = 7
As(III) , pH = 8
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
FinalpH
(c)
pH = 5
pH = 6
pH = 7
pH = 8
Initial arsenic = 150-400 ppb; iron-oxide pellets = 2 g/125 mL
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
38/42
Iron oxide modifying fluidized bed reactor
(Huang et al., 2011, J. Haz Mater.)
Adsorbent dosage = 2.5 g/500 mL;initial As = 70 ppm;
pH=3
II. Production of KMnO4-modified iron oxide
Arsenic removal performance pH = 3
KMnO4/FeCl2 BT-4 (40 g) as
a support
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
39/42
Iron crystallization reactor
(Boonrattanakij et al., 2011, Wat. Res.)
III. Production of Fenton-initiated iron oxide
[Fe2+
]= 2 mM; [H2O2]= 20 mM;Coated sand: 230.77 g/L;
pH = 3; 25oC; 50% bed expansion;
1 h crystallization period.
Iron leaching test
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
40/42
Iron oxide furnished household water filters
Granular iron
Iron production
Iron supplier
http://www.rdic.org/water-ceramic-filtration.php -
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
41/42
Summary
iWatch on Cambodia water will be followed closely and
continuously.
Iron-oxide furnished household water filters need to be
tested for its arsenic removal performance.
Academic researchers and social entrepreneurs will be
mobilized to involve in the future localized production
of iron oxide, if tested successfully and economically.
-
8/9/2019 Improving household water filter for arsenic removal in Cambodia: localized production and distribution of granular iron oxide
42/42
Acknowledgement
Comments of
Professors MC Lu, MW Wan, CC Kan
Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Taiwan
Professor YH Huang,
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
are highly appreciated.