improvement of the life cycle costing method in design ... · manager; research fields: facility...

Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 13 (2019) 780-792 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2019.12.005

Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design

Stage Using KBIMS Library

Chun-Kyong Lee

R&D Center, LCCKOREA. Co., Ltd., Seoul 06527, Republic of Korea

Abstract: With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, the construction industry has undergone a paradigm shift. The smart construction technology market is expected to grow 12% annually in developed countries due to advanced technology investments. It is expected that businesses requiring highly sophisticated technology, for instance companies that need their old facilities upgraded, will become the main focus of the market. As building information modeling (BIM) design is becoming mandatory, such as in the Korea Public Procurement Service, researches regarding building automation, construction, and operation integration management systems based on BIM are conducted. In addition, for construction projects of over 10 billion won, design value engineering (Design VE) implementation, including life cycle cost (LCC) analysis, is mandatory at the design stage to improve quality and reduce the lifetime costs of buildings. In this study, we propose an improvement plan for LCC analysis at the design stage using the KBIMS library, which is an open BIM library developed by the Korean government and research groups. We analyze the existing LCC method, KBIMS library, and attribute information, and model the process that is applied in the LCC analysis system. This is expected to complement the LCC analysis system and improve work productivity.

Key words: Life cycle costing, building information modeling, design value engineering, automation design, automation analysis.

1. Introduction

The South Korean construction industry is currently

seeking new technologies as the global interest in the

fourth industrial revolution has increased. As a result, a

paradigm shift for the construction industry is expected,

and security mechanisms that apply technologies

capable of automation, customization, and information

sharing to old and traditional industries. These

industries are characterized by labor-intensive and

site-dependent production systems, supplier-oriented

industrial structures, and disconnection of information

among the participating entities. In particular,

digitalization and automation needs are increasing due

to the reduction in the number of skilled personnel and

the rapid progression of in the proportion an aging

workforce [1].

In most countries, the smart construction technology

Corresponding author: Chun Kyong Lee, Dr., general

manager; research fields: facility managment, and life cycle costing. E-mail: [email protected].

market is rapidly growing due to mandatory building

information modeling (BIM) and the investment of

advanced countries in cutting-edge technologies.

Companies, therefore, desire to apply the BIM

technology to all construction stages, to make them

competitive in the global market, and adapt it to

domestic market. Furthermore, BIM can be utilized in

each construction stage according to its design level,

from construction planning to operation management.

In South Korea, BIM is also required for the life

cycle cost (LCC) analysis, in which the selection of the

optimal design at initial stages of the building can be

achieved. This application is one step of the roadmap

that was announced for the design of all customized

target architecture projects to be ordered by the public

procurement service (PPS) of South Korea in 2020.

Individual tasks are, however, still performed by

designers for each work type, estimate offices, and

BIM companies for design, and they are collected to be

evaluated. In addition, the construction statement and

design documents of the facility are prepared by

D DAVID PUBLISHING

Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in Design Stage Using KBIMS Library

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adjusting details due to the nature of the bidding project.

In the LCC analysis, the evaluation of the economic

efficiency of the project is based on accurate design

documents and construction statement. Frequent

design changes are, however, difficult to be performed

as many entities are involved. In addition, accurate

construction information is required due to the nature

of the task and an analysis must be conducted within a

short period of time before bidding.

In this study, the applicability of BIM in the LCC

analysis was examined by reviewing BIM-related

research trends through previous studies. In addition,

the existing LCC analysis methods and the current

KBIMS (Korea Building Information Modeling

Structure) library were examined.

As a result, a method for improving the LCC

analysis at the design stage, with the KBIMS library,

was proposed. It is expected that the results of this

study will suggest opportunities to apply the BIM

technology effectively and efficiently to part of the

optimal alternative selection methods, at the design

stage.

2. Research Trends for LCC and LCC with BIM

2.1 Domestic and Overseas Studies Related to LCC

As shown in Table 1, since the early 2000s, it has

been recognized that the BIM technology can support

the establishment of reasonable and sustainable

operation plans from the perspective of the building

life cycle.

This application can, therefore, be improved

through databases. In particular, the information

required for LCC analysis, which has been manually

prepared, is the construction statement that includes

items and quantities. These data were collected and

shared through all stages of the project, including the

Table 1 Latest studies on LCC analysis.

Research title Author (Publication year)

BIM-based approach including & excluding detailed method

3D linked data and BIM for life cycle information management Bakker, J. et al. (2019)

Buildings life cycle costs information management Filipa Salvado (2019)

Integration of LCA and LCC analysis within a BIM-based environment Santos, R. et al. (2019)

Predicting condition and costs of a property by computer vision Sascha Leiber (2019)

Visual tool to integrated LCA and LCC in the early design stage of housing Miyamoto A., et al. (2019)

BIM-based approach for optimizing life cycle costs of sustainable buildings Marzouk, M., et al. (2018) BIM-based life cycle assessment and costing of buildings; current trends and opportunities

Nwodo, M. N., et al. (2017)

Benchmarking as one of the facility management tools for reduction of life cycle costs of building

Kuda, F., et al. (2015)

LCC method improvement considered other effected factors

Integrated life cycle cost method for sustainable structural design by focusing on a benchmark office building in Australia

Robati, M., et al. (2018)

Development of a new methodology to optimize building life cycle cost, environmental impacts, and occupant satisfaction

Mostavi, E., et al. (2017)

Approaches of the Czech Republic to methodologies for determination of life cycle costs of building assets

Kuda, F., et al. (2015)

The development of life-cycle costing for buildings Goh, Bee Hua, et al. (2016)

Optimization of systematic approach

Optimized maintenance and renovation scheduling in multifamily buildings—a systematic approach based on condition state and LCC of building components

Farahani Abolfazl, et al. (2019)

Building design-space exploration through quasi-optimization of life cycle impacts and costs

Hester, J., et al. (2018)

Optimization approach of balancing LCC and environmental impacts on residential building design

Islam, H., et al. (2015)

Optimizing choices of “building services” for green building: interdependence and life cycle costing

Illankoon, I. M., et al. (2019)

Optimization approach of balancing LCC and environmental impacts on residential building design

Islam, H., et al. (2015)


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maintenance stage. As a result, BIM-based facilities

management (FM) frameworks must be developed to

match the life cycle of the building. Moreover, they

must be systematically well organized and

interoperable through the data integration [2].

In the 2000s, most studies focused on the selection

of optimal alternatives using the LCC analysis method.

Recently, however, studies on the combination of

LCC analysis with BIM or various technologies have

been increasing. A probabilistic LCC model was

proposed by applying a genetic algorithm to BIM [3].

Although it is difficult to apply the model to

deterministic LCC analysis in South Korea,

probabilistic methods can be considered. In a study to

predict LCC using virtual tools [4], steps between

elements and costs, including the total initial and

end-of-life costs, were visualized using the design

information, considering the terrain, optimal design,

and user behavior in the design stage (see Fig. 1).

LCC analysis is possible considering various cost

items, but further research is required on the usability

in addition to visualization of the LCC analysis

combined with BIM.

The information flow process of each task entity

was sometimes defined in framework of the BIM

based LCA/LCC [5], and information compatibility

methods were proposed for this purpose. The

compatibility between data was verified through case

studies; however, the developer was responsible for

the BIM-LCA/LCC system. One of the research [6]

proposed an LCC prediction model for the selection of

optimal alternatives, in which the process for the

compatibility of attribute information was proposed

for selecting the optimal alternatives of the external

insulation system considering LCC (see Fig. 2).

Researches that applied the LCC analysis method

were published; however, studies on the improvement

of the LCC analysis method and on the application of

BIM or artificial intelligence (AI) technology are in

their early stages. Although the linkage of the

construction statement or construction cost calculation,

which are basic data for the LCC analysis, with BIM

technology is still not achieved, it is expected that the

linkage between LCC analysis and BIM technology

will be desired. Nevertheless, it is necessary to

develop technology for information compatibility with

Fig. 1 Workflow considering the visualization of the design process [2].


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Fig. 2 Information exchange among the individual systems to ensure the best material solution of the building [4].

the analysis target based on the experience gained

during development of the existing LCC analysis

system.

2.2 Domestic and Overseas BIM Technology Status

In the UK, smart construction industry has been

named “Construction 2025” (see Fig. 3) and the

concerns with the expansion of the digital technology

were presented in the construction strategy 2016-2020.

In the US, the improvement of the productivity and

safety has been induced through big data and internet

of things technologies based on the activation of smart

construction technologies developed by the private

sector. In addition, AutoDesk & Bently have analyzed

a BIM that integrates and manages the information in

all construction processes. Moreover, Onuma has been

making 10 million design plans in one hour and

determining optimal design plans with this BIM.

In Japan, the unmanned and automated construction

is being planned through the utilization of new

technologies, such as ICT equipment, and the

introduction of three-dimensional (3D) data, which

will improve the construction productivity by 20%

until 2025. In Singapore, the “Construction 21

movement” and seven core areas, including BIM,

virtual design and construction, automation equipment,

and robots, were announced in the 2016 technology

development roadmap. This will make BIM

mandatory in national construction projects and a 3D

model of the entire city is expected.

In South Korea, the “roadmap for the activation of

smart construction technology” (see Fig. 4) based on

cutting-edge technologies was established and

announced. The goal was set to apply smart

construction technologies to all construction stages. In

the design stage, the optimal design in the 3D virtual

space using BIM automation technology was the

desired goal. The information constructed in the

design stage will be used in all stages and eventually

AI-based facility operation will be developed.


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Fig. 3 Flow of BIM-based FM-related studies in the UK (Parm & Edwards, 2017).

Fig. 4 Overview of smart construction technology managing the building life cycle.

In South Korea, the PPS (public procurement

service) announced in July 2019 that BIM will be

applied to all customized service projects by 2021.

PPS has already applied BIM in all design phases,

including schematic, intermediate, and working design,

of projects that cost more than 30 billion in 2016. In

other cases, BIM was implemented only in the

schematic design. It has been decided, however, that

the application of BIM will be also used in small and

medium-sized projects costing from 10 to 30 billion

for all phases, including schematic, intermediate, and

working design. In order to consider the burden of

bidders and the domestic infrastructure status,

however, BIM will only be applied to projects

requiring 20 to 30 billion in 2020 and also to projects

requiring 10 to 20 billion in 2021. Bids that have been

limited to large-scale construction projects, including

turn-key and technology proposal bids, will also use


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smart construction technologies, such as BIM. In

addition, the completeness of the design will be

improved by improving the review process, such as by

evaluating the construction plan at the bidding stage

and generating design environments so that the

corresponding design documents can help improve

construction productivity. In the customized service,

PPS performs the tasks of an ordering agency, such as

planning, design, construction, and post-management,

for the facility construction of an agency lacking

specialized personnel.

LH, a South Korean agency specializing in public

multi-family housing projects, announced at the end

of 2017 that it will expand the introduction of BIM

design methods, making them mandatory in 2020. The

maximization of multi-family housing design

productivity is expected as a result. The main problem

regarding existing 2D-based design methods is the

degradation of housing quality due to the development

and creation of drawings, consistency problem

between drawings, missing building information, and

loss of construction materials at the construction

stage.

The roadmap of the multi-family housing BIM (see

Fig. 5) for the stable introduction of multi-family

housing BIM design has been performed in stages to

increase the proportion of BIM design to 50% in 2019

and to 100% in 2020. To improve the efficiency while

employing BIM software, the standard template and

guidebook on LH multi-family housing BIM design

are provided at no cost.

Moreover, with respect to R&D, constructing open

BIM-based building design standards and infrastructure

was achieved by organizing a research team from the

beginning of 2010 under the supervision of the Ministry

of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MOLIT).

Empirical studies on the development of core

technologies for building design are also being

conducted. The KBIMS library, which is an open BIM

library, is the result of the aforementioned project. It is

also an introduction of BIM employed by small and

medium-sized designers as well as designers capable

of constructing their own libraries.

2.3 KBIMS Library Construction Status for Open BIM

The KBIMS library (see Fig. 6), which was

launched in 2000, is composed by approximately

8,200 smaller libraries that focus on architecture and

Fig. 5 Multi-family housing BIM roadmap of LH Corporation.


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structures. The KMIMS library consists of a single

library and a partially detailed complex library. In the

single library, elements such as foundations, columns,

beams, floors, ceilings, roofs, stairs and doors,

windows, curtain walls, lamps, railings, furniture and

equipment, sanitary equipment, landscaping, and

transport equipment, are presented. The complex

library is composed of combinations; thus, it consists

of floors, walls, ceilings, outer walls, and roofs, which

are the main structures.

KBIMS libraries for mechanical and electrical

equipment are under construction, while 400

mechanical facility libraries are scheduled to be

developed by the end of 2019 (total 800 libraries until

the end of 2020). As a result, electrical equipment is

managed separately because the corresponding

libraries, which will be announced at the end of 2020

or at the beginning of 2021, are being developed by

the Korea Electric Association.

To apply the KBIMS to the LCC analysis, the

repair/replacement criteria of each library must be

mapped first. Foundations, columns, and beams are

non-repair items. As a result, they are excluded from

the repair and replacement cycle mapping targets. In

case of main structures including finishes, such as

floors and walls, repair/replacement criteria are

mapped for most of the items. These criteria are also

mapped for ceilings, roofs, doors/windows, curtain

walls, stairs, lamps, railings, furniture and equipment,

sanitary equipment, and landscaping.

The repair/replacement criteria for the KBIMS have

been fully completed for architecture and structures in

the first half of 2019.

Meanwhile, the same procedure will be applied for

mechanical and electrical equipment in the first half of

2020. In South Korea, the corresponding criteria are

being established based on the service life table of

PPS or the long-term repair plan standards of the

Multi-family Housing Management Act. Other criteria

are set or applied using the experience and know-how

of the LCC analysis. Fig. 7 shows the link between

KBIMS object classification and long-term repair and

replacement plan criteria. This can be applied in

setting standard of repair and replacement criteria.

3. Application of LCC Analysis in the Construction Industry

In the construction industry of South Korea, the

design stage LCC analysis is included in the design

economic evaluation, in which the highest value such

as function of the design with the lowest LCC is

obtained. This is an effort to create alternatives

through the functional analyses of the project and

systematic processes (see Fig. 5) in collaboration with

each area. The design economic evaluation generates

improved ideas for the original design, indicating the

requirements of the users and competent authorities

to consider the intentions of the original designer [7].

Fig. 6 KBIMS library.


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Fig. 7 Items linking KBIMS object classification with long-term planning criteria.

Fig. 8 Design economic evaluation (including LCC analysis) process.


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This can help identify the basic functions of the target

facility and improve the design quality as their

quantitative evaluation and the objective evaluation of

the relative value improvement of the alternatives are

possible. In addition, a cost-saving effect can be

generated by reviewing favorable alternatives.

LCC indicates the total cost of the lifecycle of the

facility. The costs of planning, investigation, design,

procurement, construction, operation, maintenance,

and demolition, as well as the residual value, are

included. The costs to be analyzed by comparing the

alternatives of the design economic evaluation also

include costs related to maintenance, management,

and replacement after the completion of the facility.

The LCC analysis method and utilization for each

stage of the building lifecycle are as follows.

3.1 Design Stage

The bidding methods of construction projects in

South Korea are classified as design contest technical

proposal bidding (hereafter, technical proposal),

design-build contract (hereafter, turn-key method),

and design competition bidding (hereafter, design

competition) methods. In the technical proposal

system technical proposals, including measures for

energy saving, LCC improvement, and construction

cost reduction, are submitted with bidding documents,

which can be grouped into basic design technical

proposal and working design technical proposal. LCC

analysis is also conducted for the turn-key method and

design competition for optimal alternatives.

In the design stage, the economic evaluation is

performed using LCC analysis technology to find

improved ideas for the original design and to obtain

the highest value with the lowest LCC. LCC analysis

can be classified as optimal alternative LCC and

detailed LCC, in which analysis of the whole building

is conducted.

The LCC analysis cost items for construction

projects in South Korea consist of the initial

investment, the maintenance, including repair and

replacement, and energy costs. As the items in the

initial construction cost are different at the basic

design and performed stages, the analysis method is

divided according to the design stage (Table 2). In

turn-key projects, the LCC analysis is conducted to

select the optimal alternatives for the original design.

In contrast, for technical proposal projects, this

analysis is conducted for the original design and

proposals as well as for the entire facility based on the

construction statement. This LCC analysis is

conducted at the same time for each major proposal

item. In BTL projects, operation management plans

are used as basic data to recover the investment.

Afterward, the operation cost is calculated, including

general management cost.

For LCC analysis on each facility project, the

service life is set according to the discount rate

suggested by RPF (request for proposal) and the

enforcement regulations of the corporate tax law. In

addition, repair/replacement criteria are applied to

each item that includes quantities for the design plan that

reflected the RFP requirements. The service life table

of PPS or the repair plan standards of the multi-family

Table 2 Comparison of LCC analysis application methods by design bidding projects.

Division Overview LCC analysis method

Design competition Competition between design plans; Selection of an architect and an optimal design plan.

Optimal alternative LCC

Turn-key Construction including design and unification of responsibility; Utilization of the new technologies/methods of the private sector and reduced construction period.

Technical proposal Technical and price proposals are reviewed. A facility with functions/high quality is secured. Detailed LCC optimal

alternative LCC BTL

Contributed acceptance after private investment; Project operator recovers the investment through rents.


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housing management act are applied. Based on the

LCC results analyzed, the planning is evaluated to

realize the performance required by RFP. As a result,

a reasonable maintenance system can be implemented

from the lifecycle management perspective. Moreover,

the results are used to evaluate the

long-term/preemptive maintenance and safety

management plan, energy-saving plan, and LCC

improvement measures of the corresponding facility.

3.2 Construction Stage

Construction VE (value engineering) for method

and material consists of the same process as the design

stage LCC analysis. The optimal alternative selection

is conducted through construction VE. Furthermore,

the construction statement calculation and LCC

analysis according to the construction method are

repeatedly and manually performed.

3.3 Operation Management

The interest in LCC analysis for public facility

management agencies, such as facility corporations

and urban corporations, is increasing as it is

appropriate to establish a preventive maintenance plan

using the LCC analysis method and the

“appropriateness of the facility maintenance system”

constructed on the basis of the plan is included in the

evaluation items from the management performance

evaluation in 2020. Many public facility operation

management agencies, however, are not satisfied with

the demand of the LCC analysis results as they do not

understand its concept.

As the LCC analysis method and standards of the

operation management stage are not presented

separately, the “LCC analysis and evaluation method”

of MOLIT applied to LCC analysis in the design and

construction stages, ISO 15686-5, and the service life

of PPS (revised in 2018) have been applied. For a

number of public facilities older than 20 years,

however, it is difficult to determine the analysis

objectives and calculate the initial construction cost as

the construction statements or maintenance

construction statements prepared at the time of

completion are not available. As a result, LCC

analysis can be conducted by selecting remodeled,

replaced, or major repair items performed during the

period of use or by selecting items that have large

construction cost scales, receive frequent complaints,

or affect safety. As no standards and examples for the

LCC analysis utilization method in the operation

management stage in South Korea are available, case

studies must be conducted first.

In the operation management stage, three LCC

analysis methods can be employed (see Table 3):

long-term planning, optimal alternative selection, and

business method determination. The maintenance

history, including repairs and replacements that

occurred during the service life, must be reflected, but

this is difficult for most cases. Therefore, establishing

long-term plans based on the LCC analysis of the

existing facilities is not desirable. In contrast, the

optimal alternative selection method can determine the

execution of the corresponding item through regular

and safety inspections and comparisons or design

alternatives after repair or replacement are obtained, if

the long-term plans have been established.

Table 3 LCC analysis application methods in the operation management stage.

Division Method (recommended for application) Conditions

Long-term planning Detailed LCC analysis (easy for new facilities)

Inspection results & initial construction cost data by detailed item are required.

Optimal alternative selection Alternative comparison type LCC analysis (easy for existing facilities)

Cost info is required for each alternative. Replacement/repair criteria, such as the service life table of PPS, are applied.

Business method determination Approximate LCC analysis (easy for aged facilities)

Determination of the degree of aging; Approximate LCC calculation for each method.


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Finally, the results of the business method

determination can be used as data for determining the

interruption of the facility or the need for a new one

even though the owners and management entities of

public facilities are different in South Korea.

The prevention of disasters and safety accidents for

type 1-3 facilities corresponding to the Special Act on

Safety and Maintenance of Facilities as well as

facilities corresponding to the “act on safety

management for small-scale public facilities” is

emerging as an issue. LCC analysis, therefore, is

conducted and the results are linked with mid-term

plans. In addition, for the establishment of the future

budget, alternatives with the highest value based on

the economic parameters can be selected and reflected

to the budget for repair/replacement items.

Business method determination is not a task

performed by public facility management agencies but

can be used to make proposals to agencies with higher

levels if 70% of the LCC 40-year result is exceeded

because reconstruction or large-scale repair must be

considered.

4. Improvement of LCC Analysis in the Design Stage Using KBIMS

BIM technology has been introduced to the current

design stage. Meanwhile, LCC analysis may be

employed in cases that construction cost calculation

automation is not linked, however, the construction

statement and repair/replacement criteria are

distributed as legacy data, in MicrosoftTM Excel and

Word formats. To use it as a LCC analysis input, the

data must be examined by the designer and

construction company. If a design change occurs, the

data are repeatedly modified manually. In other words,

for optimal alternative selection in the design stage

(AS-IS model in Fig. 9), the entire construction

statement is repeatedly calculated owing to the

alternative selection.

In contrast, for LCC analysis in a case where BIM

is fully introduced in the design stage (TO-BE model

in Fig. 9), the construction statement is automatically

calculated, as the library and attribute information

corresponding to the basic information and the

quantity and breakdown cost of the library applied to

design are linked. As a result, LCC analysis is

conducted based on the automatically calculated

construction statement.

For alternative selection method, it is possible to

automatically remove items that require LCC analysis

from the initial construction cost and extract repair &

non-repair items based on the repair & replacement

criteria. In this case, the objective of the analyst is to

designate LCC analysis targets, such as entire building

and ITEM, to examine the LCC analysis results, and

to accumulate accurate basic information.

As the KBIMS library is mapped to the PPS

standard work code (see Fig. 10), the calculation of

construction cost for PPS bidding can be performed if

the repair/replacement criteria are mapped to the PPS

standard work code. The repair/replacement criteria

consist of the repair cycle and rate, replacement cycle

and rate, and ground. In this case, the repair and

replacement cycles are values and cannot exceed the

service life.

Furthermore, the repair rate should not be 100%

and the replacement rate must be 100%. Values must

be quantified for these four items, however, text is

required for the ground quantity.

On the construction statement, some items must be

included in the initial construction cost. The

non-repair items in a BIM-based LCC analysis,

however, must be determined in advance. If they are

included, manual work is required as the KBIMS

library and attribute information does not support

them. Otherwise, the corresponding initial

construction cost will be different from that on the

construction statement.


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Fig. 9 Design stage TO-BE LCC analysis process using the KBIMS library.

Fig. 10 Basic information for KBIMS-linked LCC analysis (attribute information and mapping table).


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The current design stage of the LCC analysis report

consists of a general LCC, a building LCC, and an

LCC classification summary table, as well as an LCC

basic calculation report. The general LCC summary

table shows the summary results of the cost item,

work type, and cost integration method. It has detailed

contents similar to those in the construction statement

form. If the LCC analysis report form is standardized,

and the LCC analysis results for the entire building or

for the comparison of item alternatives are

automatically expressed as the results of LCC analysis

by cost item, then the ITEM, year, and sensitivity

analysis such as discount rate will help in the

understanding of individual entities, such as clients

and designers.

5. Conclusion and Suggestions

In this study, the utilization of BIM for LCC

analysis was examined through previous studies. In

addition, the current LCC analysis methods by facility

project bidding method and building life cycle stage,

as well as the status of KBIMS library development,

were examined. As a result, an improvement in the

efficiency of the LCC analysis process was proposed.

BIM technology utilization in the design stage

requires the full introduction of BIM to the design

stage and the automated construction cost calculation

using BIM. In these conditions, the supplementation

of the design and the update of the construction

statement, which are important for the selection of the

optimal design plan, will be automated. As a result,

the LCC analysis in bidding projects will be facilitated

as items that do not require LCC analysis from the

initial construction cost would be automatically

removed, improving the identification of repair and

non-repair items.

It is necessary, therefore, to continuously improve

and manage the KBIMS library, generating an open

BIM environment and developing an automation data

management and utilization technologies due to the

full introduction of BIM technology. From an LCC

analysis perspective, it is necessary to secure work

efficiency and accuracy compared to the existing LCC

analysis methods through case studies on LCC

analysis that utilized the KBIMS library, and research

on linkage and utilization for the maintenance stage,

such as long-term planning and status evaluation

based on LCC analysis, must be conducted.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a grant

(19AUDP-B127891-03) from the Architecture &

Urban Development Research Program funded by the

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of the

Korean government.

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