improper revenue recognition - fraud - … 04, 2012 · previously expected. the company is ......
TRANSCRIPT
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Financial Statement Fraud
Improper Revenue Recognition
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TREND ANALYSIS
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Revenue Overstatements
ANALYST QUOTE:
“The top line is the bottom line for
investors today.”
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Premature Revenue Recognition
Holding the books open beyond the end of the
reporting period to record large or unusual
transactions before or after the end of reporting
periods
Shipping products before a sale is consummated
or indications that customers are not obligated to
pay for shipments
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Premature Revenue Recognition (cont.)
Recording bill-and-hold sales transactions or
other indications that sales are recognized in
advance of shipment
Recognizing conditional sales depending on the
availability of financing, resale to third parties,
final acceptance, performance guarantees, and
further customer modifications
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Premature Revenue Recognition (cont.)
Overstating percentage-of-completion
revenues when there are uncertainties about
the bona fides of the underlying contract
Improperly recording sales returns and
allowances
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Premature Revenue Recognition
(cont.) Recording sales of products shipped in
advance of the scheduled shipment date
without the customer’s agreement
Recognizing partially completed goods in the
process of being assembled and shipped to
customers as actual sales
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Premature Revenue Recognition (cont.)
Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists.
Delivery has occurred or services have been
rendered.
The seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or
determinable.
Collectability is reasonably assured.
The Revenue Recognition in Financial Statement
guidance from the SEC indicates that revenue generally
is realized or realizable and earned when all of the
following criteria are met:
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SEC Factors—Common Sense
“We accountants need to look at
ourselves and how we have participated
in or been the architects of management
fraud. I do not criticize the SEC for
promulgating the obvious. However, it is
regrettable that we accountants have
created or participated in the situation
where the SEC feels compelled to
promulgate the obvious.”
--Accounting Educator
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COMPANY EXAMPLES
XEROX—Equipment revenue timing—$3 billion
SUNBEAM—Bill and hold and “channel stuffing”
CUC INTERNATIONAL—Phony entries—long-term scheme
OTHER—Manufactured home retailer
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XEROX’S ACCOUNTING
“TERMS OF ART”
“Accounting actions”
“Accounting opportunities”
“Topside adjustments”
“One-time actions”
“Accounting tricks”
“Closing the gap”
“Margin normalization”
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XEROX Creativity on Sale-Type Leases (ROE
Scheme) for Revenue Recognition
Total Lease Payments
Less: Allocated financing income
(Unrealistically low rates)
Less: Maintenance contract revenue
(unrealistically low allocation)
Equals: Allocation to the “box” (the box is the actual piece of equipment)
The “box” revenue is recognized immediately
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XEROX Creativity on Sale-Type Leases
(Margin Normalization Scheme)
Top-side adjustments done near end of
accounting periods
Consolidated level reallocations of service
revenue to the “Box” based on an
assumed gross margin differential
Done so that reported international
business profit margins were similar to
those in the U.S.
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XEROX
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FY FY FY
1997 1998 1999
UNDERLYING EPS 1.65$ 1.72$ 1.48$
ONE-OFF ACCOUNTING ACTIONS EPS 2.02 2.33 1.96
FIRST-CALL CONSENSUS EPS 1.99 2.33 1.95
XEROX—MEET or BEAT!
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XEROX’S Auditors’ Comments
Safran told Conway (both auditors) that he was concerned specifically about the LAST MINUTE changes to the [accounting methodologies used] and more generally about Xerox’s tendency to apply CHANGES IN ESTIMATES FREQUENTLY and at the END of reporting periods.
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Analyst’s comment on
XEROX revenue correction
for 2000 and 2001?
After the correction, “. . . it shows XEROX
having more revenue in 2001 than we
previously expected. The company is
actually more solid than people thought it
was a day ago.”
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Other Methods
Long-term contracts
Channel stuffing
Recording financing arrangements as sales
Misclassifying gains
Less-than-arm’s-length transactions
Bill-and-hold schemes
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Fictitious Revenues
Fictitious revenues are the second most
popular method of cooking the books. It
involves the recording of goods or services
that did not occur.
Companies must make fictitious entries to
record fictitious sales.
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A fictional entry is made to record a
purported purchase of fixed assets.
This entry debits fixed assets for the
amount of the alleged purchase and
the credit is to cash for the payment:
Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/01/08 Fixed Assets 104 350,000
Cash 101 350,000
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A fictitious sales entry is then recorded for
an amount equal to the false fixed asset
purchase, debiting accounts receivable and
crediting the sales account.
Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
12/01/08 Accounts Rec 120 350,000
Sales 400 350,000
12/15/08 Cash 101 350,000
Accounts Rec 120 350,000
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Recording Sales That
Lack Economic Substance
Under this scheme, the company sells a
product to a customer, yet the customer has no
obligation to keep the product or pay for it. A
side agreement hidden from the auditors
modifies the sales contract.
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Recording Cash Received in Lending
Transactions as Revenue
Money borrowed from banks and others is
considered a liability of the company. There
have been instances when fraudsters have
reported the cash received in lending
transactions as revenues.
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Recording Non-Revenue
Sources of Cash as Revenue
Non-revenue sources of cash flow may
include asset sales and other investment
income. Since these items did not result
from selling a product or serving a customer,
it would be inappropriate to record them as
sales revenue.
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Recording as Revenue Supplier Rebates
Occasionally, a company will agree to
overpay for inventory today, provided the
vendor rebates that excess charge with a
cash payment in later periods. Further,
rebates are often given by vendors based on
purchase volumes. Recording rebates as
revenue is improper. Instead, rebates
represent an adjustment to the cost of the
inventory purchased.
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Releasing Revenue That Was Improperly Held
Back Before a Merger
Inflating revenue right after the closing of an
acquisition is a pretty simple trick: Once the
merger is announced, instruct the target
company to hold back revenue until after the
merger closes. As a result, the revenue
reported by the newly merged company
improperly includes revenue that was earned
by the target company before the merger.
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Consignment Sales
With consignment sales, the seller ships goods
to a dealer, but still holds legal title to the
goods.
The shipped goods remain on the seller’s books
as consigned inventory and no sales revenue
should be recorded upon the shipment.
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Consignment Sales (cont.)
When the dealer makes a sale of the
goods to a customer, it earns commission
revenue.
The seller then records that sale and
transfers the cost of the goods to cost of
goods sold.
If the dealer is unable to sell any or all of
the goods, they are returned to the seller
and, of course, no revenue is recorded.
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Indirect Methods
Entail artificial or erroneous decreases to
the contra-revenue accounts.
Contra-revenue accounts are discounts
and sales returns and allowances.
Through decreasing these contra-revenue
accounts or by not appropriately increasing
these accounts, net sales are artificially
inflated and do not reflect an accurate
economic picture.
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Search for Analytical Symptoms
Balances and relationships within the
statements
Trends in balances
Trends in relationships
Comparisons to non-financial
information
Trends of company to similar firms
Compare recorded amounts to
assets they are supposed to
represent
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Analytical Procedures
“You can observe a lot just by watching.”
- As spoken by?
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Noted Forensics
Expert:
Yogi Berra
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Searching for Revenue-Related “Analytical” Symptoms
•Focusing on Changes in Recorded
Amounts Between Periods
•Look at the numbers themselves
•Perform horizontal analysis
•Analyze the statement of cash flows
4-5
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Focusing on Changes in
Revenue-Related Relationships
1. Changes in various revenue-related ratios from period
to period (horizontal analysis)
2. Common-size statements—vertical analysis
Two primary ways to examine relationships
from period to period:
4-6
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Horizontal Analysis
Period to period
• Dollar change
• % change
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Most Commonly Used Ratios
1. Gross Profit (Margin) Ratio
2. Sales Return Percentage
3. Sales Discount Percentage
4. Accounts Receivable Turnover
5. Number of Days in Receivables
6. Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts
as a Percentage of Receivables
7. Asset Turnover
8. Working Capital Turnover
9. Operating Performance Ratio
10. Earnings Per Share
4-7
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Profit Margin Ratios
Types
Net income/net sales
Gross profit/net sales
Operating profit/net sales
Pre-tax profit/net sales
Can be read directly from percentages on
common-sized statements
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Profit Margin
Gross profit/net sales should usually be
more consistent than others
Can be impacted by operating cost structure
and volume changes
Fixed vs. variable
High-tech vs. low-tech
Can be impacted by changes in material prices
with no change in actual production activity
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Red Flags of Revenue Recognition and
Fictitious Revenues
Rapid growth or
unusual profitability
compared to that of
other companies in
the same industry
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Red Flags of Revenue Recognition and
Fictitious Revenues
Recurring negative cash flows from
operations or an inability to generate cash
flows from operations while reporting
earnings and earnings growth
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Common Fraud Indicator
Relationship of reported earnings to cash
flow from operations
- Comparison to Industry
- Comparison to Prior Periods
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Why??
• Earnings overstatement affects other
financial statements
• Cash is verifiable
• Operating cash flow is not as easily
misstated
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Income—Cash Flow Ratio
• Recommended Ratio (Howard and Ingram
Study*)
• [(EBEI+DA) - OCF] / ATA
• [(Earnings Before Extraordinary Items +
Depreciation and Amortization) - Operating
Cash Flow] / Average Total Assets
*Don’t Forget the Cash Flow; Thomas P. Howard, Ph.D., CFE, CPA, and Robert W.
Ingram, Ph.D., CPA; March/April 1996, Vol. 10, No. 2. Fraud Magazine
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Examples
• Kirshner Medical Corporation
• Aggressive growth strategy
• Inventory and sales manipulation
• Cascade International
• Company sale of its own stock was recorded as
revenue
• Owner disappeared with the cash
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Example
• Cambridge BioScience
Corporation
• Sales in wrong periods
• Sales booked that did not meet
criteria for recognition
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Examples
• Comptronix Corporation
• Inflated inventory and reduced COGS
• Inventory overstatement shifted to PP&E
• Fake invoices
• Bogus companies set up as customers and suppliers
• Bogus and payments and receipts to/from bogus companies by offsetting
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Howard and Ingram Study
Findings
• In all four of the above cases, the Income -
Cash Flow Ratio (scaled by assets) was
above the 95th percentile for the industry.
• It was a better indicator of possible fraud
than traditional measures, such as A/R
turnover, inventory turnover, asset
turnover, and profit margin comparisons.
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Other Cash Flow Examples
• Enron • Cash flow from operations falling
• Cash from balance sheet items - borrowings
• WorldCom • Capitalized line costs
• Heavy cash flow to PP&E
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Red Flags of Revenue Recognition
and Fictitious Revenues
Significant transactions with related parties
or special-purpose entities not in the
ordinary course of business, or where
those entities are unaudited or are audited
by another firm.
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Red Flags of Revenue Recognition
and Fictitious Revenues
Unusual growth in the number of days sales in receivables
An unusual surge in sales by a minority of units within a company, or of sales recorded by corporate headquarters
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Red Flags of Revenue Recognition
and Fictitious Revenues
Significant, unusual, or highly complex
transactions, especially those close to period
end that pose difficult “substance over form”
questions
Unusual increase in gross margin or margin in
excess of industry peers
A significant volume of sales to entities whose
substance and ownership is unknown
Unusual decline in the number of days’
purchases in accounts payable
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Suggested Interview Questions
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Forensic Accounting Techniques
Vouching Transactions
• Examining supporting documentation for selected
transactions
Subsequent Period Review
• Examining transactions after year-end close
Cutoff Test
• Sales and shipping documentation to determine if
recorded in the proper period