CONTENTSCHAPTER ONE

COLONIZATTON IN NORTH AMERTCAECONOMIC AND POLITICAL MOTIVES

Srn Huupnnty Gtr_sEnr oN REesoNs ron CotoNrzATroN oF Alrnnrcl ..:l?illl fj;:,":,:: lj^:iT: ::. rNcris' u*,1*n,,o* ro NoRrH A'rnrce 4

579

cepr^'.r JonN svrr' oN_Rr,esons r;;-s#;;T;i# i:ill i::lt::wr*^u pENN oN *rr BrNrrrrs .; C.;;;;;;roN ...

RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, AND HUMANITARIAN MOTIVES

illrJtlf^,lfi::r:?, T.yjsoNs FoR coroNrzrNo MessacHusrrrsl.:H" "*lT:1:: .T l,^:"y;

- ;;.' ; ;'iJ,*'i'# ;i"*Hff ::.#:ff I",yT:, j:ir{d*i_-#''il"XT,",:ilid;;;.,Jevps ocrsrHoRpE oN n*.o", *i;;;;;;"H:ri|r:

Rreorxc l.RBeorNc 2.RreorNc 3.REeorNc 4.

REeorr.tcRreorNcRplorNcRpeorNc

CHAPTER TWO

AMERICAN COLONIAL

CONTROVERSY OVER

RteorNc 1.ReeorNo 2.

DEVELOPMENT

THE NAVIGATION ACTS

1013t415

t8

) .6.7.8.

Wrrtrev BorreNTnr CouNcrr or

FevonsTnaoE

ENponcruExr oF firE MrnceNttttsl Lews .AND pLANTATtoNs Fevons CuaNctNc tHpLews MEnceNtrtIsr

CONTROVERSY OVER THE USE OF PAPER MONEY

20

2l

23

2931

363739

RreorNc 3. LreurpNeNr GovnnNon Srn W. .Rr,eorNc 4. THoves Lecuupnr AND orHEROpposrrtoN ro peprn CunnENcv

KEtrn rr.l Fevon or peprn Cunnpucy ..Orr.rcsns or H.M. Cusrous rN NEw Ervcl eNo, rN

CONTROVERSY OVER THE RIGHTS OF COLONIAL ASSEMBLIESReeorNcRreorNcRpeorNo

RpeorNc

CHAPTER THREE

DISCORD, REVOLUTION, AND INDEPENDENCECONTROVERSY OVER THE STAMP ACT

srR J.HN ReNoorp' oN THF' souncr or Lrctsle'rvr Rrcsrs lN Rovet cuenrEn .....Tnoves powNerr oN THE INHEnTNT n*"r, ",

C"r_otvrer LEcrsrATUREs:""Jri,::;rt:f H: iTn

oN rHE rnr ^ r* ""ur.,-.s Lu o,r ro ru*i;. i;;;;; r.;; ;*BrN.raurN F;";;;";; *, ni""r, ;; ';;; c;;;;; i;;*;;;;; .:...

5.6.a

8.

24

2728

34

ReeorNcREaorNcRpeorNc

1.2.J.

DeNmr DureNy rN OpposrrloN To rHE Sreup AcrS-oeur JENyNs rN DrrENse oF THE Sreup AcrWllrr^v Dr* ^- ,^ a-w*rr.ru prrr e*o cro*o. c*ri;;;;";;";;; ;;;. ,". lr^r" a",

i l l

TO THE READERReadinss jn Amedcan Hislory, unlike son€ antholosies, is noi a collection

of offrcial documerts, nor is it a coll€ction of descriptive anecdotes. Rather, itis a book of primary-souce readinss dealing with controversial isfles whichhave arisen durins th€ span of the history of ih€ United States. Th€ readinssare pdmary sourcest all are draM from a icles, speeches, books, and so fo h,by persoos who rere conlemporaries, ei lher as obcFr\ers or parLicipanrs, ot lheissues highlighted in each chapter. The readinss are conhoversial in the lensethat they lepresent opposins pohts of view aboui sone of the major thernesor areas of conflict h American history.

Reodings in Arnedcon History is structured on a chapt€r-by-chapter basigwhich is compatible with current high-school texts in United States history.It nay be used in conjunciion with any comprehensive American history text,or it may b€ used alone. Bul regardless of how it is used. the purpose of thisbook tu to promote thought, discussion, atrd undersianding of some of theproblens of each ase throueh encounters with the ideas of nen who nadeAmerican history.

Each chapter in this book of reading, includ€s atr introductory essay whichserves to set the scene and suggesis the roots of conflict in that period. It isessential that one read this chapter introduction in order to eBtablish back-ground for undeBtanding and discussing the issues presented ir the chapter.Each reading within the chapter is also preceded by an introduction whichprovides valuable information about the author and the readins-informationwhich will be helpful in understandins and evaluating the author's point ofview. The source for each reading appears in a footnote otr the pase wherethe selection begins. Within each readins, elipses [ . .. ] have been used toiDdicate where material has been omitted from the orisinal, and brackets t t I lhave b€en used to indicate an editorial addition, such as a word defhition oralr explanation of some sot.

Two questions appear at the end of each readitr8. These are desisned tostimulate discussion and analysis of th€ selection, as well as to direct the readertoward discovery of some of the basic ideas expressed in it, Frequertly thesame questions are asked after each of the readinss about a particular issueso that one can s€e how the responses difier with the point of view expressed.Questioru also appear at the 6nd of each section, or sroup of readings on aparticular issue, These questions are desisned to encourage discussion andanalysis of the entire section and are gear€d to makins comparative judgmentsconcerning the conflicting viewpoints expressed about the issue involved.Finally, questions appear at the end of each chapter. These ar€ design€d 1oencourage discussion and analysis of all the readings in ih€ chapter and espe-cially to emphasize inierpretive skille and the drawins of cotrclusions. Thus,tlrouah a step"by-step, inductive process, con€lusioru are drawn fron anamlysis of conflictins points of vi€w.

OLONIZATION IN NORTH AMERICA

MOTIVES FOR BRITISH COLONIZATION

The B,itish were not quick to colonize North America, l,lore thar a hundred years passedbetween John Cabot's voyage to the New Wortd in 1497, which taid the basis for Britishclaims to North America, and the settlement of the first permanent British cotony jn 1607.In the latter part of this period, during the reign oi Queen Etizab€th | (1554 1503), Britainencouraeed colonizing ventur€s to North Anreica and tound able promoters

'n the oersons

of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Richard Hakluyt. But Br,tain, in the sixteenthcentury, was tghting a war with Spain, and there was little manpower or money avaitabte forcolon'al expansion. The Crown could oniy encourage individuats to undertake cotoni2ation on

However, when James I came to the throne in 1603. the war with SDain was over, and moreof Britain's energies and resources could be devoted to cotonization. A setflement in James.town, Virgjnia, was established in 1607, and the fottowing century saw a tremendous burstof colon zlng activity. By the end of 1733 thirteen British cotonies had been estabtished atongthe eastern coast of North America,

There were nany motives tor British colonization, but most historjans agree that economic

The Pilg,imsofl the Mq/ awer londed oi Plymouih, Mossochuseth, in the winle. oi 1620.

motives and related political motives were strongest. Britain s commercial policy in the seven_

teenth and eighteenth centuries, called mercanUlism, tavored the growth of colonies for the

econohic sell-sufficiency of the rnother country, England. Colonies were regarded as valuable

sources of raw rnaterials and as maftets for Britain s manulactured goods They were consid

ered the means for achieving a favorable balance of ttade, developing shipping and naval

interests, and increasing the country 's intake of gold and si lver bul l ion, So i t is not sufpr is ine

that many colonists came to North America for feasons which were mercantilistic in nature.

Especially was this true in the case of many of the merchants, capital sts, and shipowners who

came to the colonies in the interests of B tish imperial expansion and commercial groMh

Personal economic motives were also strong, however, The lure of land and the promise of

opportunity attracted many settlers to the British colonies Families hoping to establish es_

tates, tradesmen lookinC for business opportonities, farmers torced from their lafds by the

enclosure movement, and poor people searching fo. economic betterrnent, came to the New

World, either at their own expense or as indentured setuants,

In addition to econornic motives, religious, social, and humanitarian motives also prompted

colonization. Many Puritans, Quakerc, Catholics, and members of other religious croups in dis-

agreement with the beliefs of the Anglican, or Established, church left England to seek re'

ligious freedom in the British colonies. And Georgia, a focus for homanitaiian eforts, became

a haven lor debtors, released prisoners, and unemployed artisans.

It is this wide vaiety of motives for British colonization !n North America that forms the

b3sjs forthe readings in this chapter.

READINGS

I. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL MOTIVES

REALTTNG l SrR HuMpEREy CTLRERT oN REAsoNs FoR CoLoNIzATIoN oF AMERICa

Frcm A Discoune to Prdje a Passage bJ the Notthwest to Cataia and

Eert India,1576READTNo 2, RTCHARD HAKr,uyr oN REAsoNs FoR ENcusH MIGRATIoN To NoRTH ATIERICA

From Di-\coune Cancetning Westene Planting, 15134

RE,{DrNG 3, CAprArN JorrN SMITH oN REASoNS FoR SETTI-ING VIRCTNIA

Frcm A Desctiptian ol New Ensla d, 1616READTNG 4. WrLLrAr,r PENN oN TsE BBNEFITS oF CoLoNIzATroN

Frcm The Benefit ol PLtlntations, ot Colonies,1'732

II. RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, AND HUMANITARIAN MOTIVES

REIDTNG 5. Wrr r-rArr BRADFoRLT oN REAsoNs FoR Cot.oNIzINc MASSACHLSBTTSF rcm O I P lr nou th Plan tanon

READTNG 6- JoHN wrNTERop o:{ REAsoNs FoR SE'rrLINc NEw ENGLANDFrcm Co Llusions lot the Plantation in Nefl Englqn.t

RE^DrNG 7. FATEER ANDREW wrrlrE, S.J., oN REIsoNs FoR CoIoNIzING MARYLANDFrcm An Accaunt ol th? Calonr ol the LoftiBaron ol Baltamorc,1633

RnADrNc 8, JAMIS OcLETHoRpE oN RElsoNs FoR CoLoNIzlNc GEoRGTAFrcm A N.w and Accurate Arcount ol the Prorinces al South Carclina

and Geotsia, 1732

COLONIZATION IN NORTH AMERICA

I . ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL MOTIVES

l. SrB HulrPlntEy Gtr BEnr oN REAsoNs roR CoLoNrzArroN oF AMmrcA

One enteryising prcnatu of Bitish colanization of Narth Anerica bas Sb Hun'phrcA Cilbeft. Cilbeft u,as ,'edrchine for a Northutest Passage to Cataia (China) atulInd,ia uith the r)uryose of onercoming Spanish supremacV on the r^eas alld erpantlngEnglirh comnzrce. In 1578 Queen Ehzabeth I gtuflted him d clmter to plant a colongin Anertca and appointerl him its goDemor. This enterprise lepresented the fi/st Bit"ish colonizing aenturc exer attenpted. U nloftunatelu, both of Sb Hunphrcv Cilbeft sL)entwes in the New World-in 1578 end 1583-failed, a\d he tuobned duting altonl, rctuming fnm his sennd aouaCe. Fottunatelq, ho$eaeL his friend and fellaroempirc-ptumoteL Richad Haklugt, published hi: uritings and those of the sunil)ot:].A portion al Sit H\mphrclt Cilbert s Disco]lxse, einine his rca$ons tot colonization, ap-pean beloto.l

What commodities would ensue, thk passageulre Jisco\ered.

First, it were the only way {or oul princes,to l lo. .c- thc $cal lh nf r l l rh ' [ rs l par(s .which rvould be a great rdvancement to orucountry, a $'ondertul cnriching to our prince,and an unspeakable cornmodity ladvltntase]to all the inhabitants of Europe.

2. For thrrugh the shortness of thc voyage,we should be able to sell all manner of mc-chandise, brought {rom thence, far betterchcap than either the Portuguese or Spaniadsdoth or may do. . . .

3. Also we might sail to diverse very richcountrics, both civil a'd othcrs, out of boththeir ju sdictioDs, trades and taftcs, wherethere is to be found grcat abundance of gold,sih€r, precious stones, cloth of gold, silks, allmanner of spices, $ocery wares, and otherkinds o{ nerchandise, of an inestimable price,which both the Spaniards and Portuguese,through the length of their journeys, cannot\r ell attain unto.

4. Also we night inhabit some parl of thosecountries. and settle ther€ su.h needy peopleof our country, which now trouble the com-mon wealth, and thmugh want herc at homcare enforced to commit outngeous ofenses,

rvhereby they are daily consurned rvithlwastcd inl the gallows.

5. Morcover, ive might {rom all the afore-sr id phes harc a yearl) rel , rm. inhr l , i l jng fororr staplc lp]ace of supplyl sorne convenientplace of Ancrica, about Siena Nevada, orsome olher pJr l . u hcrca. i t rhal l secm bert forthe shortening of tLc voyage.

6. Besides uttering of lexporting froml ourcountry commodities, which the lndians, etc.much esteem: . . . it plainly appeareth in $'hatgreat estimation the)' would have the clothsof this our country, so that tlere would befound a far better vent loutletl for $emJclorh pn'ducr ' l L) lh is mFrns. rhan )et lh isrcalm cvcr had; and thrt without dependingcithcr upon France, Spain, Flanders, ?ortug.rl,Ilarnburg, Embdcn, or any other pat of[]urope.

7. Also, here we shall inuease both ourships and mariners, without buthening of the

8. . \nd r l 'o hx\e o.cx. ion ro sFr poor mentchildren to leam handy cHfts, and thereby tomake trifles and such tike, \'hich the Indianslnd those people do much esteem: by reasonwhereof, there should be no occasion to have

l sir Huftphfey Girbert, A Diecollr&. to prcn., l* :.'",'l -."lllb:::,] u ith loiterers, vaga-

Po*a-E. hl th \u hurr to adtdio dtul fdJ h^nLls rrnd \u|h l rke,rJ lc p ' r \ons'

Ltrtid: t576, i\ voaaees ol Richat.l Hakhalt, Yol. All these commodjtj.-\ [adtantagcs] wouldIII, l-ondoD, 1810, pp.32-47. grorv by following thjs our discovery, without

ECONOMIC AND POTITICAL MOTTVES

injury donc to any Christiin p nce, by cross-ing them in any oI their used lusual] trad*,wherehy they might take any just cause of

Thus have I briefly sho*'ed you some partof the grounds of mine opinion, trusting thatvolt will no longer iudge me fantastjc in tbismatter: sccing I hav€ conceivcd no vain hopeof this voyage, but am penuaded dlereuntoby the best Cosrnographers of our age, thesanre being conffrrncd both by reason and cer-

DircUJsion and Anal'sis

1. what are the economic rcarotue ginen bUSb umphrc! Cilbeft tor coloni:,ation olNorth AmeAcaP

2. Arc his rc&ro,a, erclusiulu ecanomic or arcothet motiaes abo present? If so, ahat arc

2. RrcHAnD HaxLUr"r oN RnAsoNs FoR ENcr,rsH MrcnArroN ro NonrH AMEKca

Another and. ba tar the geatest British promotet of colonization uas Richard Hak-Iugt, ffiend ol both Sit llumphrc! Cilbert and Sb Wnltet Raleigh. In lact, IlaklaVtlD/otr hir Discourse Conceming Wcsteme Plannrlg in 1581 in an attenpt to influenceQueen Elizabeth I to stpl'ort Sit \Yaltet Raleigh's colonizing eryedition. The reasonsHaklultt eaxe Iot Lnslish calonizaltioil ol

^*orth hnptice uerc so pe&nsir,e ttud

tlrca infurcnced. British imperial and car nercial polica dorLn to 1763. A portion of hisDiscoune lollolrs.'

A brief co\ection ol certain redsotls to in-duce het ltajest\ and the stute Io take in handthe restem xo\age and the plantine therc.

I The soil )'ieldeth nnd nray be made toyicld, all the several commodities of Flurope,and of dl kingdoms, doninr'ons, and territoriesthat linghnd badcth with, . . .

L The prssage thither aDd home is neithertoo long nor too shot, but easy, and to bemade t{'ice in the ycar.

3. The passnge cutterh not near the tradeul Jny pr inc' nor n.Jr xn) of $Fir .^untr ins

or terdtories, and is a sa{e passage, and noteasy to be annoyed by pdnce or potentate

4. The passage is to be peiformed at alltimes of the year, and in that respect pNsethhurpassesl our trades jn the Levant SeasIN{editeran€anl $'ithin the Straits of Cibml-tar, and the tEdes in the seas within the Kingof Dcumark-s Strait lBaltic Seal, and thetrades to the ports of Nonvay and Russia, .

5. . . . [I]t behooveth this realm, if it meannot to retum to fomer old means and base,ncss, but to stand in present and latc formerhorour, glory, and force, . . . to foresec and toplant at \omrnbesa [Nonh Amcdca] or somelikc place, were it not for any thing else butfor thc horp ot lhc \"nr [v lc] ol our wool . . .

l Richa Halluyt, Dir.or6e Concetnin!\yest-etne Planting, 1581, in OA South Lcafets, Yal. Y,No. 122. BostoD. The Directors of the Old South

SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT

COLONIZATION IN NORTH A]VERICA

6. Tlns enterprise may stay ihe SpanishI::ng flom flo$ing over all the facc of that\1aite tum of America, if we seat and plantt l 'ere in t ime, in t ime I sa), . . . And Englandrrossesling the puposed place of planting, her\Iajesh ma), . . . have plenty of excellent treesfor nrests, of goodly timber to build shbs andto nake great nlvies, of pitch, tar, heDp, andall thjngs incideni for .r navy royal, and thatfor no price, and without money or reqrcst.HoN easy a m.itter may it be to this realm,s\rarmnrg at this day fith valiant youth, rust'ing and huri{ul hy lack of employment, andha ng sood makcrs of cablc and of all sortsof cordagc, and thc besi and most cunningship\\'righis of thc world, to be lords of allthosc seas. and to spoil I'hitip s lKing Philip ofSpain'sl lndian navy, and to deprne him of\€arl) passage of his trcasure into Europe, andcoDse.luently to abate the pride of Spain andof the suppoter of the great Antichrist ofForT e Tn. l to pr l l h im doNn in equal i ty to hi 'ncighbourpdnces,. . .

7. This |oyagc, albeit it ma) be accom-plished by bark lsmall shlpl . . . yet {or tbcdjstance, for burden and gain in trade, themerchant will not for proffts sake use it butb! [usel ships of greatburdcn; so as this le.1lmshall hare by that neans ships of grcat burdentlnd of gre.rt strengtlr for the dcfcnse of tn

8. Tlis ne\[' navy of mighty ncv strongdrips, so in trade to tbat NorDmbega and tothe coasts there, shall never be subjcct to arrest oI rnty prince or potentate, as the nav) ofthi! re.rlm from time to time hath been .

L The Cre.rt mass o{ u ealth of the rcalmenbarked in tbe nerchants' ships, carriccl outin this new course, shrll not lightly, in so fardisiant a course Irom the coast of Europc, bedri\en by winds and tempests into ports ofan! foreign pinces . . . nnd so our merchants. . . are br this voyrge out ol one great mis-chief fclangol.

i0. No foreign commodity that comes intoEngl:nd corres \rithout p.r].ment of customlimpori trxl once, twice, or thrice, before itconres into the realn, rnd so .r11 foreign con-nrodities become dearer to thc subjects of thisre l rr : rrrJ Ly rhi , .nuF. In \orumb-g" fo,-

, ign p, in. F\ ' .u\ tom. dr. :r \oidpd: xnd lhp for-eign commodities chcaply purchased, they be-come cheap to the subtects of England, to tbecoftnon benefft of thc people, and to the sav-ing of great treasure in the rcaln; r'hereasrorv thc realm becometh poor by the purchrs-ing of foreign comnodities in so great a massat so excessrle pnces,

ll. At the ffrst tranc with the people ofthose parts, the subjects of this realm for many1.cars shall change many cheap commodities oft}cse palts for things o{ high vrlor therc notcstccrncdi and this to the great enricbing oft}e rcalm, if conmon use fail not.

12. B) the great plenty oI those regions themcrchants and tleil facto$ Iagentsl shall liethcrc cheap, buy and repair their ships cheap,and shall retum at pleasure \,!ithout stay or re-straint of forcilF prnrce; . . .

13. By making of ships and by preparing ofthings for th€ samc, by naking of cables andcordage, by planting oI vincs and olive trees,and by making of rvine and oiJ, by husbandry,and bl' thousands of things therc to bc done,infinite numb€rs of the English natioD nay heset on work, to the unburdeDing of thc re.1l$'ith many tlrat now live chargeable to the

14. If thc sca corst serve {or naking of salt,and thc inland for wine, oils, oranges, lemons,ffgs. etc.. ard for making of iron, . . . withoutsword drarn, we shall cut the comb of theIrench, of thc Spannh, oI the Portuguese, mdof €ncmies. and of doubtful {riends, to theabathg of tbcir scalth and force, and to thegreat{rr saving of tbc wcalth of the reilm.

15. Thc substanccs sening, we may out ofihose paris receivc the Dass of wrought waresthat noN \\'e rcccive out of Francc, Flanders,Germxny. etc.r and so \re ma) daunt the prideof sorne enemies of this realm, or at the leastin Lrrrt purchase those $'ires, thai Dow we bry,1, . . r ) n l r l , - 1, . ,1, . .n,1 Fl 'mi \h. L,a 'er

16. \\re shall by planting there enlarg. theglory of the gospel, and from England pl:rntsincere religion, and provide a safe and a surephce to receiye people frcm all p.uts of theworld th.rt are forccd to flee for the truth ofGods word.

ECONOIMIC AND POLITICAL I\4OTIVES

17. If {roDtier wals therc chance to arise,and if thcrcupon ve shall fortify, it $'ill occa-sjon the tnjning up o{ our youtb in the dis-cipline of war, and make a number fft for these ice of the wars and {or the delense of o"'people there and nt home.

18. The Spaniads govem in the Indies withall pride and tyrlnny; . . . so no doubt whcnso-ever the Queen o{ England, a prince of suchclemency, shall seat upon that ffIm of Amed.a,and shall be reported tbrough ol,t all that tractto use tbe nrtural people therc rvith all humanity, coutesy, and frecdon, thcy uill yicldthemselves to her govenment, andrevolt clean{rom the Spnniards, . . . IAlnd this broughtso :1bout. her M.ijesty and hcr subjects mayboth enjo)' the treasure o{ the mines of goldand silver, aDd the whole tade and :rll tiregain of thc trade of merchmdise, thrt nowpassctb thither by the Spaninrds' only hand,of all thc commodities of Europei . . .

19. The present short trades causeth themadner to be crst ofi, ltnd oft to be idle, andso by povcrt/ to fall to piracy. But this courseto NomDb€ga being longer, and a continuanceof the employment o{ the mariner, doth keepthe mainer tuom idleness and frcm ncccssityjand so it cutteth of the pdDcipal actions ofpiracy, . . .

Wlo caD desire more content, that hrthimall ncans or but only his meit to advancehis fortunc, than to tread and plant that groundhe hath purchased by the hazard of his life?II he have but tbe taste o{ virtue and mag-nanimity, what to such a nind can be morepleasant than planting and building a founda-tion for his postcrity, got ftom the rude earth

20. Many m€n of excellent wits and of di-vcrs. \ ingular gi f t . . n\eahro$n hy \uret)shiplbeing in a position of being legally liablc foranothcrl, by sea, or by somc follv of youth,that arc not able to live in England, may tberebe rahed again, and do their country good

91. Many soldien and selvitors. in the endof the wars, that mightbe hutful to dlis rcaln,ma)' there be unladen, to the conrnon pro6tand quiet of this realm, and to our foreignbenefft there, as the)' mry be enployed.

22. The fry [ofispriag] oI thc wanderingbegg:rrs of England, th:rt grow up idly, andhurtful and burdenous to tbis rcalm, may therebe unladen, landl bctter bred up, . . .

23. If England cry out and afirm, that thereis so many in all trades that one cannot live. . . this Norumbcga (if it be thought so good)o{Irr:th thc remedy.

Discussian and Ana\sis

1. What arc the econonic rcasons giaen b!Rictutd llakluat lot colanizdtion of Nofth

2. Arc hie rcasons ercIusinel! economic at aleother mottues also presentP If so, uhat arc

by Cods blesing and his own industry, with-out prejudice to any? If he have any grain offaith or zeal in religion, what can he do lesshurtlul to any, or more agreeable to God, than

3. CApr.aN JoHN SMrrrr oN REAsoNs Fon Srr[rrc Vrncnrr,c.

Althoueh the calonizing attempts ol Sit llumptueU Gilbett and Sit Waltet Raleiehende.l. in failue. in 1607 the fiist petnanent English settlEnEd $as made at lamas-tou,n, Vbginia, under the (l.iection of a ioint sto.k corporation, the London Colnpan|.Cdptain lohn Smith, one of the colonis leulingloun(Iers, tas i'lstntmental in abtaining the ctutter and in atlncting cobnists to the Vbginia settlement. In the follotDingerceryt trcn one of his Ltitines, Captain lohn Smith rcldtes hi." rcaso,a, fot comineto Viryinia, and hi* rcasons uhu other Lnglishmen should. follo$.'

3 Captain John Snitb, A Descniption ol N"1,EnsLand, Lot\don, printed by Humfrey LwDesfor B,)bert Cl&ke, 1616.

Y In l6 l9 o ship coryi ig i inetyyouig, nohogeob e women orr ived in lomesrown, Virginjo. Thewomen were much in demond oswives, despiie ihe {oc hoi o molesu tor hod lo poy ihe cost {oboul$1,000 by todoy s sidndords) ollhe 9lr 's l ronsporror ion 1o lomey

to seek to convet thosc poor sa|ages to knowChrist and hrmanity, \r+ose l:rbon wirh dis-cretioD {'ill triplc requitc thy charge and panrs?

What so truly suits with honor and honestyu. lh^ di ' .o!cr :ne

'h inLs rrnh,o$n..r^. t ing

towns. pcopling countrics, informing rhe jgno-raDt, rcforDing things unjust, tcaching virtuc,.lnd gain to our native rnotLcr country a king-doDr io attend hcrr find employment for thoscthat are idle, bccause they know not Nhrt todo:. . .

I havc not been so ill brcd but I hrve tastcdof plcnty and pleasurc as rvell as r'ant andmiscry, nor doth neccsity yet, or occasion ofdiscontent, force me to thcsc endeavors; nor amI igDorani what shall rhanks I shall have formv pains,. . . yet I hope my reasons vith mydeeds {ill so prevail uilh some tb,rt I shallnot wa i crnployment in these afiairs to makcthe most blind see his own senselessncss andincredulity, hopiDg that gain $ill makc themefiect tl*rt which religion, ch{nty, and theconlnoD good cinnot. It w.rc but a poor de-vice in Dc to decei'e nlsclf, Duch nore theking and statc, mv {riends and country, \riththese indtrcementsi whicl\ sccing his majestyhath gircn permission, I \rish all sorts of\rorthy, Loncst, nrd$trious spiriis rvould un,, l - , . ' . . "J JnJ i i rher t t . . i re an! t , , r , \er . . , l^-f:lction I \viu be my best to gi|e itj not top€ urcle ihcm to go only, but go $'ith the!,;not lea\.: them there, but live q'ith them

I fear not want o{ coDpany sufficient $,ereit brt kno$n \r'hat I knolv of thosc countries,ilnd b! t|e proof of that wealth I hope renrtyto r.iurn. if Cod please to bless mc from sucb

:rccidents as arc beyond my power in reasonto prevent; for I am not so simple to think thatevcr any oth.J rnolive than wenlth will c\ercrcct there a commonrveal, or drlrv comparyfrom their .asc and homors :rt homc, to siayir \e$ tnel ,nd ro r0Pct m\ pu,t^\ , \ . .

trIl purpose is not to pcrsuade children frcmtheir pareDts, men lmnr their $ivcs, nor seN-ants hom thcir rn:lsters-only such as $,itl freeconsent may be sparcd-but ihat each padshor fillagc in city or corrntry that \rill bur a!parel thcir f:ltherle$ chiklren of thnteen orloutecD ,vears of ilge. or youDg married peoplethat havc small wedth to Iive on, herc by thcirlabor nay live exceeding I'ell, provided alwaysthai ffrst lhere be r sutrcient power to com-mand thcm, houses to rcceive tbeD. mcans todefend thcm, and meat pro|isions for thcm, rofany placc may be overlain: and itis most neces-sary to have a fortress ere this gos-ro practice,and suffcient masters (as carpentcrs, masors,fishcrs, fowlers, gardcners, husbandrnen, sarv-yers, smiths, spinsicrs, tailors, $'eavers, andsuch like) to takc ten, twelvc, or twent\', oras thcre is occrsion, for apprenticesi the masters hy ihis may quicklt groq' dch, tlese Daylearn their trades themsclvcs to do the likc, tor gcncral and a incredible benefft for kn,E.tnd countrl, master and servint.

Di\cussion and Analqsit

1. What are the econanic reasons gioen bgCaptain Iohn \nt i t l t lot .nloni- .at ion alVn-

2. Arc his rcisons erclusiulA econamic ar drealher nntixes abo prcse t? Il so, Lhat arc

AnvERTiSEe'{nl \ l * ,ta tll T tdef'* r, Il ttbrn't'ra4 Sqr..eu aul otlxr nl:o are wiliiz to \ r atfpot ;b*tll:tet *ut.,

tbe'?ro.:iwt ul Nev.&tll-l'::fv h Smcrica, a yt;t pan g wti:b l,elcrgit, : cots"rrrt ,P/tlllttit tbt!.i$l:

' I r ' . " ' -_ . ' { t ' * .'

n ' { ' r r , . . l l , . . l : , i , r . . rd1r! l . r !$.1{.r . . r l l i i : i t r l . ! r . ! f l { t ! t i ! ! i rc. la je,nl le i l l l r l t i i l l r . r , r ndr Cl i ink ' t na: r l : i r t t { i r

The Scoich proprietors ol the colony of Eosi New.Jersey odvertised lor Scorch trodesmen, husbond-men l formeB), ond servonh to soi lo Americo i i the summer o{ 1684 ond se le in rheir colony.

L Wn.LlAM hNN oi rrrtr BENEFTTS oF Col-o\rzArro:,r

tn 1682 william Penn, a denaut Quaket, faunded the colanu ol Penn l&nid. Thepurpasc ol his "HohJ Eapetim.nt," as he tetmed it, ras ta cstablish a colonu otetingpolitical anrl rclieious libeflll ta aII [ts inhabitants. Abllargh rcligiolrt nlotit:6 nuvhaxe been uppetnnst among P..nn's rca:ons far colonizing Pennsulmnia, other ino-tiltes can also be teen. The selection below bu William Penn, gtue.s his guments infamt af colonization.!

ColoDics arc the Seeds of Nations begunrnd nourishcd b! the C,rre of $ise rnil DoDu-

1\.On.Frvrng l l rcm lF.r l^r l ,Increasc of humrn Stock,.rnd beneffcial lor

Some of llre wisest Ven nl Histon. havcjustly takcn their Fame horn this Dcsign aDd

\or did rny of these evcr drcam it was the\\'rr of decre.rsine their Pcoplc or \l'calthr Forthe C.rus. of the Dccrl of any of those Staiesor Itmpires wrs not thcir Plantations Icol-orjesl. but their Luxurv ancl Coruption oi] l . r r F. l -^r . \h, n r l . \ ! rp$ lo r ,pg'p. ' tJ Firancient Disciplinc that mainiaiDed and re-\ar.lecl virtuc and Industry, and nddicted

thcmscbcs to lleasurc and Effcninacv frveak-ncssl, thcy dcbascd t}eir Spirits ancl de-banchcd thcir llorals, from wb€nce Ruin did

' . r r r f r i l to to l loq rorr) Ppople. \ \ : 'hJus' icF

thcrcfore I deny the \ulgar Opinion againstPlaDtations, thrt ther weaken Englandj thethare nranifestly enriched, and so shengthcnedhcr, ! jch I briefy evidence thus.

First, Thosc that go into a Forcign Planta'tion, thejr Indusiry thcrc is $olth morc thani ' rhF!.r . r \ ,d , r Hun, ih, Prod'r , 'ot l ' . i rl . .ho,r heinA in CofIno, l i ' i^ \ of . r srr t ' " r ' . r r\ature to those of ihis Country. |or Instancc,$h ' l ^ 'n

imfro 'eJ \ . rp in J. In r . of R1r 'bados ivorth k) an improved AcLe in nngland?\\'c know 'tis thrce tim€s l]re Value. .rnd theProdrtct of it comes for Onghnd, and is usurllyprid for in Englhh Cro\ltlr and \Ianuf.rcture.Nty. \:irginia shows, that .tn ordinary Industryin one Nfrn pro.luccs thrcc Tlousard Pound$'eight of Tob:rc.o. and t\rcni) BaIIels of

' \ \ l l ' i r '

I ' ,

. Ih. A, n n, ^t Pbr,at i . r . , , ,Colonks, n Select'Irdtts R.lating to Calahi.s.London, prn,tecl bv J. ltobcfts rl thc Orf.,rl Atus,. \\'rN!ick Line. \ovc,nber. 1732, pp. 26 28.

10 COLONIZATION IN NORTH AMERICA

Con yearh: He fecds hirnself, and brings asrnuch of Commodity into Ingland besides, asbeing r€turned nr thc Growth and workman-ship of this Counht', is much n]orc than hecould have spent berer l-et it also be remem-bcrcd, thrt thc three Thousand [reight ofTobacco brings in t!r'o Thousand T$'o-pencesb!. $'.y of Custorn to the King. which makestwcnty-ffve Poundsj an Extrr ordinat/ Profft.

Secondly, NIore bcing prcduced and im-ported than rve can spcnd here, \r'e er?ot it to, ' lh,r .o l ln l r ics In E,rrofe whi .h br ings in\ lonpl. or th, Cm\th ol rho(e .o 'rnrre.,which js the same Thingj and this is the Ad-vantage ot the English \'rerchants and Seamcn.

Thirdly, Such as could not only not marryherc, but hardly livc and allow tbemschcsclothcs, do marry therc and b€sto$' thricc morein all Necessaries and Conveniences (and nota little in ornamental Things too) for them-selves, their \\/ives and CbildrcD, both as toapparel and household stufi; which coming outof Engiand, I say 'tis inpossible that Englandshould not be a considcrable Cainer.

Fourthly, But let it be considered, thrt tlePl0n' . . l ions empr^r m. 'ny l l r rndreds of ship-ping, and nany Thousands o{ Seanen; rvhichnust be in diverse Respects an Advantrgc to

England, being an Isl,rnd, and by Naturc ffttedl , , r \ . . \ i ( . rr ion . .bo\, . ny Co'rntry In Lurope.' I h, ' is lor lo$?d br nrh.r d.p.n, l ing I r .de.. arShipwrights, Carpentcrs, Sax'ters, Hc\r e11Trunnel-makers [trcc-nail makers], loinerlsood craftsInen], Slop*ellen [sc]lcrs of sea-mcnt clothingl, Dry-salters ldea]ers in chen,ical prcductsl, Imn*vorkers, the trastlandIlerchants, Tinber-scllc$, and Victualler5[restaurant-keepers], \rith many more Trades$'hich hang upon Navigatjor: So that we mateasily see the Objection (that the Colonics orPlantations hurt EnglaDd) is at least of noStrength, especiall) jf we consider horv manvTlou,Jnd BL.cl \ "n, l Indirn. Jre a| \o cc(om-modated with Clothes and Drny Sorts of TootsxnLl Ur,n5i l \ f rom Lngland, Jnd rh:rr rheirLabour is mostJy brought hither, which addJ\\'calth and Pcoplc to the [nglish Dominions.

Dis cl\tsion and, Analll sis

1. What arc the economic teasons giaen by\\lilliam Penn lor colonization ol Pennsltl-

2. Arc his rca.tat].J exclusiaelA economic or arcother nnthes also prcsentP Il so, rhat urc

3.

1.

I I . RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL. AND HUMANITARIAN MOTIVES

WrL .M BRADToID oN nEAsoNs FoR Colo\zr\c NIassAcHUsDrrs

wilLiam Bradfonl, colonizet aniL gourno\ ,uas also the fanou' histo an ol PIam-uuth Catat ! . to his book Ot Pl\mauth PlJnt. t ion. i " r}noni, l ,d thr his1oru al hLthartly barul ol Pile',ms. Haring migtuted. lrcm Enelantl in 1608 to seek rclieitlts

DISCUSS/ON AND ANALYSISJ SDCTION I

What siDiladties do 1,ou ffnd among the difierent economic rcasons for the Brifish mlonization of North America as gi|en in the mrious rcadines?What difcrences do you ffnd among t}e economic rcasons for the colonization ofNorth America as giveD in thc various rerdings?To x'hat extent are motivcs other than economic rcasons given in rhe four ac-counts in tbis section?\\/ouJd you conclude that the settlement of the Engtish cotonies in No.th Amfficawas pdmarily due to inpcrialistic and nercantilistic motivations, to pc$onal eco,nomic motivations, or to other motivations? Why?

RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, AND HUMANITARIAN MOTIVES

Ireetlom in Hollantl, these Pilgtilas (kcided. taelxe uea$ latet to learc. and in 1620set suil on the l,Iayflorver /or Anrerica. Theb rcason\ far lel$i'1] Halland anl "te-mooing" to America arc etplained in the follouin!, ercetpt frcm Bntlfonts Of I'\y'north Planiation.5

l l

. . . fs]eeing thernselves thus molested, andthat there \1.ts no hope of the continuancctherc fin Eng]andl, bv I joint co sent thcyresohcd to go into thc Lorr Countries, where

'-hcv hcard rvas frccdon of rcligbn for all meni:.s also how sundri from LoDdon and otherr-rrts of lhc laDd had bccn cxilcd and perse-:utc.l tor thc encl wcrc gone:iithcr, and livcct at Arnstcrdarn rnd in odrer

;laccs of thc Jard. So attcr thcy had coniinued: rseth.r about a vcar, ucl kcpt thcir nrcctings:\err Sabbrth in onc placc or othcr, cxercisnrg1e \orship of Cod arnongst ihcnschcs, notirthltending all tbc diligcnce and malice of'i:eir aihcrsarics, thcv sccing the)' coulcl noI : nq.r .oDl inuc in that condition, thel' rcsolvcd: s.t orcr iDto Holland as ih€y could. . . .

\ltcr thc! liad lived nl ihis city about some:: \cn or twelve years. . . those prudent gov':-ors viih snrdn ot thc sagest rnenl,ers be-:r boih dccply to apprclcnd thcir present::rgcrs and \(isely to lorcscc thc luture and:r,k of iimcly rcrncdr. ln the agitrtion of-:rr thoughts. and nuch discoursc of things

:..r.about, at lcngth ihcy bcgrn to indinc to:= conchsior: of rcmoval to sorne otler

: :c.. \ot out ot any novfanglcdncss or othcrii:h lilc giddl, humorbv lhich nen arc oftcn--i-..r tralsportcd to ilcir greai hurt and:-iler. but f(n.s,ndry wcighty and solid rca

-::i. n,nc of ihc chicf of ihich I $'ill hc.er. : : \ toucb.

\rd lirsi, they saw and found br expe encc

't lardness of the place .]nd country to bc,.1i rs ftrr in conparison would come to-.-r lnd fewer that {ould bide it out and::::r,Lr. \tith them. l'or manv that came to--.:-. trnd rnrly more ih.rt desirecl to be \\,ith-:i=. could not endure thrt greri labour ancl

har.l farc. Nith other nrconveniences whichl l r \ unLl , r$- , , r . ,nJ \ rere .onror lpJ " i1h. . . .\ , : ' . . , , rn, 1 ' r -1, n 'd r"d. Io"e lhe p, i .on. inlingland rather than this liberty in Hollandwitli thcsc afilictions. But it w:1s thought thatif a bcttcr .rnd easicr place of lning coulcl behad, it rvould clrarv many and take .rw$ ihese,1, , . . , , , r , . , r " , , ' . . \ , . , . ' l r . i r p. ,s or so' . l lof tensal ihat many ol those rvLo both xrote andpreached orv rgrinst them, if thev rvere in "place whtre thq' night have libefty and livecomfortrbly, the\. rvould then practice as the'did.

Secordlv. They s:rx that though thc peoplegenenl\' bore all these clificultics vcrl' cheer-fllli and $ith a resolL(e courigc, bcnrg nr thebest ancl strength of their )cars ycl old agelFc. . r lo \ l " r l orr m.nr of 'h m. nl i l '^ : rgreat and continual libours, sith othcr crosses,nd .orror. h-. 6 ' pJ i l 1,e'orp I ' e rrm^. .

And tlerefore . . . thcy likc skilllul .rnd beatensrndicrs were fe.rrful eithcr to bc cntrapfed orsrrroundcd b1 their enemies so as thcl shouldncithcr bc aLle to ffght nor fly. And thcrcforelhought it bctier to dislodge betimcs to someplace of bcttcr advrutage md less dargcr iranv such could be lound.

Thirdli. As ncccssih was a trskmaster overthem, so tbey i.cre forccd to be such, not onlyto their senxnls but iI a sofi to their derrest.h i"1,e, , . . . For m. 'n, , ' f rh.rr chi lJr . , , . . .$ere oftentimes so opprcsscd wiih thcir lenlyhbours thrt thoush their ninds wcrc frcc and\\ilhrg, )'et their bodics bowcd nDdcr thc. \ . iJ ' l r r of . l , . " rne . rnJ beL ,r . , l - . r pr t i Itheir *rrlr Iouth, the vigor of naiure benrgcorlsumed in the

'ery bucl xs ii werc. But thal

$lirl, \ 1! more l-ment-L'le. ..nd ot ..ll ,"'rows nrost hcaly to bc bonrc \'as thrt manyof their childrcn, b)' th.:se occ.rsions and thcgreit liccnftmsncss ot yolrth ni ihat courtry,and the manilokl temptations of the place,lere drawn awa,v by cvil elanples into €x-trxvl1gant ancl dangcrous courscs, getting the

'.r:lli.Ln Budfintl, Of Pll.tlnouth Plantatio_ l , / : S. ' r " , | | Iu l \1, ' r . r ' - ' , \q ' tnrr .

'i.i \ Knopf, 1963. pp. 10,23-27. Reprnn.d

12 COLONIZATION IN NORTH AIMERICA

r , In. of i , l . i r rr i ls and dcpJf i ing l ronr rhei lparents. Some bccame soldiers, others tookupon then far voyages by sea, and others someworse .ourses tending to dissohtencss and theclanger of their souls, to ihe grert gnef of therrparents nnd dishonour of Cod. So rhat tireysaq' their postedty would be in danger to de-gcnerate ancl be cormpted.

Lastly (and which was not lcast), a sreathopF.,nd i ru: , rd zpxt rhF) h,d ol J. , ine;m"eood Jo,rnd.. t jan or rr hast 1, , m.rk. ,n;F $Jylhpreunlo. lor the nroFrsrtrnc -nJ Jdr:rncinglhp Cu.t ,FJ of r lc k 'nAdom ot Chri \ t in droruremoie pnrts of thc wo d; yea, though tleysho,r ld b, h r . 'on . , r . r .pprng-ston.. unlool l . ' rs lor rh. n, r l^rn ine, ut so gn J{ a u^rt .

These and some otber like reasons novedthem to undcrtake this resolution of thcir re-movalj the which they :drcn{ard prosccuredwith so grext diftculties, as by the scquet wittippe,ir.

The place thcy had thoughts on \l,as sone ofthose rast and unpeopicd countries of America,ivhich are {fuitful rnd 6t for habitation, be!,gdevoid of rll cnil inhabitants, where there ueonl\ : . ' \ds. -nLl hrut i .h men $hr.h r . .ncc ' , r '1nd, l^$n, l i I l , othcrwi\ , t l -n thewi l , t hcJ\rsor lh. \"m. Thi, propo\ i t i .n be:ns m.,Ll . n,rbl i . " ' ,J .urr ing ro

' l ,F . , dnning ot r l l . i r 11i . f t l

manv variablc opinions amongst mcn andcaused man_v fears and doubts arnongst thern-sehes. Solne, from their reasons and hopcs con-

ccived, laboured to stir up and encounge thercrt to rndcrtake and prosecute the samet oth-e$ again, otrt of their fenrs, obiected aEainsr it, ,nd so,rehl lo dirert t rom ir al l ,e ira mrI)rhingr. rnd (ho5e n. i rhFr ,"r , , .on,hh no. , , , -probaLle; as that it was a grert design andsubject to m:lny unconceivable perils anddangers; as, besidcs the casualties of the rca(which rone can be frecd frcm), the lensthof the voyage was srrch as the wcak bortiei orwo:nm an4 othcr persons wom out i,ith aseand travail (as many of them rvere) couldnever be able to endure. And vet if tleyshould, the miseries of the Iand which tleyshould be exposed unto wor d be too hard to

. . . It was furher objecred thar it woutdreq'rn€ greater sums of money to lumish such!r voyagc and to fft them with necessaries, thantheir consumed estates would amount toj andyet they must as well look to be seconded withsupplies as prescntly to be transported. Atsonany prccedenis of ill success and lamentablcmisc es befnllen othc$ io rhe like designs \ver€.asy to bc found, and nor {orgotten to be al-Jeged; bcsides thcir o\vn experieDce, in therrformel toubles and hardsbiF in rheir reDovalinlo H^rl ind. , rnd hoo h-rd.r th:ng i t uni torrh.m to l i \ , in ih-r . rrd| |ee pt. , .e. though ir$". " rpjqhbour co.rnhl "nJ a ( i \ i l : rnd r ich

I l \ , , { dnswered rhJt " l l grcrr rnd honour-

1,1

For o time during the edrly 1600 s,ihe English governmeni s rep'es-sion of reiisiols freedom cousedmenbere of sohe relisious sro!pslo nove io olher loids. Pictur€dot lhe lefi ore severreeith-centuryPlriions who ore reody io flee tothe Low Colniries io escope fe-ligious persecution i. Englond.They ore being subiecred to hd,rosmeit by English ouihorities ds

RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, AND HUMANITARIAN MOTIVES

6. JosN WrNnrRop oN RDAso\s FoR SDTTLTNG NEw ENGLA:\.D

Iohn Winthrop, Puntan leader, l[as the loundet anrt fust goDemor of the Lldssa-chusetts Balt CoIonA, a settlenent founded as a Bible Comtnomr,ealth for pnita e hgthe Massachusetts IlaA CompanlJ. This colona rcprcsentetl the laryest Enetlrh cot_oniT,ine eryedition ol the $eDenteenth century, and llas the last colon! to be estab-Iished as a companl! enteryri.te. Thz e{eryt beloro, from a pamphlet'bu lohn Win-thro\ e nvrates some of his rcasons for planting a colonll at Llassach;setts tsaA.6

able actions are accompanied with great difr-culties llnd must be both enterpnsed and over,coDe with answerabte courages. It was grrntedthe d,tng"rs uorp great. bur not dcsperJt. .True it vis that such attempts $iere nor ro bcnade rnd undertaken without good groundand reason, not r:lshly or ligbtly rs many havcdone for curiosity or hope of gain, etc. Burtheir condition was not ordinary, thetu endsrvFre eoud and honourrble. rhc,r c: l l l ing h\-ful rnd urgent; and therefore, thcy migbt ex-pect the blessing of God in their proceed-ing.. . .

Reasons to be consitlered lor lustiftJing theundertukers of the intended plrntation in NaeEnghntl antl lor encourugine such uhoseheafts Cod shall mow to loin $ith them in it.

First, It will be r scrvice to tllc ChurcL ofgreat conscquencc to cary the Cospel intot[ose pats of the rvorld, to help on the comnrgin of fullncss of thc Centiles and to raise aBuhlark against the ldngdom o{ Antichrht,shich the Jesuits labour to rear up in thoseparts.

L Al l orh"r Church-, . t Lurope,rrc broughrto dp.ol :r l i , rn -nd or \ i r ' . Ior $l , i " l , rhe lorLlb€gins already to frown upon us, do thrcatcn!s fearfully, and who knows but thrt god bathFo\ided this place to bc a refuge for manyEtom he means to save out o{ the geDeral cr1-hmitr, and seeing thc Church hath no placeL4t to 0y into but the vildemess what betterrqrli can there be, than to go before and pro-

'jde Tabcrnacles, and food for her againsti€ comcth thither.

A This land grows weary ofher Inhabitants,r as Dan who is the most precious of allqErtures is here more vile and base rhan the

After many other particular things answeredand alleged on both sides, it was fully con-cludcd by the najor part to put this designnl execution ind to prosecute it by the best

Discl\rsion and. Anaht sis1. Whot are the religious reasons gioen bg

W ilLiam BtuIfoftl fot colonization of Massa-

2. Are his rcasons erclusinery leligious or arcothet moti,es also present? If $o, l!hat arc

Earth \re Tread upon, . . . All Torvns complainof the bu hen of thcjr poor. . . And rve usethe authority of the lau' to hinder the increiscof people . . . and thus jt is comc ro pass thrtchildreD, scrvnnts and neighbon (cspecirlly ifthFl bF |oorr rr . co| lnt-J thc grFrtF\r hurthen i'hich if things were right it lr,outd bcthe chicfest elrthlv btessing.

'1. The whole earth is the lord's Cardcn andhc hath gi\cn it to the sons of mcn,

"'jth a

gcncnl Condition, . . . Increase and Inuttiply,replcnish the eath and subdue it, . . . Iwlhytbcn should rve stand ber€ striving for ptacesnf h,tbi tx l ion, . . . JnJ

'n th, me"n t ime sugpr

a $hole Contincnt, as ftuitful and convenientfor the use of man to lie waste without ary

5. We are gros'n to that height of inteml ' . r 'n.e in r l r 'v " . ' of r iot , -s no mrn \ p. ratealmost $'ill sumce b kcep sail with his equals,

oJolrn winthfop, cotlclusions t'at thc Pldhta.tia| in N.b EnsbnA, ni Old South Lcafats, Yo:|.II, No. 50, Boston, Thc Difector! of the Old

14 COLONIZATION IN NORTH AMERICA

nn.t he sho fails hercin must live in scom andcontempt, hence it comes that all arts andtrades are carricd in that deceitful and urlrighteous course, as it is alnost nnpossiblc fora good and upight lnan to m:iintain his chargeand live confortably in an)' of them.

6. Tlr tuunl ' r in. ot lF. ,mins "nd ,el igron r, ,\o i urrupi. , l . . mosf Chi ldrpn (F\pn rb- b, . r$i l . , ,nd hir . \ l hopes) rre perveaed corrupted and utterly olerthrolr,n, by the multitude of cvil cxamples and ihe liceDtious gov-enrment o{ those Seminades, - . .

7. [rhat can be a better work and norehonourablc and worthy a Christian than tohelp raise and support r particular churchwhile it is in tlre in{anc}, arrd to Join his forcesnith sucl a .onpany of faiihfrl peoplc as bya timely .rssistancc may gro\rf strong rnd prosper, and for want of it Inav be put to greathazard, if not wholly ruined.

8. I{ any srch rvho are knorvn to be godlyand live in weilth and prospcdty here shalllor ' : r l . " l l

rhi , In join th, m., L Fs lo ,hiV h' , r .hancl to run a hazard rvith then of :l hard andm",r "ondit ion

rr \ i l l LF -n e\Jmpleol grearusc both for rcrnoving the scandal of Nordlyand sinistcr rcsp€cts which is crst upon thc1d\cntur.r5 ro gi \F morc l i lc t . l l , . i , i lh ol

This province is neaL the English CoJonlin Virginia. The Vost Sercne King of England. . . out of his o\!n noble disposition, rcccntlv,in the onth of June, 1632, grve this Provinceto the Lord Baron oI Baltimore and his bcirsforever; and this gift he hrs confirmed andrntined bv the public seal of his Nhole king,dom. 1 hL n lnrc rhc \ lo,r l r l , rs lr ioLrs B rro! htrrrlready detennined to lcad a colon) into thosetur- ' . f f r ' r . nJ c. f , c i l l l ) in ordFr rh,r hF In: ' )carry thithcr .tnd to the neighborhg places,uhi l lFr rr h) bec,r . r rcer l1in.d t l : r t no Lno$ledge o{ thc tmc God has as yet penetrated. the

Godt people in their pftryers for the plantaticnand to encourage others to join the more \vil-ingly in it.

L It :rppears to be a work of god, for thegood of his church in that he hath disposedthe hearts ot so many of his wise and jtrithfulseNants (both minhtcrs and others) not onh'lo " t 'prove ol lh , nl . r f r isF bul to inter€stthemselves in it, somc iD their persons andestates, othe by thcir serious advice and helpothenvise: . . . The lord revealeth his Secresto his servants thc Propbets, it is likely he hatlsome gr€.lt work in hand which he hath re-vealed to his propheis arnong us, whom h€hath stnred up to eircou*rgc lis scnants tothis plantrtion for he doth not usc to seduc€his people by his o\rn Prophets, but commitstbai omce to the ministry of false prophets andlyhg spirits.

D iscutsion a nd And IU sis

1 . What arc the rcIilious rcasoils givn bUloln \vinthrop tot colonizatian of Massa-

2. Are hi\ reasaw exclutiaeltJ rclieious or arcother motires dlsa prcsentl If so, ulnt arc

light of thc Gospel and the truth; then, also$i{ ' , l \ r \ in l^nl 'hJr , , l l rhe a*o. i1 ln i of h i .tra\els and toils nay be invitcd to a share nrthe g:rin and honor, and thc cnpire of theKnte bc morc rvidell' extendcd.

For lhis purpose he is seeking, \,r,ith :rl1 speedaDd diligence, for men to accompa v him on

r llail,er Ardrov Wl,ite, S.T., ,,rr Acffirnt olt l , . I otar.u r t tL. b, ,1 bt t .at r l Batt . t , , t a, . in\lortland. neat virsinia. in

^"ati.itldet ol Earlu

Matddnd 163:j-1681, clayton Colnan Hall, ed.,New York, Clia.les Scribn.f's Sons, 1910, pp. 5-7.

7. FATHDR A\DRDW WErrr, S,J,, oN REAso\s Fon CoLoMzrNc \IAR'LA\-D

Father Anrheu White, a lesuit nistiar&ry. urcte the lollauing exceryt in LBJS toattruct settlen to Lotrl BdIlitnorc's colon!, \Iaraland, thich uas originalh foundeda* a rcJuge fat nonwn CdthoUcs. In t6s1 Fothet l,I,hite hin'ea sailed tor tluryknd,Lherc fal ten qeaE he Lorked as a nlissionary ta the colanisb and tndiant.l

Fother Andrew While, ot the reorof ihe proce$ionol conying lhec.6$, celebroted rhe liftt moss inMorylond on Morch 25, 1634, locommemoroie lhe Plonting o1 thenew colony. Alihough ii wos{ounded by Lord Bohimore os ohovei lor Romon Cdiholics, Mory-lond loler odmilled coloiists whowere members o{ oiher Chistion

this voyage. botb such as intend to try theirfortunes with him, and othen also. . . .

\Vhercfore the ltost Noble Baron intends,

b the aid o{ Cod, to sail for those pans, abouttle middlc of next Septembcri and to thoseshom he shall ffnd to acconpany and assisttdm in so glo ous an undetaking, be ofiersman)' inducements, in the most generous andtib€ral spi t.

O{ which this is the first and most impotant., to sry nothing of those rervards of station andprefernent, which will be Iib€rally given inhonor of worth, valor, fortitude and noble&€da), that vlmever shall pay a hundredpounds, to cauy over ffve nen, (which will be€Dough for arms, implements, clothing andother necessaries); . . . to all the men so s€nt,ard to their heirs forever, shall be allotted theright to two thousand acres o{ good land. Be-rides this, if in the first expcdition tbey pmvedernselves faithful followers, and do good

'€n ice, they shall receive no snall shnre in the

proGrs ot halc . . . and in other tr i \ i leqe' : .The ffrst and most impo ant design of the

\tost Illustrious Baron, which also ought to betb€ aim ot lh- resl . vho go iD lhe sxmF ship.is, not to think so much of planting fruits 1tnduees jn a land so fruitful, as of sowing theseeds of religion and piety. Surely a dcsign

wortby of Christians, wothy of dne"lr, worthyof Englirhmen. The English nation, renownedfor so many ancient victodes, nevcr undertookanything more noblc or glorious than this. Be-hold tbe lands are whitc for the haNest pie-parcd for receiving thc sccd of the Gospel intoa fruittul bosom. Thc Indians themselves arccvcrywhere sending messengers, to seek afterfft mcn to instruct the inhabitants in savingdoctrine. and to regenerat€ thcm with thesacrcd water. . . . I call the work of aiding andsaving souls glorioN: . . . For the rcst, sinceall mcn have not such enthusiastic souls andnoblc minds, as to thit* of nothing but divinethings, and to considcr nothing but heavenlythingsi because most men are more drawn,secrctly or openll, by pleasures, bonor andri .h.s, r t ui . ordl incd hy rhe \ondprtul wi 'dom of Cod, that tbis one cnterp se sbouldofer to mcn every kind of inducement .

Discussion dn(l Analu sis

1. \Yhat arc the rcIigious rcdtons giaen bllFather Andrcn White Ior th.. cnlonizationof Marulantl?

2. Arc his rcdsons exchtstuehJ rcIigious ot arcother matires dLto prcsent? It so, uturt drcthe!?

& IA}IES OcLErHonpE oN RtrAsoNs FoR CoLoNIzINc CEoncIA

In 1733 lames Oelethorye founturl the colonu of Georyia, the last Engli'h calonvto be est&lished itr Nofih America. Oglethorye's hunnnitatian and philanthropicmotines for crcating this reluee for debto$ uerc aidelu publicized, but economic

16 COLONIZATION IN NORTH AIVERICA

and political mothes bere also present. Oglethorpe debed his colonT a: a meals tolurther the nvrcantilist principle of tfttu trortitrg indigent people to areas bhele theVcoull cotttibute to the tution's uelfan . He alto sau Ceorgia as a nahable bdnieraeoitLt Spanbh terfitorisl eqansion northaad along the e&\tem coast of NorthAnetica. In the erceq)t belalD frcm one of Oelethoryds $ritings. he di.scusses eome ofhis rcasotu, lor colonizine Ceoreia.*

. . . Let us . . . cast our Eyes on the Multi-tude of unfortunate People in the KingdomoI reputnble Fanilies, rnd of lihcral, or atIeast, easy Education: Sone undonc by Cuard-ians, some by Law-Suits, somc by Accidentsin Commeicc, some by Stocks and Bubbl€s,and some by Suretyship lbeing in a positionof being legally linble for anotherl. But allagree in this one Circumstance, ihat tley musteither be Buthenso e to their Reiations, orbet:tke thenselves to little Shifts {or Susre-nrn,e. uhi .h I r i . tFn lo onp/ dn nnt rn*rertheir Puryoses, and to which a \,!.ell educrtedI,Iind dcsc€nds ,|lith the utmost Constnint.What various lvlisfortunes may reduce theRich, thc Industrious, ro the Danger of .Pdson, to a moral Cctainty of Staning! Tlreseare the People that ma)' reliele themselves.rnd strengthen Ceorgia, by resorting thither,and Creat B/itain by their Deparurc. . . .

Having thus described (I fear, too truly)the pitiablc Condition of the bettcr Sor of

the lDdigent, an ObjectioD rises against th€nRemoval upon rvhat is stated of their Imbecil,ity for Drudgery. It may be asked, if tleycan't get Bread here for their Labour, howwill their Condition be mended in CeorgiarThe Answer is easyj Part of it is well attested,and Part self evidcnt. They have Land therefor nothing, and that Land is so fcrtile that { asis said before) thcy receive an Hundrcd Foldincrease 1or taking very little Pains. cive herein England Ten Acres of good Land to Oneof these helplcss Persons, and I doubt not hisAbility to makc it sustain him, and this by hisown Ctrlture, withott letting it to anot}erlBut tbe Difercnce betweenno Rent, and Rack-Rent [a hieh rcnt equa] or nearly equal to thefull annual vahre of the landl, is the Difi€r€ncebehveen eating ancl starving. If I make butTu'entr' Pound of the Produce of a Ficld, andrm to pay Twcnty ?ound Rent for itj 'tis plainI must perish if I have not another Fund tosupport me: But if I pay no nent, the Prcduceof that Ficld will srpply th€ mere Necessitiesof Lifc.

With a \iiew to the Relief of People in tleCondition I have described, His Maiesty hasthis prcscnt Year incorponted a considerableNumbcr of Persons of Quality and Dhtinctiox,. ,nd \e\ lcd a l rrgF' l t lct ol South-Carcl iM inthem, by the Name of Ceolgid, in Trust to bedistributed among the Necessitous. TheseTrustees not only give Land to the Unhappy\vho go thither, but are also empowered tore.ei \F rhc rolunlrry Cuntr ibut ions ol ch.n-table Penons to cnablc them to fumish tlepoor Adventurers $'ith all Necessaries {or the

3 James Oglethorye, A NelD and. Acturate Ac-count of lhe Pt<,tinccs ol South Carcli,n andCeolsid, printed for J. Wofall at the Bible andDovc h Bell-Yard n€ar Lincoln's Inn, 1732, pp.29 53.

JAMES OGLEIHORPE

RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, AND

:rpense of lhe Voyage, occupying the Land,::,d supporting thcm 'ii]] thel ffrd themsel|es

-,::nfort:rblr s€ttlcd. So that now thc Unlofiu-:,.1r $ill not be obJigcd to bind themsel\!":- .1 long SeNitndc, lo pay for thcir l'rssag",:rr thev may bc carrjc.l gr.,t6 lfreel into "-;nd of Libert) and Plentyj whcrc they im-::,rdiatel) ffnd themselres in ?osscssion of "::.:rrpetent listate, in an hrppier Climate ihan:ier knes before, and they rre Un{oriunate::leed if here they can't {orget their Sor

rhe Increase of our I'eople, on this ftuitfulCrnftrent. will probably. in due Tilne. have a:rlrd Dfiect on thc Nativcs. if Fe do not shamc-.-ll\ neglect thcir Corvr:rsion: If we lr'erc

-oderrtell' attentirc to our Dut! on this Head,

a: hrre no Reason lo doubi o{ Success. Tlea:d,riofd his at ihis Day as many Christians, as:. ha' sul,jccts in.Anrficd, Negroes exccptcd.-.r.. ma,v more reasonalny hope to make Con-.:rts and good Subjects of the lndi.rnr rnLait\ [friendship] rvith us, by using them

HUMANITARIAN MOTIVES 17

nell, vhen \1'e grorv nunerous in their Neigh-bourhoocl. than the Spdnidl.* could have ex-pected to have done by then hetpressibleCnr" l i 's, \hi , h ' r j "e l rhe uhro. l . \ ' . r . on inthe N{inds of the poor lndtanr against themand th.:ir Religion together. . . .

I cr t dismiss this Enquin conccnring th--proper Persons to plant ihis Colony, r'ithoutoLseNing that ihe \\:is.lom of thc ltd'rrn Stalc.lischrrged not o l).its ,rngovemabJc distrcsscd\lultitucle but also its Emcriti, its Soldiers,which had serred long and well in War, nrbCokrnics upon thc l'rontiers o{ their l,impirc.'Ti'as bv tlis Policy that they €lbowed all thc\ations rcund them.

Discussian dnd Awfusis

1. What e tlw hltnwniturian reaso^, gixenbn ldncs Og.letlturpe lor the coloni1ation olCeoqia?

2. Arc his rcasans erclxsi'el! hnnwnitattanat a1e ather ntattes allo trcsent? If so,

1

DISCUSS/ON AND ANALISIS: SECTION II

Compare and conLrast the rcligious rcasons givcn b,r' \\ illiam Bradford, John \Virrthrop, .ud Father $ibite for thc colDrization of thcir rcspcctivc rcgions.To wh:rt extent are moti\es othcr than rcligious and hn'nanita an rcasons prcscntin the four rccounts of colonization in this section?

OISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS: CHAPTER 1

For \\'hat r€asons did EnglishDen want toleave nnghnd?For what reasons did Englishmcn $'aDt tocolonize North Amedca?Ho$ were economic xnd poliiical moiircsconibnred nr British colonization of \orth\nierica: How \\ere econonic and religious.rotives conbined?Do yor ihink that the pmmote of Brjlishcoloni"atjon $crc accurate nr their desc p-lions of Amcrica? Do yon tlink that thcirrcasoDs for colonization o{ the Ncw World

\\'ould vou concludc that the l,inglish col-

onics wcrc settled p ncipally because ofEnglish impcialistic and mercaniilistic mo-tivation or bccausc of pcrsonal motivationol an economic, rcligious, or politicrl n"-turc: Statc )ourrcasoDs.

6. ,{rrange the motives tor English coloniza-tion in Nhat you considcr to be th.: orderof their importance. Cive rcasons for )our

: . \ \h. .1. i i l l r ) .on.r , r \ io s. .1 'nul . . ,nomicand soci.rl conditions in England can youdnrv from the readings! Support \'ou an-$ver Nith passnges from the varioDs selec-

q-ora*rcAN co,-oNrAL DEVEL. 'MENTIL

l

This old ensroving of chorles Town, sourh cororino, show5 ihe imporronce ot r.ode ro rhe Afrericon coronres.

CONFLICTS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE COLONIESDuring the hundred years betore 1750, British cotoniat po|cy provoked numerous djsputes

with the American cotonies. Ctash$ occured most f requenf ly wher ecoromic and pot i t icalpowers which the cotonjsts ctaimed were therrs_-ither by grant or by fight_overtapped puw.ers ctaimed by the Crown, And disputes atso often arose because changing econohic andporrtrcal conditions red the British government to adopt poricies which the coronists resenreo.

Beginnine in the seventeenth century, the British passed a sefies of Trade and NaviEalonActs consistent wi th their pot icy of hefcant ihsm. These taws required, amone other t ; r rss,that alJ goods imported or etported from the Amerjcan cotonies must be caiiied in Brirrstrships, and that certain ,,enumerated,, goods coutd be exported only to Britain. The taws weredesigned to promote Brjtish commefciat ancl shipping jnterests a.d to prevent ihe drain ol eo aand silver trom the empte. The cotonists viotated the actsi however, ever white remainrnsfaithfur subjects of the crcwn, bv iriciflv trading with Europe and the non-British west rndres.where they could find better prices for their goods.

A second aspect of Britai. s economic poticy that provoked contfoveisy was a ruting thatnor onrv prevented the exportation of gord and sirvef to the coronies and the minting of coins inthe colonies, but atso prevented the issuance of paper curency by cotoniat sove.nments. theBritish feared that inftatjon would resutt trom coto.iat pfinting of paper money or bi s of cred(.Yet the cotonists, faced with a djminishrnC suppty ot money jn an expanding economic syste, ,

source of money or credit ior business transactions.Potiticat devetopmenE in Brjtain also afiected the Amencan cotonies, and promDted tne

18

I ,

_L

third of the issues discussed in this ch.pter's readings. Dufing the reisn oi ceorge I and ceoreel l of Engand <t714 1760), part ianrents power increased in fetat ion to ihe power of theCrown. The resutt i r America was that the cotoniat egis latures, which modeted the.rsevesafter the Br i t ish Part iament rn deienntntrs therf r ights and author i ty, saw their powers andpr iv i leges ikewse increased, This made conirct between cotonra assenrbly and Covernor al

Before 1763, dtspl tes between the cotonies and the Crown over economic and por i t icalssues such as these were noi v iotent. The colonists asserted their pot i t icat and economic

riehts as Englishmen and sometinres vio ated Brnsh iaws in the inreresis of econohtc survtva ,but they stil remained toyal subjects of rhe Crown. And the B,itish polcy of noninterferenceor ' isalutary negtect , ,pursued by Robert Watpoe, pnhe minrster o, Engtafd f ronr 1721 to1742, al lowed the colonies v idLal economic and po|t ica independence. But afrer 1763, wherthe po icy of salutary n€g ect was no tonger to towea, rhe econonjc and po i t icat at t i tudes thatthe coronists had devetoped woutd tead to vtoent c lashes and actuat revotut ion acainst the

READI NGS

CONTROVERSY OVER THE NA\TIGATION A(]TSR€ADTNG l . WtLrtANr Bor r , , !N F^voRs ENFoRCL\t .NT oF THI M[RcA\rrrrst LAws

Fron a Letter to the tsoud of Tradc. Februrry 26. 1742READTNC 2, THr CouNdL oF TRADtr . \ND pl . | \ rATto\s FaVoRs Ct iA\cr \c THI MtRcr \_

TII,ISI I,A\\,S

Frorn a MemorandrDr ro the Duke of Ne$castte, tlh 21, Ij24

CONTROVERSY OVER THE USE OF PAPER MONEYRIADTNG 3. LIEUTENA\T CovrRNoR SrR W. KEtrH rN F,lvoR oF pApER CuRxEr-cy

From a Letter to thc Conncit ot Tradc and plaDtations, Decernbcr t2,t '723

READTNG zl , THo\,r^s LECHMTRE AND oiH.R OFFTcERs oF H.M. CusToMs tN NEw E\. i_LAND, ]N OP}osITIoN To PAP.R CTJRRENcY

From a Memorial n) rhe Councit of Tradc and planl.ttjons, April :JU.1125

CONTROVERSY OVER THE RICHTS OF COLONIAL ASSEMBLIESRTADTNG 5. Sm JoHN R^NDor.pH oN THE SorrRcr oF LEcrslATrvE RrcHTs lN Roy,, ,

CI lARTTRFrom a Speech ro thc Virginia House of tsurresses, Argust 6, l7j6

Rl].\DrNG 6_ THoMAs powNALL oN THE INHERENT RrcrrTs oF Cot_oNrAt_ L)jctslAruRlsFrcm The A.t,ti inrution ol the Colonies, tj61

RLADTNG 7. covERNoR SArl(rr , r_ SrrurE oN trrE MAssAcr lust i r rs LEGrsr,AtuRr.s IN,FRINC€NII]NT ON TI]E RIGHTS OF ll{E KING

From a Leftcr ro King ccofge I. Augusr I6, 1723READING 8, BENJAMTN FRANXTjN oN rHE RtcHi.s oF ,r)rE Cot oNtAr_ LrcrsraTUREs

From a Lctter to covernor wjltiam shirlct, Decenrber 18, 1754

19

2A AMERICAN COLONIAL DEVELOP]VENT

I . CONTROVERSY OVER THE NAVIGATION ACTS

l. WrLrA\r Bor_LdN o\ trNFon.EME\r or rlll \Itrnc4NTllrsr LA.r.s

Tlrc |ollouitlg letLet. tritten on Feb:uant 26. i712. is dturcrse.l to thc EIrIishLaftls an ikt Boatd ol Tratte u)nse ttutv it tt:os to dcut u:ith cnlont,i na,,- pi,,,,r.Thc turlv ol the tcttet, \\ii1ian Baltalj, llns arpoi t(,t Khtg.s Adt\)t:at.: Ilu (:o1,.,.t rctv. i ! i . :nshhle! topra,euteaLLof ictutt : rca,r l t i* t r*A;r; ; i^; ; ; , : ; ; : ; ; , ; " ,"1onu ol tlassa.hl!'exr. rn ttu t"rt'et.Boum gil.csitis ,",,"",," 1,,, ;,i;,;;;1,;i;;",,Jdcenent ol thc ,wtcuntiti,t hi.\.,

. . . lTlhcre Las tatcly Lccn CrLried or t,rrea lnrgc Illicit Tra.k, (D.structi\e to ttrc I-tercst ol Clrelt tsril.riD in her Tr:rdc lo hcr o\u,Pltntit&)ns nDd Contrarv to the nrxin intenr

r \ \ ' i l l i r r Bol t I i to r t ,e Lo s of . f rade. I : ( ! ,

n, . l - . '6

: l_ | l \ t t , . . , . i , , , . . \ , , \ t .8, . , ,' - ( , l , ' r i t s^. r" t \ t , , , , t r ' r . | , , l t | | .l').1 30r)

( '+Je )

ANACTtoR

t a f a lIncrestC ol 5 l l [ rntng,

l l ! )

NAVIGATION

of r i l l hcf Lr \s nr idc (o rcguhLc thai Trad.bv impor(hg illo tlis provnr.c lirl'le Ou.,,ti.s ol truoperln Ci)ods of r\l,losi ali Sol-.l r . r , r ! l i \ i r \ i tL,J. . , f I ror" .rr.. br- the Ldws !i.tx)ll) prolibited lo bc nr:portecl into (he Pl.rnlarnns, rnd tlc rest r:.i l 'h : - : , , I 'o 1, . i r r" . , t , J r r , r , I r , , .. ru,r : r ' ' l :1. ,1, f , , , . , ' c , . . , gr11 , ; , , , 1,1,

( .^IL. . . r . . . \ . , .1. $,r1r \ r r r .q t , r . t th,r . r (osid.rnblc \unber of ships ha!1, . . . latel

_o n, i r r , , , ' r \ ( o,r , , r \ , ' i r - , t , \ t r , , , . H,, .1 . ,1' - I . i . . , ,n. , , lot t r .o, i . .1, , , , r i , l r H,, l .)

' r r or ( t , r l j , . t , , . . . " . ( ,1.1"{ \ ,J, | 1. . . .. , t r . , . . ' ,1. , , t \ r r . I \s. .1. t . , l ,ur \ l rL.\\irneD s CloLhingi s.co|ldh,, thr Sornc, \ c.

- | l ' . \ . ,1. , , ,orn. , l j r , , t , f .or , , , , rh-r turerr

' . r I . , ' l L, l t , . \ ; rh r : . C. r . :oe. rhuLl t ,' r , l sa, , , - , . ' r l , '^ , \ , . . , J. . , , r , ' . . ,J . j . L l , r I i .'n, l , , r1,- . , r tL, i , . ; ,1, Jt , , c, , ,1. , , I tha t , r , . .

du.e lDd trlinuiactuc of okt Spanr urolibi.,un&r lirg. penrLlties ro lr irnpurrecl into Crcarn,r t . , r , , l , | | , r , r . , t , r , \ " , , , \ \ , r : to, , t ,h t t , . :r . r r , \ , , I t t r ' . q, ." 'ot Tr.rLl ' , , i r \ . . r . \ . . . .r , , \ , l , , n 6 , . ln h. . -JI . l , r$r t t , . " , , i . , ,arrl lhougli tlrcy appcrrr \iholv lirgtish nr thePhntatnDs. Ycl b), merrDs of ttrcjr l,.nrs CoDlnrnde.l a,rd \a\ig,rred b! lrcncl ncfu{,r.\ . ' , ' , r ' - , / , I . - . ' , , l , t , - , . , , r , . . . . , , . . . . i t , r ,l , r Fr- , \ \1. . , . r r .J l , t r l - h- t r , , , t F. . Lprpcrs and prsses procnrrl trv n,,,"1 ft",,

Plctured ot rhe iefr is rhe r i le poge oI ihe { i . , oflhc Br l t ish ows whlch were io become knowi 05the Navigot ion Ach. This ow wos po$ed i i 165t,over 100 yedis before seriols cofrroveBy over rneNdv,goi ion Ach devetoped

NATION.9r rbr lurrrnrr otllr Solpprnq anbrlErn.0urntrnlrrr 0f rl,., ) i l iqdf ion or tD6nirron. l r , l r ( !unD.r

rlrtEcrlarr rrD Safe ,

r!.nitD. E. rtcni!(t.b bl abrs pr ltrnt Dartrs,

'ltrrl, allD !l]l aurta:llt uJrr.ot, lb8ralom

anoifr( lhr Jtr I iDaPof D(. ib{ . €)n. l l los,(aIDnr l )utrDr.D l i l tp 0ni . anD frorn tbrntcfor,l!ar05, Jlo a.0oDs or €.trnno![ris rr)hai6,rrr.r, Dt r|. !:)orM), F;oDu('ur ot gl,rnrfd( tdrr dfnF, Ar- . r 0r , i , . . - , 0:ofnnr!ar(rhr,roi o:

^r d, r l0 i roq t (knq,r q to rhdn.

o, .1r ' ! 0t r l tUd . ! , u1t [ ] , i r ( 0. t ( r t fh or l&oboilr u ll)r rfunt lirrp3 0! €niDs ol lhof.I ra(s i t r r r ( r f r l ) ( ( r I n, Franrdf ide, l5!rhrr ! , nrLlbr l rnDo: ' .^ u:b:oi4lrr r l rorhrs

- : . : , , r Concemcrd in the rnrt tk i r . t l re! hrve

C:.ried thc Lnqtish Provisions to thelr op'r, . , i \ , , , 1t , ; r r . t . , l th. ." , . . r . , f l r " ' . ' \ ' \ -

. r r 'L P,rr ' " l \ l t : ' i r r : h l H\ Tr"r l . | ( -n"

. I r , r"r . r , ' l l r " i ' l i ' l r . ' r ' l r " r l l ln l l ' l:. C.inieci on bv Factors ltridc 'gcntsl

hcreI , r l ' . . , *

^ l rh ' i r Lun'rn"or ' D ' l l

i i , ' ' . t ' . . ' , ' , . rh ' r ror ' , ' \ , , ' ' '

( ;^o ' l '' ' ' ' ' . . ( i . r l l t T ' , ,1 , r , n l

" - I l l : ' i l

i -1,r . ' , t ,L. ' ' , r '1, . ,n,1 l ' "n, . r" , Hn'r ' r r r ' l..,r",*f u, olc'of thc greaiest Sellers of

- ' , rd Cloths hcre (md i( ' j ho\\ ' lntn) 'othc$I :.dit srtv) to SuPplv him \l'ith Blitck Cloths'- , .

" . s"r , i ' i r l r l I ' i ' ( orn ' r \ r r r r : l r t

' l nJ Clr-rp, r srr l 1 ' l t l ' r i " Br" 'n

a ,ths of that Colour from Holhnd than fronr

ar1li1n.L But lo picvcnt or ntber in{rrease' t . t ' t , lo, sun' . . o" r ' i . Hp ' l I r rc ' ' l

, ' u ' t , , " , ' " '

tn ' r r"TrIsr io ' i 'Cl ' l i r '

: supcrfine French Ckrdr' shich I bought on

,,o ' t ' t i : t ' \ ' r rForr l l " T\ i l ' ' -: r l , . 'c l l l ( lT; , lFrc I ' i \ i r ' ( \ ' r " ! l ! t " p ' r I

- -lestrov tlrc vitat paris of the British (inn'

,.."", "na

t,, Usc rs a \'lcnienb to Nttsell- i ile Customhouse Oilicers to do evo) thing

to\\'arrls Cutting o{I this Trid€

! r ' rn rni , In ' ' lo \ ' Br i l i 'h \ ' l i ' ' S \ -

.,.t.. itrat the P.irsons concerncd in this

:..de irc man), Some ol then of the grerit'st

CONTROVERSY OVER THE NAV1GATION ACTS 21

l nr r ' r , r ' r ' C"rrnr-r ' " l s l 'o I ' r r ' r " ' l '

r r ' i l | , r \ h) i l rn ' l h1\ i r '1 | ' ' l l r rF

i" ' ' ' ' " r ' ' rh;) h

' in " L ' l '^ ' r r ' l l r i t \

i t 5oTr "nenl ! \ ' r "

'o!"r l l \ " ' l h rr ' :

' . ' . , " , r . r i r - ' "* t ' ' l ' ' r l r - I l r " r ' orrrhl

i , , " n f ' " """a

l ' . rh" | ' ' ' " l I i r -11 Br ' r : ' r lr lA | , t , . , . ' , ,d

nl \ r rh"rr \ r ' ' " ! 'o i " ' r '

'n , \ l , , l o l . l l r r ' la l 'h i r lnr

o l rh ' Pr ' " -

inc€. ud Nfulkrrs are brought nr srth t' Pl1ss

lLt r l i , i , f i -n l t l ' r Tt a '

" I r r l - ' r ' \ l ' l ro l r ' ' r :on I l ' \nrr ' . r ' r l, i ; . i , ; - . , ' , r ' , ,

r ' I mr ' l - , , t l r i ' L r ' ' l*" , r r i r ' r . ' l l " I l - |u ' r" ' ' r h ol l r ' r I 'L: 'n

t"ti""" --,"a,

tis bo pliin rlrnost to nc'cl

, , r ' l " ' r , } : r l r , l i ( l '_n ' l ' "^r ' l " l "

C,r ' . lh i ' . ! , ̂ r i ' \ l . h i ' l lh I l_tFh | ' l

to thesc PlantrtiuN and thcir propcr uepu!

.lence on thcir l\tother Countr) eill nr r gr'rt

long be lost:

Discu.\tioi and A iysis

L \I'/rd/ rc.rr.! b be the nain rertson dtt

\\'iltk , Baltt.n oppo'c(I the Palica af v11!

toa n . , lc , l ( tn( l (u i ta 'ak\ l ' ) {atcentnt

of

1.h.. N arilal iott A.t sl

I \ \ / .1/ , ' ' / '

. r - ' , l "o ' \ \ ' ; l t i "u ' l to l t " t ' : : t r

abnLrt tIL.. ttlitutc o[ llu) illega! t'(]'cisn tnnr

cartic(t o bu thc Awtican 'olanistsi'

i TIrE CorrNcIL oF TRADE ^ND

PLANrArroNs oN CHA\GINC rllL N{xRc^NrILrsr LA$s

On hnu 2'1, 1724, the Coutrcil of Tm(te ani |'knrtatiotts t"ttt thc lollau:in{ m'nta

ruul t l t t r " lht t ,as r ' t t rcht th ' D' , r 'nt \ ' r r 'u l l \ r r ! '1 \ / i ' : r : ' ' r : r ' r ' : : r l j j l )

r r l

;;;i;;,;;';';";;;;;;;' "u"', t",

't," chd'linNunrtilntu\ httu \ct unrtanLt:nt

;;;;;":'i;;; ;;;;;tn,tcastte h( iu't 'cceithl trce" aplail't.ed ti'c't'Ldru ar statc

i',,, ,i'r,i,'* -"*-.

sir Rttbet wah'ote and a\ s'crctuItqrf Sklte ' aas (t tepte s'11'

iii," ,it uu trlaiestlt th(. Kin.r tLr.(t an 'r

t)lliio nenbet ol rtrc Boafi of ln(tt'

l r hr . . . h ' rn f roPu-,1 r \J l r l r* l "o: , , r l thr Hr i l i \ l ' Pl ' r r ' . iurr ' [ 'o lo i i ' ' r r l

r r . r" l r r ieh b. . \ l ,or ' d rr ' ' l ' I l ' ro l ' r rFq' l

- - . . . , l rccl l r l r " r t l r 1" " ' ot l l " i r Er^$l l l

:: .rn. foreign rnarket to thc sout]Nrard of

l:-.pe Fnristcne la capc ln "nortlrwcstenl. r . i r _ h ' ,1 . l \ is i { . rn".cr" l ,1f t : ' r 'oF\ '

.,.rcc -xt '"o"ld

occision a verv nrtc rl

L l , . r ,s, r r lh. \ ' l ' , ' l \ - \ e ' i ' r r r ' '1" ' l

hurnhl l cr ' ' ' l , , r ' to| ' ' h ' lnrr ro - \ l ' ' "

r ̂ , r . l " r ' l r ' r ' ' "1 Pl ' , o ' ' 'or- 'D"r-

, . . \ .1\ '1. , | | \

. l ;2 i ' I l r t r4\ t .at

l . r , , . r , . l i , / \ ' : \ t t4t t r ' \ \ ' t t tutx

\ ; t \ \ \ t \ ' i l l . ' l l '

' c l L i

' l ' ^rr l\ l t " .1\ \ St . , t i !

' t \ c)1{L- l r )31. l t i l r^ l r ' l

22 aMER CAN COLON AL DEVELOPIT,4ENT

tL. $\errl olri( ctirDs t1[t hxle been nrrde toit, rs \.ll xs tL. sevnrl rersons tlrrt nrduceus to bi:lie\e tl.rt tbn protr)srl nright provebencfiriel to tlc connnorc ol Crcat Britax,.TLc grj(lal objcctioDs to this proposal sithr.spc.t io t}c Plantatnnrs, havc usuall,v bccn,thrt )drr \Iajcst!'s Colonics in ADc ca mightth(ldrr b(omc inclcpcnclcnt of thcir \IotherCountr), thit thc Norlhelr PlanLrtiolls, rnoreparticularl) New Englind hrve rlrcrdy sho\rloo great r desire of benrg so, .lld thrt itsorr i l t , ,or t r . r r r In t l r . , ,1r " , ,1 : ' l r s i . ,Co\.r m,r . . , u l . , . , . ' , r , r1, , . ,1, , , f r l r ' rowtl Phntrtions entir.t! to t}crnsclvcs. But

.rse it shoulil bc tbought rdvisrblc to nrakcthis altention in thc Lr(s of Trlldc, thcmethod whicl i sc s lnnr ld hunb\ 'of fer t r )Iour \hjcstv for doing il, as se conceive,rvould stanrl <lcar of these general objections,l ) .causc qc lould propose t l r l t th is l )ernssi()r slrould be restranrecl to tsdtish slips l,clonging to British orylers d\\ellirg in alr.atBriltlin, aDCl duly na\ierted accor.hrg to hlv.rh,r s,r . l , 'h ip. r le. . r i r .c. l r , , . . , ,n, l { . r r inCrcat D tnin might be p( niit.d to seil to

lur Nlnjestlr's Plut.rtions to l.rkii in a hidinglhcrc, consistnrg of thc Producc of the siidPhntations rnd to crrN th.r sanre io anv for-. i ( l , , , r l . I r^ r1, , , , , r ' l ' f . . r l . , t ( : . r l ,p Fini . -tcrfcj plovided thcy $cre obliged r{tersrrdsto rchrrn to son-- p()ri in (lrcat Brit.rnr :ll.lr r . , ' , , rd rh-r . t , Ior ' l ' ,

"q- . , lor , . l ,o

"l ' rn ,g. . in ro

nr r\m.ricr. TLis t)rop()srl tlus gnfdcd. 1.]:frorr rnqk g thc (i)lo!ics nxlcpcn.lcnt (':Crcat B trin. urrrld in onr opiiion tjc ths::frsti:r to us. indsmrrcli rs bv lhis mcnns \\.shorl.l rcccssaril) be lhe crrriers of theb l)rod

' | . \ r , ,h s,r l l . , rur ,1. . . , r ' r i . r ' rh. -navignlnnr rnd nrcre.rsc our our; rnd jf tbcPl.tnlritions nr general \ierc restrriDed fronl, \ t iJr ' nE ,n\ , . , r ' ,o, l i . , .

' t .n, ' , r ' r r r ' l ' .

own shippirg to IoreiSI marlets in Europ.clccpting nsh the del)drd.x.( of ou \orthcnlPlintrlions who rxe rt prcsort vcr) l)owc ulin shjpping whose proclrcc is rnuch the sar*sith our o\\,r, ard wlrosc tradc.1nd nrterestloo much interfer.: \rith ours. wornd iri rtllt r ' , r ' . l ' l ' r \ I non 6 r , l ' , , , r . ' l 'o , r . For, . ' r ' l . $ o. . t ' r , l ' l ( \ , r r \Lrn Co'ol i ,

do curry on r considerablc traclc to foreiglports in Europc \rith lunbcr, corn, alld fisL.\1hich gives them too Sr.at an inicrcorrrse \irtnforcigros and puts thcDr undcr :1 t€mptxtiolof nrffishiDg lherrs.rl\.s wiilr nliny cor noclitics from rbrord, \yhi.h thcy ought onh torcccirc tronr Crert tsritain.

Dir(jl]rron drut Aialysit

l. WhaI secltlj ta b.. tlu. nain rcasott blrJ theBoa I ol't'rade f@orctl the paLicu al unu-tatq negbtt utvl ad1:ocateA d change in theNdoigarid A.ihl

2. \lthtlt is ih. Boirl of 'trules plun Iorchangi ! th(

^"arigatijn Act!'l

3.

1.

2.

DISCUS.SION AND ANALYSISJ SECflON 1

Tn what way rvouJd the proposed ch.rnge in the -\-avigatnnr Acts by the Boud ofTrade bave hclpcd aDd at the srmc tiDe hnrdercd thc ccoDomic developncni of),lew England and the other colonics?Ix your opinion, whrt w:rs tLc motivatn)n of tlc Nc\v England mcrctrants in break-ing thc \avigatior r\cts? Was il out of nccrissity, out of :l desirc for q,calth, orout of pressures lron colonjsts who wantcd rhe imported goods, or. some otLerrcison? Cive rcasons for 1oltl.answer.\\'11,!, do you think, dicl a later atte pt b] lhe ]1 glish l,arliament to elld the pol-icI of s.rlut.iry ncglect ciuse contrcvercy a d eventual rcvolution? Civc reasons

CONTROVERSY OVER THE USE OF PAPER I''iON EY

CONTROVERSY OVER THE USE OF PAPER MONEY.

3. LEUTEN^Nr CovDRNon SIR W Iturn IN FavoR or PA?trR CURnENCY

on Decenlbet 12, 1723, Sir w. Keith, LieutcwlLt GoDerntr of the ptuDince of Penn

sqlnania, rorcte to the Lo L, on the Board ol Tra(Ie, citing rcasons rhA the .ohni"s

neeileil papet moneu tor locdl business tra,reactions Since the Bitish Yolltbited rhz

export of gold arul siloer bullinn ftom the mother counftv, and 1J..t rcquircd th. 'oI'

onies to p;a tot British goods hr eold anA silaer, a seious currencg slortage dexel'

ope(t in the Anericdn colanies. The use ol lorcign coie, roied wtstrc.esslul bec tse

ol a (liteftnce in the nalaation ol the coins in m a1$ colonie$. so the colonid eoD'emments hlul attempted to $lne the prcbl' m hU i\\|.tin! papet ' uttcnctt ol thei oLn

A ,ottion o! Sir Keitlis letter to the Bo d of Trade appearc belolt' l

. . . I observe that )our Lordships seenr toapprebcnd sorne ill consequences kom a paPcrcurren.y in rhe5c prr l \ . . . PFnr ' \ ) l \ ' r r ' i r . ishitherto the onll' Colony which has strictlyobseNed her lnte N{ajesty Queen Annt I'rocla-mation conffmed by Act of ParliiDcnt, 1orascetaining the value of forcign coins in thePlantations, so Spanish platc and gold bearinga dificrcnt value in atmost cvu./ Colony, andbeing also subject to the rhc and fall ofmarkets, it will not convenicntly ansber theends of a cunency in our home trade or prod-Dct manufactured, shich being the source

for a sccurity to one another, we conve athifd palt of their value into an inagtuaryspecic n'hich lully answer thc cDd lpurpose]of a permancnt currency and contnon measureof trade among* ourselves, Dy rvhich merns\,!e are not only able to ise and manufacturea greater quantity of provisions, but also tomultiply our ExchaDgc. and thereb)' dispatcha much greater quantity of tndc .rnd bustuesswithin the s:lme space of timc: And thispldnly .rppears to be lhe casc of Boston NewYork end South CaroliDa,

and fountain of all our substance, must by 3 Licnt€mnt Covcrror Sir W. Keith rosome permanent measurc of tralic, be kept in (i)!.cit of Trade dn(t plantations. De!€bbercontinual motion; thus by pledging our Innds 1723, n, irid, vo]. XxXIIt. pp. 38s390.

t2,

Etglond s re{usol io permit lhe miniing of gold or silver coins in ihe colonies led the.olonisis io experi-

renl with vorious olher forhs of money {or use in locol lrode. Among these were coins mode ot wood,

vhich were produced in limired number3. Exomples of such coins, or iokens, produced in 1723, ore shown

24 AMER]CAN COLON]AL DEVELOPMENT

al(tonics. by merns of their pay:r onl1. doactLiLl) crlnl o tllrdr tincs tlre bnsiicss,rvhich thev erer did bcforc. or indccd couldpossibly do !o{ Nithout il: Thil is b} encou gtug tlc plx.l.:r and |rannfrch,r€r \!ithr rerdl rurkct for his conmodity they h.rvehrge\' nrcrcrscd tlrc .trrantitl ol the export.i , r l l . ,

' 1,1o., ,1 r l , . ' r . ' , r t f i iJ . '1 l L,ouAl,J i ra grerter balance in cash to p:rv for liuropeangoods froni Crcat Brjtair . . . r d for theserersons I liuDbly conjcctLre. thrt it is Dotorly th.r gcncnl ifierest of the

^'ortlrcrn Col

ories to truDsac( t|lrjr horre busnr*s bl mcansof r duc froportion ol ptrl)(i cr.dii but xlso'1, . . ' r , $ ' r t1 , r . L, re. . , r , . . r , , r , . n,L, , ,nof tsritislr Dranufactures ard uraroirlabl| scnrl' l r , o l r l . 1, , , , , . , : , , , f , l - ' i / .Inrnrcly.l their golcl and sil\ cr to I.ondol \nrceit carrot thdr bc nr clcnrnd here lorul otherscrvice but r(turns to Inghrd. l1rt r Iqit , . , r l : u l . I r , , ' ko. , ' l r

' . i l , r , l r , / , , r l r . ' -prilrte rfiaiN at the lirne, \\'ill lon somcthrr8ftt n t, 1)\' sllch aD rlterxtior in thc .uncnc!ol - .^unlr) . , . ' . l ' ' , ry.r . . , . B,r ' r , r rnr ,of thrt naturc are or ,)ught to h calcrrlatcclror the gcncrlll benefit of tl,e {Lolc commu-nit! without rogard to prrticulars by therr-sehes. iI it achtallr sen.es to incrcase the bulkof our hade and rllanufrrturc, and drereLyprerents on. peor)le froDr {alling undeL tlen' , " . , i ) a l r l ic i r t , ,J r , . , , r [ . . .1,1i ,q r ] , i lo\rr cloihnrg it f!l\ aDswcrs lhe proposedend etc. . . But to give )our Lordsh'ps dt ore\ieN r pcrfect ider ot the nahrre md us. of

' t ' . t t r | , r r r - | ' ) r ' r r - color iF. , r t r , I l

efiurt no other than rn rrtiffcial :urd lrxrDrlc$contrivancc' to nukc thc peLislltblc comDroditics pfocluced by oru labour, a con|cnicrrl.tr1,nl and 1[vful tcnder n] r11 de:tlings shat!)cvcr amongsi oursel\es: For cxarnple i

l'lanlcr posses'ed oI \r'hctll, biule)', lreet riipork (]i. \mts to purchase Europern ncc.!s.trics of diferext kinds rnd \rlu.s, {or tl,e ,,siof h's farnilyi \o\1 jt is not pr.rcti(.rblc for tliiplanter to crrn thesc brrlkr commoditics rbourwith hnnr rnd nnrch less to subdnide thu,jirto $ch proportioDs or parccls as rrill seneto purcllsc his scverd Nrnts at thc bost 1]aDdlrou rnrn) differelt d(,fs and phces, aDdthek bcnrg noi i sufiici(nt qrudtity o{ goldor siher nr thcsc. coontri.s to.llricker ilncl pro,rnote r Dmlrril erchrDgc, Nhereby tLosc fcsri'ho Lappcr to possess a grciter sturc of cash:rre ..rblcd to nnke d Inonopoly oI tu.lc. i|cplart . r for wiut of x mDmor ueasur. of l r .u-fic. uNt scll |is goods ilt an und-{ ralc andthnrk of Iajsnrg ancl rninufacturnrg ihoserecessr cs lor Lnnsclf \lhich othcL rvavs co|klbe nrc casih pur{rhased with thc produceof his tann. But on the other hrnd if n mfliciorl qll.1rtit), ol paper is struck in such aCol<n,v lpor .r faif, cquil sclrcmc, is it is not()1 its nature erportible rnd consectuentl,v notlirblc lo be horrded up, su.h a l)l:ut-{ \\ill{ind .r rardl srlc for the n.holc produce of hislarnr $ltich is prcscnth ()nrcrted nrto a con,vorient specic of i certnnr vilre \rh.:rc\!itlhc rl.ty qo io marlet rnd ftnrish hnnsell fithan)' sort of Europe:rn goods much cLerpcr thinhe cm lxrssib)v raise ucl mmulacturc thcn

D i scntsi. n and Anal q sis

1. \\:hal rcdton\ does Lieuten.tnt CotcntulK.; ' l , t t , t ' tppo,t , i : t l t r . . , tut . ; , , t

^ . . ,dnce al Wper (ut lcncu?2. ALcot.lhry to Keith's oa:aunt, ud' tlrc u\t

of plipct .unenq t)n ' atlxantdieaus tothc colani.r. to Crcut Btituin, or 1L:as ilcqudlltJ alqtnktteaur ta 1)oth?

4. 'l'roMAs Lr:cxr'trnL AND orrrER OrncLris or ILI[. Crisrorrs rN NF E\cLrND, rN Opposrrro\ro PAPEE CuRnrNcy

h thc fallotLi f; ]|'?ut.lot tl (tn Dntanlunr) ol Attit J0, j72j, Tho"n, Letlincft.and athet of Het lIaj.sra'l Cu'tonL\ Oll.erc in trr\\adn\e s Ntition the Boatt o7Tr(de ta force the j,tassuchurdts g(NetilDt.|t to nll i't ot ft.d..en llrc pato .1nrcncA it hal i$ucd.'the Btitish r:orcnnrcht espcciallll feued that i,tlt tion wttd

CONTROVERSY OVER THE USE OF PAPER MONEY 25

rcfllt trcnr the is'uanc.. ol paper mone! Mt bdclted bA eokl ot sibet, hrt only bgconliden.e in the colonial gorernnent. In 1751 Puliument passed a ClnrencV Actptohibiling certaiil colonies lrcnt istuinf, papet tnonelt, dnd in 1764 efiended the tul-ing to aU colonies.r

. . . Tbe)' lthe inhabitants of Ne\r Eng]andlalso very rnuch encourage the circuhtion ofProvincc bills of ocdit lpapel moneyl, andlctijDg iheln out to interest upon Iand secu-ljty, nnd by the said

^.ts orbrcing them to be

received by :rll H.M. subjects in all prymentsand c\cntricts . . . as equdl io moncy, though. . . bl' reison of the grcrt nunl)cr of thcsehills, whicb amount to 3100,000 or up\r'ardsin the severnl Covemmcnts, aDd notsithstand-ing the public frith nnd srnction to supportthem, and unudl) to sinL the number ofthern etc., which thcy sornetiDres evade bywhich the credit of tbcir said bills is sunk solow thrt the)' havc losl jn their vahe morethan a moiety lhaul eic. This doth evidentlysh,{v 'hJl $.1,- ing ohl ig, d ro re^- i \c th, In inall public prymcnrs at the full v:Jue, howpfejudici:rl they ire to ILV. Revenuc, and ofwh.t d:rngerous cons:.ruence to trade and com-nerce, .rnd bo\r destructftr to the industryaucl propety of the subje.t, ard those pro-cccdhgs lead us to the sourcc of such evils,rvhich rve prcsrme to trke noticc of in thefoJlor.ing nanrcr may opcn a scene, which{ill not .i littlc su/prise vour I-ordslips. Tlegcntlemen oi this country (merchants rndmoneyed no excepted) who possess Dost ofthe i iprovcd and rvastc lands,.rre thc ma-jorit)' of N{cmb€rs in tbc severiJ Cencral Asv mhl iF. lh, y lor lh. m,, . t t , . r r r ' . ,1. , ,D rhu\, .L i l l , . . .n,1 , i rc,rL,c rh.m r i ,o, , r t . , r ; , t i r otthcir o$!r hnds, without an), moncy or trea-sure laid up nr b:n* to support them, and l)vrh. i r L,$\ , , l , l iq ing thcr, r , , h. r . .c i \ , . t in . . i lpaynrents by all pcrsons, as hw{ut te ders. bv\vl , ,"h rh, \ h. ,v, ' . l .n in J rron, )rLl In, , , \estates, and thc mer.hants ancl traders,rvho nre gcnually thc posscssors of rhc bilts,

a ]Ienorial of Thomas Letlnierc ard tLe otl,e,Offcc$ of H.NL Cu*ons n, New Enqlan.l ro thec! , . , . I v l T Jd- : I J Phn,. ' t io, , . . . \ f r , t r0, t ;2, ,nr i6i.l., Vol. XXXI\', pp. 39,1-i197.

must trke the growth and produce of thecountN for thcm, which are risen to mostextravag.rnt priccs: And the said Gentlenenare also cnabled b' the srid bills to carry oDthc manufactures before mentioncd, and k)purch.rse ore land, which is a grcat engross-ing thereof. so that poor pcople coming ftomGrert Britain rnd Ircland upon tbe prospectof h.lving lands to scttle on, and .tre thc grcrtriches of this large and uncultivated counLy,are ir a grcit Drcasure debared, the lard bcnrg in thcir possession, rnd raiscd to suchgre.rt pnccs elc. 'nese evils bcnrg scen intotrv nost of the sabstnntial mcn of the country,.r ComDriltee of \atron was appointed by theCencrrl Assembly .rt tsoston, the N{etropolisof North Amedc,r, to considcr of wrts andnx*ns to redeem tlrc .rcdit of the Lills, .rndunmnrous]l .rgreed that no more bills oIcr.xlit shoald be madc, that whrt nroncy thcCountry shoulcl sant rpon public cxpcnscs.should be borrorvcd in these bills aheadynudc, arid th.1t if tbosc who had thc b ls uponn,ortgage \{ould pay them in, thcy shouldhavc l0 per cent discount efc., Yct notlvith-standing thes{r adlnntageous proposals rverercjccted, .nd thc said ner Dow ft the Vrssr-chusetts Bay bave n:rde an Act lor enritting330,000 morc in drese bills, $'ithout an), al-tcration ot tcnonr or fbm . . . for c:tlrying onrn IndirD war, and postponcd the cancethrsor 927,000 of bills ef.., Nhich is I mani{cstbreach of public fnith. And thc Covcmmentof Rhodc Island in likc manner, tho' no w:i),sconcemcd in the wdr, not rt ;I1l in debt. .y€t nt this time havc passed an Act for con-tiuring 380,000 xtintcrest in thesc bitls, \',hichis vcry destruclive to trade efc. Bcfore thcse,\sscnrlnies cnchrded on these Acts, they re-ceivcd H.Nf. letter drtcd 31st Aug. tast, com-mnnding the Covcmors not to p,1ss acts of llncx(raordinary nature

"tc. \'itholrt a clause

suspcDdnrg the execurion thocof until it hlrdthe Royal sanction. And Dothitbstandnrg such

,"h,.,

26

tt"(

AMERICAN COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT

wlrich mrtter so ter&irl) afi(:cfirg H.trL pre-rcgahre rn.l rrorde (lRr halnrg no lace of, ' ,on { l , ' , rh In r1. . , , h, . . . . Jr tc$ \ .tra.le jn gcne l and i]nrtjculartv rhe .ommerc.oi a;r- | R. i , . , r ' , rJ .o , , , | | iou\ ,o th" i r ,dusiri rnd propcrlr oI rhc subje.(, thesc bi sbehg surk so gr.rtly in tLcn vrtrre. manr o{tltor being \ery oft.n coun(e ejrect. the xrdenlrrc lvonr out. .rnd alDost <1uite dclacecl,thrt nothnrg can bt: foLesccn l)ur the nrrlostcon|rs ior c\eD lo dr iotr l nrnr ot these U.\Ldominbns, ui lcss t lc Roi .a l Gace nrtcni ici.)r their prescnrtion. ,\Dd \1.: nost h|mblvt ' r ' t 'o , r l r . r l . , , l | r -h r , , , . , . . . . r \ , r t , . ! r lhcr. ; l l ' a, , . , .1, ( ;u\-m., r , m..) h. , . , t i , , , , rr l , . I lh, I ,or . , . .or , , , f ,h, r . r . r r r" ,n a. . \ ; rL t l , r . , ri , . ' , r1,- T1 , \ , , , ! . , ' , . . ) , . , ' , . ; , . , ; ; , . r ron, , r , "( : . ' , , rn , t ior ,h, m ,rr l t . .$ t , r l i r , , r , \ t t , , iJ, r"r i l ,1, , . ,o\ , rnr , , . . , r t , : , th r"J. . in, , t ,1,- i , .u,' r t " ' 1, . \1,r , ' , r r . r , . . r . l r . , r r ! t ,u dortr r ,orl - t h i , , . .1, | , lF, , ' , , . . ,Jr \ to.- , , r rh, h i r ll , r , r , r ' r i i . . , \ i , l ;n. ' -Jd nt h. i rs oLt icr t rop.ll1, \ith thcJn ri a great disc.nnt for thep(x!ucii ot the (!)urrrl. s.hiclr harh bcenrarcd n) most prodjginrs p ccs.

L

2.

Discuttion aru| Analasis

\\'hat rcata1\ do the N.]D Engl nd custoj||jollccts sitt fat oppo,ilts the coloniat .ssuuncc al papet c1|rcnq?At:Loitini: to theh. .tct:aunt, ](ut rhc use all \ t ) )ct , lntncu ntot , d i , t r l tdntn;rns t i ,th. cnt ' t r i ,$. t . t Chtt t Bt i !n i | , at tLa, i tequallu disadunraq@ s tt) both?

l i (

1126

Mosi poper money issued in ihe cotonies rook theform ol b i ls of credi i promkes of rhe issl ine.olonies ro poy rhe omounk srored on ihe bi s.Pic l ! red obove is o.e such bj t t . t t wqs ksued bythe colony of Rhood (Rhode) tstond in 17t5.

r t , , r - ,1 .or , , . , . , l \ th. . , \ . , . l , \e r , \ . . . ,1

- , r r . , r , l , r t i r ' lur , " " i th, , , r ' , r \ \ , r .1, , . t . r , , . .

2.

3.

t .

DISCT/SS1OI,' ,,tND ,4NALISIS; SECTION It

]1 ," : , " , , . , \m-r, , . . ,1 ,ntur, isr rn. ,h. , i f t , r . - r , rh. . r , r , | | \ . . ,u , , r \ou t , . , \F, '\ i i r ,L l r i ropni ' r , l r l . , k .1. , ' , - , ,1 ,"ror, , r f , . , t , - r . .o j r ! j \ \ , , , ,111 ," , , , , , . " ,n, : , , rn\ . Lr , j \ r , , r i 4 or \ u,rr o,"1rt , . , ' r , , . ) Cr. , r . . . sor, \ tor ) i i , | | . .a$. i r .u. .ctr , t i ' L i in, \ n, .L l r" r rJ\ , r ' l " . . l i r , ( i r r , , r , t " r ru r , .m, i r , \ t ,1, t , . ,Dn.. , .taking into considoation tte bacliirg ol rle prper .urerc) in rne Uniiect Srates

Car lou xt atri rcason rvhy the \ov Erglarrcl coloni$, especirlt). Nlassr(,lnrsetts,might h:r!e been morc in nqxt of trrreniv rttnn soDre ot Llie othtr <otonn,s?

I2I ' . :

CONTROVERSY OVER THE RIGHTS OF COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES

I I I . CONTROVERSY OVER THE RIGHTS OF COLONIALASSEMBLIES

5. S'r JoHN RANDoI-PE oN rHE Sovncr on Ltcrsrrrl\u RrcErs rN RoY^L CHARaEI

Another colrtro|lJrs,ll that deDeloped betaeen the Orctrn and colonies tas olrer thc

poa..rc arul the derttition ol pouet:t ol rhe coloniul assemblies Sn lohn Raulolph'

Speaker of the VirliniL HousL of B]"7.e.-tses and kn.trttt &e the l|,.st lennetl lattller

in \titginia aI his time, lltues tlw tstitish Point of l)ie.|o in the tollobins er'cetpt fuotna speicn to th,z ttou"e o7 B ryes"e' on Autlltst 6, 1736 Randolph beliened th\t ttu)

sot;rcc at the lesislatili' poue$ of the lIause of Bl|/sesses laq in the CrotLti:' gant ol

these paue$ through tuwtl clnrtett

27

The planten who sustanred thc heat mdhd.n ol t \ . f fh l \el l l . n ' , ' r of lh i ' fhr, ' ' l ionr€re rniserably L.rrassed by the golerxrcnt. . . shich I ' rJ , 'n unn" lurdl pow.r nr ru l i r rsb. maai. . l laq. . . ' L l .onni(ur iorb P'* ' J L,) 'Cenci l i r EnClrnJ. $i thuur rh" ,on\cI l ul6e people, \rlich were no better' . . And

:SirJul , r t t " . rdorr \ . \ , , ru ' t b. l ; {h. / - ' t r4, /nr& H'r- n/ Ad,e. . . . . ' . \ \ ' ,11", .J" , - . \ \ ' ' l : ' , "l::L.. 1736, pp. 3J.

such . . . mnst co tinuc to be thc efiects of anarbitr.rry dcspotic polvcr, of \lhich the CoF

Dany in London, in rvhon all tpor"erl andi 'n,r , , ' r r

* . . . th, n lodUed. $erc . ' .cnsrhl"ih , i t l , . ' . .sol ' . .1 ro er ' 'h l , 'h ,noi l , . r lorm ̂ tgovcinmeni rnorc agreeabh rnd suit.tble tothe tcniper .nd genius of the English naiionAnd accordinsly, in luly,l62l, pnsseda chrrtcrunder thcir Common Se.rl, rvhich rvas fouxledupon porvex before gr.rnted by chrners underthe Crcat Seat of England, rvhereby ihq or-

. ' . . 'i:

It vnginio House of Eursess€s,

airr€d ol the ghl,;s generolly

c-dered lo hdve been lhe {irst

rgE€ntotive dssembly to be

t r.d in the colonies. lt wos

'd. up ol men of proPedy ond

drh, ond did not include rep_Froiives of the less o{{luent

tqa6 in lhe colony. Neverihe-b, dre House ot Burgesses wos

Gig lhe firt ol lhe coloniol

-lblies lo toke d nond for lhe

i!' ot colonidl lesisloiures to

! ? h domeslic offoirs wilhoulbrbence hom Pdrlidment, the

d llom royor governoE

28 Al'TERICAN COLONiAL DEVELOPIVIENT

dered aDd dcclared that for prelertnrg in-justice and oppression ii,r thc firturc and foradvancing the streDgth and prospcdq of thccolon), thcrc sborld bc two supreme corlncilslonc to bc called the Council of State, consisfnrg of the gove or and certah councillors,Inrdividuallyl narned, to serve as .r council ofadeicc to the governori the other to be crlledb) the governor terrly, coDsisting of the Council of Stite and two burgesses, to bc chosen bIthe in}abitMts of every town, hundrcd, orother plant:rtior, to bc callcd thc CcncralAssembly. And to have hcc po\r'cr to trcat.consult, rnd concludc of all things concerningthe public [good], rnd to cDact snch la\!s forthe [good] of the colony . . . lasl rrodr time totnne should appcar Dcccssaq . . . co'n rndingthem to imitrkr and follo\,r' tbe policl, formof govemmellq laws, custonN, mniner ol trial.. ,n,1 ̂lh.r . Jmin\rrJ l ioI ot j , r \ r i , . , r { 'J inl i reLnJ: "nd pro' id ing thxr I 'o ofJ, r . ul rh, i fCe errl Courr should btud the colony unlcssr,rtitied in thc Ceneral AsseDb]n,s. T}is is thcoriginal of our constitrtior, conffmcd by Ki,rgJ.tnis ihc ffrsl, by KinS Charles thc lirst, uponhis rcccssion to the thonc, and by all the' rosnrd l re. .d. ot Enqr, 'nJ and ( ; r .ar Br i l , i r .succtsslvcly,, upon thc apponrtment of every

. . . [w]e ought to . . . decide those .ponrts $'herein the Cro\in, or its governors. . . difiel with the peoplc.

Upon such rcview it \(ill appear . . . thattlre two great points which the Colonists Iabourto establish, is thc cxcrcise of their scvcral

ncw govcrDor, with lery littlc alte tioD. Underit wc are grown to \r'halcver *e now hrle toboast o{. And Iron bcnce, the Housc oftsurgesses do de vc .live e privileges \\'hichthcy have long enjoycd, and cl.iim as t}eir un-doubted ight. Frccdom of speecb is the \,erresscnce of then bcing Lecrusc without itnothing could bc thoroLrghlv dcbated, . . . ancxcmption trom arrests. . . . othcr$,ise therr. - . debrtes Dight be frequcDtly intenupted.rnd the; body diDnrished by the toss oI itsnrcmbers; a protectio! for their .strres toprcrent l thcir ] withdrrs ' la l l . . . f rom thcnccessitl) duty of ihcir a endr cej a powerovcr their olvn memlrcrs, lbat they may beanslr,erablc to llo odiq jurisdicibn for ary-thing dore in ihe Housci and a solc right ofJ. l .n, , i r i rg r l l qu. , t i , ,ns , on, , n, inE r l ,c i rown eleciions lest .ontrary judgncnts in thecorrts of ln\r miglrt thNirt or clcstroy theirs

Discussion dntl AnahJsis1. On tLhat lesal ba'is, uccarclilt!: to Sit lohn

Randolph, rlid the lirslish eoDennent rc:;tthe colonins ight to theb donial oss.lnblies?

2. Docs this bdsir secn Dulid dnd cominLnq4

6. THoMAs PoWNALL oN rHE I:,iHERDNr Rrcurs oF CoLoNrAr, LEGTsL^runEs

The colonisti Nint of Dieu is erpluhrcd in the follol|rng erceryt lnn The Admin-ist tioD o{ thc Colonies (1761) I\J I'homus Pottnull. Pounall, un Englishn:|,.n, cameto Ameica as secrctrtV to the goaemor ol Neu fork antl tnter seroerl as lkutenantgoxetnor of Neltr le6ea arul goxenot of ltussdchasetts (1757,175s) Although hene'.r retlnnetl to Atnerictt tLfter 1759. anrl becanre a netnber ol pa ialnent,he,riIIrcmained sutry)athetic to the colonists. IIis book wds an attempt to rcoryuni.e catonialadninistration and I1LD in odet to prcse .e the union behrcen Croan, antl coluny.In the ercetpt belou he erplait:'..' laL tLe tolonltts, es D glishnl,.,n, beliene(t thut theushoukl. haae all the ghts ml piDile{tes ol ll.n1lishmenc

rights and prilileges, as f(nDded in the rightsoI ar English,ran: and sccondly, . . . tbc keep

6 Thomas Powrall, Tfut AdmikLntuti.n ot' th.Colont.i, lnd c.1., London, J. Dodslev dd T.Wilter, 1765, pp. 39 .11,50 52.

CONTROVERSY OVER THE RIGHTS OF COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES 29

nrg in their ox'n hands the command ol thereveDue, rnd thc pay o{ the ofice of government. as a sccurity for the conduct of tloseofffkrs towards them.

Undcr thc ffrst herd bonrtl com{, all thcdisputcs aborrt tLe king's instructions, uDcl thcgovernor's power, as fouDded on thcD.

The knrgs comDissioD to his Sovcrnor, whichLtrrn,. lhc l )o$1 r ^ l go\. rn, , .nr -n4 Ll i re. l .thc calling of .r legislature, ind the estibtishtuecoufts, at the s.rDc timc that it 6res the gov-crnols power, . . . rdds 'and b1.such furtherpo\r'ers, instructions, and authorities, rs sh:tll,at aDy time heredicr, be gnnted or ,rppointedyou, under our signct or sign lninual, or byour ordef in ou hivy Council." . . . [B]ui drepcople o{ the colonjcs sav thai the inlrabitotsof the colonies arc entitled to all the privitcgcsof llnglishmcnj that thl]l h:rve;r ght to participnte ir thc lcgjslatire porerj and that nocomtrrards of thc Crown, by ordcrs in Council,instructions. or lctte$ from secretrrics of stite,1rp bi ' rd i rq,r |on lhFm.. . . r l ,dr rh, ! hold, ' , i .right of legislaturc, not derivcd from the graceand will of thc Cro\\,n, and dcpendins on thecommissnrn whicli contnlues ;rt thc $ill of iheCro$n; that this right is nrhcrcnt nnd essentialto tlre .onmunitv, rs :l community of Lnglishmenr :rnd that t}erefore thcy nNst hnve .rl1the rights, privileges, nnd full aDd free exerciseo{ iheir ox'n will an.t Iibcrty in maltug 1.t$ swhich :rrc Dccessiry to tbat act of legishftn,unco trollcd by any porvcr of the Crox,n, orof the govclnor, preventing or suspending thatict; and, thai the clausc nr the commissn',,directing thc governor to call together .t lcg^,lature by hjs writs, is declar:rtive rnd notcreative; and therefore he is directed k) actconformrbly to a right achrally dready existing in thc people, . . .

fie Crcun docs, by its jrstnrctions to itsg' ,vnn.or. order l l , .m lo r .q

' j r , of lh- lFgi .

lature :1 pemrnent support. This order of theCrorvr is gencrLr]ly, if not rni\en:111!., rejectedby the legislaturcs of the colonies. Thc Assen-blies quote thc precedents of thri British con-stitution,,lnd found all the rights and pdyilegcswhich they claim on thc principlcs thereof.T|1 , r ) luu lhp l ru{h. .n. | 6tn. \ \ o l l I i (pinciplc in the British constitution \rhere theexecutive power of thc CrowD is innnedilteltadministcred by the kings Nlatestyj yet srl,undcr tbe cjrcumstancr:s in which they ffndthemsclv€s, th,rt therc is no other measurc leftto thcm to prcvent the Disapplications of pub,lic money thln by an amrual voting mdapprop ation of thc salaries of thr: governorrDd oiher civil oflicen, issr ng from rroneyslodged in tlrr: hards of a provincial treasurerapponrted by thc Assemblies. For nr these\,rh. , r , l i lht" g '^,rnnFnr. . nmutF truro hi \N{ajesty's inm.rdjate in€aencc, admnristeredoftcDtimes b)' nccessitous md rapaciols gov-ernors who have no mtural, although they}a!e x political, conne.tion qith the .ountrv,expedelcc has showD that such govemox havcmisipplied the moneys rajscd for the supportof goveDmcnt, so th:rt the civil o{Ecers ha\1,been left unpaid. even ifter having bccn pro-vided lor bv dre ]\svDbly.

Dkcussion and, Analllsis

L On @lnt leKL b&\is (lkl thc Ametican colo'1ist:; assctt tltcit rigl,J to their olLn colonhl

2. Does thir basis rce,n nalid and connh'/itt{

7. CovrriNol SeMunI- Sgurn oN rrrE NlAssAcHrrsErrs LEcrsLArunE's INFH\cEME\I or trtnrcrrs oF rHE KrNc

The lollobin\ selection is a memoial sent on Al'sust t6, l723,lrcmsrrmucl Shutu.gooernor ol Massathusefts,tu King Ceorye I ol I:ngldnd.In the lertet CoDemor Shnte.orytlnins about the M&etaclrusetts Hotse of Reprcsentatitei inftingenent on the(jngs prcns,atine (fiuhtr. Conenot Shute's ddministrction of Ma,sachusetts dn(tNelD Ilatryshite hon 1718 to 1727 $6 onc ol tlrc storniest elperieneA bu aw

30 AI\4ERICAN COLONJAL DEVELOPIV4ENT

colnnidl ga@/no.. Iiriction Lirh the cotoniat.pave$ 1Da' so lrcqucnt th\t in 172J sannletdressfor his g eDan.ee h pe\on.l

ursembb orct fiscal. atu4 terL utu)eShute rctinerl ro Enskmd r) ;eek rc-

^ ltb(D advdl n, iLc Vrssachusetts Rrr n)

Oc(olrcr 17161 I soon ralkrt the Cener:rt As_srnbly logcther. r found tl,c Itouse of Repre-r, r . t , | | \ t r $1,o., ' . , hu.,n ,n u. \ l jo*, .s-dor 1l l r , 'a:J i1 i to\ , r \ ot 'h, Hurr , ot C,,mmons, and if nuch gr.,tltcr thcy tnrnrg thepover ot noDrnllting orcc a ,car ihc l)crlorstlnt coDrtitule )oIl \fujesf.t Corr.ile.1.., anctj , , i r , - /h. , ,1 i ,1 or , / , . L, , , r , ,n, , r . , , , t Lr . r , .

' ,n,nr C,, , , ,?, . r r h l l r , ra, , . i \ r ,orr l , . , , , , , \mo tllsr and like*jse gi'ing su.h onh., as is olyny n trble to lhe rant ot )our Nliiest).sGovcrnour aod Lieutcnant Covcmour. . . rn.tthis not$ithst.rncling yoLu \rajest), s I$rruc-iions, dirccting tLern to scttle .| satary suil.1bl(ll " lh ' i r . . . . l iu l | \ . . T l , , . . , jd o,rs, t r t . rn,apponrt thc sal:rry of thc Treasurer e\ crr year,sh-r Lr rJ, I 1, , '^ ;1. ,6. . , r t . soh a,r i l ,on, \, ' \e ' , l jmt 'or t : ,nJ oul" , , ,h i .h t r , . ) , ,X, ;use in or&:r to intiftidate tLc Trersrrcr lrorrob' v inc rh. prot , L,rJ, , . t , , r i *u jnJ hurr) :r l \ r r . r . or lprr . rp I^t gr- , . , rJ, r , , t l , . i r \ iL\sand inclinations. Dy alt vhi.tr merns tbeIlonse of Reprcsentrtives rrc iD a m.lnncr thewholc l-egislrtive, rnd in a good mersure thce\e."lirc pow.r of the provincc. Tlis llous.jconsjsts of aL(xrt on. hrrrdrccl. rvho bv an ,rctol ,\sserrlt), nrust bc persors residnig id th.respcctivc tosns, I,hich tlic\, renresent:rvhereby it happens thrt the srcntesiDart ofLhem ire of sDatl foruncs

""a "*,,1p.",1educationj . . . so thar b), the rrtiffce tpla;,1 ofa tew desjgning m.mbers. toscther witL Lhcin5jru. . , :^ns ol- .orr f rotJ. , t t ,F To\n olbos 4n. rhp ( ,u ln ' ry R, t . f , \ , I r . , t r \ . . r r rL. , \ i l \ m: ' , le ' , , bFt i , \ , : t t , . , r thF o, , . , i \l ' . . r - l \ 5 ' , t r t ro ' l i r .e , l r

t ,nr i l "c, \ ot ,h. p- , , t1. ,.vhjhl r l r ' \ . , f . inr . , l i , ,g r l r . , r r , . l " , r t , " . l 1,r--rogrtnes of the Cro,vn. . . . Thc Asscnibt'' , . ' , , ,11\ . i r . . ' Bo, 'aI t r r . , f r t , l , , r t l , i . f ro\

^

: \1"r , . , " iJ t -u '

Lu\p Ur st ,u i . ,u r t , | \ r , _\ ' lg" . l l6 l7:1 i t , adt , tut ,a. . ,1 \ tat . fat , , t , . \ j .\ \ \ I l t , fp.32f310.

rrcc, .l largc and populous tov.n srDDoscd tocontinr aLout 18,000 nniabitrnts. undcr ro, , , Enhdn.h) r l ,^$. , , r

^ i \1, : ,h, ,n. ,n\ , , r lh(in l ' . .h i . , . t \ h^. .^. . " ,uo, . , r .h, t ; , l ,us. , t to Ir i \ , t t r re, . , i r i t r , ,o . r l t ru L, . I rurrr ,o,r .

" i . ,1a/ ! )nrFr l . ,n, t ' , , \ | | r1,orr the Ho,r_ oJ R, t ! , --n l . , l i \ . . i r ' 1r) r , , f . l t r \ r . . r , r , ,u.rnk, . , .

11".1", . . , r r r . Pr i r .prr i rc or rhr crdu,, .i / , . , r I t i . D 'o, , , , ,u,4 r1, , .1,r , , . i l ins t , , ,4" , , , , ,

'h- , , , , iof i r ) o l r l , . ,nI , , l r , r , , r , r . , , t 'hr . to\rr- L

plxin from hfDce. thai if I h.tvc at :rnr tiurr(ording to the bo\vrr poNer vcstect in vour\ l . , lp\r \ ' , ( ,o\ , Ino,rrul t ' , . , r p, , , , i " ,

" . * i r l , ,h"strongest reasons, gi|en Dry regati\e lveto] to{n} pdsor Domnrated to be of,our Nhiesh.sCo.r I i l ' l r - r , r , , . . . iL l tu\r h.r \ " h. , r , lh c iert : , f , , l ' . , , h, ,o. , I , i r , th. j r R"r , r .ccnr"rr \ .1 l ' rc" nne'rrrnJ Cu.rc i or , :U, tho pr i .FnlH, f r" \1, t : \F\ . ,1 t \ - To\n ot H,, \ ton. ThLpractic.i is so notorjously kno\,rn .ind justiffed.lh. ' i l i . . , o , rn"r , In. , ' j r , ,1, , r . r nrs:rLi \ .JCo, x i l lor . m.r l , , . x e, ,u, l H^lv, \ .n l . , r rv, . Th"r lou\ . o l H^1,r- . , I t , ' r \ . . ,1, , r \ , , ,nstr ,ure, l , ,ndibettcd, noi$itlslarding rhe mrny u comn,o!prn.ilcges lhey cnjoy b).\,irlue of tieir Chrne..far fron bciDg corrcnted rher(vith, lr:rvc for\o,n. ) . . , r . t r \ t t , : , . r L, , j r In. , t i rp . . , ,Fml,r \' r tv i r , rh i t . \ \ t in,grt i \ , { th- t l l : r \ , L, ,nrrservccl to the Crownr ,,hich for tbar reason.r . . rcr l : r . r rom t l ! , ,h l jg , ion uf mv o,rh . r ,dl r . . ' l r \ t , r "F ' , .1 i r , r . , L) )our \ l : , i .s t \ lr . \ . r l i t i , r \ i i r rL l . to m\ utmo.r , ,o I r . intr l r,tgainst all invasnrns rvhatsre'er.

. . . . I would $ iih hurnbte subDission, fnrhcr

i : ' . hr l , , rc \ , ' I \ t . . i , . t ! . r r , r , rn, . , rnr r r r r r . r lI n IJ ( i ioLl r . r \or , er \ .n rqi , t i i

- \ ] ] ,1 ' . thrr l , ) $dr l , l , l ro$ . . , t , , r n\ . i t , r ) ! ts00f.rrnnlun ot the monev current therc. Bui ihc\! , \ , m- no In, , r ,hF 6r.r )^,r rh. , r , C I ,2tx l"r r l ' r ( norr \ . { ,shn. l . t im- C t60, l r re, $- .'q,rar L \ . ,1 'L ro t l00 \ t " r l ine: \nd t rn \ d iJrh,- \ rsr rontr , r l i thc rrm, . . l lou"nr. ror i \auyeds .lftcr, ,{nd though provisnrns have beenmlrch dcarer sincc. thcy lave ,{ivm rnc ru

'norc, than 3t,000 per arnrrrn oi that rnone.,

which is xorv so much reducecl in its vrh1c,that 3260 is but cqual to 3100 srerling: andtherefore is no\,! abore a third less h vrlue,than $hen I ffrst anived there, so that 9385sterling per annum is all which they in reL itynow allow lne. Thcy vote me that sum bvmoictics lhalvesl at cach Session of thcir As-sembly, which is once in six Donths: But eventhrl tbey don t give me till I b.rvc passed theBills in thc respcctive Sessionsr ther€by to con-stnnr me as fnr .rs they can, to consent to anyDills they lay before me. In the last Sessionsof the Assembly, thcy have voted me no srlatyat :rll. So thrt I havc been, ;rnd m st be, wirh-out :lny suppot liom them for some timer Andbe, ausn t did . . l l in my F$.r to t , r , \Fnr lhoiren.roachments on your Majesq"s iust Prc-rogitivei they bave endeavoured to makc Dreuncasy by othcr wa)'s, rs \rell as by rcducnrBthc salnry or allorvancc t'hich thcy formerly9., \o mp: A' l rptc,r \ by .omt,,r i re rhe tuI . , , )o l lhc lhr , f f r r t \c. , rs $i(h l l , r

- l - ry or . . t -

lorvance of the threc lastj . . . Thcy voted theLicutennnt Covemour for his scrvice ol thrcc

money; r'hicb he thought belorv the horour ofhis Connission to accept. For which uniusttr€atmcnt I knolr no other reason, than that hejs ffrmly att:r.hed to the just Prerosativcs orthe Crown.

. I l i . hut i t lsr j .c tu l l r r l , ror incF. J| | , . r m.rkj l |cr l ,Fse oh.errr t ion. on th. l lous, of RFfrcsen.t$tives, and on too great i part of the Townof Boston, hunbly to acquainr your Majesty,that the whole Clergy of thc trovince, as .rvcllas thc g€nerality of the People, are zealously.tfiected to your lvtajesty s person, and Govem-mcnti nDd the slrcccssion of the Crown in yourRoyal Frmily. And that thc unjustiliabte pr"-ceedings of the Housc of Reprcsentativcs aredisapproved by those iD the Province, \,ho arc

most distinguished for their wcalth, under-st:mding, and prcbity lhonestylj though byreason of the Constitution of thar covennent{,hich in efect cxcludes manv of tbe rictrcst. . . of Representatives, thcy are not rble toprevcnt or redrcss . . . I am also hrmbty ofopinioD that this Prcvince nay deserve yourMrjesty's attention, the rarber, because it is ofgrert edtent, r.cll peopled, capable of beingm:ldc a strong fmntier, to several of yourV.rjcstyt other Coloni€si fumishes pitch, tar,mnsis and planks, tor your Royal Navy: andothcr valuable commodities, ubich they exchange for Bdiish rniDufactures.

Discussion uvl Anslasis

1. Accarding to Coaeftor Shute, hoo had, theMdttachusetts colonial assembl\ inftingedon the prcrcgatiw (tigh/l) of the CrcI|:nl

2. Do Uou agrce or diNagree that tlrc coloniata",rnbly u,t , in l t iq in: o,L the Kinss l t re-ro rd t iae bq the se acts? \Vhu?

8, BENJAMn{ FRATXLTN oN THE nrcH:rs oF rrrE Cor,oNr,{r LEcrsLArunEs

__.B-eniemin Fmnklin unte the lollouingletter on Decembel ].8, 1754, to Cot)ennrWilliam Shialeu ol Ll&tsachusetts aftu the Co@tnot had infanne(t him of Lnstantsupcoming plan to tsr the cobnies b! act ol pa idnenL In his lexer na*in ,,-

Georse l , King ol Erylond-t714-1727

32 A1\4ERICAN COLONIAL DEVEIOPMENT

plained the Ametican colonists beliel in the tirlt ol coLonial ossetnblics to cantralthe pu8e sttings und not be taxcd bg Paiianrcnt.s

I rrentntrcd it )csierda) to lour lxcellencyas m) opnrion, that ercluding the pcoplc of thccolo ies fron r1l sharc in t}e cboice of thegr.rnd council rvould probab]l give extremedissiltisfaction, as $'e]l as the taring thern btrct of Parliameni, wherc they hnve ro repre-

First, thcy \rill siy, ancl perh.rps lyith tusticc,l l ,d l l lh hod) ot 'h ' 1 ' - ,y l r ' ,h. .o loni" .are as loyal, ind.rs {innlv ritAchccl to theprc$nt constjtution rDd rcigning f.mil). rsan,v subjccts in the Xings dorrinions.

That thcre is no relson to doubt the r.r.tcliness rrnd $illingne$ of the represeDtatircsiLcy Dra) choose to grant frorr tirn.: io tinc$ch ntpplies fbr the defense of t1,,, country. '

.h1' l I 'F : , , ,1r , .1 , . . .e. : . r r \ . \^ l , r , . r l ,F i rrbilities will allov.

That the people nr t}e colonics who are tofecl tbe nnmridiatc mischiefs oi nrvasion 1tn.tcor<1uest by an cnemy, in thc loss of therrestatcs, lives, and libefties, arc likely to l,iibcttcr tudges of the qunntity of forces ncccs,sary io be r.liscd rnd mrintained, forts to beI ' r r i l ' . nt l ,up1,ort . , l . . rn, l oJ r l , , i r ou n . h: l i r ie5to bear the cxpense, thaD the PrrliaDrcnt orEDgland, rt so great tl distance.

Th.r l g^\ .n 'ors oJl ," ' comr to thp .o lo l i r \, r , r l \ lo,r ,1. tor t , rn, \ . $ i r l \ l , i "h ,h-) intend to retlun to B tainr nre not alwavs rneD, ' r rh. r ,cr t " t , i t i t \ or inre{r i l \ . h. ro m,rny, , fthcrn no estatcs here. Dof any natural conncc,ti{rr with us that should mrkc them heLurihrnn,"rrr"d tur urrr $. l tarp: rnd mitshr I ,osi l . r ibe fond of raising rnd keephg up nore li)rcesth.ln necessary, fronr the proffts rccruiDs to

'h ' rn.01\p(. nnd,o m,k" pro\ i , run tor rhej j

lrieDds nnd dcpendents.TJ, , , t ,h"

'nun.Fl l^r in Ino.r of lh- cutoniL\

benrg appointed by ihe crown, on thc recoDrmendation of governors, arc ofter pcrsons ofsm:rll cstates. freqrcntll, depcndent on the gov-

enors for ogice, dnd thcrcforc too mu.h unds

Tbat there is thcreforc grert rcason to btjcrJous of a porver in s,rch governors and colr-cils to raise such sums as they shall jrdge nec+s.t{, b} drnft on tbc Lorcis of tLc Trcasun. toL , , f t "nf . . r l { ld,d on rh, ,o l , ,n ier LJ :1, . r o:l'arllarnent, and pakl by the pcople herei sin(rrh.r miehr . ,Lu\ i , b\ t r . j .c l ing ' , . , I ,

s , \ -pcditions, hrrasrnrg tLe pcople, |lnd rahr,rrh, , , , f ror , t l ! , r l . rhor 1, , , \ . . r ' rc 5u, h f r ,F.6n{'rcly to creaki ofices and emplo)!rcnrs, andgratiry' their dcpendents, and divide proffts

Thnt the Parlianent 01 EDgland is rt a grertdi*ance, subject to be misin{onncd anil mrl , r l l , r .ur l r e,{cn.o^ : ,nd roun,r ls r l ro-unikd interests miglrt probably sccnre thenrgainst the cffcct of rnry coDrpl.rnrt from hence

' lh. , r i l i , . ' r f fu(cLl , ,n In( louhr, , l r igh' o lEngl i .hrn, r r r , t ,o 1, , r , \ .J Lur I , r rhpir nsr,conscnt, given tbrough their reprcscntatives

' I h. , l r IF , o l , ,n ier hr \ . no rFt ,n . , nr . . r i \ . . inParliament.

T1,. , , lo nn,po.e lx\ i rs, l r , In by PJr l i : r , - , . r t .. , r r l rnfus. thnm rhc lh.d) ot , l roo. ing,r r ,1,resortative council to meet in thc coloDn,s, andconsider and jrdge of the ncccssity of ar\sencral tllx rnd the quanrun talnou;tl. sho$sr suspicion oI their loyaltl to the cro\{n, or o{their regird for their countf,. or of their com,mon sense md understandin't. \hich tLerhx\ , . ,ot Jcs.rued

That coDpdling the colonies to pay moDer.r , r l ,^ur r l ,F,r .on. n ' . soutd he ; , ; t , , r Lteraising contribulions iD an oremys countr\.lh. . r l : r \ ing ol Lngl i . l rn 'en tor tha; i , r r n prrL, ic

'lhat it would be ljke trcatjns th€ln .rs aconqucrcd peopJe, :rnd not as trrl; tsrnish sub-

Thrt a tax laid by the reprcseDtatives of tlecolonies mighi be ersily lesscned as the occa-sions should kjsscn; but bcins once taid brj ] , , r l i .U, ,Fnt l | . . l , r t lh

' I f lu.n." , , t rh, r"rrrp-

\ n( . ' ion\ . r1( l - t ) g4v.r , ,nrs, \ , ,urJ r1rot , -ht \l r lc ln , , t ) , r ' l conrrr . r r .d tor th. \ .ncf f r ; tqo\ ' rnor\ . to rh. gr i , \o l r \ Lurd,o, . , r ,d di \ -

'8, , , . , . i , Fr , iL, , , , tu ( .o. , .a,1 St , , t ,1. Uc' i ,1. , ls . 175a, Tlr \v,r t r . t U.r t , t " , i , , I r " tA.

1r,, \'ol. U, Jol,n Bigelolv, ed.. Ne{, york. c. p.Puhri,n r Sons, I887, pp. i]77jErl.

CONTROVERSY OVER THE RIGHTS OF COLONIAL ASSEI, IBLIES

.ont l t of thc colonics, ind prelent ion ol l fc i lllfotrr r ruo frerse. . . .

1 l | t L- i , ] . h, . . . - . , - . . .

, : ^ ,

l r , - -. r , . , . t ' r , - t ,nr i - , . '1r , , , )n, , , ,1. . . r , r l r

rrert sulrs to the rntLcr conntrv unnoticedr

1. Tares prid nr Britrnr b| thc hndholtld

' r l ih ' - r . , , . . ' , r ' , f r . l " . ) i ( r . . . ( L l .

lfice of tlie produci: of hnd rDd nranufachrrcs:r.ule ol itr rnd grcai pirt of thjs is prid b!:.rnsurrrs in thc colofics. . . .

: \ \ " . . r , '11,r .L l I o i . r t , , , l r . th f , , .

-ign futionsr and \\,here we conl(l l,c srpplicd

.ith an) mrnufacture cher},r from thcm but:!\t blry tlc sanrc dearer trorn Briiujn. ihcillTerercc of price is rr clerr tr\ n) Britah.

\ \ , . r u l ' l i r " l ,n, ' r ) | ! r . .J r . ' r 'u lr" , l r . . , l r , , r l r In B t : , 'n . . - l $,r ,

' ' I r , . l . r ' ' r .1,orr i l . . - r t \ l | i . , to r". . . " r r l

- l l ' ior , " , ' r - , i r $o, , l , l

, : , , , , , . , - I , ' , 'h, , l rg. r . n, . . , ' r , , tDfititin: qon" . r r r r . l ln"r . , ' . , , , , 11 rn ke. LL.L

or l ' r ' l ' l r . , d rrr . . , . .1, ' r , , r ot Brr r' .chdrts i thc lhole pl<,c is I tax pr to

: : r t . r iLi ts\'our groath nrcrcasnrg the denrand and:.u ptnnr of litjsh DraD!frctures, th(rr

: : f is co.s idcrrblr r r iscd of hte \1 ' r rsr rbe. i r|trge is clcar profft to Briirnr. .llld.nrbkrs

. :rcoplc bc(lcr to prv grcit tiresi :rnd nnrch: benrg prid br us. is flcar t.1\ to Britrnr.: I sl,ort. as \1e .tr. not sutrer(i{l lalknledl

iu l . , , ' I l r , , l , , r . ,1 | ^ , . r1 t l , i . , l ,ur

txtiotr rlnd (ornnrption of B tjsh snpcr{hrilics,rs l l r i tNin.xn thc consrrmf lnrr of forc ignsulxjlluitn,s, our (holti \!cal(| ccnt.LS finnll)!n(rrqst thc rncrc|ants and in| ib i l rnts otBr i l rnr : n. . l i f \e n lc, t lem r icher, ud rr.rble t|e to prr tl(:ir tr\(:s. jt ir ncarl\ llcs,lttre as benrg tr\cd onrscl\'cs. . . .

Theyr knrls of rrrndary ia\cs. howerer. \\edo rot conrplx of. thorrgh rve hare no shrrenr tL. hynrg, (r' .lisposin{ of theur: but to pr)inmedirtc h.rv! txxcs, nr the hrilg, rppro-prirtior ud disposilnnr of \hich we hnv. nopart xrd \yhi.L pcrhaps \\'e Inal, lnorv to be

nre,rs!res to Engl ishmcr, who..mot conci : iver ' ' l , ' l ' . / . . ' l 'nr . p j r l : \ , \ . r I In| , r , , r lsuLcluing rnd sclllnrg Dr!i' countlics, .\toxlmq tlrc do.rinbn rurl ircrersnrg th(i ()m.rcr.col th. nroth mt iou. th{ry l r r \ . l i ) r fc i t ( . ] thcrr t i !1, r ighis ot Rr i lors. qLi .h thc\ t | inkou{ l r t r r thrr lo be !r i \ eL n) ihcnr, , is dLre ()sucl nr,.rii. il lhe! hrcl bc.D b.li)r,: in a strlte

Di!"r.rrii,r dnil An1]/yrB

1. ktuftlin! to B.niotlin Franl,liit, holL)raukl the CtolLn I)( ew:rcdthity on tht, i Lt , a l !1t . . . .atr t^, \ I r , r tot ; r , - t t , , , . 1, . r ; , . .Lhrc lh un atr oJ PaiialncntP

2. Do uolt drrce at tl.isa{cc tltut the (:rau:nu ould be unoa&hr an tlLe @Ionistititht't bt taxin! thetn h tl1i.^ uta? \Itha?

CrowD olicn occtrred nr mcas lhere politic:tl Do*cla overhpped?

3. Despitc lhcse confli.ts. t|., r\lreicin coloIr . . . r j r l r i In. i i . , .J l , r . . , r to r t r . . r r , r , i ,lhe ! \ ( I tcenth rnd 6rst h i l f of ihc c igh-teerrth ccnturies \\'hI?

DlscussloN AND AN,rLlSlS: SECT/ON 7t1Tr \our opiDio . did tlc Auedcxn q)loristi lrr|c i leg.tt riqtri lo lheir o\n lcgis] hDcs? Cnrr rcarcns for Iour arsver.ln yoru opnrn)n. should tLc o)loniil legidahrrcs hit'c ihc po\\.er b coDtrol rhct ' , r r ' - . , r : r1\ ' l Ci \ - , ,

' . , , r . t , , r \o, | | . . . . . , ,

\\'lnt eridelcc do vou tin.l nr this sectn'r of readnrgs thal the colonirlt gorcmorsrnd colonirl aslfmblies nuc in frequert di'rgreer rt? Over \hrt !.ri(;s issues?

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS: CHAPTER 2: :

' l r , l Br i r ' r ' . . . , ,num:, t ,o l r ' ! , , t , 'n.

,.tilism pro\ok. controrersn's bct\lcen. oolou}' ancl Crow[ nr th.] sclcDtcenth

-l eighteertL ccnhrries?: I l:.Lt fvidenc. do ilnr fiDd nr tlis chaplc.r's

' . .Cnrgs t lut conl l ic l betwedr (non\ and