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Important Amendments To The Constitution

General Knowledge Category: The Polity , India: An Overview

The first Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution was made in the year

1951

According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 376 were

amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and Ninth Schedule was

added.

The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of

the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution. After this

amendment, the President is bound to assent to Constitution Amendment

Bill. Education was transferred to the Concurrent List by this amendment.

The Constitution (31st Amendment) A c t, 1973: increased the elective

strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. Under the Act, the upper limit

of representatives of the States goes up from 500 to 525 and that of the

Union Territories decreases from 25 to 20.

The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act, Sikkim

became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.

The Constitution (37th Amendment) Act, 1975: was passed by

Parliament on April 26, 1975, to provide for a Legislative Assembly and a

Council of Ministers to Arunachal Pradesh, the countrys north-

easternmost Union Territory.

The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Bill was passed by

the Lok Sabha on August 7 and received Presidential assent on August

9,1975. The Act places beyond challenge in courts the election to

Parliament of a person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and

the election of President and Vice-President.

The Constitution (40th Amendment) Act, 1976: This Amendment has a

three-fold objective: (1) It places beyond challenge in courts some major

Central laws; (2) It gives similar protection to several State enactments,

mostly relating to land legislation, by including them in the Ninth Schedule

of the Constitution; and (3) It provides that the limits of the territorial

waters, the Continental Shelf, the Exclusive Economic Zone and the

maritime zones of India shall be specified from time to time by law made

by Parliament.

The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: It was enacted during

the period of internal emergency. It was passed by Parliament on

November 11, 1976 and received Presidential assent on December 18,

1976.

The Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of Parliament

over the other wings of Government; gave the Directive Principles

precedence over the Fundamental Rights; enumerated for the first time a

set of ten Fundamental Duties. It further imposed limits on the power and

jurisdiction of the judiciary; raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the

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Vidhan Sabha from five to six years; authorised the use of Central armed

forces in any State to deal with law and order problems, made the

President bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers and envisaged

the establishment of administrative tribunals for service matters of

Government employees and also other tribunals for economic offences.

The Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional Amendment could be

questioned in any court of law.

The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978: It received the

Presidential assent on April 13, 1978. This Act repeals the obnoxiousprovisions of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during the

Emergency. It restores civil liberties by deleting Article 3ID which gave

powers to Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade union activity under

the guise of legislation for the prevention of anti-national activities. The

new law, which was ratified by more than half of the States in accordance

with the Constitution, also restores legislative powers to the States to

make appropriate provision for anti-national activities consistent with the

Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary has also been restored

to its rightful place. The Supreme Court will now have power to invalidate

State laws, a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High

Courts will also be able to go into the question of constitutional validity of

Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to obtain

speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court.

The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: The Constitution (45 th

Amendment) Bill, re-numbered as the 44th Amendment came into force

on April 30, 1979, when the President gave his assent. The Act removes

major distortions in the Constitution introduced during the Emergency.

The duration of the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies has been

reduced from six to five yearsthe normal term which was extended

during the Emergencyunder the 42nd Amendment to achieve some

political purposes. The Right to Property ceases to be a Fundamental

Right and becomes only a legal right according to the Constitution 44th

Amendment. The Act also extends, for the first time since independence,

constitutional protection for publication of the proceedings of Parliament

and State Legislatures, except in cases where it is proved to be

malicious. Another important feature of the Act is that any proclamation

of Emergency need henceforward, be issued by the President only after

receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in writing. The President

will not be called upon to act on the basis of advice by the Prime Minister

on his own without consulting his Cabinet. Other safeguards provide that

the proclamation will have to be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the

members of both Houses of Parliament within a month. The 44th

Amendment provides safeguards against future subversion of the

Constitution for establishing an authoritarian regime. It contains provisionswhich are designed to make it impossible to impose the kind of

emergency the country had experienced for 19 months.

The Constitution (45th Amendment) Act, 1980: The Act extends

reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes

in Parliament and the State Assemblies and the representation of Anglo-

Indians by nomination for a further period of 10 years.

The Constitution (46th Amendment) Bill, 1982: It seeks to authorise

the government to prepare an authoritative text of the Constitution, in

Hindi.

The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act has madedefection to another party, after elections illegal. Any member defecting to

another party after elections will be disqualified from being member of

Parliament or State Legislature.

The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986: It confers Statehood on
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Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary interference by the Central

Government with the laws relating to spheres of social relationship and

community conduct applicable to Mizoram.

The Constitution (54th Amendment) Act, 1986: It enhances the

salaries of Judges of High Courts and Supreme Court of India. The salary

of Chief Justice of India will be Rs 10,000; Chief Justice of High Courts Rs

9000; Judges of Supreme Court Rs 9000; and Judges of High Courts Rs

8000.

The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987: It grants Statehood to

Arunachal Pradesh which consequently became the 24th State of the

Indian Union.

The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987: It confers Statehood on

Goa and forms a new Union Territory of Daman and Diu. Goa thus

became the 25th State of the Indian Republic.

The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a special

provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa. Consequently Daman

and Diu were separated from the former to form a Union Territory.

The Constitution (58th Amendment) Act, 1988: It provides for special

arrangements with regard to reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes inthe States of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya. By

amending Article 322 the adjustment of seats has been frozen until 2000

A.D.

The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988: It empowered the

Central Government to impose Emergency in Punjab when deemed

necessary. Under the amendment, Presidents rule can be extended upto

three years. Earlier maximum period was two years.

The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered the voting

age from 21 to 18.

The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989: It provided for theextension by another 10 years of reservation of seats in the Parliament

and State Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and

reservation for Anglo Indian community by nomination.

The Constitution (63rd Amendment) Act, 1989: It repealed

Amendment 59 which empowered the government to impose emergency

in Punjab.

The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990: It extended the

Presidents rule in Punjab by six months.

The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990: To bring land reforms

within the purview of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.

The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made National

Capital Region. The Act also made provision for Legislative assembly and

a council of ministers for Delhi.

The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this act was

made Article 54 relating to the election of the President provided for an

electoral college consisting only of the elected members of Parliament as

well as the legislative assemblies of the States (not of Union Territories).

The amendment provide for inclusion of members of legislature of

Pondicherry and Delhi.

The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act amends the

8th Schedule to the Constitution to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali

Languages in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.

The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992: To make temporary


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Read more GK on: Important Amendments , To The Constitution , Schedule was added , Act to the Indian Constitution

provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the

Scheduled Tribes in the State assembly of Tripura, until the re-adjustment

of seats is made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under

article 170 of the Constitution.

The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure direct

election to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats for SCs and STs in

proportion to their population; and for reservation of not less than one

third of the seats in Panchayats for women.

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made to ensure

direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and Municipalities.

The Constitution (75th Amendment) Act 1994: It provides for setting

up of State-level Rent Tribunals to exclude the jurisdiction of all courts,

except that of the Supreme Court, under Article 136 of the Constitution.

The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates to the

Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of appointments or

posts in the Services under a State, for Backward Classes, Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled onNovember 16, 1992, that the total reservations under Article 16(40) of the

Constitution should not exceed 50 per cent.

The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995: According to this Act,

the Government have decided to continue the existing policy of

reservation in promotion for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995: It includes land reform

laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they cannot be challenged before the

courts.

The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends thereservation of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and

Legislative Assemblies for next 10 years.

The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000: It deals with an

alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the Union and the States.

The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that the

unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST kept for being filled up in a

year as per Article 16, shall be considered separately for filling vacancies

in the succeeding year and the previous list will not be considered for

filling the 50% quota of the respective year.

The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides that

nothing in the Article 355 shall prevent the State from making any

provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for relaxation in qualifying

marks with respect to examination/job/promotion.

The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act amended Article

243 M to provide that no reservation in Panchayats be made in favour of

SC/ST in Arunachal Pradesh where the whole population is tribal.

Post Comment
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By: NILESH KUSHWAHA | On: 17-NOV-2014 17:51:09

please send me all gk & current affairs things becouse i will prepare for MPSC

& UPSC

By: shilpa | On: 28-AUG-2014 07:00:03

Good

By: kuldeep singh | On: 02-JUL-2014 10:23:17

please change the written material related to 82nd amendment because thats

not article 355 it is article 335........by the way its nice

By: kishan kumar bhujel | On: 01-FEB-2014 20:45:40

What is the importance of Government Notification ? How long it will last?

What is procedure to rectify it? If it is not rectify, it remain the same or not

,please advice

By: Gyaanesh Chandra | On: 10-AUG-2013 20:44:26

its helpful for us. please edit it if you can with all amendments made to add

languages in 8th schedule and with those amendments which are for creation

of new states. thanks

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