importance of sociology & psychology to pharmacy basma kentab, msc. september 2014
TRANSCRIPT
Importance of Sociology & Psychology to Pharmacy
Basma Kentab, MSc.September 2014
Objectives Demonstrate knowledge & understanding of:
1. The need to study social and cognitive pharmacy
2. The relationship between social factors and health and illness
Introduction
• A collection of people sharing common traditions, institutions, territories, activities & interests
Society
• The scientific study of society, including the study of development, structure & functioning of human society, and patterns of social relationships, social action & culture
Sociology
Introduction
• Concerned with the social institution of pharmacy & society as it relates to patients, medicines, & the work of the pharmacist
Pharmaceutical Sociology (Social Pharmacy)
Introduction
• The study of the human mind & its functions as it relates to human behavior, cognition (thought) & experience
Psychology
Introduction
• The study of people’s beliefs & behavior in relation to the activities of the modern day pharmacist , from experiences with health promotion & disease diagnosis in the pharmacy to beliefs & behaviors relating to prescribing, review & dispensing of pharmacologically active compounds by pharmacists
Pharmaceutical Psychology
Introduction
• Involves pharmacy relevant thoughts & beliefs
Cognitive Pharmacy
• Structured attempts to change patients’ behavior through the practice of pharmacy
Cognitive Pharmacy Services
Why Study Social & Cognitive Pharmacy??
Limitation of ‘’biology’’ in explaining all health behaviors and outcomes
Biomedical Model of Health
• Focuses on biological factors that influence health & disease
Bio-psychosocial Model of Health
• Acknowledges a complex interaction of biological, psychological & social factors in influencing health & disease
Why Study Social & Cognitive Pharmacy??
Social & cognitive pharmacy are concerned with the application of psychosocial knowledge to impact on patients’ health & illness-related behavior within the context of practice
Relevance of Sociology to Pharmacy Social factors influence peoples’ health (either in a
health-promoting or damaging way)
Sociology can help pharmacists gain better understanding of why people experience health differently according to their social, economic or political situations
Relevance of Sociology to Pharmacy
Effective Pharmacist
Ability to influence beliefs & behaviors
Psychology
Sociology
Social Determinants of Health WHO Definition
The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system
These are shaped by distribution of money, power & resources at global, national & local levels, which are themselves influenced by policy choices
Are mostly responsible for health inequities (unfair and avoidable differences in health status )seen within and between countries
Social Determinants of Health
Social Determinants of HealthNeighborhood
conditions& communities
Lifetime & generational
factors
Working conditions
Income & wealthRace & racism
Education
Gender
Social Determinants of Health
Neighborhood conditions
• Water/air quality• Housing factors (overcrowding, exposure to dust)• Access to food• Access to an environment to exercise• Quality of local services (transportation, medical care)• Social relations (trust & understanding)
Social Determinants of Health
Working conditions
• Physical nature of work• Noise levels• Exposure to hazardous chemicals• Long working hours/shift-work• Stressful jobs• Earnings & benefits• Unemployment
Social Determinants of Health
Education
• Literacy level• Employment opportunities• Healthier work conditions & higher pay
Income & Wealth
• Increased income associated with better education quality, childhood circumstances, working conditions
Social Determinants of Health
Race, Racism
• Living in an area in accordance to race resulting in neighborhood inadequate resources
• Long term stress from ethnic bias
Stress
• Can lead to progression or development of disease• Can lead to uptake of risky health behaviors
Social Determinants of Health
Lifetime & generational factors
• Childhood experiences• Health & wellbeing of pregnant mothers• Aging & deteriorating social ties
Gender differences
• Women on average live longer than men• Men more involved in risky employment, unhealthy
behavior as well as higher stress level
Health Outcomes Data Health according to WHO
A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease
Emphasis on certain prerequisite for health Peace Adequate economic resources Food & shelter Stable eco-system Sustainable resource use
Health Outcomes Data Health statistics may be expressed based on:
Socioeconomic classification Gender Geographic region Ethnicity
Examples of health statistics: Life expectancy Mortality rates Self-reported health
Life Expectancy in KSA, 2012 Data (WHO)
http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mbd/life_expectancy/atlas.html
Mortality Rate in KSA, 2012 Data (WHO)
http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/Files/Maps/Global_Death_rates_2012.png
Commonly Investigated Health Behaviors
Smoking Alcohol consumption Obesity Sexual health
References Donyai, Parastou. Social and cognitive pharmacy:
theory and case studies. London: Pharmaceutical Press;2012. Chapter 1