importance of site specific fertilizer use in coconut … · · 2011-11-11importance of site...

IPI Coordination India / Agricultural extension staff training programme, 5 December 2005, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Balanced fertilization of industrial and plantation crops

by H. Magen, Director, International Potash Institute, POB 569, CH-8810

Basel, Switzerland;tel. +41 43 810 49 22; fax +41 43 810 49 25;

e-mail: [email protected]; web: www.ipipotash.org

Importance of site specific fertilizer use in coconut intercropping systems

IPI Coordination India / Agricultural extension staff training

program, 5 December 2005, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Topics of: Balanced fertilization of industrial and plantation crops

• IPI at a glance• Global view• Potassium – an essential

nutrient• Organic agriculture?• Nutrient balance: principles

and examples• Conclusions

Field experiment Brazil (HM)


The International Potash InstituteIPI

Horgen, Switzerland

The International Potash Institute – IPI – was founded in 1952 by the German and French potash producers.

Based in Switzerland, IPI is a non-governmental and non-profit organisation that is supported by the potash industries in Europe and the Near East.

IPI strives to foster the application of scientific and practical methods for the general improvement of sustainable crop production through the use of balanced fertilization.contribute to the maintenance of soil fertility and the production of nutritious food and thus the long term competitiveness of farmers, their income, and to rural development.collect, analyse and collate the results and information on the effects of balanced fertilization for optimising its use worldwide.disseminate and transfer the knowledge available on the effects of potassium (K) in soils and its impact on yield, quality and stress tolerance in plants.

Who is IPI ?


Regional projectson-farm demonstrations,

field trials

Meetings

field days, seminars, training courses, workshops

Publications

ifc, leaflets, bulletins, research topics, proceedings

The integrated approach of IPI

IPI activity


Hillel Magen, Director of the International PotashInstitute (IPI). Prof. Iossif Bogdevitch is Director of the Research

Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (BRISSA). He is IPI coordinator for Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova and Ukraine.

Dr. Patricia Imas, IPI coordinator for India, is a senior agronomist at ICL Fertilizers (Israel).

Dr. Svetlana Ivanova is a Senior Technical Expert at JSC ‘Uralkali’. She is IPI coordinator for China.

Michel Pierre Marchand, who is an IPI coordinator for West Asia and Northern Africa (WANA), is Technical Manager –Fertilizers at Tessenderlo Chemie.

Dr. Alexey Naumov is Professor at the Faculty of Geography at the Lomonosov Moscow State University, and is IPI coordinator for Latin America.

Dr. Vladimir Nosov, a specialist in soil science and agricultural chemistry at theInternational Potash Company, is the IPI coordinator for India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Dr. Thomas Popp, Technical Advisor at K+S KALI GmbH, is IPI coordinator forCentral and Eastern Europe.

Prof. Munir Rusan, an IPI coordinator for West Asia and North Africa (WANA), works in Egypt, Iran and Pakistan. He is Dean at the Jordan University of Science and Technology.

Dr. Christian Witt is Director of the Joint Mission of IPI and PPI-PPIC’s South East Asia Program (SEAP).

Dr. Tsuioshi Yamada is Director of the Joint Mission IPI and PPI-PPIC in Brazil(POTAFOS).

Our team


Global view

• Fruits and vegetables are healthy foods; Rising income allows its higher consumption; Area steadily increases

• Meat demand is fueling grain consumption

• Oil consumption is steadily increasing

• Biofuels will compete with food production

Evolution of the area with fruits & vegetables (FAO, 2004)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

milli

on h

a

dev'peddev'pingChinaIndia


Change in area harvested 1990-2004

-20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Oil Palm Fruit

Vegetables&Melons

Soybeans

Rapeseed

Fruit

Maize

Rice (Paddy)

Wheat

Source: FAO database, 2005


Global consumption of N, P2O5 and K2O

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1961

/6219

64/65

1967

/6819

70/71

1973

/7419

76/77

1979

/8019

82/83

1985

/8619

88/89

1991

/9219

94/95

1997

/9820

00/01

2003

/4

Mt n

utrie

nt

P2O5

K2O

N

Source: IFA stat 2005


A closer look at K consumption: How the market responds to demand

K2O consumption and trend

y = 920.33x - 2E+06R2 = 0.9608

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Years

'000

tonn

es K

2O

Source: Calculated from IFA, 2005


Nutrient consumption in Sri Lanka


Q: why K is stagnant whilst N is booming?

020406080

100120140160180200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Thou

sand

s

Nut

rien

ts (t

on)

NP2O5K2O


The basis for fertilization: Nutrient removal in fruit, tree and cash crops

Source: www.seap.sg

3.89.210.857.76.238.5LeavesTobacco

0.20.30.21.10.21.1CaneSugarcane

2.02.06.021.05.040.0LeavesTea

2.05.04.025.05.020.0LatexRubber

4.03.33.3282.726.7BeansCoffee

0.60.80.53.70.52.8BunchOil palm

1.8

2.7

0.1

0.4

0.3

Mg

1.2

1.3

0.1

0.2

0.2

S

9.1

11.3

1.5

3.3

5.6

K

1.7

4.7

0.3

0.4

0.3

P

0.73.0FruitMango

0.32.4FruitBanana

1.320.0BeansCocoa

0.41.7FruitPapaya

1.47.0NutsCoconut

CaN

Removal in crop yield (kg per ton)ProductCrop


Consumption of nutrients per area unit in selected countries (2002):

Allows for balance sheet calculation

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

World

Turkey

India

Brazil

USA

Sri Lanka

Malaysia

France

Israel

China

kg/ha

NP2O5K2O



Questions to be asked:

• Does the ratio fits removal by the crops?• Does the total quantity applied

replenishes the removal of nutrients?


Potassium - an essential nutrient

• Increases yields and quality• Increases the resistance to

pests and disease• Increases drought tolerance• Increases sugar, protein and oil

content• Increases size of produce• Improves shelf life• Promotes root growth• Improves nitrogen use efficiency

(NUE)

Pearl millet, India, 2004


Potato in India (1997)

• Picture potato India / NosovPRODUCE OF 4 PLANTSPRODUCE OF 4 PLANTS

N160+P100+KK7575N160+P100+KK00 N160+P100+KK150150

JALANDHAR, PUNJAB, INDIAIPI-PRII-CPRI 1997


MEERUT, U.P., INDIASFC 2002

SUGARCANE IN INDIA: LESS DISEASES WITH POTASSIUM

Red Rot disease


Maize in China, 2001: Drought resistance with K


Oranges in Israel, 1982


Peas in India, 2005

IPI Coordination India / Agricultural extension staff training programme, 5 December 2005, Colombo, Sri LankaI. Cakmak; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005

Adequate K Low K Deficient K


Potash improves Nitrogen use efficiency*

020406080

100120140160180200

0 50 100 150

K-application (kg K2O/ha)

N-r

emov

al (k

g N

/ha)

N-application: 185 kg N/ha

57%63% 64%

74%

*of triticale

Source: AG, IPI meeting


Nutrient balance in organic farming 1978-1998(Mader et al., 2002)

-108

7

18

44

7

-154

-21

-83

-54

-14

-177

-7

-18

95

4

-173

-4

-36

50

7

-155

4

-10

75

4

-200 -100 0 100 200

N

P

K

Ca

Mg

kg / ha / year

Mineral + OMBio-organicBio-dynamicUn-fertilizedMineral NPK

Nutrient balance in organic farming 1978-1998

Con

sequ

ence

s of

cha

ngin

g cr

oppi

ng p

atte

rn fo

r nut

rient

man

agem

ent

Crops: Potato, wheat, beetroot, clover, barely


Organic farming leads to negative balance for N, P & K

“Organic farming systems largely avoid the external input ofmineral fertilizers. On the other hand nutrients are withdrawn from the soil by the crop. Accordingly, the nutrient-balance in the organic systems becomes negative for the main elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium”

Source: Results from a 21 year old field trialFiBLDOSSIER, No. 1, 2000.

Con

sequ

ence

s of

cha

ngin

g cr

oppi

ng p

atte

rn fo

r nut

rient

man

agem

ent

“Potassium became rate-limiting relatively early after conversion to organic management when potatoes were cultivated. Fertilization withpotassium is indicated where allowed according to the rules of organic farming”.


Effect of K on suppression of late blight disease in potato (left – no K, right with K applied)

IPI-PRII-CPRI project, Jalandar, India, 1997.


Nutrient balance: principles and examples


Nutrient balance – why?

Short term• Profitability• Better utilization of other nutrients

Long term• Soil quality• Stability of production• Value of property


Question

• Question: What nutrients plant needs?• Answer:

– N– P– K– Secondary– Micro

• AND EACH CAN BECOME THE LIMITING FACTOR!


Liebig’s law of the minimum

N P K Plant

P limited

N P K Plant

K limited

N P K Plant

Balanced NPK

Source: Comparison of Integrated Nutrient Management in Oil Palm and Rice in Southeast Asia, Thomas Fairhurst, East & Southeast Asia Programs


Full performance = balanced fertilization

-N -P -K NPK

Source: IPI JM SEAP, maize project, Vietnam


Nutrient removal in fruit crops, tree crops and cash crops

Source: www.sep.sg

3.89.210.857.76.238.5LeavesTobacco

0.20.30.21.10.21.1CaneSugarcane

2.02.06.021.05.040.0LeavesTea

2.05.04.025.05.020.0LatexRubber

4.03.33.3282.726.7BeansCoffee

0.60.80.53.70.52.8BunchOil palm

1.8

2.7

0.1

0.4

0.3

Mg

1.2

1.3

0.1

0.2

0.2

S

9.1

11.3

1.5

3.3

5.6

K

1.7

4.7

0.3

0.4

0.3

P

0.73.0FruitMango

0.32.4FruitBanana

1.320.0BeansCocoa

0.41.7FruitPapaya

1.47.0NutsCoconut

CaN

Removal in crop yield (kg per ton)ProductCrop


Mango question

• I have 1 hectare of mango; and had a great yield of 10 ton. How much MOP I have to apply to compensate for the removal by the fruit?– 1 ton mango fruit removes 3.3 kg K– 10 ton; 33 kg– 10 ton; 33*1.2 = 39.6 kg K2O– 39.6 K2O = 66 kg MOP.

• And for 15 tons?– 66– 15– 99– 132


Tea: Average yields…..& K removal in Sri Lanka

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Yiel

d (to

n/ha

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

K re

mov

al (k

g K2

O/h

a)

YieldK removal

Each 1 ton of made tea removes 36 kg K2OTea can account for 10 of 60,000 ton K2O consumed….

Lets calculate for coconut!


Nutrient balance – farm gate calculation

Irrigation

Nutrient Losses: Run-off,

Leaching,Emissions

fixationProduct:

Milk, meat,straw,

harvest

Manures,OM

Other feed

Fertilizers

Fields

After Öborn et al., Ambio 6/2005: A Systems Approach to Assess Farm-scale Nutrient and Trace Element Dynamics: A Case Study at the Öjebyn Dairy Farm


Factors affecting nutrient balance – farm level

Calculate: Nutrient removal by crops; losses

Consider: Prices of fertilizers and products

Process: Knowledge of farmers

Calculate: Nutrient application

In+ produced = out + accumulated


Estimated average input-output balance of K (kg/ha) in intensive rice systems of South and Southeast Asia with an average yield of 5.2 tonne/ha (Dobermann and Witt,

2000): Role of K in straw!

Ferti

lizer

con

sum

ptio

n, u

nbal

ance

d us

e of

min

eral

ferti

lizer

s, s

oil m

inin

g

Factor Input Output Kg/ha

Fertilizer 17 Farmyard manure 5 Net removal with grain 13 Net removal with straw 35 Balance -26

K K


Conclusions

• Changing crop patterns = different removal rates• Soil is like a bank: Overdraft is bearing interest in the short term, but

account may be closed in the longer term• Therefore:

– Calculate removal rates– Replace nutrients removed – Maximize utilization of nutrients contained in crop residues and crop by-

products– Consider all in and out flows from the farm for correct replenishment of

nutrients• Keep up the fertility status of your soil!

importance of site specific fertilizer use in coconut … · · 2011-11-11importance of site...

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