Import and export status of table fish and fish seed

in Nepal

Rahul Ranjan

2/8/2019

A survey report submitted to

Directorate of Fisheries Development, Balaju Nepal

Carried out by

Fisheries Association Nepal, Chitwan, Nepal

The share of aquaculture is increasing in national GDP. Growth rate of aquaculture has gained a two-digit number in recent years which can be attributed to different developmental programs by government and attraction of farmers towards the aquaculture (especially fish farming). However, there is still a gap between the demand and production. The product produced whatsoever is also not getting proper market due to various reasons. Thus, there is a great import of table fish as well as fish seed from neighboring countries. A survey was carried out to access the actual scenario of fish import and export by Fisheries Association Nepal funded by Directorate of Fisheries Development. The report showed that a large quantity of fish is imported annually from India and similarly, a large number of fish seed is also imported. The data also showed that there is large import of African catfish seed which can be great environmental concern since this species is still not allowed for culture in Nepal except for research purpose.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Nepal is recognized as agricultural country where about 65% of population is involved in

different types of agriculture ventures. However,it contributes about only 28.9% in total GDP

(Himalayan Times, 2017). Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable (GEP, 2006). About 2%

of population is involved in fisheries (including capture fisheries and aquaculture) among which

about 21% is involved in aquaculture. However, this sector contributes 4.29% in agriculture

domestic production (AGDP) and nearly 1.34% in GDP (DoFD, 2017). Aquaculture is

considered as subsector of agriculture which have highest growth rate. It is the only subsector

within agriculture sector having growth rate of two digits. The production within Nepal is not

sufficient for market thus a large share (11.79%) of fish is imported from other countries

especially India (DoFD, 2017). However, the production in Nepal is also not getting smooth

market due to different reasons. Production from aquaculture has reached 62,897 Mt inFY

2016/17which is about 13.33% higher than previousfiscal year. Major production in Nepal

comes from aquaculture in earthen ponds. Major production system in these earthen ponds is

carp polyculture in whichmore than two species of carps are produced togetheramong the seven

recommended species. However, in recent days many farmers have adopted Pangas and Tilapia

farming as they can be stocked in high densityin ponds and thus productivity can be raised. Both

of these species are now promoted by the Government of Nepal in recent years from. Along with

these two species another species with higher yielding is African catfish (Clariasgaripinus)

which is also cultured in high densityalthough this species is not allowed for import except for

research purpose.

As agriculture is the main source of employment, it should be business oriented and competitive

with suitable environment. With the aim of import replacement and export promotion

government body had provided special programs for farmers but they are not being able to take

proper advantage of it, however farmers are attracted towards fish farming day by day. Since

domestic fish production alone is not sufficient to supply the fish demand of the

country,significant amount of fish being imported from other countries. Farmers willing to

culture Pangas are also dependent on countries like India and Bangladesh for seed. Neither the

government nor any private sector has an exact record of the quantity of table fish and fish seed

2

imported from other countries especially due to open and unregulated border. All the data given

so far is an estimated value which may be due to under evaluation during import and open

border. Due to open border, it is not possible to have record from government level.Along with

this, lack of systematic fish market has also played a significant role in unavailability of exact

export import data. Thus, a study from farmers’ level organization who are in direct contact with

persons involved in export and import of fish is necessary. Also, in the lack of systematic market

arrangement to decrease the import and make country self-sufficient in fish production, farmers

started alternative distribution system. To achieve the objective of the nation tobecome self-

dependent in fish production in upcoming three years, such data and information are essential for

policy formulation and program planning.

1.2 Rationale of the study:

Despite being landlocked country,Nepalis rich in freshwater resources. It has big rivers and

many natural lakes and reservoirs,but fish culture practice is not easy in these water areas.

Farmers constructed pond in their own investmentas well as support from government in recent

years.There is a high demand of fish seed for these ponds. Although seed of carp species is

sufficiently produced within the country, seed of high yielding species like Pangas and African

catfish is imported in large amount from other countries like India and Bangladesh. Although,

the animal quarantine office provides data on fish seed import, it is still not reliable and not

sufficient due to lack of trained personnel in different quarantine office as well as open and

unregulated border shared with India.Due to high import of table fish from other countries

farmers did not get proper price of their production. So, they adopted alternative distribution

system (live fish marketing). Although this marketing system got success in recent years, it is

still unknown whether the import of fish have decreased or not. Thus, from farmers’ level it is

necessary to know the exact data of fish imported. Also, data from different customs’ office and

quarantine on border areas shows a large amount of fish imported. However, due to some illegal

import (open border problem) of fish, these data cannot be relied upon. Thus, there was a need to

access the fish import and export data from the importers themselves through a non-

governmental channel i.e. through an organization having easy access to persons involved in this

business. The data on import and export of table fish and fish seed will also be useful for

government to formulate policy and goal so that country could be self-dependent in fish

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production.With the help of this kind of data government will be able to identify the investment

region and amount based on status recorded. Present survey study was carried out to find the

actual amount of fish imported and exported. The result of this study will be thus helpful to

government for formulating policy and program planning and investment.

1.3 Objectives of the study:

The main objective of this study was to study the status of table fish and fish seed import and

export.

The specific objectives were:

To study the amount of table fish imported and exported from different provinces.

To study the amount of fish seed imported and exported from different provinces.

To study the major imported and exported species.

To study the transaction of fish import and export.

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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thisstudy was carried out in 21 districts in southern side of Nepal to assess the amount of table

fish and fish seed imported from India (Annex 2). For data collection a pre-structured

questionnaire was used. Questionnaire survey was done among the table fish and fish seed

importers. Along with this, commercial fish farms and large fish hatcheries were also surveyed

for the status of export.A total of 55 fish seed importers and 40 table fish importers were

interviewed during questionnaire survey to knowthe actual status of fish import (Annex 3 and 4).

Similarly, 14 fish seed exporters and 11 table fish exporters were interviewed for the status of

fish export (Annex 5 and 6). The questionnaire survey was focused on amount of fish seed and

table fish import and export and the transaction involved in it.

For survey, six enumerators were trained with the questionnaire and were deployed in different

areas. Whole study area was divided into fiveclusters coinciding with five provincesviz.: Jhapa–

Sunsari (Province 1), Saptari-Parsa (Province 2), Makwanpur-Chitwan (Province 3);

Nawalparasi (west)- Bardiya (Province 5) and Kailali-Kanchanpur (Province 7).Among these

surveyed area Province 1, 2, 5 and 7 have active open border with India while Province 3 though

have open border have no import or export of fish due to the forest area around border. Thus,

import and export of table fish and fish seed was tabulated in four cluster. Each cluster was

surveyed by one enumerator except Province 2 and 5 where two enumerators were deployed for

survey due to its lengthy area.Since, Chitwan acts as transit to main cities i.e. Kathmandu and

Pokhara, as well as is fast developing in aquaculture sector one enumerator was also deployed in

Chitwan and Makwanpur to collect data. To collect data, enumerators were facilitated to contact

Fishery Association ofNepal (FAN) members in all districts via which they can contact the fish

importers and exporters. In places where FAN have not established district committee, some

active farmers were contacted for same purpose. The collected data were then entried and

tabulated in MS-Excel. Analysis for comparison between export and import was done using t-test

(SPPS, V 21). The data was presented using appropriate presentation method.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Table Fish Import

Table 1 shows the import of different types of table fish imported from India through different

provinces.

Table 1: Table fish imported (Mt)from different provinces/clusters

Province No. IMC

Exotic carps

African catfish Pangas Rupchanda

Local Species Prawn Total

1 84.6 13.0 5.5 60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 163.1 2 1753.0 300.0 580.0 1942.5 6.0 0.0 0.5 4582 5 3692.0 280.5 10.0 327.0 0.0 1409.5 0.0 5719 7 126.0 60.0 39.0 256.0 0.0 11.0 1.2 493.2 Total 5655.6 653.5 634.5 2585.5 6.0 1420.5 1.7 10957.3

According to present survey with fish importers, a total of 10957.3 Mt of table fish was imported

in Nepal through different regions which comprised of different species. In species-wise

distribution, Indigenous major carps shared largest proportion (51.6%) followed by Pangas

(23.6%), different local species (13.0%), exotic carps (6.0%) and African catfish (5.8%). Small

proportion of Rupchanda (0.05%) and Prawn (0.02%) is also imported with these species. Figure

1 shows different species of fish imported in Nepal annually (in last fiscal year).

Figure 1: Different species of table fish imported

5655.6

653.5 634.5

2585.5

6

1420.5

1.70

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

IMC Exotic carps African catfish

Pangas Rupchanda Local Species

Prawn

Qua

ntit

y (i

n M

t)

Fish species

6

Figure 2: Import and marketing channel of table fish in Nepal.

Figure 2 shows the import and marketing channel of table fish in Nepal.Table fish is imported

legally through different borders with India while there is illegal import through open border in

all southern districts. Major amount of table fish is imported through Birgunj and Bhairahawa

customs office legally. However, some import through other customs office was also recorded.

Some fish imported is sold in local market while some is transported to major cities like

Bharatpur, Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar etc. Fish imported through eastern part i.e. in

Province 1 is sold in markets on the side of East-West highway and some interior markets like

Biratnagar, Rajbiraj, Dharan etc.Similarly, fish imported through borders in Province 2 are sold

at local level and a considerable proportion is sent to Kathmandu, Pokhara and Bharatpur.

Similarly, fish imported through borders in Province 5 is sold in local markets around

Bhairahawa, Butwal and Nepalgunjwhile major amount is transported to Kathmandu, Pokhara

and Dang. Fish imported through Province 7 is locally sold in markets around Dhangadhi and

Mahendranagar and transported to markets in hilly region. These are also transported to Dang as

Entry in Nepal

Through different areas in southern district

Sell in local market

Transport to major cities of central

region

Sell in local market

Markets of major

cities

7

well as Kathmandu and Pokhara. Table fish imported through different region is also sold in

markets in mid hills.

Among IMC, major species imported is Rohu and Catla. Comparatively lower quantity of Mrigal

is imported through province 2 in chhadi form(50-80 g). Figure 3 shows the proportion of IMC

imported through different regions. Largest proportion of IMC is imported through province 5

followed by province 2, 7 and 1. Major market for imported IMC is Kathmandu and Pokhara

followed by some markets in Southern region like Bharatpur, Nepalgunj, Bhairahawa, Butawal,

Biratnagar, Rajbiraj etc. Market for IMC imported is extended upto mid hills. It was reported

from importers that these imported table fish are produced in southern region of India and may

take up to 8-10 days before reaching the customsoffice on Indo-Nepal border.

Figure 3: Proportion of IMC imported through different regions

Among, exotic carps, major species imported is Common carp with lower quantity of Grass carp

and Silver carp. These species are cultured around the Indo-Nepal border in India and are

imported fresh. Figure 4 shows the proportion of exotic carps imported through different regions

of Nepal. Highest quantity of exotic carps is imported through province 5 followed by province

2, 7 and 1. Major market for imported exotic carps is cities in southern side of Nepal.

Province 1

Province 2

Province 5

Province 7

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Figure 4: Proportion of exotic carps imported through different regions

African catfish cultured inBihar and UP is imported in Nepalwhich takes 2-3 days to reach

Nepali fish market. Figure 5 shows the proportion of African catfish through different regions of

Nepal. Imported exotic catfish has got market in major cities of Nepal. Although, imported

African catfish is sold in southern region of Nepal, a major proportion has also got market in

Kathmandu and Pokhara. Figure shows highest proportion imported through province 2. In

Siraha district, it is imported in large trucks from India and stocked live in tanks from where it is

distributed throughout Nepal using smaller vehicles.Since the site where these catfish are

imported is far from any large customsoffice it was not known during survey, whether this

import was done via customsoffice i.e. legally or not.

Province 1

Province 2

Province 5

Province 7

9

Figure 5: Proportion of African catfish imported through different regions

Pangas is cultured in Southern Indiaas well in West Bengal in large quantity and is imported in

Nepal through different points (Figure 6). Major proportion of Pangas is imported through

central region in Nepal. Pangas imported through central region is marketed in Kathmandu,

Pokhara and Chitwan while imports through other regions have got market in local cities in

southern side of Nepal. Pangas imported from India has also got market in some cities in mid

hillssuch as Dhading, Dharan, Tulasipur etc.

Figure 6: Proportion of Pangas imported through different regions

Province 1

Province 2

Province 5

Province 7

Province 1

Province 2

Province 5

Province 7

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Rupchanda (Pampussp.) commonly known as Chinese silver pomfret is an exotic species

cultured in various regions of India. There is a small quantity import of Rupchanda in Nepal

through Birgunj border (Province 2). It also has got market in different cities of Nepal including

Kathmandu and Pokhara.

Similarly, through province 5 of Nepal there is high quantity of local fish species imported from

India. It was reported during survey that these fish enter Nepal through Krishna Nagar border in

Kapilwastu. These include small species as well carnivores like Buhari (Walagoattu). These

local species are sold in the local market in Kapilvastu. There is a local market where small

species of imported fish is sold on each Thursday. Small fish also get market in markets of mid

hills district like Gulmi, Pyuthan, Rukum, Rolpa, Dang etc. In province 7, another species locally

called as Kursa(Labeospp.)is also imported in considerable quantity and sold in fish market at

Mahendranagar. Prawn (probably Macrobrachiumrosenbergii) is also imported on demand in

central and far-western region of Nepal though in smaller quantity.

Table fish imported from India has comparatively lower price than fish produced in Nepal due to

which marketing of Nepali fish has got some problems. In recent years, consumers’ choice

towards fresh fish from Nepali ponds is increasing but this only cannot support the flourishing

production of fish in Nepal. There is a strong demand from Nepali fish farmers for managed

market and some effective subsidies in farming to reduce the cost of fish production.

IMC

Exotic carp

Mangur

Pangas

Rupchanda

Local Sp

Prawn

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Figure 7: Proportion of money spent on different fish species imported as table fish

Quantity of imported fish from India seems to be lower than previous year as recorded by GoN

but still it is an alarming quantity. As estimated during survey an amount of NRs. 1,935,728,000

is still spent for import of table fish in Nepal. Figure 7 shows the proportion of currency that is

spent for different species of table fish import.

3.2 Fish seed import

Seed for carp polyculture is almost fulfilled by the seed produced in local hatcheries however,

seed for high yielding species like Pangas and African catfish is imported in large quantity from

India and Bangladesh. Table 2 shows the quantity of fish seed imported for aquaculture in

Nepal.Pangas shares the largest proportion of seed imported followed by African catfish and

IMC respectively. Seed of IMC imported in Nepal is in the form of hatchling which was

calculated as 30% when converted as fry. In recent years Nepali farmers are also attracted

towards the culture of Rupchanda and Black carp which is not recommended by GoN yet. Small

proportion of Rupchanda and Black carp is also imported through eastern and west region of

Nepal.

Table 2: Quantity of fish seed imported through different regions in Nepal (in Lakhs)

Province No. IMC Mangur Pangas Rupchanda Black Carp Total

1 0.0 426.5 413.9 3.6 0.0 844.0

2 60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.0

5 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 2.05

7 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0

Total 68.0 426.5 413.9 3.6 0.05 912.05

Fish seed import data shows thata large number of seed which has not yet been produced in

Nepal are imported for culture purpose. Among the seed imported in Nepal only Pangas has got

legal status and is recommended to farmers for culture but import of seed of African catfish is

also at alarming level. During survey it was found that importers of fish seed other than IMC are

mainly Indian citizen especially from West Bengal. Among 55 seed importers interviewed only 5

were Nepali citizen. Seed of African catfish and Pangas are imported either from Kolkata, India

or Bangladesh. In recent years, customsoffice at Indo-Bangladesh border has restricted on the

export of fish seed from Bangladesh so, major portion of seed of these species nowadays comes

12

from Kolkata. However, some importers have got license for fish import and they also import

from Bangladesh.

Figure 8: Import and marketing channel of carp seed in Nepal (Red line shows the import place and Green line shows the marketing channel)

Figure 8 shows the route of carp seed import and marketing. Major proportion of carp seed in

Nepal is imported through Central region while some imports through mid-western and far-

western region is also reported. However, import of IMC seed in all district of Terai in small

quantity is reported. Most of the carp seed is imported in the form of hatchling and fry. Import of

fingerling sized seed of carp species is not reported during the survey. Imported carp seeds are

generally stocked in ponds near to border area while some amount also goes to nearby districts.

Figure 9 shows the import and marketing channel of African catfish and Pangasseed in Nepal.

Seed of African catfish and Pangas is imported in form of fingerling (2-3” size), from province 1

mainly through Kakadvitta, Jogabani and Bhantabari. There are a number of groups of seed

importers and they have divided their area for marketing in different location of the country.

During survey it was found that seed of African catfish and Pangas is also marketed in mid hills

region. Importers also reported that some Buddhists pilgrims buy the seed of African catfish and

release them in natural water bodies as a ritual of Pran dan (Life giving). This type of activities

may have extreme negative impact on the aquatic bio diversity and ecosystem of natural waters.

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Figure 9: Import and marketing channel of table fish in Nepal (Red line shows the import place and Green line shows the marketing channel)

Calculations based on survey results have revealed that an estimated amount of NRs.

507,100,000.00 is spent on fish seed alone.For calculation of cost price of seed, price for IMC

fry was assumed NRs. 0.15 per fry and for Pangas and African catfish as NRs. 6.0 per fingerling.

This is also an alarming stage. It was also found that personals at quarantine are not aware of fish

seed import. They are quite unknown of the fish seed species imported. Importing seed of fish

species that are not recommended must be banned totally as they may enter in natural water

bodies and may cause havoc to natural environment. Government should focus on

developingPangas hatchery and nursing technique in order control the large outflow of Nepalese

currency.Researches on Pangas hatcheries within country must be prioritized. During survey, it

was found that some farmers have started the breeding of Pangas but are facing the problem of

low survival during nursing and rearing. Thus, gap between government agencies and research

institutions must be fulfilled to benefit the farmers.

3.3 Table fish export

Figure 10 shows the status of table fish export from Nepal. Table fish from Nepal is exported to

India through province 2 and 5 of Nepal. A total of 61.2 Mt of table fish is reported to be

exported from Nepal to India. Export is mainly in areas adjacent to Indo-Nepal border. Fish

farmers in Nepal sell their fresh fish in local markets (hat bazar) in India. Among different

14

species exported major portion is contributed by IMC followed by live Pangas. A total of 34.2

Mt IMC, 5.0 Mt of exotic carps and 22.0 Mt of Pangas is sold in nearby markets annually.

Farmers involved in fish export have reported that their fish fetch better price in Indian market

due to large size and freshness. Price estimated for this exported fish was NRs. 13,096,000 which

is very low compared to that of import.

Figure 10: Status of table fish export from Nepal

3.4 Fish Seed Export

Large hatcheries adjacent to Indo-Nepal border has also reported the export of fish seed to India.

Table 3 shows the status of fish seed export from Nepal to India. From table it is clear that major

portion of exported fish seed is exotic carps. Among this, seed of bighead carp is highest due to

ban of bighead carp in India. In province 2 only the seed of IMC was reported to be exported

while in province 5 share of exotic carp was high. Total seed export accounts for an estimated

NRs. 6,450, 000. Seed is exported in the form of hatchling and fry from Nepal. Exporters

explained that seed export is due to healthy seed stock from Nepal compared to India. Some

hatchery personals also told that seed export in years having flood to India becomes higher.

IMC, Province 2, 29

IMC, Province 5, 5.2

Exotic carps, Province

2, 5

Exotic carps, Province

5, 0

Pangas, Province 2, 18

Pangas, Province 5, 4

Qua

ntit

y (i

n M

t)

Province

IMC Exotic carps Pangas

15

Table 3: Status of fish seed export form Nepal to India (in Lakhs)

IMC Exotic carps Total

Province 2 5 65 70

Province 5 12 58 70

Total 17 123 140

3.5 Comparison of import to export

Figure 11 shows the quantity of table fish (in Mt) imported and exported through different

regions. It is clear from the figure that quantity of fish exported is negligible (significantly lower,

p<0.05) to quantity of fish imported.

Figure 11: Quantity of table fish imported and exported through different regions of Nepal

Figure 12 shows the number of fish seed imported and exported through different regions of

Nepal. From figure it is clear that export of fish seed significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to

import of fish seed.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

East Central West Mid-West Far-West Table Fish Qty

Qua

ntit

y of

tab

le f

ish

(in

Mt)

Region

Import Export

16

Figure 12: Quantity of fish seed imported and exported through different regions of Nepal

Import, Province 1, 1349

Import, Province 2, 200

Import, Province 5, 2.05

Import, Province 7, 20

Export, Province 1, 0

Export, Province 2, 70

Export, Province 5, 70 Export, Province

7, 0

Nu

mb

er o

f fi

sh s

eed

s (i

n L

akh

s)

Province

Import Export

17

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From present survey following conclusions were drawn:

Although quantity of table fish imported is lower compared to previous years, it is still at

considerable amount.

IMC covers the major proportion in table fish imported from India, followed by Pangas

and Local species.

Major proportion of IMC is imported in Nepal through Province No. 5 followed by

province No. 2, 7 and 1.

Similarly, Province No. 1 leads in the proportion of exotic carps imported followed by

Province No. 5, 7 and 1.

In case of import of African catfish, Province No. 1 covers about 80% of the total import

followed by Province No. 7,5 and 1.

Similarly, in case of Pangas import also, Province No. 1 shares about 75% of total

import.

Similarly, in case of seed import, seed of Pangas is imported in highest quantity followed

by African catfish and carps.

Due to untrained personals at customs’ and quarantine offices large number of African

catfish (not allowed for culture) is imported yearly.

Lack of official data may be due to open border through which large amount of illegal

import of table fish and fish seed is done.

Though there is some export of table fish and fish seed to India, it is negligible compared

to import.

Following recommendations can be suggested to the stakeholders:

To reduce the highquantity of table fish, production of fish in Nepal must be increased by

adopting new technologies in aquaculture.

Marketing system of fish must be established in a way such that farmers involved in fish

farming can get maximum benefit from their product.

Import of seed of African catfish must be regulated properly by training the quarantine

personnel.

Institutional strengthening and human resource development should be in priority.

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Research on Pangas seed production in Nepal must be carried at intensive level and seed

production technology for Pangas must be optimized soon.

Subsidies on input costs such as in electricity, fertilizer and feed must be provided to

reduce the production cost.

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5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The study team and author would like express their gratitude to Directorate of Fisheries

Development for providing opportunity and fund to carry out this survey and providing

constructive comments in preparation of this report. The study team would also like to thank the

members of FAN in different districts who helped a lot during this survey. Study team is also

thankful to all personnel helping in data collection. The author would also like to thank all the

members of FAN for providing an opportunity for this survey and report writing. Finally, thanks

to all known and unknown hands who helped to prepare this report.

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REFERENCES

GEP. (2006). Global Economic Prospects: Growth Prospects for South Asia. The World Bank,

13 December 2006. Accessed from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal.

Gurung, T.B., Upadhyaya, K.K., Pradhan, G.B.N. and Shrestha, M.K. (2013). Fisheries and

aquaculture policy for education, research and extension in Nepal.

Himalayan Times. (2017). Contribution of agriculture in GDP plummeting constantly. The

Himalayan Times, Business. June 01, 2017. Accessed from

https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/contribution-agriculture-gdp-plummeting-

constantly/

DOFD, 2017. Fisheries Data and Annual Progress Report, 2016/17. Directorate of Fisheries

Development, Balaju, Kathmandu, Nepal.

www.dofd.gov.np

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ANNEXES

Annex 1: Some glimpses during survey

After interaction with farmers at Kailali

Interaction with farmers and fish importers at Chandrauta

22

Interaction with farmers, fish importers and fisheries official at Mahnedranagar

Imported fish displayed for sell in market

23

Imported pangas set for sell at Nepalgunj

Imported local fish species for sell

24

Imported dried fish for sell

Pack of imported fish with ice

25

Seed of African catfish

Imported Pangas seed

26

Annex 2: List of places visited during survey

S. No. Place District S. No. Place District

Province 1 Province 3

1 Kakadvitta Jhapa 31 Hetauda Makwanpur

2 Mechinagar Jhapa 32 Narayangadh Chitwan

3 Surunga Jhapa Province 4

4 Damak Jhapa 33 Kawasoti Nawalpur

5 Urlabari Jhapa 34 Chormara Nawalpur

6 Pathari Morang Province 5

7 Itahari Morang 35 Bardaghat Parasi

8 Biratnagar Morang 36 Ramgram Parasi

9 Duhabi Morang 37 Palhi Nandan Parasi

10 Inaruwa Sunsari 38 Bhairahawa Rupandehi

11 Bhantabari Sunsari 39 Dayanagar Rupandehi

Province 2 40 Butwal Rupandehi

12 Koshi Barrage Saptari 41 Bahadurgunj Kapilwastu

13 Rajbiraj Saptari 42 Gorusinge Kapilwastu

14 Kanchanpur Saptari 43 Char Number Kapilwastu

15 Kalyanpur Saptari 44 Bhaluwang Dang

16 Lahan Siraha 45 Lamahi Dang

17 Mirchaiya Siraha 46 Kohalpur Banke

18 Golbazar Siraha 47 Nepalgunj Banke

19 Bandipur Siraha 48 Badhaiya Tal Bardiya

20 Dhalkebar Dhanusha 49 Gulariya Bardiya

21 Janakpur Dhanusha 50 Bansgadhi Bardiya

22 Jaleswar Mahottari Province 7

23 Bardibas Mahottari 51 Dhangadhi Kailali

24 Malangwa Sarlahi 52 Mahendranagar Kanchanpur

25 Lalbandi Sarlahi

26 Gaur Rautahat

27 Chandrapur Rautahat

28 Kalaiya Bara

29 Simraungadh Bara

30 Birgunj Parsa

27

Annex 3: Details of table fish importers

S.No. Importers' Name Address (District) Market Area Contact No.

1 Raajkapur Shrestha Chitwan Narayanghat 9845361522

2 Mister Thapa Chitwan Narayanghat 9745063636

3 Gorakh Shah Chitwan Narayanghat 9845024103

4 Bir Bahadur Thapa Kailali Dhangadhi

5 Rakesh Chaudhary Kailali Dhangadhi

6 Manoj Gupta Kailali Dhangadhi

7 Sanjay Adhikari Kailali Dhangadhi

8 Ali Khan Kailali Dhangadhi

9 Buddhi Thapa Kanchanpur Mahendranagar 9848755096

10 Majit Khan Kanchanpur Mahendranagar

11 Amjad Khan Kanchanpur Mahendranagar

12 Saabir Ahmed Kanchanpur Mahendranagar

13 Afaque Ahmed Kanchanpur Mahendranagar

14 Javed Ansari Kanchanpur Mahendranagar

15 RaajivLohar Kapilvastu Chandrauta

16 VishuSahani Kapilvastu Chandrauta 9802672306

17 Ballu Mandal Kaski Pokhara

18 Nipen Chaudhary Kaski Pokhara

19 Jaydev Chaudhary Kathmandu Balkhu

20 Mithul Chaudhary Kathmandu Kalimati

21 Chaaru Chaudhary Kathmandu Kalimati

22 Jaanaki Chaudhary Kathmandu Kalimati

23 Sanjay Mandal Kathmandu Balkhu

24 Jalandhar Singh Parsa Birgunj

25 RamlakhanSahani Parasi Palhi 9811463080

26 Ram Lakhan Sahani Parasi Ramgram 9816427384

27 Bipin Shah Parsa Birgunj 9855023191

28 Barkat Ali Rupandehi Bhairahawa 9813968933

29 Ranjit Ali Rupandehi Bhairahawa

30 Shubhash Shah Rupandehi Bhairahawa 9807490504

31 Kaaliya Baanke Nepalgunj 9868105205

32 Sonu Baanke Nepalgunj 9815524403

33 Mulla Ansari Rupandehi Bhairahawa 9805436657

34 Nasim Ahmed Kapilvastu Chandrauta 9821925648

35 Mohamad Ali Kapilvastu 9811454326

28

36 Mohamad Umar Kapilvastu 9847084067

37 Sanju Ali Kapilvastu 9811475635

38 Waris Ahmed Kapilvastu 9816469811

39 Waquar Ahmed Rupandehi Bhairahawa- Butwal

40 Kalim Ansari Rupandehi Bhairahawa- Butwal

29

Annex 4: Details of fish seed importers

S.No. Name Address (District) Trade Area Contact No.

1 Sanjib Chaudhary Jhapa Birtamod

2 Shambhu Chaudhary Jhapa Birtamod

3 Niren Chaudhary Jhapa Birtamod

4 Uttam Chaudhary Jhapa Birtamod

5 Sumaru Chaudhary Jhapa Birtamod

6 Nirel Chaudhary Jhapa Birtamod

7 Ashok Chaudhary Morang Belbari

8 Bablu Chaudhary Saptari Kalyanpur

9 Kallu Chaudhary Saptari Kalyanpur

10 Hiralal Chaudhary Chitwan Makwanpur-Chitwan 9845248392

11 Wakil Chaudhary Chitwan Makwanpur-Chitwan 9845596028

12 Dulal Chaudhary Chitwan Makwanpur-Chitwan

13 Bablu Chaudhary Chitwan Makwanpur-Chitwan

14 Baanulal Chaudhary Chitwan Makwanpur-Chitwan

15 Chandu Chaudhary Chitwan Makwanpur-Chitwan

16 Wakil Chaudhary Chitwan Makwanpur-Chitwan

17 Dipak Mandal Chitwan Chitwan, Nawalpur, Dhading

18 Sanatan Mandal Chitwan Chitwan, Nawalpur, Dhading

19 Shukra Chaudhary Chitwan Chitwan, Nawalpur, Dhading

20 Kallu Chaudhary Chitwan Makwanpur-Chitwan

21 Shankar Chaudhary Kathmandu Kathmandu- mid hills

22 Wasim Chaudhary Kathmandu Kathmandu- mid hills

23 Rajkumar Chaudhary Kathmandu Kathmandu- mid hills

24 Aanshu Chaudhary Kathmandu Kathmandu- mid hills

25 Khuldiya Mandal Kathmandu Kathmandu- mid hills

26 Sudhir Chaudhary Nawalpur Nawalpur

27 Shubhash Chaudhary Nawalpur Nawalpur

28 Bibek Chaudhary Nawalpur Nawalpur

29 Ujit Chaudhary Kaski Pokhara-adjacent district

30 Ranjit Mandal Kaski Pokhara-adjacent district

31 Satam Chaudhary Parasi Parasi- mid hills 9815566907

32 Shyam Mandal Parasi Parasi- mid hills 9848131206

33 Uttam Chaudhary Parasi Parasi- mid hills

34 Uttam Mandal Parasi Parasi- mid hills

35 Nitaii Mandal Parasi Parasi- mid hills

30

36 Sijhib Chaudhary Parasi Parasi- mid hills

37 Raajan Chaudhary Parasi Parasi- mid hills

38 Rajendra Chaudhary Parasi Parasi- mid hills

39 Netaaii Chaudhary Parasi Parasi- mid hills

40 Gyanu Chaudhary Rupandehi Rupandehi- mid hills 9861728479

41 Ram Narayan Mandal Rupandehi Rupandehi- mid hills 9809756668

42 Fagen Chaudhary Rupandehi Rupandehi- mid hills

43 Rajkumar Chaudhary Kapilvastu Kapilvastu- mid hills 9811940557

44 Manoj Mandal Kapilvastu Kapilvastu- mid hills

45 Sanjiv Lohar Kapilvastu Kapilvastu- mid hills

46 Satyam Chaudhary Dang Dang- midhills

47 Rajkumar Chaudhary Dang Dang- midhills

48 Belu Chaudhary Baanke Baanke- midhills 9812530673

49 Manoj Chaudhary Baanke Baanke- midhills 9819516422

50 Prakash Chaudhary Baanke Baanke- midhills 9800505581

51 Dinesh Chaudhary Baanke Baanke- midhills

52 Mithu Chaudhary Baanke Baanke- midhills

53 Ramesh Mandal Baanke Baanke- midhills 9824528038

54 AanandGiri Bardiya Bardiya 9848054179

55 Manoj Kumar Bista Kanchanpur Kailali- Kanchanpur 9848741143

31

Annex 5: Details of table fish exporters

S.No. Exporters' Name Address (District) Market Area Contact No.

1 Ram Kumar Mandal Dhanusha Border Area 9744019262

2 Umesh Prasad Sah Dhanusha Border Area 9854025535

3 Lalit Kewat Dhanusha Border Area 9807634696

4 SeshnathKuswaha Bara Border Area 9846188810

5 Lallan Yadav Bara Border Area 9845188971

6 AmirilalSah Bara Border Area 9851048140

7 Sailendra Yadav Bara Border Area 9814275311

8 Rabindra Sahani Parasi 9857046596

9 Ambrish Patel Parasi 9847297866

10 Krishna Bahadur Sahani Parasi Border Area 9816450860

11 Rameswar Mandal Parasi Border Area 9815249802

32

Annex 6: Details of fish seed exporters

S. No. Exporters’ name Address (District) Market Area Contact No.

1 Rajesh Patel Parasi Border area 9806932709

2 Ramesh Mukhiya Dhanusha Border area 9865185100

3 Kanhaiya Mukhiya Dhanusha Border area 9854028980

4 Ram Shovit Mukhiya Dhanusha Border area 9801607041

5 Ram Sagar Mandal Dhanusha Border area

6 Ambrish Patel Parasi Border area 9847297866

7 Krishna Bahadur Sahani Parasi Border area 9816450860

8 Rabindra Sahani Parasi Border area 9857046596

9 Rameswar Mandal Rupandehi Border area

10 Omprakash Kuswaha Bara Border area 985709394

12 Lapland Prasad Yadav Bara Border area 9845188973

13 Birendra Chaudhary Bara Border area 9845180999

14 Bageshwor Mukhiya Bara Border area 9804215844

33

Annex 7: List of table fish and fish seed species imported

S. No. Common name Scientific name Stage Seed stage

1 Rohu Labeorohita Table fish Hatchling, fry

2 Mrigal Cirrhinusmrigala Table fish Hatchling, fry

3 Catla Catlacatla Table fish Hatchling, fry

4 Common carp Cyprinus carpio Table fish Hatchling, fry

5 Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Table fish Hatchling, fry

6 Grass carp Ctenopharyngodonidella Table fish Hatchling, fry

7 African catfish Clariusgaripinus Table fish Fingerling

8 Pangasius Pangasius hypothalamus Table fish Fingerling

9 Black carp Mylopharyngodonpiceus Table fish Fingerling

10 Prawn Macrobrachiumrosenbergii Table fish

11 Badari (Helicopter catfish) Wallago attu Table fish

12 Kursa Labeospp. Table fish

13 Rupchanda Pampussp. Table fish Fingerling

14 Local Species Puntius spp. Table fish

34

Annex 8: List of table fish and fish seed species exported

S. No. Common name Scientific name Stage Seed stage

1 Rohu Labeorohita Table fish Hatchling, fry

2 Mrigal Cirrhinusmrigala Table fish Hatchling, fry

3 Catla Catlacatla Table fish Hatchling, fry

4 Common carp Cyprinus carpio Table fish Hatchling, fry

5 Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Table fish Hatchling, fry

6 Bighead carp Aristichthysnobilis Table fish Hatchling, fry

7 Grass carp Ctenopharyngodonidella Table fish Hatchling, fry

8 Pangasius Pangasius hypothalamus Table fish

9 Local Species Puntius spp. Table fish

35

Annex 9: Details of study team

S. No. Name Designation (Work done) Contact no.

1 Ambika Prasad Adhikari Coordinator 9855062177

2 JogendraMahato Co-coordinator 9855064989

3 Rahul Ranjan Fisheries Expert 9855052756

4 Lularaj Tamang Computer Operator 9855050459

5 IndramaniBhushal Enumerator 9857040145

6 Buddhiraj Chaudhary Enumerator 9855066353

7 Jayeshwar Bhattarai Enumerator 9845156207

8 Ramesh Pandey Enumerator 9855050462

9 Ganga Prasad Sapkota Enumerator 9857037546

10 Punya Prasad Chaudhary Enumerator 9857010320