implications of mega-species monitoring to sustainable ......932 4376 843010,000 10948 20077 27631...
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Maheshwar Dhakal, PhD
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
Bishwa Nath Oli
Department of Forests
Diwakar Chapagain
WWF Nepal
Implications of Mega-species Monitoring
to Sustainable Protected Area Management:
A Case of Tiger and Prey-base Monitoring
in Nepal
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Sub-alpine
forest
Alpine scrubs &
meadows
Temperate
needle-leaved forest
Temperate
broad-leaved forest
Subtropical
needle-leaved forest
Floral Biodiversity 8,848m
60m 200 km 60m from MSL
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Faunal Biodiversity
8,848m
60m 200 km 60m from MSL
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Protected Area System in Nepal
• National Parks = 10
• Wildlife Reserve = 3
• Conservation Area = 6
• Hunting Reserve = 1
932
4376
8430
10948
20077
27631
28780
34186
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
19
70
-75
19
76
-80
19
81
-85
19
86
-90
19
91
-95
19
96
-00
20
01
-05
20
05
-10
Are
a km
²
Year
Aichi target
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Protected Area Distribution in Nepal
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Terai Arc Landscape
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Tiger Protected Areas in TAL
SN
Protected Area Core Area
(km2)
Buffer Zone (Km2)
Major Mega species
1 Chitwan National Park 932 751 Tiger, Elephant, Rhino, Crocodiles, Bison
2 Bardia National Park 968 507 Tiger, Elephant, Rhino, Crocodiles
3 Banke National Park 550 343 Tiger
4 Parsa Wildlfie Reserve 499 298 Tiger, Elephant, Rhino, Bison
5 Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve 305 244 Tiger, Elephant, Rhino
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Managing the protected areas
Buffer Zone Area Core Area
What will be the implications if both human and wildlife population constantly increased?
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Rhino Count Method
Ap
ril 5, 2
01
1
Ap
ril 23
, 20
11
Data-sheet Collection
+
= Total Rhino
Data-sheet Collection Data-sheet
Collection +
)
= Nepal =534 SWR=7 BNP=24 CNP=503
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Trend of rhino Population in Nepal
800
400
300
100 108147
310
358
147
446
534
435409
484
612
503
408372
100 108
544
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1950
1957
1959
1966
1968
1972
1978
1988
1994
2000
2005
2008
2011
Fiscal year
Rhi
no N
umbe
r
Population Nepal Population CNP
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Tiger and Prey-base monitoring
• Camera trapping
• Line transect
• Occupancy survey
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Camera trapping
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Facial Marking
Body stripes
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Same Individuals in Different Camera
• A male tiger (CNP13_MBB_18) recorded from 10 different locations
(Map below)
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Results - SPACECAP
SN Protected area Estimated Population Density/100 km2
Mean SD 95% CI Density SD
1 Parsa WR 7 2.9 4-13 0.65 0.3
2 Chitwan NP 120 10.6 98 - 139 3.84 0.3
3 Banke NP 4 1.2 3-7 0.16 0.1
4 Bardia NP 50 2.85 45-55 3.38 0.2
5 Shuklaphanta WR 17 2.27 13-21 3.4 0.4
TOTAL 198 163 - 235
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Trend of Tiger Population in Nepal
98 109
126 121
198
0
50
100
150
200
250
1995 2000 2005 2009 2013
Tige
r N
um
be
r
Year
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Prey Monitoring (Transect Method)
Perpendicular
Sighting Distance
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Prey Species
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Result – Prey
SN Protected area
Estimated Details Density/ km2
Effort
(km)
Transects
Number
Observation
Number Density SE
1 Parsa WR 286 147 133 25.33 3.9
2 Chitwan NP 498 261 376 73.63 9.08
3 Banke NP 334 75 55 10.27 6.34
4 Bardia NP 398 219 571 92.6 8.8
5 Shuklaphanta
WR 154 82 114 78.62 16.44
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Mega Species Population increase
Time
Human and
Wildlife Population
Hu
man
po
pu
lati
on
Elephant population
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Implication of mega-species increase
People
Wildlife
Co-existence
People
Wildlife
Conflicts
1. Space: constant
2. Wildlife: increase
3. Human population: Increase
What will be the next?
Low High
Low
High
Wildlife (mega-
species)
Human population
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Sustainable Protected Area Management (mega species)
Regular wildlife monitoring and carrying capacity
Adequate and in time relief and compensation schemes
Establishment of sub-population in potential habitats
Establishment of sub-population in potential habitats
Engagem
ent o
f local co
mm
un
ities and
C
apacity b
uild
ing
Main
tain h
abitat w
ith co
rrido
r and
co
nn
ectivity
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