implantable microelectronic devices - georgia … brain stimulators medtronic corporation •control...

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© 2015 Maysam Ghovanloo 1

Maysam Ghovanloo([email protected])

Implantable Microelectronic Devices

Implantable Microelectronic Devices

ECE 8803/4803

Fall - 2015

School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology


Overview

• Introduction

• Course syllabus

Textbooks and other references

Grading

Course topics

• Implantable Microelectronic Devices

• Simple design example: An implantable temperature sensor

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Administrative

• Sessions: Mon, Wed, 4:30 – 6:00 pm, Weber SST III

• Course Webpage: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/academic/courses/ece8803/F15

• TA: None

• Office Hours: Arrange via email, TSRB-419

• Prerequisites*: ECE3040, ECE3025, ECE3084Solid-state circuits, Electromagnetics, Signals and Systems

* Come and talk to me if you have strong circuits background or have taken equivalents of these course.


Textbooks and Other References• None required!• Implantable Electronic Medical

Devices, D. Fitzpatrick

Search Databases (Available through NCSU library): IEEE Xplore ISI Web of Knowledge Science Direct US Patent and Trademark Office, Google Patent

Journals: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits Journal of Neural Engineering IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and

Rehabilitation Engineering IEEE Sensors Journal

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Grading

Active Participation in class discussions 10%

Reading assignments summaries 10%

Quizzes 10%

Class presentations (I, II, III) 10%, 10%, 20% Emphasis on the critical evaluation of the topics.

Final Project exploratory proposal (NSF/NIH style) or overview article + Final presentation 30% Detailed guidelines will be provided in class.


Course Topics• Introduction• Excitable cells and action potentials• Biosignals and biosignal processing• Microelectrodes and leads• Telemetry and inductive powering• Implantable batteries• Biocompatibility and hermetic packaging• Cardiac devices• Neuroprosthetic devices• Pain management• Neuromuscular stimulators• Gastrointestinal devices and obesity treatment• Drug delivery devices and infusion pumps • Diabetes treatment• Rehabilitation Engineering• Implantable biosensors• Neural recording systems• Brain computer interfacing

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Applications of Implantable Devices

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Implantable Microelectronics

BioMicroSystems

Low Power Consumption

Wireless Communication

Miniaturization and Integration (SoC)

• Medicine and biology• Material science• Packaging and mechanical design• Software and signal processing• Electronic circuitry (analog/digital/mixed-signal)

Electrical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering


Pacemakers and Defibrillators• First implantable pacemaker: 1959

• Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

• Train of 0.5 ~ 8 V pulses

• 750 V shock pulses

• Average power: 8 W

• Battery lifetime: 10 years

Medtronic Corporation Electronic Design Magazine

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ICD Therapy• ICD Therapy consists of pacing,

cardioversion (restoring the normal heart rhythm), and defibrillation therapies to treat brady and tachy arrhythmias.

• An external programmer is used to monitor and access the device parameters and therapies for each patient.

Guidant Corporation

Boston Scientific


IEEE Spectrum – April 2004

Neuromodulation• Medtronic

DBS, SCS, Bladder Control• Boston Scientific

Pacemaker, SCS•Cochlear

Cochlear Implant• Synapse Biomedical

Diaphragm Pacing• Advanced Bionics

Cochlear Implant, BION• Advanced Neuromodulation

SCS• Blackrock Microsystems

Brain-Computer Interfacing• Cyberonics

Vagus Nerve Stimulation

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Spinal Cord and Neuromuscular Stimulators

Advanced Bionics Inc.

Advanced Neuromodulation Systems

• Pain Management

• Functional neuromuscular stimulation

• Bladder control for urinary incontinence

• Elimination of atrophy in paralyzed limbs

Electronic Design Magazine Alfred Mann Institute - USC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Zwzr9Sc1Bk


BIONTM, Single Channel Injectable Stimulator • The BION technology was developed by

G.E. Loeb and completed by Advanced Bionics and Alfred Mann Foundation.

• The device consists of a miniature rechargeable battery; a battery management system (BMS), which is responsible for remote reprogramming and recharging of the battery; and an advanced microstimulator.

• Rechargeable lithium battery should last for 10 years.

Battery-powered BIONTM implant

Advanced Bionics

Miniature rechargeable battery for BIONTM

Quallion, LLC

G.E. Loeb et al.

• Different types of BION have been developed.

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An external controller sends commands to an implanted device that joltsJennifer French's muscles into action in the correct sequence, allowing herto stand up out of her wheelchair.

Neuromuscular Stimulators

IEEE Spectrum


Deep Brain Stimulators

www.Med-ars.itMedtronic Corporation

• Control of essential tremor

• Treatment of Parkinson’s disease

• Treatment of seizure disorders

• Treatment of epilepsy

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Targeting Deep Brain Structures

Courtesy of Dr. R. Murrow

Targeting the right region of brain when placing electrodes is extremely important in DBS surgery.

McIntyre et al. EMBS 2006

Proper selecting of the stimulation parameters such as stimulus amplitude, pulse width, pulse frequency, and even pulse shape affect the current spread into the neural tissue and are equally important.


Effect of DBS on Parkinson Patient

Courtesy of Prof. K.D. Wise Medtronic Corporation

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Auditory and Visual Prostheses

Auditory Prosthesis:• 10% of the world population experience a limited quality of life because of hearing impairment.• USA statistics:

Profoundly deaf: 0.4 millionHearing Impaired: 20 million

Visual Prosthesis:• World statistics:

Profoundly Blind: 45 millionVisually Impaired: 180 million

• USA statistics:Profoundly Blind: 1.3 millionVisually Impaired: 10 million

Second SightCochlear Corporation


Cochlear and Retinal Implants


• Commercially available since early 80’s.

• More than 70,000 children and adults use cochlear implants.

• 30,000 auditory nerves.

• A minimum of 6 ~ 8 stimulating sites needed to converse on the phone.

University of Southern California

• Currently under development. First chronic human trial in 2002.

• 1.2 Million optic nerves.

• A minimum of 800 ~ 1000 sites needed to read large fonts.

• Approved by FDA in 2013

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Major Challenges in Visual Prostheses

8 × 648 Pixels16 × 13208 Pixels32 × 26832 Pixels64 × 513,264 Pixels128 × 10213,056 Pixels480 × 384184,320 Pixels

• Number of stimulating sitesA minimum of 625 pixels are needed to restore a functional sensation.

• Implant size, assembly, and packagingFrom the size of a matchbox to a button.

• Stimulation strategyProvide maximum flexibility to support future advanced strategies.

• Low Power consumptionMinimize the implant temperaturerise and tissue exposure to EM field.

• High BandwidthTransmit maximum data volume with minimum number of carrier cycles.


Micromachined Electrode Arrays

a, b: Utah silicon microelectrode 3D array

c: Polyimide electrode fabricated at U. Michigan

d: Michigan 3D silicon microelectrode array

e: Michigan 2D & 3D array with stimulation circuitry

Donoghue, Nature Neuroscience 2002

e Interestim-3aGhovanloo, Neural Eng. 2003

Ghovanloo, MMB 2005

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A Distributed Network of Wireless 3-D Implants for the Central Nervous System

"The blind see, the lame walk... the deaf hear."

Ghovanloo, JSSC 2004


Wireless Implantable Neural Recording

The wires that transfer brain signals to computers for signal processing can be replaced with a wireless neural signal recording system.

MIT Technology Review May 2003

In animal experiments: 1- Improve SNR2- Eliminate tethering effect, which biases the animal behavior.

In human applications: 1- Reduce risk of infection 2- Improve comfort level

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Brain Machine Interfacing (BMI)

Nicolelis Lab. at Duke

Controlling the robotic arm by recording and processing the brain signals Control of prosthetic limbs by quadriplegics.


Direct 3-D Control of a Robotic Arm with Brain Signals (Braingate-2)

Brown University

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MEMS-based Recording Microelectrodes

Design, Materials, Modeling, Site Impedance, Noise

Biomedical Circuits

Bioamplifiers, Spike Detectors, Stimulators, etc.

Power and Data Telemetry

Active, Passive, Implantable, Backpack

Wireless Neural Recording Microsystems

Wireless Neural Stimulation Microsystems

Implantable Microsensors (Glucose, Blood pressure)

Implantable Drug Delivery System

Major Topics to be Covered


Course Objectives

Understand state-of-the-art neural interfaces through the literature

Present an application-driven, system-level overview of MEMS sensors and CMOS circuits for neural engineering

Understand the major challenges in designing high-performance implantable circuits and microsystems

Encourage you to think about developing new implantable technologies for a variety of diseases and disabilities

Bridge the gap between Electrical Engineering and Implantable Microelectronic Devices

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• Implantable device/sensor

• External handheld device for data storage (PDA)

• Physician monitoring and data review station (PC)

Implantable Temperature Sensor(Example)



Implantable Temperature Sensor(Example)

? Hardwired vs. Wireless

? Power consumption

? Size

? Location

? Packaging

? Battery-powered vs. Inductively powered

? Sampling rate

? Bidirectional vs. Unidirectional wireless link

? Safety issues

implantable microelectronic devices - georgia … brain stimulators medtronic corporation •control...

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