imperialism
TRANSCRIPT
+The Era of Imperialism:
1870-1914
+
Late Nineteenth Century European Imperialism
+Definitions
Colonialism Taking direct control of an area and turning it
into a colony under a nation’s authority
Nationalism Belief that an ethnic group should rule itself Belief that one nation is better than all the
others
+Imperialism Practice by which powerful nations, particularly
European, and later American and Japanese, seek to extend and maintain political or economic control of one or more weaker countries
+Imperialism
Imperialism New V. Old
Motives for Empire Economic Political Ideological
Social Darwinism Religious Humanitarian
Adventure and Excitement
+
IndustrialRevolution
IndustrialRevolution
Source forRaw
Materials
Source forRaw
Materials
Markets forFinishedGoods
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalismEuropean
Nationalism
MissionaryActivity
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
SocialDarwinism
SocialDarwinism
Resources and Strategic Areas:
Where are the important geographical areas to control?
British Landlords want to make money
Require farmers to grow crops they can sell for money – not for food
“Cash Crops”
+ Cash Crops. The agricultural products are grown primarily for exporting purposes. Products such as indigo, banana, pineapple, coffee or sugar cane are grown to be exported to developed countries.
But what
will we eat?
+Causes of Late 19th Century European Imperialism
Culture / Religion Belief in European / Christian superiority Desire to “spread civilization and Christianity
to the heathens” Social Darwinism
Prestige Whoever has the most must be the best
“He who dies with the most toys wins!”
+“The White Man’s Burden” a concept very popular during the
1800's and into the 1900's that it was the responsibility of white Europeans to bring "proper" European civilization to the nations (mostly brown, black, red or yellow) that did not have it.
The underlying thought was that Europeans were correct in their beliefs and it was their duty to bring everyone in the world up as close to the European standards as possible.
+ Not all Europeans were equally as good - the British were the cream of the crop
Non-Europeans should accept the gift of European civilization happily
In summary: Europeans were responsible for (had the task or burden of) educating "uncivilized" or "backward" peoples.
+ Social Darwinism
Social Darwinists – sounds rather racist. They applied evolution to the social order. Europeans felt they must “save the savages”
and “civilize” them Missionaries sought to convert “heathen” unbelievers in
faraway lands. “The white man’s burden” – introducing civilization to the
“colored” races of the world.
In their view, war was nature’s way of eliminating the unfit. Using terms such as “survival of the fittest”
Social Darwinists insisted that nations and races were engaged in a struggle for survival in which only the fittest survive and deserve to win.
+ Social Darwinism: Lasting Implications
It promoted the military build-up that led to World War I.
It would become the core doctrine of the Nazi party before World War II. Holocaust and Eugenics
Provided a “scientific” and “ethical” justification for genocides in the 20th century.
What is being advertised?
Where is this taking place?
How can you tell?
What is going on?
What does it tell us about imperialism / colonialism?
Who was the queen at the time?
Common advertisement during Imperialism
+
A British Merchant's Home in Colonial India
+Britain (United Kingdom)Includes England, Scotland, Wales,Ireland
Largest colonial empire “Sun never sets on the British Empire” Colonies established to protect trading interests
in Africa and Asia Two kinds of colonies
“White” Colonies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) Populated mainly by people that moved there from Britain Given self-rule
“Non-white” Colonies (India, Africa) Under indirect rule Populated mainly by people who are native to the area Few people from Britain actually live there – but control the
government
All the territories the British ever ownedNote: They also had a “sphere of influence” in China
as well
+France
Northwest Africa and Southeast Asia
Took colonies to make up for loss of Alsace-Lorraine in 1870
Tended to use “Direct Rule”Control all aspects of the colony from
Paris.
French Colonial Empire - 1905
Ignore these parts
+Germany
Bismarck originally opposed colonial expansion Unnecessary for Germany Did not want to threaten
France or Britain
Germany eventually took colonies in 1880s for status symbols In Africa and Asia
+United States
Did not get involved in European affairs
Became colonial power after 1898 Spanish-American War
U.S. gains control of Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
Monroe Doctrine allows US to extend influence into Latin America
American Territorial Expansion after 1898
+
Case Study #1Imperialism in Africa
+ Scramble for Africa
Europe had been interested in Africa for centuries Through the slave trade
Much of Africa still unexplored until 1880s
European influence restricted to coastline
Initially difficult to get to interior due to geography
Diseases made exploration difficult. (malaria, yellow fever
etc)
Technology Encourages Europeans to explore African interiorSteamboats
Advances in medicine Quinine – stops malaria
Suez Canal
+ Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869
16,000 KM
10,000 KM
See why the Suez canal
is a “strategic” location?
How do you control your empire??
+European Imperialism in Asia
IndiaBritain trading in India since 1600s
British East India Co. gradually took over parts of India
British government gradually took over India in the 1800s Sepoy Mutiny
Indian soldiers revolt against British East India Co Rebellion put down by British army British government takes over control from
British East India Co.
Map of Imperialism in Asia
Growth of British Power in India
+European Imperialism in India
Consequences of British Imperialism in IndiaBritish educational system establishedSpread of English languageRailroads tie India togetherRise of Indian middle class
+European Imperialism in Asia
China Potentially huge market Closed to European trade until 1800s Opium War (1840)
Britain forces China to open trade to opium Millions of addicts Unequal Treaties (Treaty of Nanking) –
China forced open By 1900, China divided into European
“spheres of influence” Parts of China under European control
Chinese monarchy seriously weakened
+Reaction to Imperialism
Rise of Nationalist MovementsIndia
Indian National Congress (1885)Group of middle class Indians begin to
demand independence (Mohandas Gandhi)
ChinaBoxer Rebellion (1900)Nationalist Party
+Reaction to Imperialism
JapanLong isolated from Western
tradeU.S. opens Japan to trade in
1854Meiji Restoration (1868)
Faction overthrows Shogun and restores Emperor to power
Japan imports Western ideas and technology
Ever see ….
+Reaction to Imperialism
Japan adopts imperialism by 1890s Defeats China in 1895
Takes over Taiwan Defeats Russia in 1905
Gains control of Korea
Japanese imperialism worries Europeans “Yellow Peril”
+Conclusion
Different reasons for European imperialism during late nineteenth century
European imperialism causes reactions in Africa and Asia
European imperialism disrupts traditional way of life and continues to affect the world today
+
Nations gaining independence post-WWII
Decolonisation
A troublesome experience
1. The economic problems they inherited
2. The need to find political systems that work for the individual nations.
+
THE ENDDON’T BE
COLONISING ANYONE!!!