impaired driving case essentials honorable michael
TRANSCRIPT
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DWI COURTS
Impaired Driving Case Essentials
Honorable Michael Barrasse
Honorable Peggy Fulton Hora
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Rhinestone Cowboy at .20
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“Down and Out in Beverly Hills”
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“Rock Bottom” at .17
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Brave(?) Mouth at .12 with prior
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“Baby Love” at .20
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Objectives Overview of NCDC/DWI Drug Court
Model
Federally funded DWI Courts
Discuss Unique Attributes of DWI
cases
Discuss “Ideal Participants” for DWI
Courts
Consider DWI Court workings
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Don’t drink and make signs
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Problem Solving Courts
Problem Solving Courts a.k.a Collaborative Justice, Solution-Focused Courts
Problem Solving Focus
Team Approach to Decision Making
Integration of ancillary services
Judicial Supervision of Treatment Process and Proactive Role of Judge In and Out of Court
Direct Interaction between Participants and Judge
Community Outreach
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~2,500 Drug Tx Courts in U.S.
Federal
District
Campus
Tribal
Reentry
DWI
Family
Juvenile
Adult
Drug Tx
Courts
500
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1,157 Problem-Solving Courts
P-S
Courts
Re-
entry Gun
Community
Mental
Health
DV
Prosti-
tution Parole
Vio.
Home
less
Veteran
Integrated
Tx
Truancy
Child
Supp
Gambling
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International Perspective
on Problem-Solving Courts
Australia Bermuda
England Jamaica
Canada Mauritius
Scotland Wales
Ireland Northern Ireland
New Zealand Guam
Cayman Islands N. Marianas
Belgium Guam
Netherlands Mexico
Georgia Surinam
Macedonia Israel
Brazil Norway
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Problem Solving
Considerations
Changing Traditional Attitudes of
Judges and other team members
Changing Role Orientations of
Judges and other team members
Resource Constraints
Time Constraints
Judicial Leadership is a MUST!
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Judicial Problem Solving Mindset
Do you have it?
Have more questions
(in individual cases)?
Care to seek more
information?
Willing to explore
broader solution
range?
Wish for a positive
experience?
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Direct Interaction with
Participants
Prerequisite for Behavior
Modification
Motivates Participants for Success
Finds Crucial Needs of Participants
Lays backbone for Positive Solutions
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Ongoing Judicial Supervision
Participants reports back (usually
weekly, bi-weekly or monthly)
Minimum is every 2 weeks for best
results
Team members update Court
regularly
Sentence adapted as participant
progresses or regresses
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Barriers to Problem Solving
Courts
Time
Resources
Judicial Role
Personality
Education
Training
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Show Me the Money
• Dept. of Transportation (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
• 23 CFR Part 1313 (implements 23 U.S.C. 410) effective 6/20/06
• States receive Incentive Grants (called Section 410 Grants)
• Alcohol-impaired driving prevention programs
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DWI Court Grant Qualification
Must abide by Ten Guiding Principles
Established by NCDC (National Center for DWI
Courts)
State must have one court initially
Increases one court each year of compliance
(four year grants)
States with four or more DWI Courts compliant
Hybrid Drug Courts (include DWI) compliant
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DWI Facts A “first time” DUI defendant has driven
400 times under the influence before
being caught.
Average BAC .15
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Who’s Drinking Alcohol?
36% don’t drink
2006 = 74% had
drink last week;
1996 = 54%
8% drink 2/3 sold
5% consume 50%
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1.5 million DWI arrests/year
"First"
Prior
500,000
1,000,000
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Repeat offenders
There are >2 million drivers with
three or more DWI convictions
400,000 with five or more
½ fatal alcohol related crashes
were .15 or > OR a repeat offender
with a drunk driving arrest or
conviction in the last ten years
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Why Should You Care? Many traditional responses are not
effective
Reduces recidivism
Combines punishment with treatment AND supervision
Oversight by Court
Dramatic Cost Savings to Jurisdiction and State
$20,000 to incarcerate one year
$2500 to $3500 per year for drug court
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Reduced recidivism
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Kootenai ID
Lansing MI
Bernalillo
DWI Court
BAU
15.5% 28.5% after 2 years
13% 33% after 5 years
4% 25% after 2 years
DWI re-arrest rates
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Michigan DWI/Drug Court
Outcome Evaluation 2007
DWI Ct.
BAU0
5
10
15
20
25
Year 1Year 2
Year 3
DWI Ct.
BAU
D
W
I
A
L
L
15.2% 24.2%
4.3% 7.7%
.07%
13.6%
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Georgia DUI Court Study 2011
Three site study in GA over 4 years
Re-arrest rate 9% for graduates vs.
26% for non-participants after 4
years
DUI Courts prevented 47-112
repeat arrests over 4 years
Fell, et al., “An Evauation of the Three Georgia DUI Courts,” NHTSA (March 2011)
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Efficacy
DWI Courts reduce re-arrest 19x’s
greater than business as usual
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10 Guiding Principles
• 1. Determining the Population
• 2. Performing a Clinical Assessment
• 3. Develop the Treatment Plan
• 4. Supervise the Offender
• 5. Forge Agency, Organization and Community Partnerships
• 6. Take a Judicial Leadership Role
• 7. Develop Case Management Strategies
• 8. Address Transportation Issues
• 9. Evaluate the Program
• 10. Ensure a Sustainable Program
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Guiding Principle #1
Determining the Population
Targeting-process of identifying
subset of DWI offender
population for inclusion
Accept only one type of offender
Person who drives while
impaired by alcohol or other
drugs
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Determining Target Population
Collaborate with Community
Law enforcement, Prosecutors, Victims groups (e.g., MADD), civic clubs, defense counsel, treatment community, faith-based
Sufficient size for community impact
Modest enough to provide quality services
Consider First Time Offenders
Focus on Repeat Offenders
Unique Target Population for your community
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Guiding Principle #2
Perform a Clinical Assessment
Clinically competent, objective
assessment
Alcohol Use Severity (ASI)
Drug Involvement
Level of Needed Care
Medical and Mental Health Status
Social Support Systems
Individual Motivation to Change
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Other Clinical Considerations
Psychiatric Status
Employment and Financial
Status
Alcohol Triggers and Cognitions
Family and Social Status
Level of Care Placement
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Guiding Principle #3
Develop the Treatment Plan
Must address multiple problem areas
Alcoholism
Drug Dependency
Mental Health Issues
Individually treatment services
Prescribed
Most likely to bring about change
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Guiding Principle #4
Supervise the Offender
Community Supervision
Drug Court Coordinator and Case
Specialist
Constant Monitoring, Testing and
Supervision
Compliance with Court Orders
Recommendations to the Judge
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Guiding Principle #5
Forge Agency, Organization &
Community Partnerships
Essential to Success of Program
Enhance Credibility
Bolster Support
Broaden Available Resources
Teamwork essential in and out of
Court
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Partnerships in Your
Jurisdiction
What are some of
the partnerships
that you would
consider essential
to have a
successful DWI
Court in your
community?
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Guiding Principle #6
Take a Judicial Leadership
Role • Judge is vital to success
• Must possess leadership skills
• Must motivate team members and participants
• Must sell the program to the community
• Judge is backbone of Drug Court Team
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Considerations for Judge
Level of need within community
Sufficiency of Resources
Team member level of interest
Cohesiveness of team members
Administer DWI Court within statutory
mandates
Develop Appropriate Sanctions and
Incentives
Deal with Positive and Negative
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Guiding Principle #7
Develop Case Management
Strategies
1. Assessment
2. Planning
3. Linking
4. Monitoring
5. Advocacy
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Guiding Principle #8
Address Transportation Issues
Participant needs a ride!
Participant must attend counselling, court, drug testing, Adult Education, maintain employment . .
State suspend driving privilege for DWI Conviction?
Transportation likely your largest obstacle
Hardship Licenses might be crucial
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Guiding Principle #9
Evaluate the Program
Evaluation maps programs success or failure
Determines which clients have best outcome
Which interventions produce improved outcomes
Which clients have better outcomes when exposed
to specific interventions
Evaluations usually done by Agency (e.g. State
University)
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Guiding Principle #10
Ensure a Sustainable Program
State and/or Federal Funding
Medicaid and Managed Care
Counties and Municipalities
Client Fees
Affiliations with Non-Profit Organizations
Foundations, Service Organizations and
Private Business
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Other Sustainability
Considerations
Law Enforcement and Probation
Treatment Partners
Media Partners
Community Organizations
Funding
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Useful Methods for Handling
DWI Cases
Consider resources, both presently
available and unavailable, to your court
Consider resources within the constraints
of your statutes and regulations
Consider how these resources can be
applied in both DWI Court and non-DWI
Court setting
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“If drinking is interfering with your
work, you’re probably a heavy
drinker. If work is interfering with
your drinking, you’re probably an
alcoholic.”
Anonymous
September 7, 2007 47
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Sentencing Options DWI
Offenders Ignition Interlock Device (IID)
Home Electronic Alcohol Monitoring
(HEMI)
Frequent Alcohol/Drug Testing (breath,
blood, saliva ,hair, liver panels)
Staggered Sentencing/Imprisonment
Home Confinement/Curfews
Home checks
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Operation of DWI Court
Discussion of Court Sessions
Forms Utilized by DWI Court
Unique Elements of DWI Cases
What makes a DWI case unique
from any other case?
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Getting Our Community
Involved
• Form Steering Committee
• Form Team for Training
• Include Prosecutors, Law Enforcement, Defense Counsel (probably Public Defender), Treatment Community, Judges, Community Supervisor (if possible)
• Attend free NCDC Trainings
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Who is our Target Population?
Convicted DWI-multiple offenders
Exceptions for 1st time offenders
Alcohol and/or Drug Use Identified
Community resident
Ability to Complete Program Successfully
Participants congruent with resources
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Prognostic Risks Current age <25
Delinquent onset <16
Substance abuse onset <14
Prior rehabilitation failures
History of violence
ASPD (20-25% of those in tx)
Psychopathy (3-5% of those in tx)
Familial hx of crime/addiction
Criminal/substance abuse associates
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High risk does not equal violence
or dangerousness
High risk requires greater services
and supervision or will recidivate
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Criminogenic Needs
Substance Dependence or Addiction
1. Binge pattern
2. Cravings or compulsions
3. Withdrawal symptoms
Alcoholic = Abstinence is a distal goal
Substance abuse = abstinence is a
proximal goal
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Collateral needs
Co-occurring disorders
Chronic medical conditions
Homelessness, chronic un- or
underemployment
Regimen compliance is proximal
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TARGET: High risk, high needs
Frequent status hearings
Tx and habilitation
Compliance/attendance is proximal
Restrictive consequences
Positive reinforcement
Medically assisted tx
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Pueraria lobata (Kudzu)
“Heavy” drinkers (>26
drinks/week)
Kudzu extract for 7 days
Significant reduction in number
of beers consumed
Lukas, SE, et al., “An extract of the Chinese herbal root kudzu reduces alcohol drinking by heavy drinkers in a naturalistic
setting,” Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 29:756-762, 2005
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Medically Assisted Treatment
Disulfiram (Antabuse®) [new promise for cocaine addiction when combined with buprenorphine]
Naltrexone Hydrochloride (ReVia®) or
Nalmefene (Revex®) [antagonists that reduce craving and blunt the high if alcohol taken; efficacy may have genetic component]
Vivitrol® long-acting Naltrexone once-a-month injection
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Acamprosate Calcium (Campral®) [better for liver disease patients] “Strengthens the will to say no”
Fluoxetine (Prozac®) [among the 50 new trials on alcoholism]
http://clinicaltrials.gov
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Seeking Clients
• Judge, Prosecutor, Defense Counsel seek participants within Target Population
• Family, friends and community members helpful
• Defendant must agree to participate
• Screening, Criminal Background, ASI completed by Coordinator and Treatment Provider
• Individualized Program Plan completed for participant
• Defendant formally admitted to Program
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Could you complete program?
• Three intensive phases to graduate
• Phase I-Most Intensive Phase lasts 3 to 6 months
• Phase II-Educational Period lasts 6 to 9 months
• Phase III-Self-Motivational Phase-3 to 6 months
• Successful participant requires 12 to 18 months
• Graduation then six months Aftercare component
• Up to 2 years for completion!
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Other Program Requirements
Drug Court Staff Supervision
Frequent Drug Testing
Counseling Sessions (Treatment)
AA/NA meetings
Employment, Education or Community
Service
Adult Education/Family Learning
Scheduled Court Sessions
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Court Sessions
Staff Team Meetings
Discuss Individual Cases
Input from team members
Consensus on Individual case
plan
Judge carries out decision in
courtroom
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Personal Satisfaction
Judge witnesses positive change
Participants change physically before your eyes
Families, friends and community are impacted
“You have changed my life”
“If you do nothing else in your life, you’ve changed our community”
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Some Useful Resources
• HARDCORE DRUNK DRIVING JUDICIAL
GUIDE, National Association of State
Judicial Educators, www.nasje.org
• National Center for DWI Courts,
www.allrise.org (various publications)
• National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, www.nhtsa.dot.gov
• National Judicial College, www.judges.org
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CONCLUSION
DWI Court is Problem Solving Court
Incorporates Punishment, Treatment
& Oversight
DWI Courts save money, reduce
recidivism, increase public safety
Drug Court will change many lives
Especially the Judge’s!