impacts of land redistribution on land management and productivity in the ethiopian highlands

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land degradation & development Land Degrad. Develop. 12: 555±568 2001) DOI: 10.1002/ldr.473 IMPACTS OF LAND REDISTRIBUTION ON LAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY IN THE ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS S. BENIN 1 * AND J. PENDER 2 1 International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2 InternationalFood Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA Received 6 September 2001; Accepted 27 September 2001 ABSTRACT The increasing problem of landlessness in Ethiopia has put pressure on regional governments to redistribute land. In 1997 and 1998, a major land redistribution was undertaken in the Amhara Region, reducing landlessness where implemented. While the impacts of such redistributions have been hotly debated, little empirical evidence exists concerning the actual impacts of redistribution. We ®nd that land redistribution in the Amhara Region has had a positive impact on land productivity, by increasing access to land for farmers who are more interested or able to use purchased inputs such as fertilizer and herbicides. Our results, however, do not show much effect of the recent land redistribution or expectations of future redistribution on land improvement and management. Thus, to the extent that investments in land improvement are necessary for conservation purposes, it appears that policy change to stop land redistributions is unlikely to have a substantial impact on reducing land degradation. Credit and extension programmes and improving land rental markets, however, present better strategies for improving land management in this region of Ethiopia. Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words: Ethiopian highlands; land redistribution; land management and productivity INTRODUCTION Reducing environmental degradation is a major challenge in the Ethiopian highlands. Land degradation, especially soil erosion [averaging 42 t ha 1 yr 1 on cultivated lands Hurni, 1988)], low and declining soil fertility, soil moisture stress and deforestation are critical problems contributing to low agricultural productivity which is re¯ected in cereal yields averaging less than 1 t ha 1 ), poverty and food insecurity in these areas Fistum et al., 1999; Lakew et al., 2000). Several government policies and strategies have been implemented, both in the past and present, to solve these problems. One of the major ones was the redistributive land reform in 1974, when the military government // Derg) took power and ended all forms of tenancy, nationalized all rural lands, and redistributed land to the tillers. Individual land rights were restricted i.e. land sales and leasing, using land as collateral, and hiring labour were prohibited) to ensure that the tillers remained the bene®ciaries of agricultural production. Land redistribution by the government was then established as the only means to improve access to land and reduce landlessness. Since the fall of the military government in 1991, the new Ethiopian government has allowed land leasing and hiring labour, but the prohibition on land sales has continued, codi®ed in the new constitution. The increasing problem of landlessness has put pressure on regional governments to redistribute land frequently. For example, in 1997 and 1998 the Amhara regional government implemented a major land redistribution. While the impacts of such land redistributions have been hotly debated in Ethiopia and elsewhere, little empirical evidence has been available concerning the actual impacts of land redistribution. Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Correspondence to: Dr S. Benin, International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. E-mail: [email protected] Contract/grant sponsor: The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

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