impact of smart phones on youth by namita saini

Institute for Excellence in HigherEducation, Bhopal

For partial fulfillment of degree of Bachelor of Commerce Accounts HonoursIMPACT OF SMART PHONES ON YOUTH

Research Guide : Teacher Guide :Professor S.S. Vijayvargiya Mrs.Anita Deshbhratar Head of Department (Commerce Department) (Commerce Department) Submitted By : Namita Saini B.Com II year Roll No. 111015Acknowledgement

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. PRAMILA MAINI (Director, Institute for Excellence in Higher Education, Bhopal), Dr. S.S. Vijayvargiya (Head of commerce department) and Mrs. Anita Deshbhratar (Teacher guide) to have provided me with such a great opportunity to work on this research project. I am grateful to all the respondents of the questionnaires for being so much co-operative and patient to fill in all the required answer in the questionnaires. The project would not have been such a success without their contribution. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank my family, friends and all those who helped me in some way or the others in the successful completion of this research project.

Namita Saini B.com II year Accounts Honours Section A Roll No. 111015

Certificate This is to certify that Namita Saini is a regular student of Institute for Excellence in Higher Education. She has conducted an authentic research on the topic Impact of smart phones on youth and has completed her research methodology report successfully under the able guidance of Mrs. Anita Deshbhratar. The report is being prepared for her honors papers of B.Com part II (Accounts Honours) for examination 2013 and is being submitted thereof.

Dr. S.S.Vijayvargiya Mrs.AnitaDeshbhratarHead of department Commerce departmentCommerce department (Teacher guide)(Research guide)

Preface

Quite frequently these days people talk of research, both in academic instruction and outside. Several research studies undertaken and accomplished year after year. It should be noted that significance of research lies in the quality. Therefore it is important for those concerned research to pay due attention to designing and adhering to appropriate methodology, throughout for improving the quality of research.

Keeping in mind all the views, the research report has been implemented on the basis of survey to study the topic, Impact Of Smart Phone On Youth . The research has been completed based on scientific study to check whether there is any impact of Smartphone on youth or not. The purpose of conducting research is solved with chi-square test.

IndexCHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1 Introduction of Research 1-5 Meaning Types Significance Objective Research Methodology

2 Introduction of Topic 6-8

3 Literature Survey Related to Topic 9-13

4 Rational behind Topic 14-15 Reason to Choose the Topic Objective of Research Work Area of Research Work

5 Framing of Hypothesis 16-18 Meaning of Hypothesis Characteristics of Hypothesis Types of Hypothesis Hypothesis of my Research Work

6 Collection of Data 19-22 Meaning Mode of collection Data collected in my Research Work

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO.

7 Graphical Interpretation 23-50 Meaning Analysis of Close-Ended Questionnaires Analysis of Open-Ended Questionnaires

8 Chi-Square Test 51-59 Meaning Characteristics of Chi-Square Test Importance of Chi-Square Test Conditions for the Application of Chi-Square Test

Suggestion 60

Conclusion 61

Bibliography 62

Annexure

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCHMEANING OF RESEARCH:Research is common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation. Research is an academic activity and the term should be used in technical sense.Some people consider research as a movement, a movement from known to unknown. It is actually voyage of discovery. We all possess the vital instinct of inquisitiveness for, when the unknown confronts wonder and our inquisitiveness makes us problem attain full understanding of the unknown which man Employs for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown, can be termed as research. Research is, thus,an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its. Hence research is a part and parcel of any systematic knowledge. The human urge for new ideas of knowledge has developed a faculty for search and research in him. Research has now become an integral part, not only of academic pursuits, but also of all the areas of human activity.

RESEARCH DEFINITIONS

According to CLIFFORDWOODY:Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypotheses or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing, and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions ant at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypotheses.

According to REDMAN and MOREY :Research can be defined as systematised to gain new knowledge.

According to D.SLESINGER and M.STEPENSON in the Encyclopedia of social Science The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an artntegral part, not only of academic pursuits, but also of all the areas of human activity

TYPES OF RESEARCHA research can be of various types. Type of research depends upon the nature enquiry taking place by the researcher. Following are the various types of research:1) Descriptive Research:Descriptive research means description of state of affairs as it exists at the present. The main characteristic of this research is that the researcher does not have any control over the variables. He can only report what has happened and what is happening. It includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different kinds.

2) Analytical Research:In this type of research the researcher has to use facts or information already available and analyse these to make critical evaluation of the material related with individual group or situation.

3) Applied Research:Applied research is concerned with solution of particular problem. Thus it aims at finding a solution to an immediate problem faced by the society, industry or business organization. This is also known as Action research.

4) Fundamental Research:This research is mainly concerned with formulations of theories and approaches. It is original and investigative study of a basic nature which is carried out to originate a new knowledge or to make additional contribution to knowledge.

5) Experimental Research:This research is based on experiments conducted in a laboratory. Under this, a lab is set up and environmental conditions are created to study variables. Hawthrone Experiment is one examples of this type of research.

6) Ex-post facto Research:This type of research is based on analytical and scientific examination of relationship between independent and dependent variables. This is an empirical research and the researcher does not have any control over the independent variable.

7) Qualitative Research:This type of research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon relating to or involving quality aspect of an event. For example: Motivation research.

8) Quantitative Research:Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomenon that can be expressed in terms of quantity. For example: Commercial Research.

9) Conceptual Research:Conceptual research is one which is related to some abstract ideas or theories. It is generally used by the philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts.

10) Historical Research:It is that research which utilizes historical sources like documents, remains etc. to study events or ideas of the past including the philosophies of persons and groups at any remote point of time.

11) One time Research:One time research portrays a single event. Hence it is also known as longitudinal research.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCHThe purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered yet. Though each research study has its own research purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings: To gain familiarity with the phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. To test a hypotheses with a casual relationship between variables.

REREARCH METHODOLOGY APPLIED IN RESEARCH REPORT: Data is collected by primary source and secondary source of data collection is used for literature survey. Sample of 60 units is taken from Bhopal region and data is collected in the form of questionnaire. On the information generated through the questionnaire, chi-square test applied to accept or reject the hypothesis.

INTRODUCTION TO TOPICDefinition:A smartphoneis a device that lets you make telephone calls, but also adds features that you might find on a personal digital assistant or a computer. A smartphone also offers the ability to send and receive e-mail and edit Office documents, for example.While there is no standard definition of the term "smartphone" across the industry, there are a few features that you'll find on every smartphone.The advance APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) in smartphones allow better integration ofthird-party applicationswith their Operating systems and Hardware than other contemporary phone.The term 'smartphone' was first used by Ericsson in 1997 for their GS88 phone which was first labelled as Smartphone.

History

IBM designed the first smartphone in 1992. It was called Simon. The smartphone was presented that year as a concept device in Las Vegas at the computer industry trade show known as COMDEX.

The first cell phone, on the other hand, was demonstrated 19 years before the first smartphoneAdvanced Features of Smartphones:

Have advanced computing ability High speed data access through Wi-Fi Mobile broadband feature for data access Have Web browser functionality for surfing websites High resolution touch screen facility Pocket Video camera and compact Digital Camera File, audio and video transfer ability and light pen functionality They are built on mobile computing platform Email facility Large memory for storage

Year 1992

IBM Simon- designed in 1992, shown as a concept product in Las Vegas, Nevada. (The very First smartphone)

Advantages of smart phones Smart phone has the ability to browse full websites with large amount of data and it will appear the same way as it is in the desktop browser. Also has QWERTY keyboard which is similar to the computer keyboard. The key board can be hardware (physical keys that you type) or it can be software (on a touch screen like you will find on an IPhones). Smart phones have got application that can help you create and edit Microsoft office documents. Smart phone also has gps which can be used to locate place that are new to you. When traveling to unknown places it is a good idea to have a gps to help you find the place youre looking for. Smart phones will help makes your tour navigable. When it comes to messaging a smart phone will send messages and also email messages. A smart phone can synchronize your personal and most likely your professional email account. Some smart phone can support multiple accounts depending on the make and model.

Disadvantages of smart phones Smart phone not durable especially when not taken good care of. For example it can malfunction easily when they come into contact with water. It is very expensive to buy compared to other phones. More complex when it comes to operating because of the many applications which need to be mastered to avoid confusion when operating it.

Can only work efficiently where there is accessible internet connection when it comes to browsing. Smart phone cannot be used to store large amount of data due to their storage memory. You cannot depends on smart phone for all your work you will all need a computer to do some tasksBenefits Of Smartphone Apps For StudentsThe students of modern age are gifted with mobile phone technology.Smartphones and tablets offer more learning opportunities which were not there before. These devices transform education from classroom-teacher-centric to student-centric.All the devices come with several functions and applications which allow its users to perform multiple tasks at anytime and from anywhere.Since they offer numerous benefits, the ownership of both Smartphones and notepads increased significantly. Smartphone users increased from 49% in May 2011 to 67% in February 2012.At the same time, over 1 billion applications are downloaded from Apples App store for every month.Among many advantages, students can access information instantly. They can constantly engage in activities like tweeting questions, answering polls, etc. All the devices are portable weighing a fraction of their earlier devices.

LITERATURE SURVEY RELATED TO TOPICAnderson et al. (1971)4 say, The review of literature is a task that continues throughout the duration of the thesis. It begins with a search for a suitable topic. Since a thesis aims to be a contribution to knowledge, a careful check should be made that the proposed study has not previously been carried out. Although completely new and original problems are rare, a previous study should not be exactly replicated unless the techniques used had been faulty or the findings and conclusions doubtful to shed new light on the problem. A good test is whether the problem still requires solution. Before final formulating of the problem and identifying its objectives and hypotheses and determination of population and selection of sample, initial literature review for this study was executed. Literature survey related to topic are-1 . The impact of smart phones on business and private life Published Date: 19/12/2011 Level: General publicValidated by: Committee Oboulo.comSince few years, mobile phone market is changing radically and many new mobilephones, calledsmartphonesor intelligencephonesare entering on the market and have produced a boom. Before, those intelligencephones were only dedicated to professional persons, but mobile manufacturer felt that it could be a potential market and provided additional revenue. So unit sales of smartphoneshave been growing faster than the overall market for mobilephones. In fact, based upon increased user demand, this trend will continue through 2013. We noticed thatsmartphone unit sales are poised to grow even faster than the healthy growth over the past few years.Smartphonesprovide a rich cocktail of features: radio, music, video, network interfaces, gigabytes of storage and powerful processors, games and new applications moreover, they become thinner and cheaper and as a result they entered in the consumer market and they are really appreciated. As we said before, for the past few yearssmartphoneshave been aimed at professional consumers and prosumers (they are people who are early adopters with respect to products and have a high passion for news technologies), and it became a new generation of mobile internet devices because a smallsmartphone that is only four inches long provides sharing of real-time information and knowledge and it can transformlifestyles. The speed of information processing is accelerating, and real-time communication is becoming universal and is no longer constrained by time and space. Smartphonesbecame a real interest for companies and they provide one to each of their executives in order to provide to them an all in one device where they can check their mail and be available twenty for hours a day for their customers. In fact,smartphoneschanged radically the vision of workerslifebecause they are now enlisting in a world where work never stops. We noticed that every activitys sector is touched by this phenomenon. However, when workers come back home they are still connected to their job because mail box and other network account stay connected onsmartphone and are accessible in one click. The main question is when workers can stop to be alert by theirsmartphone. Some studies as we saw in the thesis, ask to workers if they stay connected also when they are in their bedroom, and forty four percent of them said yes. When people are not working in their office they are looking at theirsmartphone every six to twelve minutes. On another hand, thirty five percent of workers checked their mail in the morning and it is the first action they did when they wake up. It is not surprising thatsmartphone lead to friction in privatelifeof owner ofsmartphone.

2. Development and initial evaluation of a smartphone application based on acceptance and commitment therapy

Published date :31 July 2012

Author: Kien H LyCase descriptionPrimarily, the study aims at investigating a new field, providing a basis for generating hypotheses for further research. The first aim of this initial, exploratory study was to examine if this intervention had an effect on the variables of: valued actions, psychological flexibility, and life satisfaction as well as the states of depression, anxiety and stress, for a non-clinical sample of 11 Swedish Iphone users. This was made with a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design without control group. The second aim was to investigate how the participants experienced the intervention, as measured by a qualitative questionnaire.ConclusionsThe results from the present study indicated that the intervention should be studied further. The findings also generated a number of hypotheses that could be investigated in further research..3. Introduction to Technological Management: mobile telephony (2005)

Published date: 16/02/2011Level : AdvancedValidated by: Committee Oboulo.comInitially, themobilephone had limited technical resources. It was used mainly to call, and to send messages. With the development of the Internet, these phones have evolved and moved into WAP phones. Yet, the potential of this novelty has been limited: it has been extended to consultation of the outstanding package, weather, news and other updates. PDAs, in turn, are used to read mail, to organize, but do not have the functions of the phone. How do we talk about the convergence of both worlds? Phones with features of personal assistants or PDAs equipped withmobilephone technology may be the new generation ofmobilephones. They combine the advantages ofmobile(telephony, SMS, WAP) and those of PDAs. They are called smart phones. The first Smartphone has been developed by IBM in 1992. It contained a calendar, address book, clock, games and the ability to send and read mails. We will study this issue and answer several questions to understand how Smartphones are developed and their features.4. Dependency on smartphone and the impact on purchase behaviourPublished: February 2011Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Author: Ding Hooi TingThis study aims to investigate the effect of convenience, social needs and social influences on university students' dependency towards smartphones and the impact on future purchase behaviour in Malaysia.Hypotheses were tested with a random and judgemental sampling (students who use smartphones only) of 358 university students using a face-to-face survey method. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypotheses.The results indicated that university students' dependency on smartphones is influenced by convenience, social needs and social influences and dependency is positively related with future purchase behaviour.The domain of research, smartphones, is a new technology that is largely adopted and deserves investigation for future mobile market strategies. Although this research of smartphone dependency is limited to universities, this study contributes to the field by adding new investigation in this new target segment of smartphone users.

5. The place of emplaced visualities: A case study of smartphone visuality and location-based social media

Location : Shangai, ChinaAs camera phones become more commonplace in the explosion of smartphones along with new contexts for image distribution like microblogging and location-based services (LBS) we are witnessing emergent types of visuality. In particular, through LBS such as Facebook Places we see ways in which users create new contexts for the overlay between place, ambient images, and geographic locations. While globally camera phone genres like self-portraiture have blossomed, we are also witnessing the flourishing of vernacular visualities that reflect a localized notion of place, social, and identity making practices (Lee 2009). As LBS transforms the context, and thus content, for camera phone images, there is a need to reassess the role of such visualities. Can we speak of smartphone visuality? This paper considers the shift through a case study of Jiepang users in Shanghai. As an emergent area in mobile communication, we reflect upon some of the ways it rehearses and extends earlier studies on networked visuality as well as reflecting a localized notion of mobility and place.6. Smartphone Application Usage Amongst Students at a South African University

Location-south Africa universityThis study assesses the usage of smartphone applications and specificallySocial networking applications (SNS) amongst smartphone users , due to theperceived high-level of usage amongst University Students. Questionnaires werederived from the literature, and used to assess the frequency and intensity ofapplication usage. The data was analyzed looking at key applications andfrequency/intensity of usage. It was found that the students that were questioned atthis university, spend an average of five hours per day on their smartphonesinteracting with others via SNS, and remain online for about 16 hours per day. Thestudents that were sampled preferred to communicate using SNS. These studentsappear to use sms for close friends only, and phonecalls for loved ones and family;possibly due to the high cost of sms and phonecalls in South Africa compared to the low cost of SNS. Students use SNS predominantly for Facebook, Facebook chat and Blackberry Messenger (BB users) in order to update their profiles, chat with friends, and look at their friends profiles and statuses. Future studies should investigate what motivates students to spend such an inordinate amount of time with SNS apps, and which Apps are long term favourites in the race for market leading SNS App. Keywords: Smartphones, Applications, Mobile Social Networking, M-Education,Smartphone Usage.

RATIONAL BEHIND TOPIC

Reason to choose topic: 1. It very popular among youth and it is related to the day to day life of every one.2. It is the interesting topic to work.3. It has a great influence on society.

Objectives of my Study:1. To study the features of smartphones.2. To analysis the positive effects of smartphones.3. To analysis the negative impact of smartphones both mentally and physical.4. To study the impact of smartphones on the performance of students in positive and negative aspects.5. To provide the suggestions for better use of smartphone.6. To access the use of social networking sites.7. To study the time management of youth using smartphones.

Area of my Research Work:1. 60 units2. Boys and girls of age between 18-21 years of college going.3. Research is conducted in Bhopal region.

FRAMING THE HYPOTHESISMeaning of hypothesisA hypothesis is considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main function is to suggest new experiments and observations. Thus, hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. It offers a solution of the problem that is to be verified empirically.HYPO + THESIS = HYPOTHESISHypo means a tentative or subject to the verification.Thesis means statement about the solution of the problem.

Definition:

According to Black and Champion: - a tentative statement about something, the validity of which is usually unknown is known as hypothesis.

According to Webster: - a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.

Characteristics of hypothesis

1. Hypothesis should be clear and precise. If the hypothesis is not clear and precise, the inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as reliable.

2. Hypothesis should be capable of being tested.

3. Hypothesis should state relationship between variables. One should be able to judge the dependent and independent variable.

4. Hypothesis should be limited in scope and should be specific .a researcher must remember that narrower hypothesis are generally more testable.

5. Hypothesis should be stated in simple terms, it will be easily understandable by all concerned.

6. Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts. it should be the one which judges accept as being the most likely one.

7. Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for exploring facts.

NULL HYPOTHESISA null hypothesis (H0) is a concept which arises in the context of statistical hypothesis testing. A common convention is to use the symbol H0 to denote the null hypothesis.The null hypothesis describes in a formal way some aspect of the statistical behavior of a set of data and this description is treated as valid unless the actual behavior of the data contradicts this assumption. In other words, one may either reject, or not reject the null hypothesis. Failing to reject H0 says that there is no strong reason to change any decision or procedures predicated on its truth, but it allows the possibility of obtaining further data and then re-examining the same hypothesis.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

The alternative hypothesis, Ha, is a statement of what a statistical hypothesis test is set up to establish.For example : in a clinical trial of a new drug , the alternative hypothesis might be that the new drug has a different effect , on average , compared to that of the current drug.

HYPOTHESIS OF MY RESEARCH WORK

Topic: Impact of smartphones on youth.

NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0):

There is no significant difference between the impact of smartphones on boys and girls. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ha):

There is significant difference between the impact of smartphones on boys and girls.Attributes:A-MalesB-Positive Impacta-Females b-Negative Impact

COLLECTION OF DATA

MEANING AND DEFINATIONCollection of data means the methods that are to be employed for obtaining the required information from the units under investigation.The method of collection of data depends upon the nature, object and scope of investigation on one hand and the availability of money and the time on the other. It is prime importance to know very clearly the points on which data is to collect for analysis of problem at hand. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

PRIMARY DATA: - Primary data is one which is collected by the investigator himself for the purpose of a specific enquiry or study. Such data is original in character and its generated by survey conducted by individuals or research institutions.

SECONDARY DATA: - When an investigator uses the data which has already being collected by others such data is called as secondary data. The secondary data can be obtained from journals, report government publications, publications of professionals and research organizations etc.

Data collection in research work:My complete research study is based on primary data. There are various modes of collection of primary data. They are following :- OBSERVATION EXPERIMENTS QUESTIONNAIRE/SCHEDULE INTERVIEW CASE STUDY

OBSERVATIONWatching with a view to derive to a conclusion is known as observation. In observation method, the information is sought by way of investigators own direct observation without asking from respondentsGoode and Hatt say science begins with observation and must ultimately return to observation for its final validation.

Moses AND Kalton say observation implies the use of eyes rather than the ears and the voice.

According to oxford concise dictionary,Observation means accurate watching, knowing of phenomena as they occur in nature with regard to cause and effect or mutual relation.

EXPERIMENTS An experiment has been considered as the basis of scientific method. It is extensively used in physical sciences but its application is greatly limited in social sciences. Experiments cannot be perfectly carried out in science which deals with human behavior. The behavior of human being cannot be controlled and it cannot be subjected to laboratory test. Experimental method is now finding place in social science also due to scientific equipment that has been made available to social scientists.

According to GREENWOOD, an experiment is the proof of testing hypothesis which seeks to loop up two factors into a casual relationship through the study of contrasting situations which have been controlled on factors except the one of interest the latter being either the hypothetical cause or the hypothetical effect.

QUESTIONNAIREQuestionnaire is an important tool in obtaining the important information in particular field of enquiry. In general the word questionnaire refers to a device for securing answers to questions, by using a form which the respondents fill in him. On the other hand schedules the name usually applied to a set of questions which are asked and filled in by the interviewer in a face to face situation. In both the cases, the wording of the questions is the same foe all respondents.According to Davis & Jensen A questionnaire is a systematic compilation of question that is submitted to a sampling of population from which information is desire.

According to Goode & Hatt In general questionnaire refers to a device for securing answers to questions by using a form which the respondents fills in himself.

SCHEDULESchedule may be defined as a Performa that consist a set of questions which are asked and filled by the investigator in a face to face situation with another. In this method of data collection the interviewer put certain question and the respondents furnish certain answer and the interviewer record as it is given.

INTERVIEWThe interview is the implement par excellence of the field worker; particularly in an underdeveloped country both because of both types of problem tackled and the environment from which data are to be collected.

GRAPICAL INTERPRETATION

MEANING OF INTERPRETATIONInterpretation refers to the test of drawing inferences from the collected facts after an analytical and experimental study. In fact it is a search for broader meaning of research finding. The task of interpretation has two measure aspects:

1. The effort to establish continuity in research through linking the result of a given study with those of another.

2. The establishment of some explanatory concepts.

PRE-REQUISITES OF INTERPRETATION

1. Data must be homogeneous.

2. Interpretation of data is based on availability of information and if there are errors, it has to locate in the testing itself.

ANALYSIS OF CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONS

Ques:1 How much time you spend using phone in a day?a) less than 1 hr.b) 1-3 hr.c) 4-6 hr.d) more than 6 hr.Analysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents8106630

INTERPRETATION: Out of 30 respondents, 10 respondents spend 1-3 hours in a day on their phones, while 8 respondents spend less than 1 hour in a day and 6 respondents spend 4-6 hours and 6 respondents said that they spend more than 6 hours in a day on their phones.

Ques:2 Apart from making call what all you do with your phone?A) check mailsB) listen musicC) play gamesD) surf net Analysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents4(13.33%)12(40%)8(26.67%)6(20%)30(100%)

INTERPRETATION:Majority of 40%respondent said that apart from making call they like to listen to music on their Smartphone. While 26.67%like to play games and 20%like to surf net and only 13.33% like to check mails.

Ques:3 On which occasion will you use the smartphone most?\A) During classsB) Self studyC) Having mealsD) Other reasons

OptionsABCDTotal


Analysis Table

INTERPRETATION:Out of the whole sample, 6 respondent use smartphone during studies, 5 uses it while doing self study, same 5 while having meal, 14 respondents specify other reasons like during free time, or when they feel bored, when they feel they are in stress and when they had not any important work to do.

Ques:4 How do you connect people?A) E-mailsB) Face bookC) MessageD) TwitterAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents4(13%)5(17%)17(57%)4(13%)30(100%)

INTERPRETATION:57% people connect through message to other people, 17% through facebook,13% connect through e-mails and remaining 13% through twitter.

Ques:5 With the smartphone you can have more contact with people?A) AgreeB) NeutralC) DisagreeD) Strongly disagreeAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:12 respondent agree with the statement that with smartphone we can have more connect with people. 10 feel neutral , while 5 are disagree and remaining 3 respondent are strongly disagree with the statement.

Ques:6 Do you thing owing a smartphone is one of the main demand to get more preference among your friends?A) AgreeB) NeutralC) DisagreeD) Strongly disagreeAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:Out of the whole sample, 7 respondents are agreed and think that smartphone is the main demand to get more preference among the friends. 6 feel neutral and majority of 11 respondents are disagree and only 6 respondents are strongly disagree with the question.

Ques:7 I often use phone without any particular reason.A) SometimesB) NeverC) AlwaysD) Rarely

Analysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:12 respondent sometimes uses their phone without any particular reason. 8 respondent never use , 6 rarely use and only 4respondent are there who always use their phone without any particular reason.

Ques:8 Arguments raise with others because of my mobile phone use.A) SometimesB) NeverC) AlwaysD) RarelyAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents12(40%)9(30%)3(10%)6(20%)30(100%)

INTERPRETATION:Only 10% respondent said that they always argue with other for their smartphone while 20% are agree with rarely option. 30% are goes with never and majority of 40% said that sometime it happens that they argue for their phone.

Ques:9 I lose track of how much I am using my phone.A) SometimesB) NeverC) AlwaysD) RarelyAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:10 respondents never lose their track when they use the phone. 9 respondent sometimes lose their their track, 6 rarely lose their track but 5 respondents are there who always lose their track when they use the smart phone.

Ques:10 The thought of how much I am using my phone makes me feel distressed.A) SometimesB) NeverC) AlwaysD) RarelyAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents8(26.67%)15(50%)3(10%)4(13.33%)30(100%)

INTERPRETATION:Out of the whole sample, 50% never feel distressed without their phone. 26.67% sometimes feel distressed without their phone. 13.33% rarely feel distressed without their phone and only 10% people always feel distressed without their phone.

Ques:11 I feel safer because I can always use my phone to get help.A) SometimesB NeverC) AlwaysD) RarelyAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:13 people are there who always feel safe with phone because they think that they can use their phone-in emergency. 7 people think that they can use their phone in rare cases. 6 sometimes use their phone while 4 people think that they never feel safe if they had phone with them.

Ques:12 When I feel bore I use my phone to entertain myself.A) SometimesB) NeverC) AlwaysD) RarelyAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:Majority of 11 respondent always use their phone to entertain themselves, when they feel bored. 10 respondent said that they sometime use their phone, 6 respondent rarely use their phone to entertain themselves. And only 6 respondent are there who never use their phone to entertain themselves.

Ques:13 How do you change your mobile phone? A) Every 4 yrsB) Every3 yrsC) Every 2 yrsD) Every 1 yrsAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:10 people are there who changes their mobile phone in every 4 years, 7 people are there who changes their mobile phone in every 3 years. 8 people changes phone in every 2 years and only 5 people prefer to change their phone in every 1 year.

Ques:14 What are your preference for consuming news on smartphones?A) News in the form of textB) News in the form of audioC) News in the form of videoD) News in the form of photosAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents10(33.33%)6(20%)8(26.67%)6(20%)30(100%)

INTERPRETATION:33.33 % or 10 respondents prefer for consuming news in the form of text on there smart phone while 26.67% or 8 respondents prefer for watching news in video form. 20% or 6 respondents are there to see news in audio form and the same 20% or 6 respondents are there who like to see news in photos format.

Ques:15 If you are a buy a phone how important are these factors below influencing your decisions (price, quality, design, features, performance, brand)A) Not at all impB) NeutralC) ImpD) Very impAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:Out of whole sample, for 11 respondents the features of phone matter a lot. 9 respondents feel neutral. Whereas for 6 respondents the features of phone is important but not a lot and only 4 respondents are there who are not at all bother about the features of phone when they have to buy a phone.

Ques:16 How does owing a smartphone effect the livelihood of you bringing your laptop, tablet or netbook to campus?A) More likelyB) NeutralC) Less likelyD) About the sameAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:For 12 respondent feels neutral ,7 respondent feels less effect ,5 respondents feels more effect of owing a Smartphone effect the livelihood of bringing laptop, tablet or net book to campus and the remaining 6 respondents feels no effect of owing a Smartphone effect the livelihood of bringing laptop, tablet or net book to campus. It means that majority feels neutral.

Ques:17 Do you agree with the statement Uses of smart phone effect the health of the user.A) 0-20%B) 20-50%C) 50-80%D) 80-100%Analysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:13 respondents think that use of Smartphone effect the health of the user up to 20-50%, 7 respondents think that 50-80% smart phone effect the health of the user. Where as 6 respondents think that up to 20% smart phone effect the health and only 4 respondents think that from 80-100% there is a impact of smart phone on health of youth.

Ques:18 Who will you most likely to connect with the smartphone?A) ClassmatesB) FriendsC) ParentsD) othersAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents6(20%)15(50%)5(16.67%)4(13.33%)30(100%)

INTERPRETATION:50% people likely to connect with friends with their smart phone. 20% likes to connect with classmates and 16.67% people like to connect with their parents with phone. And only 13.33% people specify others like relatives, cousions, and other family members.

Ques:19 Upto what range you prefer smartphones?A) 8000-10000B) 13000-20000C) 20000-40000D) Above 40000Analysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:Out of the whole sample, 13 respondents prefer smart phone from 8000-10000 range. Than 8 respondents prefer it from 13000-20000. 6 respondents prefer it from 20000-40000. And only 3 respondents are there who prefer the range of smart phone above 40000.

Ques:20 Do you think you should have the same Smartphone or better than what your friend had?A) YesB) NoC) SometimesD) rarely

Analysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents4(13.33%)14(46.67%)7(23.33%)5(16.67%)30(100%)

INTERPRETATION:46.67% people does not think to have a same or better phone than their friend had. 23.33% sometimes feels to have a same or better phone than their friend. 16.67% rarely think and 13.33% people always think to have a better phone than their friends.

Ques:21 Do you feel addicted toward your phone?A) SometimesB) NeverC) AlwaysD) RarelyAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal


INTERPRETATION:Out of the whole sample, 13 people never feel addicted towards their phone while 8 people sometimes feel addicted. 5 people rarely feel addicted and only 4 people are their who always feel addicted towards there phone. It means majority is not addicted towards their phone.

Ques:22 Do you ignore your relatives and family members due to your smartphones?A) SometimesB) NeverC) AlwaysD) RarelyAnalysis TableOptionsABCDTotal

No. of respondents6(20%)13(43.33%)4(13.34%)7(23.33%)30(100%)

INTERPRETATION: Majority of 43.33%people said that they never ignore their relatives and family members due to their smart phones use. 23.33% of people said that they rarely ignore their relatives and family members. 20%people sometimes ignore their relatives and family members and only 13.34% of people said that they always ignore their relatives and family members because of their smart phone use. It means that majority of people never neglect their relatives and family members.

ANALYSIS OF OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

Ques:1 Do you think phone effect your performance in studies?Interpretation:-Some people said no. There is no effect of smart phones on studies. They said that it depend on the hard work and sincerity of student. Some people never use phone in study time in this way they are not affected by their phone during study. Some people keep their phone when they are study.

Some people phone affect them during their study because they are habitual of doing chatting and messaging. Some people are very much addicted and busy uploading their status on facebook or many Social networking sites.

Some people are there who uses there phone in there studies. They take help of smartphone in preparing the study notes. While some people are there for whom in depend on the person who use it.

Ques:2 Do you believe that emergence of smartphone has change the way of communication with one another ?Interpretation:-

Yes because it quickly connect the other people with you in a few seconds.

It is such a technology which provide easy an a very attractive way to communicate with one another.

Emergence of smartphones made the communication faster .

It frequently connect you with a person who is sitting several mile far from your place.

With a smartphone you can but only talk to them but you can also see them.

It causes easy and convenient way of communication.

Ques:3 How does owning a phone or not owning a phone effect you.Interpretation:-

Owning a Smartphone makes life easy but it does not affect the person if it does not owning a Smartphone.

Owning a Smartphone help in trouble situation the person can contact with there family and friends when they need help.

Smartphone is easy accessible. It affects the status of the person by describing the living status.

It effect a lot in case if a person haven habit of looking at their phone again and again even the phone does not ring.

Owning of Smartphone help in emergency time like accident etc. A person make contact to his friend or family but by not owning a phone he cannot make contact to any one in any kind of situation.

Ques:4 Do you think having a smartphone can effect the health of person.

Interpretation:- A person use the Smartphone more than the normal limit it affect the health and cause mental problem in a person.

It emits the harmful radiation which affects the hearing capacity of the person and reduces the concentration power.

It cause brain tumor and cancer.

Excessive use of it lead to stress, frustration, irritation, disturbance, and bad tempered.

It affect the health of the user in many other way like ear problem when they uses Smartphone for many hours of calling without disconnected and listing music at loud in ear phones.

Eye problem when he or she continuously watching the screen of Smartphone for watching movies and playing games also vibration of the Smartphone affect the hard also.

Ques:5 What is the biggest advantage do you think smartphones brings to you?Interpretation:- It helps in day to day life and keep the person in contact with there family, friends , relatives, and help in uncertain situation.

Smartphone bought the world near to the user in just one click. By sitting at one place only user can get the news of the world.

They are many ways to communicate through your Smartphone. There are many apps available on Smartphone for searching any places and many services are provided which make the day to day life very easy.

Ques:6 Do you think in todays scenario the uses of phone increases the crime among teens?Interpretation:- An urge for expensive Smartphone leads to crime among teens to a great extends.

Teens uses their phone for wrong purpose and are more addicted towards their phone and find many new methods to misuse the phone. Nature of crime depends on individual psychology also.

Corruption and frauds are done with phones.

Today parents want to their child save so they by expensive phone for their child, not aware of misuses of Smartphone in such a young age.

CHI SQUARE TEST

The chi-square test is an important test among the several tests of significance developed by statisticians. This test was developed by Professor Fisher and first time used by Karl Pearson. Chi square, symbolically written as 2 (pronounced as Ki-square), is a statistical measure used in the context of sampling analysis for comparing a variance to a theoretical variance. As a non-parametric test, it can be used to determine if categorical data shows dependency or the two classifications are independent. It can also be used to make comparisons between theoretical populations and actual data when categories are used. Thus, the chi square is applicable in large number of problems. The test is, in fact, a technique through the use of which it is possible for all researchers to (i) test the goodness of fit; (ii) test the significance of association between two attributes, and (iii) test the homogeneity or the significance of population variance.

CHARACTERSTICS OF CHI-SQUARE TESTFollowing are the important characteristics of 2 test: As this test is non-parametric test hence it is based on the frequencies and not on the parameters like mean and standard deviation. The test is used for testing the hypothesis and is not for estimation. This test can also be applied to a complex contingency table with several classes and as such is very test in research work. This test is an important non-parametric test as no rigid assumptions are necessary in regard to the type of population, no need of parameter values and relatively less mathematical details are involved. It is used when there is a need of comparing between expected and observed frequencies. Chi-square distribution is a skewed distribution particularly with smaller degree of freedom and as the sample size and degree of freedom increases and becomes large, chi square distribution approach normality.

IMPORTANCE OF CHI-SQUARE TEST Chi-square test enables us to find out the degree of discrepancy between observed and expected frequency also known as theoretical frequency and then to determine whether the discrepancy so obtained between observed and expected frequency is due to error of sampling or error of chance. Hence, chi square test enables us to compare observed and expected frequencies objectively, since it is not possible to tell just by looking at them whether they are different enough to be considered statistically significant. Statistically significance in this case implies that differences are not due to chance alone, but instead may be indicative of other processes at work.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OFCHI-SQUARE TEST

CONDITIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF CHI-SQUARE TESTThe following conditions should be satisfied before 2 can be applied: Observations recorded and used are collected on a random basis. All the items in the sample must be independent. No group should contain very few items, say less than 10. In case where the frequencies are less than 10, regrouping is done by combining the frequencies of adjoining group so that the new frequencies become greater than 10. Some statistician take this number as 5, but 10 is regarded as better by most of the statisticians. The overall number of items must also be reasonably large. It should normally be at least 50, howsoever small the number the groups may be. The constraints must be linear. Constraints which involve linear equations in the cell frequencies of a contingency table are known as linear constraints.

ANALYSIS TABLEQ.NO OPTION AOPTION BOPTION C OPTION D TOTAL

12016121260

2824161260

31210102860

481034860

5222010860

61412221260

7241681260

8241861260

91820101260

1016306860

11128261460

12206221260

132014161060

142012161260

15818122260

161024141260

17122614860

18123010860

19261612660

20828141060

21162681060

22122681460

TOTAL3424103062621320

HYPOTHESIS TESTING QUESTION:1. Put tick on the right option.A) MALE ( ) B) FEMALE( )

2. What according to you is the effect of smart phone ?A) POSITIVE ( ) B) NEGATIVE ( )

ANALYSIS SHEET OF ABOVE HYPOTHESIS TESTING QUESTION

PARTICULARSMALESFEMALESTOTAL

Positive effect162036

Negative effect121224

TOTAL283260

STEPS INVOLVED IN APPLYING CHI-SQUARE TESTFor the purpose of applying chi-square test 60 respondents have been taken into consideration. The application of chi-square test has been done on the frequency of 2 hypothesis testing questions. The respondents have been chosen randomly from the population (area of research). The steps to be followed for calculating the value of chi-square are:

STEP 1: Formulation of hypothesis.The very first step is the formulation of null and alternate hypothesis.Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference between the impact of smartphones on boys and girls.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is significant difference between the impact of smartphones on boys and girls.

STEP 2: Preparation of 2*2 Table

A 2*2 is prepared with the help of total columns of analysis sheet.

AB=16aB=20B=36

Ab=12ab=12b=24

A=28a=32N=60

AB=Males with positive impact=16Ab= Males with negative impact=12aB= females with positive impact=20ab= females with negative impact=12

STEP 3: Calculation of expected frequencies.Then the expected frequencies are calculated on the basis of formed hypothesis corresponding to each cell by formula. The expected frequency for any given cell is worked out as under:Expected frequency of any cell=(Row total of the row of that cell)*(Column total for the column of that cell) Grand totali.e. Ei= Ri *Ci /NWhere,Ei= expected frequency Ri = sum total of rows in which Ei liesCi= Sum total of columns in which Ei lies n = total number of samples.Expected frequencies are as follows:(Group A ) AB=36 *28/ 60= 16.8(Group B) Ab=24 *28/ 60= 11.2(Group C ) aB=36 *32/ 60 = 19.2(Group D ) ab= 24*32/60 = 12.8

STEP 4: PREPARATION OF CHI-SQUARE TABLE Obtain the difference between observed and expected frequencies and find out the squares of such differences i.e. calculate (Oi Ei)2. Divide the quantity (OiEi)2 obtained as stated above by the corresponding expected frequency to get (OiEi)2 / Ei and this should be done for all the cell frequencies.Chi-square tableGroupOiEiOi-Ei(OiEi)2(OiEi)2 / Ei

A1616.8-0.80.640.039

B1211.2 0.80.640.057

C2019.2 0.80.640.033

D1212.8-0.80.640.05

Total=0.179

STEP5: CALCULATION OF VALUE OF CHI-SQUARE Find the summation of values of (OiEi)2 / Ei or we can write it as (OiEi)2 / Ei. This is the required 2 value.From the above table the value of chi-square is 2 = 0.179

STEP6: CALCULATION OF DEGREE OF FREEDOMDegree of freedom is calculated in supposition that in a certain lot of sample there can be some defective items, the lot may not be good. Hence we need to decide the number items to be tested and the criteria for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis.Here, the degree of freedom is calculated by the given formula:

Degree of freedom=(R-1) (C-1) where,R=total no. of rowsC=total no. of columns.Here, degree of freedom = (2-1) (2-1) = 1STEP7: DECIDING LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCELevel of significance means that researcher is willing to take a certain percentage of risk with a probability of rejecting true Ho. Hence a level of significance is decided.Here, level of significance is taken as 5%.STEP8: FINDING OUT THE TABLE VALUETable value is found at after deciding level of significance and degree of freedom from the 2 table.Here, taking 5% level of significance and 1 degree of freedom, the table value comes out to be 3.841

RESULT: From the above calculations, observed value is 0.179 and the table value is 3.841.The observed value is smaller than the table value; hence observed value lie in acceptance region. It does not lies in the rejection area. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.Therefore, by taking 5% level of significance and 1 degree of freedom null hypothesis is accepted.CONCLUSION:By taking 5% level of significance and 1 degree of freedom null hypothesis is accepted and hence conclude that, there is no significance difference between impacts of smart phone on youth

SUGGESTIONSAs my topic is impact of smart phone on youth, as result of study itself gives that there is same impact of smart phone on youth. Majority of people feel addicted towards their phone. If they use there Smartphone correctly and do not develop any addiction for it, then the benefits of having it are one and several.Some of the benefits are: There is no limit to the contacts information (only limited by available memory). Traditional phone has fixed limit on number of storable contacts.

There are many applications that you can download.

You are able to add plug-in to its web browser, such as enabling the capability to display flash animation. If you pay for it, you can have internet access which allows you to check your e-mail, access facebook, etc.

They help you keep yourself organized. Smartphone handsets can function as personal organisers, with electronic diaries, contact lists, and automatic reminders.

Never out of touch you can connect to the internet for e-mail and web accesson the move, or connect to your computer network to access relevant data.

You have faster communication. For example on blackberries you have BlackBerry Messenger which is a very fast method of communication between Blackberries.

Above benefits will work only when people uses their phone as a phone and not become addicted towards it.

CONCLUSION

When it comes to the conclusion of topic then there are a few things that mayor may not majorly impact peoples decision to purchase one or not.Currently some smart phones have Internet capabilities, but they will be better in the future.The Internet will be much quicker, since its looking like a 4G network is on the horizon, and also more efficient.Instead of looking at a webpage in mobile view people will just see it as you do on the computer.There is also talk of widgets, which are basically applications that are on your Smartphone and can access information on the backend. Another topic in the future of Smartphones are the memory capabilities.As of now there are memory cards and Smartphone that just store information on a memory bank inside the phone itself.Some phones have both of these.Researchers are trying to figure out how to create more space, so that the phones will run faster as well as perform applications with better quality.

Hence, there is a big importance of smart phone in today generation. We came to know various merits and demerits of smart phone and its impact on youth the future of smart phone from world perspective and Indian perspective. To know the views of smart phone questionnaires were made to be filled by the respondents. From that we came to know that though smart phone has many advantages but the some users are still dissatisfied somehow or the other way. They consider smart phone effect as negative and for some user its effect on youth is positive. smart phone has made consumers induce their needs, hence their preferences have changed and so the expenditure pattern.For proving the hypothesis of research chi-square test has been applied systematically by analyzing the responses from respondents.

TITLE AUTHORSEDITION PUBLISHER

Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques)Dr. KOTHARISecond Revised Edition -2004New AgeInternational(P) Limited

Research Methodology

CAUVERY & SUDHANAYAK & GIRIJA & MEENAKSHIFirst Edition -2003S. Chand


BHATTACHARYASecondEditionExcel Books


PANNEERSELVAM2007Prentice hall of India private limited

Research Methodology In Management Dr. MICHAEL2006Himalaya Publishing House

Bibliography

NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES: Economic Time Hindustan Times The Times of India India Today

WEBSITES: http://en.oboulo.com/impact-smart-phones-business-private-life-83167.html http://www.springerplus.com/content/1/1/11 http://en.oboulo.com/summary?id=80970 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1949222 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10304312.2012.706459 http://www.techulator.com/resources/6688-Smartphones-Advance-features-history.aspx

Annexure

impact of smart phones on youth by namita saini

Documents

research report

research project

introduction of research

significance of research

quality of research

research studies

authentic research

youth research guide