This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Masters in Interior Architecture and DesignFaculty of Design, CEPT University

Impact of Presence of Courtyard on Thermal Characteristics of Vernacular Residential Building: An Exploration in Hot-dry Vernacular Context of Ahmedabad.

Guide – Prof. Rajan Rawal Mihir Vakharia, IA0710 MIAD , CEPT University

Date - 7TH Nov.-2012

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Introduction

Literature Review

Methodology and Procedure

Results & Analysis

Conclusion

Background Research Description

Summary

Research Methodology Selection of Pol-House Selection of Tool Building Model development Input parameters and assumptions for model

Individual Pol-house analysis Comparative analysis for all three Pol -houses

Presentation Overview

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Thermal Comfort

Clothing Insulation

Air -speed

Air – Temp.

RH %

Metabolic Activity

MRT

IntroductionBackground

The study is based on the hypothesis suggesting that thepresence of courtyard helps in attaining thermal comfortin naturally ventilated residential buildings. 1 The studyfocuses on presence of courtyard in residential unit, a“Pol-House”. in the city of Ahmedabad.

A attempt to understand thermal characteristics ofindoor spaces adjacent to courtyard.

On-site measurements and building energy simulationtools, such as computational fluid dynamic tools havebeen used to understand thermal characteristics of Polhouse.

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

IntroductionAim, Objectives and Limitation

Aim:To understand thermal characteristics of indoor spaces of Pol house in the presence of the courtyard for hot –dryclimate Ahmedabad, India.

Objective: Impact of courtyard on thermal characteristics of indoor spaces. Map the environmental variables to understand their effect on thermal comfort of occupants To study the comfort conditions of naturally ventilated vernacular house with and without presence ofcourtyard.

Scope and Limitations: Study is done to understand the thermal performance of the naturally ventilated courtyard residential buildingonly. The study analyses environmental variables e.g. indoor air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity andmean radiant temperature. Where as the daylight performance and energy consumption are not included inanalysis. The Input parameters for simulation model is derived from actual case studies for the analysis, region beingdefined; Ahmedabad, India i.e. the study is restricted to hot-dry climate of Ahmedabad.

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Literature review

• Rajapaksha in her paper explains that arelatively better indoor thermal modification isseen when the courtyard acts as an air funneldischarging indoor air into the sky, than thecourtyard acts as a suction zone inducing air fromits sky opening during daytime hours.Consequently promotes nocturnal ventilation(Rajapaksha Indrika, 2004).

• Nasibeh in his paper explain that the influence of the internalcourtyard on the thermal condition has a strong reliance onthe envelop openings. This study suggests that the internalcourtyard of a terrace house can affect improvements inthermal conditions of the courtyard's surroundingspaces, provided sufficient and efficient openings with shadingdevices are suitably incorporated (Nasibeh et al., 2011).

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Literature review

Abel Tablada. Et al, explains Rooms facing one courtyard and havingsingle side natural ventilation have very low indoor air speeds. Theexistence of more than one courtyard provides better ventilation for thecentral cross ventilated rooms. Nevertheless, this improvement is quitedifferent among the three floors and almost insignificant for theremaining rooms with single-side ventilation. Rooms with exhaustventilation considerably increase the indoor air speed (Abel Tablada. Etal, 2005).

Examine the influence of courtyard configuration and theeffect of pilots, on ventilation patterns inside typical schoolbuildings found in Maceió,At the courtyard, best results were obtained under 45°windincidence, when the distance between the buildings was thelargest one. It happened so because the wind flow gets intothe courtyard through its open side, without having to passover the structure located windward, creating high speed aircurrents (LEONARDO BITTENCOURT AND LUCIANA PEIXOTO 2001).

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Methodology

Note: The study is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation,For naturally ventilated building considering ASHARE standards.

POL HOUSES are chosen from hot and dry climate of

Ahmedabad for the study.

Field observation and measurement- 7 days in April

2012 for every two hours form 600 hrs to 2000 hrs for each

house

Calibration done with Actual site conditions for

10th April

Prepared exiting Pol house model in Design builder

software for CFD

Analysis

Thermal parameters of interior spaces having courtyard.

Pol house -1203Pol house -1213Pol house -1250From Moti Hamam ni Pol

Prepared model for same Pol house without

courtyard

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Methodology

OLD CITY MAP MOTI HAMAM NI POL LOCATION MAP

Location of POL HOUSES, Ahmedabad.

Pol house -1203Pol house -1213Pol house -1250From “Moti Hamam ni Pol” selected for study

Measured data -7days (7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 22nd, 24th in April 2012 (every two hours form 600 hrs to 2000

Relative HumidityAir TemperatureAir VelocityGlobe TemperatureSurface Temperature

Weather Data Ahmedabad collected for April 2012 (Hourly)

Outside Relative HumidityOutside Dry Bulb TemperatureAir Velocity

Weather Data Ahmedabad collected for April –July 2012 (Hourly)

Relative HumidityAir Temperature

Onsite Data collection

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Methodology

Instruments Used Measured Parameters

TSI / Airflow: TA430 Air velocity, Relative Humidity

and Air Temperature

Extech HT30 meter Globe temperature

Fluke 561 Infrared

Thermometer

Surface temperature

Hobo Logger Hourly data for Air

Temperature and Relative

Humidity

http://www.wunderground.c

om

Weather Data

Energy Plus

(IND_AHMADABAD_IWEC)

Weather Data for Simulation

Extech HT30 meter

Fluke 561 Infrared Thermometer

Instruments Used – Onsite Data

TSI / Airflow: TA430

Hobo Logger

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Simulation Tool

Building Model Development

DesignBuilder Version 3.0.0.097 is has been used tool for research study. The developed models have central courtyard , adjacent zones were assumed to be naturally ventilated. Models were assumed central courtyard or no courtyard with adjacent zones. Common walls(North-South) with Neighbour structure and ground floor area were kept as adiabatic . Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the term used to describe a family of numerical methods used to calculate the temperature, velocity and various other fluid properties throughout the region of space.

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

MethodologyInput parameter – Computational Fluid Dynamics

Input Parameters and Boundary Conditions

Boundary conditions for cfd

Grid Spacing 0.3 m

Grid Line Merge

tolerance0.03 m

Input parameters for cfd analysis

Activity residential circulation areas

HVAC

natural ventilation (no heating

and cooling)

Comfort calculation

Personal factors

Metabolic Rate (met 1

Clothing level (clo.) 0.5 for summer and 1 for winter

Relative humidity 50.00%

CFD Internal analysis

Turbulence Model k-e

Discretisation scheme upwind

Cell monitor centre

Variable x-velocity comp.

Residual

x-velocity, Y-velocity, z-velocity,

temp., turbulenceThesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Case StudyPol House -1203

Owner –Bhimji Bhai DhabiHouse Age – > 70 yearsNo. of Persons – 7

Floor Area(sq.m)

Height (m)

GroundFloor

3.2 x14.2

2.6

FirstFloor

3.2 x14.2

3.0

SecondFloor

3.2 x12.2

2.6

House placed between street A and B in Moti Hamam Ni Pol, Ahmedabad.

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Case StudyPol House -1203

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CALCULATED OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE

OPERATIVE TEMP (GF-Courtyard) OPERATIVE TEMP (GF-Room)

OPERATIVE TEMP (FF-Room) OPERATIVE TEMP (FF-Bedroom)

OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)

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RECORDED AIR TEMPERATURERECORDED TEMP(GF-Courtyard) RECORDED TEMP (GF-Room)RECORDED TEMP (FF-Room) RECORDED TEMP (FF-Bedroom)OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Case StudyPol House -1203

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RELATIVE HUMIDITYRECORDED RH (GF-Courtyard) RECORDED RH (GF-Room) RECORDED RH (FF-Room)RECORDED RH (FF-Bedroom) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (WEATHER DATA)

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GF- court yard GF- Room FF- Room FF- Bedroom

MAX. SURAFACE TEMPERATUREEast wall West wall Slab surface Outside Drybulb temp

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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CALCULATEDGF-Courtyard GF-Room FF-Room FF-Bedroom OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)

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SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

Operative Temperature

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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MEASUREDGF-Courtyard GF-Room FF-Room FF-Bedroom RELATIVE HUMIDITY (WEATHER DATA)

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10-Apr-12

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

Relative Humidity

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Case StudyPol House -1203Out-side dry bulb temperature GF- Courtyard GF- Room FF - Room FF- Bedroom

Maximum Temp. 43 34 33 44 35Minimum Temp. 23 29 30 27 29Average Temp. 32 32 32 34 31Median Temp. 32 32 32 33 31

Ground floor room adjacent to courtyard remains in the range of 31 degree C to 34degree C’ and shows minimum impact of outdoor temperature. First floor room shows early heat gains through sloping roof also realise heat gainwith convection through courtyard. Comparing courtyard house with house without courtyard shows 2 to 4 C’ degreetemperature. Ground floor room shows 4 ’C rise in Temperature in evening hours. First floor room shows less impact of courtyard due to direct solar radiation on roofsurface and remains high during day and afternoon hours.

Conclusion:In case of house without a courtyard, indoor temperature rises due to early heat Gains from the roofsurface and results into rise in temperature and affect the indoor air temperature.Courtyard also improves humidity levels in the indoor spaces due to this though there is rise in outdoortemperature, people in the building feel comfortable by increasing airflow.

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Comparative Analysis

Pol House -1203Owner –Bhimji Bhai DhabiHouse Age – > 70 yearsNo. of Persons – 7

Pol House -1213Owner –Bharat Bhai PatelHouse Age –100 yearsNo. of Persons – 6

Pol House -1250Owner –Daksha Ben Patel House Age –100 yearsNo. of Persons – 10

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Comparative Analysis

Floor Area Height

Ground Floor 5.8 x 15.4 mts 3.0 mts

First Floor 5.8 x 15.4 mts 2.8 mts

Floor Area Height

Ground Floor 7.2 x 14.0 mts 2.4 mts

First Floor 7.2 x 14.0 mts 3.0 mts

Floor Area Height

Ground Floor 3.2 x 14.2 mts 2.6 mts

First Floor 3.2 x 14.2 mts 3.0 mts

Second Floor 3.2 x 12.2 mts 2.6 mts

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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50 HOUSE -1203GF-Courtyard GF-Room FF-Room FF-Bedroom OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)

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HOUSE -1250

Recorded Air Temperature

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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HOUSE -1250

Operative Temperature

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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Relative Humidity

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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GF -COURTYARD RECORDEDH-1203 H-1213 H-1250 OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)

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10-Apr-12

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

Air Temperature

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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45GF -ROOM RECORDEDH-1203 H-1213 H-1250 OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)

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10-Apr-12

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

Air Temperature

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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10-Apr-12

AIR TEMPERATURE FF -ROOM RECORDED

SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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10-Apr-12

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Air Temperature FF -BEDROOM RECORDED

SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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10-Apr-12

Relative Humidity GF -COURTYARD RECORDED

SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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80H-1203 H-1213 H-1250 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (WEATHER DATA)

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Relative Humidity GF -ROOM RECORDED

SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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70H-1203 H-1213 H-1250 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (WEATHER DATA)

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Relative Humidity FF -ROOM RECORDED

SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

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70H-1203 H-1213 H-1250 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (WEATHER DATA)

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Relative Humidity FF -BEDROOM RECORDED

SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Comparative AnalysisCFD Analysis for Pol House With Courtyard – 10th April @ 9.00 Am

HOUSE-1203 HOUSE-1213 HOUSE-1250

Section

First Floor

Ground Floor

Section

First Floor

Ground Floor Ground Floor

Section

First Floor

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Comparative AnalysisCFD Analysis for Pol House Without Courtyard – 10th April @ 9.00 Am

HOUSE-1203 HOUSE-1213 HOUSE-1250

Section

First Floor

Ground Floor

Section

First Floor

Ground Floor Ground Floor

Section

First Floor

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Comparative Analysis

Inferences:

House 1203 Courtyard shows higher temperature than two houses.

In house-1203 Ground floor room adjacent to courtyard remains in the range of 30 C’ to 32 C’

In House 1213 and House1250 First floor room shows early heat gains through pitched roof also realise heat gain

through convection in evening hours.

First floor bedroom of House-1213 shows higher temperature due to east facing wall.

First floor room in all three houses follows similar trend for relative humidity with outdoor environment.

The temperature of first floor courtyard space and indoor remains consistently higher than the ground floor

courtyard and the interior spaces throughout the day

Due to early heat Gains in house-1250 from east facade with big opening results into rise surface temperature

through conduction it results into rise in indoor temperature and affect the indoor air temperature.

Courtyard also improves humidity levels in the indoor spaces due to this though there is rise in outdoor

temperature people in the building, feel comfortable by increasing airflow.

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Comparative Analysis

ConclusionIncidence of solar radiation on building roof surfaces is the main source of heat responsible for raising the

temperature of exterior surface of the envelope and also for creating temperature gradient across the

thickness of the envelope. As a result, heat is conducted form outdoor to indoor surfaces and causes a rise in

the interior air temperature.

Ground floor courtyard is shaded throughout the day and acts as shaft for ventilation, hence improves

thermal environment of adjacent and interior space. Where the first floor interior surface temperatures shows

less impact of courtyard i.e. Nearly 2 to 3 `C rise in temperature during day time.

Walls on ground floor room inside surface temperature remain same throughout the day and shows

minimum variation with outside dry bulb temperature.

In all houses presence courtyard shows direct impact on relative humidity and improves the indoor thermal

environment. Hence, the courtyards are useful for passive cooling in Pol-house, Ahmedabad hot-dry climates

mainly due to changed in relative humidity.

Courtyard also improves the indoor air quality and natural lighting.

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

References

Abdelsalam Aldawoud *, Ray Clark “Comparative analysis of energy performance between courtyard and atrium in buildings”Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 209–214Science DirectAbel TABLADA, et al, "Geometry of building’s courtyards to favour natural ventilation: comparison between wind tunnelexperiment and numerical simulation" THE WORLD Sustainable Building Conference, 2005Abel Tablada. Et al, “Thermal Comfort of Naturally Ventilated Buildings in Warm-Humid Climates: field survey” PLEA 2005Abel Tablada, et.al “The influence of courtyard geometry on air flow and thermal comfort: CFD and thermal comfortSimulations” PLEA2005 - The 22nd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. Beirut, Lebanon, 2005Ahmed S. Muhaisen Mohamed B Gadi, “Effect of Courtyard Proportions on Solar Heat Gain and Energy Requirement in theTemperate Climate of Rome”, School Of The Built Environment, Science Direct 2005.Ahmed S. Muhaisen Mohamed B Gadi, “Shading Performance of Polygonal Courtyard Forms”, School of the Built Environment,Science Direct 2006AMR BAGNEID “The creation of a courtyard microclimate thermal model for the analysis of courtyard houses”, Submitted to theOffice of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OFPHILOSOPHY August 2006Gupta Vinod, “Natural Cooling Systems of Jaisalmer” Architectural Science Review, 1985Leonardo Bittencourt and Luciana PEIXOTO, “THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT COURTYARD CONFIGURATIONS ON NATURALVENTILATION THROUGH LOW-RISE SCHOOL BUILDINGS” Seventh International IBPSA Conference, building simulation, 2001Mu¨ jgan S-erefhanog˘ lu So¨ zen, Gu¨ lay Zorer Gedı´k “Evaluation of traditional architecture in terms of building physics: OldDiyarbakı´r houses”, Building and Environment, Science Direct, 2006.Rajapaksha Indrika, “Passive Cooling in the Tropics: A Design Proposition for Natural Ventilation” Plea2004

Thesis Presentation

This work by ‘Mihir Vakharia’ is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters’ Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.

Thank You