Impact of Micro Finance & Women Empowerment - A study with refernce to Bengaluru Rural District

Prof. F. Arockia DossM.Com., M.B.A., M.Phil.

Research ScholarBharathiar UniversityCoimbatore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaMobile No. 09845934431Email: arockiadoss21@gmail.com

Dr. Kalavani K. N.Assistant ProfessorDr. S. Gopalaraju Govt. First Grade CollegeANEKAL, Bangalore Rural DistrictKarnataka, IndiaMobile : 07708103488Email : drkalaivanikn9570@gmail.com

Abstract:

Poverty has degraded human lives for centuries and its existence is a danger to prosperity everywhere. More than one third of the Indian population are vulnerably suffering from poverty. India’s economic growth has failed to make a significant imrovement in poverty figures with 400+ million more than the total in the poorest African Nationas which are still in the grip of absolute poverty (Padmalocahana Mahanta et al.).1 All the governmental programmes launched with an intention of reducing poverty failed to fetch much desired expected level of results. One of the main reason for this failure can be traced to failure to reach to the expected target group. Therefore microfinance has emerged as a powerful tool with certainty of reducing poverty since all groups formed under known model are democratically formed and managed by the members and more over these group are voluntary organisations of known people in a known locality.

NABARD, the apex government financial instituion provides microfinance service to the desrving poor and depressed through banking network and NGOs. It claims that around 90% of the beneficiaries are women and impact measurment 2009 find that existence of significant growth in assets (30%) and income levels (23%) of the beneficiaries (Chandrashekar, 2013)2.

The previous reserach studies reveals that the programme reduce poverty through increase in income and enables the poor to build assets and thereby reduce vulnerability (Srinivas 2010)3.

The previous research studies also highlighed that microfinance is not a panacea for all our economic ills. Its intention of addressing the poverty issue is accepted by one and all across the globe. Even after being members of SHGs for many years, many women were unable to come out of poverty. Thus, it has been found (Wilson & Simha, 2007)4 that half of the women in SHGs - even after being members for 7 years or more - remain poor & 13% of then were very poor.

Introduction

Microfinance is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative source of rural credit and further it is playing an instrumental role in the poverty alleviation and positively helping the poor untouched by formal financial agencies to come out of strong grip of money lenders who are

asociated since from many years. Poverty alleviation is posible if the members invest money in income generating activity. In most cases it was found that the number loans taken by SHGs members for consumption purposes was higher than that for investment purposes (Kumaran, 2002)5. It was found as a general feature that as the groups become older and older the loan utilisations also changes and percentage of investment spent also increases (Basu & Srivastava, 2005,6 Puhazendhi & Budutya, 2007)7. The Starting of income generating activities leads to creation of more employment opportunities among the members (Galab et al., 2003)8.

Many academic studies have been conducted in different states and regions of the country to measure the impact of SHGs and many of these studies concluded that SHGs address positiviely in all socio economic characterstics of the members. Most women across the globe rely on the informal sector for an income.9 Empowering women in developing countries like India is highly essential to reduce poverty since women represent most of the worlds poor population.10

Self Help groups are voluntary organisation among known women in a known area, caste, locality. This demographic voluntary organisation specially designed to provide the untouched poor who lives in rural areas and whose income is unstable, irregular, insufficient and ungrowth and many a times less than hand-to-month. Unfortunately the government sponsored programmes do not trickle down to the needy and who are hithertoo untouched by any formal financial agency. Since women is dominated in the rural area SHGs were found useful, worthful and beneficial organisations working for the betterment of rural poor.

Review of literature

Mahajan and Nagasri (1999)11 in their study they have stated that microfinance is accessing finacial services in an informally formal route, in a flexible, responsive and sensitive manner which otherwise would not have been possible for the organised formal financial services.

A study by Economic Development Association (EDA) Gurgaon, Haryana (2006)12 reveals that microfinance in India targets to uplift the poor and empower women who have no access to market for credit. Further they have stated that 77% of the clients are in the rural poor sector. Microfinance “under inclusive financial system” is becoming strong by providing micro credit, micro insurance and deposit facilities to marginalised and neglected sections of the society.

A study by Mahajan (2005)13 reveals that micro credit can effectively work and promote further succes, only when it works with the advancement of some important supporting factors. Besides the role of the government, and formal financial insitutions, Non-government organisations and peoples participation play an important role.

Pankaj Kumar and Ramesh Golait (2009)14 in their study they have examined the outreach of self help group (SHG) Bank linkage programme (SBLP) in the backdrop of growing banking and socio-economic divide between regions in India. The ‘defining unit’ in the build up of financial architecture in India was the nationalisation of banks. Further, they have revealed that the effect of bank nationalisation in the forms of remarkable spread of the banking system to the unbanked and under banked rural areas.

Datta et. al., (2001)15 have found that the familiarity of members, helping each other in the SHG and business loans per member positively influence the average monthly income of the SHGs members in Tirupathi district of Andhrapradesh.

The study by Debadutta Kumar Panda (2009)16 indicates the positive impact of selp help groups on income, employment, savings, migration reduction, literacy position, household decision makings and micro enterprise development.

Adhikari et al.,(2010)17 has shown that participation in SHG makes a smooth path of financial inclusion for the rual people in the district of Bankura of West Bengal.

The study by Chandrashekar (2013)18 concludes that the review of past research and performance of SHG Bank linkage in India suggest that SHG Bank linkage approach is found to be an effective instrument by which poor people can access hassle free formal credit without any collateral security and simultaneously improve their savings habits.

Maheswari, K.S. and Suresh K.V. (2012)19 in their research survey they have stated that bureaucratic hassles, absence of unity of command and discriminatory practices impede the growth of SHGs, the overall contribution by the same towards women emancipation is evident.

Puhazhendi and Badyata (2002)20 studied the importance of Self Help Groups in Orissa, Chattisgarh and Jhansi. They have revealed that Self Help Group Bank Linkage Programme with better access of credit brought increased income to the Self Help Group members and the incremental net income was the result of loans for productive purposes in farm, Off-farm and non-farm activities. Further, they have stated that easily and timely availability of credit enhanced differnt economic activities which increased employment in nonfarm and off-farm employment.

Krishniah (2003)21 studied SHGs in Andra Pradesh and concluded that as a consequnece of group formation, women were able to diversify their activities by undertaking nonfarm and animal husbandary related activities. He concluded that repayment of loans by the groups is very high because of peer pressure, members are known to each other and they are aware of the credit worthiness of members and the good perfromance of repayment from members to groups and groups to banks helped to get higher loans subsequently.

Silvia (2004)22 studied SHGs in Tumkur district Karnataka, covering 245 respondents. She reported that 19% of women said that increase in income is about 25%, 35% women said increase is income is about 50% and 4% women said there was no change in income. The concluded that women have clear idea about loan priority and they are aware of their own skills and abitilites and women are active in community activities.

Purushotham (2004)23 studied SHGs members in Pamidi, Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh and concluded that 90% of the micro credit borrowers utilised microcredit to graduate from wage work into self employment and concluded that micro credit intervention has benefited the group members in the utilisation of productive asets, repayment of old debts, increase of income and savings, construction of toilets, sending girl children to schools, purchase of jewels and enhancemnt of employment ratio.

Lalitha and Nagarajan (2004)24 studied SHGs Dindigal of Madhurai and Theni District of Tamil Nadu and concluded that organisation of women in the form of SHGs has laid the seeds for economic and social empowerment of women. Participation in group activities leads to changed self image and organisational and collective action, enhances access to information and skills, broadens their knowledge about resource availability and develops leadership qualities. They further stated that active participation in group leads to improvemnt in political acumen which would in turn strengthen and sustain the overall process of empowerment.

Veena(2005)25 reported that the proponents of micro finace consider economic empowerment as an entry point and a road map towards overall empowerment. She found that women were able to access bank credit, displayed good repayment records and moved from wage to self employment. The researchers further expressed that women were able to retain control over

their earnings. Women empowerment at individual and collective level is more visible in semi urban areas than rural areas.

Setty (2002)26 concluded that political will, clear cut policies, realistic objectives, a blending of planning from below and above, enlightened involvement of client system, training of people’s leaders and building up and strenghtening of local institutions will facilitate meaningful and sustainable rural development.

Dogra (2005)27 studied self help groups in Sharanpar district of Uttar Pradesh found SHGs are successful in breaking the stronghold of money lenders, and families do not go to money lenders as forced labour and need not mortgage land or valuables as result of SHG.

Objectives of the study

(1) To study demographic influences on women empowerment.(2) To measurement the results of impactness in terms of knowledge and awareness.(3) To study the level of income increase and savings of SHG members.(4) To study the level of women empowerment.(5) To examine the perceived level of women empowerment.

Hypotheses

(1) There exists no knowledge and awareness over related variables.

(2) There is no increase either in income or savings of SHG members.

(3) The women SHG members do not posses women empowerment.

(4) There are no perceived views on women empowerment.

Research Methodology

The quality of any impact measurement depends upon two factors. They are (1) sample size (2) reliability of indicators. Hence, maximum care was exercised while deciding methodology in order to gain maximum advantage and to ensure twin objectives of impact evaluation, and guidelines of Bakar (2000)28 model was followed. In order to collect the data particularly in rural Bengaluru convenient sampling technique was used and a sample of 250 was thought fit for the purpose looking into geographical coverage. Since the present study is based on primary data suitable techniques were applied in addition to in depth interview of respondents with valid and clearly written questionnaire. Besides this informal discussions were held with Anganawadi workers, Branch Managers, and NGO facilitators. The data collection programme was commenced on October, 5th 2014 and ended on 30th October, 2014 and extensive use of percentages, chi-square and ANOVA techniques were used in order to give a scientific touch to the data.

Survey Findings

Table-1 reveals valuable information about demographic variables under study. The socio-economic status of the respondents shows that they were within the age group between 30 and 60 and above and maximum betwen 30-40 years. About 79% were married and majority of the them are nucleous and 9% remained single on account of suffering misreable poverty shock. There are 90 respondents or 36% belonging to SC/ST, 49% belonging backward communities and 37 only belonging upper caste. These caste analysis stands similar to the Karnataka Gazatte publications about Bengaluru Rural district. There are 158 respondents who are landless and they work in agriculture seasonally and during unseason they move to near by city

to work as labourers or work as assistant in informal service sector. There are only 18 government service employees who are recruited as assistants either in hospital, educational institution and getting insufficient income. The educational status data reveals that a great majority studied upto 10th Std. and hardly in about 20 respondents studied upto degree and remaining all are unemployed. The income reveals that 90 respondents or 36% monthly income is between Rs. 2000-2500 which is highly insufficient to lead an ordinary life. The chi-square calculated value as far as occupation is concerned is greater than the TV @ 5% level of significance. Therefore we may conclude there exists variations in occupation of SHG members.

Table-2 highlights the information on the improvemnt of increased knowledge and awareness of SHG members which is highly essential to order to measure other impacts. The conclusions are grouped into three categories, basic level, understanding level and clarity level. The assessment results are grouped along differnt subjects varying from A to F and clustered into the different age groups. Generally the results indicates a gradual increase in level of clarity varying from 6% to 62%. The impact is well represented in the income genrating activity and respondents have clarity over income generating activity. The decrease in the number of respondents can be seen by analysing the data spread over differnt age in years of differnt indicators. We find in all cases the crease in the basic level as the age of SHG increases and move upto clearity level. Maximum awareness and knowledge can also be seen in the subject of health and sanitation. As far banking and savings are concerned still many of the respondents are still in Basic level over 3 years and needs immediate corection in order to go with national objective of opening of bank account by one and all. The null hypotheses is rejected and alternative hypotheses is accepted. Therefore we may conclude here women SHG mebers possess knowledge and awareness over cerntain indicators.

Table-3 reveals information about increase in income and savings of the SHG members. Here two impacts the concerned and they are increased income on the one hand and there increased savings are on the other hand. However, these two impacts are interrelated since ther can not be any savings in the absendce of income. The increase income can be viewed as an expression of an improvement in living conditions. Further Table-3 concludes about increase in non-basic income i.e., income minus food expenditure over the years. The income raise from Rs. 7800 to Rs. 13250 occurred betwen first and third year of existence of an SHG. Further, the table also shows about increase in savings annual Rs. 2200 to Rs. 3250. In all these groups savings in kind is greater than financial savings. Therefore the null hypotheses is rejected and alternative that there is increase in income and savings is accepted.

Table-4 reveals data regarding decision making power of the SHG members. To measure decision making power of women six typical decisions usually made by them were selcted. These decisions are the purpose of loans, buying and adopting infrastructures, buying households, cash managemnt, property purhcase and sale and jewellery purchase and savings. In the subject purpose of loan there is a shift from husband domination to wife dominating process over the years. An increase from 22% to 33% in three years group was observed. The joint decisions over 6 decision drivers also reveals gradual decrease in general. In case of children education the husband domination in along with joint decision making decreases while decision making by wife increases. In the case of house hold buying we find there is an increase in wife decision making power enhances from 25% to 30% similary we find an absolute rise in the decision maker power wife in all 6 variable or indicators of empowerment. Therfore the null hyptheses that women SHG members do not possess empowerment is rejcted and the alternative is accepted. Therefore we may conclude that women SHG members enjoy more empowerment in the study area.

Table-5 speaks about perceived women empowerment. Perceived women empowerment is measured in terms of Likert 5 point scale varying from strongly agre to strongly disagre (5). 160 respondents or 64% strongly agreed that the stated indicators strongly influence women empowerment. Further, 60 or 24% have agreed that the stated empowerment drivers influences the empowerment of women only 8 respondents have strongly disagreed about indicators or variables influencing women empowerment. The ANOVA table reveals that the null hypotheses is rejected and alternative that women SHG members possess perception about women empowerment is accepted.

Implications of the study

The analysis of impact on knowledge and awareness suggests that there has been a positive change among members of the older groups. There exists substaintial enhancemnt in the subject health and sanitation which tells about possession of awareness about he variable. The income genraiton activities are strong enough to support the SHG members. Bengaluru rural is semi industrial and agricultural area where many of the respondents prefer to work as agri labourers than searching job in nearby town and cities. The study finds that members save more in kind than in finacial terms. The reasons may be poor banking knowledge, meagree earnings in hard cash, more return on investment in kind and privacy to some extent.

Conclusion

The previous researchers held that SHG-BLP enabled about 97 million poor households to have access to sustainable financial resources from banking sytem at the end of March 2011 in India. It reveals that SHG-BLP in India is found to be an effective instrument by which very poor people can access hassle free formal credit without any collateral security and also proved that SHG members can also improve their savings formation habit.

Microfinance can not be a panacea for all the ills of SHG members. It is not end but beginning of a new era. The curse of poverty can not be healed by overnight and it takes many years. The previous research suggests that since micro finance provides access, enhances income and savings, increases empowerment is going to be highly beneficial to the members. If all microfinance activities handled properly microfinance can create miracles in the area of poverty erradication.

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Demographic Profile of SHG MembersVariable No. of Respondents PercentageGender Male - -

Female 250 100.00Land holdings(both wet & dry) 1-2 Acres 40 16.00

2-3 Acres 30 12.003-4 Acres 22 8.80Landless 158 63.20

Occupation Agri Labours 132 52.80Home Maker 45 18.00Self Employed 20 8.00Salaried (Private Job) 35 14.00Govt. Service 18 7.20

Income (in Rs. per month) Rs. 2000 - 5000 90 36.00Rs. 2500 - 3000 49 19.60Rs. 3000 - 3500 34 13.60Rs. 3500 - 4000 45 18.00Rs. 4000 & above 32 12.80

Education Upto 7th Standard 80 32.00Upto 10th Standard 120 48.00Upto PUC 30 12.00Upto Degree 20 8.00

Age (in year) Below 30 42 16.8031 - 40 80 32.0041 - 50 53 21.2051 - 60 42 16.8061 & above 33 13.20

Marital Status Married 198 79.20Single 22 8.80Divorcee 10 4.00

Widow 20 8.00Caste of respondents SC/ST 90 36

Backward Communities 123 49Upper Caste 37 15

Source : Questionnaire

Table - 2Results of impact measuremnt : knowledge awareness (%)Subject Age of SHG (years) BL UL CLA. Knowledge 1-2 years 49 31 20

About SHG 2-3 years 25 51 243 & above 08 52 41

B. Banking & 1-2 years 80 14 06Savings 2-3 years 60 30 10

3 & above 51 37 12

C. Health & 1-2 years 31 58 11Sanitation 2-3 years 12 59 29

3 & above 10 39 51

D. Family 1-2 years 22 60 18Planning & 2-3 years 14 52 34Children Education 3 & above 09 45 46

E. Income 1-2 years 33 45 22Generating 2-3 years 15 51 34Activity 3 & above 04 34 62

F. Common 1-2 years 46 39 15Property 2-3 years 25 44 31Sharing 3 & above 18 46 36

Source: Primary DataNote: BL = Basic Level, UL = Understanding Level, CL = Clarity Level

Table - 3Increase in income and savings of SHG MembersAge 1-2 years 2-3 years 3 & aboveSHG CharactersticsAverage house hold Rs. 7800 Rs. 10200 Rs. 13250non basic income (I-F)Average Monthly Savings

In kind Rs. 1200 Rs. 1700 Rs. 1750Financial savings Rs. 1000 Rs. 1200 Rs. 1500

Total Rs. 2200 Rs. 2900 Rs. 3250Source : Primary dataNote : I - F = Income - Expenses on Food

Table - 4Impact Measurement : Decision MakingDecision Type Purpose of Loan Buying infrastructure Buying HouseholdsAge of SHGs 1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&Above 1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&above 1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&aboveH 48 41 37 38 36 34 30 31 29J 30 34 30 49 45 31 45 35 32W 22 25 33 13 19 35 25 34 39T 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Children Education Voting Social awareness Creation

1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&Above 1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&above 1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&aboveH 30 35 34 49 45 40 48 32 30J 40 33 32 28 33 29 30 33 28W 30 32 34 33 22 31 22 35 42T 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Cash Management Property Purchase & Sale Jewellery Purchase & Savings

1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&Above 1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&above 1-2Yrs. 2-3Yrs. 3&aboveH 45 41 36 42 42 32 36 34 35J 30 25 22 28 20 24 30 25 20W 25 34 42 30 38 44 34 41 45T 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source : PrimaryNote : H = Husband, J = Joint, W = WIfe, Y = Years

Table - 4Perceived women empowermentEmpowerment Driver SA A N DA SBA TPurpose of Loan 42 14 1 1 1 59Infrastructure & household buying 28 11 1 2 1 43Cash management & Property Purchase 26 10 2 2 2 42Children education & marriage 23 12 3 2 2 42Voting & creation of social awarenes 16 8 2 1 1 28Contesting Panchayat elections & Envi. issues 25 5 3 2 1 36Total 160 60 12 10 8 250Source: Primary Data

Hypotheses :H0: Women SHG members do not possess Reject

perception about women empowermentH1: Women SHG members possess perception Accept

about Women Empowerment

ANOVA TableSource of variation SS d.f. MS F-value 5% F-limit

(from the F-table)

Between sample 2835.4132 (5-1)=4 2835.4132/4 708.8533/16.96 F(4,25)=708.8533 41.7955 = 2.76

Within sample 424.002 (30-5)=25 424.002/25=16.96

Total (30-1) = 29Source: Authors Compilation

The above ANOVA table reveals that the calculated value being 41.7955 greater than TV = 2.76 at d.f. V1 = 4 and V2 = 25 at 5% level of significance rejects the null hypotheses and accepts the alternative. Therefore we may conclue that women SHG members in Bengaluru rural district possess perception about women empowerment.