impact of fine particles on visibility

AWMA SE Regional AWMA SE Regional Conference - 2008Conference - 2008

THE PROBLEM WITH FINE PARTICLES-THE PROBLEM WITH FINE PARTICLES-

HOW TO ASSESS AND FIX IT!HOW TO ASSESS AND FIX IT!

Rod TruceRod TruceIndigo TechnologiesIndigo Technologies

[email protected]@indigotechnologies.com.au


IMPACT OF FINE PARTICLES ON IMPACT OF FINE PARTICLES ON VISIBILITYVISIBILITY


TYPICAL MASS AND OPACITY TYPICAL MASS AND OPACITY

VERSUS PARTICLE SIZE AT ESP OUTLETVERSUS PARTICLE SIZE AT ESP OUTLET


IMPACT OF PM2.5 ON VISIBILITYIMPACT OF PM2.5 ON VISIBILITY

Categories PM2.5 (1-hr ave.) (µg/m3) Visibility (miles)

Acceptable 0-40 10 miles and up

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 41-80 6 to 9 miles

Unhealthy 81-175 3 to 5 miles

Very Unhealthy 176-300 1½ to 2½ miles

Hazardous 301-500 1 to 1 ¼ mile

Very Hazardous Over 500 ¾ mile or less

The procedure for making personal observation to estimate the PM2.5 level for local areas without official monitors is:

1. Face away from the sun. 2. Determine the limit of your visible range by looking for targets at known distance (miles). 3. Visible range is that point at which even high contrast objects totally disappear. 3. Use the values above to determine the local PM2.5 level and health category.


IMPACT OF FINE PARTICLES ON IMPACT OF FINE PARTICLES ON HEALTHHEALTH

www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/naaqsfin/pmhealth.htmlwww.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/naaqsfin/pmhealth.html Premature death; Premature death; Respiratory related hospital admissions and emergency Respiratory related hospital admissions and emergency

room visits;room visits; Aggravated asthma; Aggravated asthma; Acute respiratory symptoms, including aggravated Acute respiratory symptoms, including aggravated

coughing and difficult or painful breathing; coughing and difficult or painful breathing; Chronic bronchitis; Chronic bronchitis; Decreased lung function that can be experienced as Decreased lung function that can be experienced as

shortness of breath; shortness of breath; Work and school absences; Work and school absences; Greatly reduced visibility. Greatly reduced visibility.


EPA EPA

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDSAMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Annual Average 15ug/mAnnual Average 15ug/m33

Daily Average reduced from 65ug/mDaily Average reduced from 65ug/m33 to 35ug/m to 35ug/m33

Save 15 000 lives per year; Save 15 000 lives per year; Reduce hospital admissions by thousands each year Reduce hospital admissions by thousands each year

due to reduced heart and lung diseases; due to reduced heart and lung diseases; Improved visibility. Improved visibility.


IMPACT OF PM2.5 ON HEALTHIMPACT OF PM2.5 ON HEALTH

Categories PM2.5 (1-hr ave.) (µg/m3) Visibility (miles)

Acceptable 0-40 10 miles and up

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 41-80 6 to 9 miles

Unhealthy 81-175 3 to 5 miles

Very Unhealthy 176-300 1½ to 2½ miles

Hazardous 301-500 1 to 1 ¼ mile

Very Hazardous Over 500 ¾ mile or less


LUNG LUNG PENETRATIONPENETRATION


Major Elements Major Elements (>0.05% Concentration)(>0.05% Concentration)


Trace Elements Trace Elements (<0.05% Concentration)(<0.05% Concentration)


Volatile Elements Volatile Elements


Carbon in AshCarbon in Ash


DO YOU HAVE A FINE PARTICLE DO YOU HAVE A FINE PARTICLE EMISSION PROBLEM?EMISSION PROBLEM?

OPACITY DRIVEN BY PARTICLES < 2.5UMOPACITY DRIVEN BY PARTICLES < 2.5UM

DO YOU KNOW YOUR OPACITY?DO YOU KNOW YOUR OPACITY?

MASS DRIVEN BY PARTICLES > 2.5UMMASS DRIVEN BY PARTICLES > 2.5UM

DO YOU KNOW YOUR MASS EMISSION?DO YOU KNOW YOUR MASS EMISSION?


THE INDIGO THE INDIGO FPCSystem FPCSystem

(FINE PARTICLE CONTROL SYSTEM)(FINE PARTICLE CONTROL SYSTEM)

A PROVEN TECHNOLOGYA PROVEN TECHNOLOGYFOR REDUCING VISIBLE EMISSIONSFOR REDUCING VISIBLE EMISSIONS

FROM ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORSFROM ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS


FINE PARTICLES (PM2.5) REMOVEDFINE PARTICLES (PM2.5) REMOVEDUSING INDIGO USING INDIGO FPCSystemFPCSystem

REMOVAL EFFICIENCY >90% BY NUMBERREMOVAL EFFICIENCY >90% BY NUMBER


How Does The Indigo How Does The Indigo FPCSystemFPCSystem Work? Work?

Treats the dust prior to entering the Electrostatic Treats the dust prior to entering the Electrostatic

Precipitator Precipitator Uses fluidic (FAP) and electrostatic (BEAP) forces to Uses fluidic (FAP) and electrostatic (BEAP) forces to

attach the fine particles to the larger, easily collected attach the fine particles to the larger, easily collected particlesparticles

The Bi-Polar Charger charges half the dust positivelyThe Bi-Polar Charger charges half the dust positively and the other half negatively and the other half negatively

Fine negative particles are selectively mixed with the Fine negative particles are selectively mixed with the large positive particles and large negative particles large positive particles and large negative particles

with fine positive particles with fine positive particles When a fine particle comes close to an oppositely When a fine particle comes close to an oppositely

charged large particle, it is attracted and attaches to charged large particle, it is attracted and attaches to the large particlethe large particle


THE INDIGO THE INDIGO FPCSystemFPCSystem


FLUIDIC AGGLOMERATION PROCESSFLUIDIC AGGLOMERATION PROCESS


INDIGO INDIGO FPCSystemFPCSystem AT PLANT WATSON AT PLANT WATSON


ESP FINE PARTICLE ESP FINE PARTICLE COLLECTION EFFICENCYCOLLECTION EFFICENCY


Impact of ESP EfficiencyImpact of ESP Efficiency on Particle Size on Particle Size


ESP and FF FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONSESP and FF FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS% OF DUST EMITTED TO THE ATMOSPHERE % OF DUST EMITTED TO THE ATMOSPHERE

VRS PARTICLE SIZEVRS PARTICLE SIZE


OPACITY FOR TYPICAL MASS OPACITY FOR TYPICAL MASS



EMERALD COAL SLIP AT WATSONEMERALD COAL SLIP AT WATSON

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Particle Diameter (microns)

% S

lip

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

% E

mis

sion

Red

uctio

n w

ith In

digo

Agg

lom

erat

or

B Side Slip A Side Slip

Emission Reduction


MEASUREMENT A PASS B PASS REDUCTION

OPACITY% 13.2 2.3 83%

PARTICULATEGrains/Act. Cubic Ft. 0.0136 0.0082 40%Mg/m3 31.3 18.8

FLOW Actual Cubic Ft/Min 443 609 406 455M3/min 12 563 11 511

GAS TEMPERATUREDegrees F. 269 261Degrees C. 132 127

WATSON ESP OUTLET TESTS WATSON ESP OUTLET TESTS EMERALD COAL EMERALD COAL


OPACITY FOR LOW MASS OPACITY FOR LOW MASS



HAMMOND PARTICLE SIZE COMPARISONHAMMOND PARTICLE SIZE COMPARISONAverage of Unit 2 and Unit 3 Slip and % change

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Particle size

Slip

(%)

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%Unit 2

Unit 3

Emission Reduction


HAMMOND STACK TESTS OCTOBER 2004HAMMOND STACK TESTS OCTOBER 2004

MEASUREMENT UNIT 2 UNIT 3 REDUCTION

PARTICULATEGrains/Act. Cubic Ft. 0.0038 0.0015 60%Mg/m3 8.7 3.45 60%

FLOW Actual Cubic Ft/Min 540,000 486,000

GAS TEMPERATUREDegrees F. 261 253


ESP OUTLET PARTICLE SIZE ESP OUTLET PARTICLE SIZE

SPMS AND PCSV DATASPMS AND PCSV DATA

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

SMPS A out

PCSV A out

PCSV A out @ 0.7d


DUST EMISSION VRS PARTICLE SIZEDUST EMISSION VRS PARTICLE SIZE


TARONG HOPPER PARTICLE SIZETARONG HOPPER PARTICLE SIZE

Tarong Hopper Samples; 45 mm lens; Frequency Distribution on a Mass Basis

0

3

6

9

12

15

0.1

2

0.1

9

0.2

8

0.4

3

0.6

5 1

1.5

1

2.3

3.4

9

5.2

9

8.0

4

12

.2

18

.5

28

.1

42

.8

64

.9

Particle Size (um)

Fre

qu

en

cy

Dis

trib

uti

on

(%

)

P1-Z1 FrequencyDistribution (%)







TARONG ARSENIC CONCENTRATION TARONG ARSENIC CONCENTRATION

IN THE ASHIN THE ASH VRS MEDIAN DIAMETERVRS MEDIAN DIAMETER

Hopper 1Hopper 1 Hopper 2Hopper 2 Hopper 4Hopper 4 Hopper 6Hopper 6

ESP Pass 1ESP Pass 1

WITH WITH

FPCSystemFPCSystem

2.98 mg/kg2.98 mg/kg

(55um)(55um)


(12um)(12um)


(4.8um)(4.8um)


(2.0um)(2.0um)

ESP Pass 2 ESP Pass 2 WITHOUT WITHOUT

FPCSystemFPCSystem

1.7 mg/kg1.7 mg/kg

(70um)(70um)


(15um)(15um)


(6.0um)(6.0um)


(3.5um)(3.5um)

Pass 1 Pass 1 Increase Increase

WITH WITH

FPCSystemFPCSystem

75% As75% As

(-21%)(-21%)

186% As186% As

(-20%)(-20%)

44% As44% As

(-20%)(-20%)

22% As22% As

(-43%)(-43%)


Carbon in AshCarbon in Ash


EFFECT OF UNBURNT CARBONEFFECT OF UNBURNT CARBONAT PLANT WATSONAT PLANT WATSON

Front Front HopperHopper

Middle Middle HopperHopper

Rear Rear HopperHopper

A Side HoppersA Side Hoppers

NO Indigo NO Indigo FPCSystemFPCSystem

8.7%8.7% 9.7%9.7% 14.3%14.3%

B Side HoppersB Side Hoppers

WITH Indigo WITH Indigo FPCSystemFPCSystem

7.0%7.0% 13.6%13.6% 23.0%23.0%


MERCURY REMOVAL RESULTSMERCURY REMOVAL RESULTSAT PLANT WATSONAT PLANT WATSON

Mercury Mercury Measured in Measured in Collection Collection

TrapTrapug/m3ug/m3

Mercury Mercury MeasuredMeasured

in Filter and in Filter and CollectorCollector

ug/m3ug/m3

Mercury Mercury in Filterin Filterug/m3ug/m3

\Mercury in Filter\Mercury in Filterwith 54% Losswith 54% Loss

ug/m3ug/m3

Total MercuryTotal Mercurywith 54% Losswith 54% Loss

ug/m3ug/m3

RemovalRemoval

EfficiencyEfficiency

%%

A SideA SideAir-heater Air-heater OutletOutlet

4.254.25 4.514.51 0.260.26 0.570.57 4.824.82 16.416.4

A SideA SideESP OutletESP Outlet 3.23.2 3.583.58 0.380.38 0.830.83 4.034.03

B SideB SideAir-heater Air-heater OutletOutlet

0.790.79 2.642.64 1.851.85 4.024.02 4.814.81 78.978.9

B SideB SideESP OutletESP Outlet 0.820.82 0.910.91 0.090.09 0.20.2 1.021.02

B SideB SideAir-heater Air-heater OutletOutlet

0.530.53 2.52.5 1.971.97 4.284.28 4.814.81 18.518.5

B SideB SideAgglomerator Agglomerator OutletOutlet

0.510.51 2.082.08 1.571.57 3.413.41 3.923.92


RECENT TEST RESULTSRECENT TEST RESULTSAT PLANT WATSONAT PLANT WATSON

Mercury Measured Mercury Measured

ug/m3ug/m3

Removal EfficiencyRemoval Efficiency

%%

A SideA SideAir-heater OutletAir-heater Outlet 3.33.3 3636

A SideA SideESP OutletESP Outlet 2.12.1

B SideB SideAir-heater OutletAir-heater Outlet 3.53.5 6363

B SideB SideESP OutletESP Outlet 1.31.3


IS THE INDIGO FPCSystem IS THE INDIGO FPCSystem

(FINE PARTICLE CONTROL SYSTEM)(FINE PARTICLE CONTROL SYSTEM)

THE SOLUTION TO THE SOLUTION TO YOUR FINE PARTICLE PROBLEM?YOUR FINE PARTICLE PROBLEM?


CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONTHE Indigo FPCSystem PROVIDES THE Indigo FPCSystem PROVIDES

REDUCED PM2.5 EMISSIONS REDUCED PM2.5 EMISSIONS REDUCED HEAVY METAL EMISSIONSREDUCED HEAVY METAL EMISSIONS INCREASED ADSORBSION AND INCREASED ADSORBSION AND

COLLECTION OF MERCURY BY THE COLLECTION OF MERCURY BY THE SORBENTS, SUCH AS SOOT, FORMED IN SORBENTS, SUCH AS SOOT, FORMED IN THE COMBUSTION PROCESSTHE COMBUSTION PROCESS

LOW COST TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES LOW COST TECHNOLOGY THAT PROVIDES MEANS FOR COMPLING WITH CURRENT MEANS FOR COMPLING WITH CURRENT AND FUTURE AND FUTURE PM2.5 AND HAZADOUS AIR PM2.5 AND HAZADOUS AIR TOXIN EMISSION REQUIREMENTSTOXIN EMISSION REQUIREMENTS

impact of fine particles on visibility

Documents

impact of fine particles

fine negative particles

miles hazardous301

miles unhealthy81

fine particle emission

ff fine particle emissions

particle sizeesp

large positive particles