IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF REVOLVING FUND ALLOCATED

TO AREA DEVELOPMENT SOCIEITIES (ADS) IN

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT

SUBMITTED BY

AMRATHA LEKSHMI A J

STUDENT, TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES,

HYDERABAD

INTERN, KUDUMBASHREE

May-June 2019

GUIDE: SRI.K B SUDHEER

State Mission Manager (SM&ID), SMMU

NULM, Kudumbashree SPEM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my guide Sri. K.B.Sudheer, State Mission Manager

(SM&ID),SMMU,NULM,,Kudumbashree SPEM for having advised me to take up the

research topic and for providing all the valuable suggestions and inspiration given during the

course of the project. I would like to thank Ramya, official NULM , Sri.Rajesh and Anju for

their support and help. I am extremely grateful to each every ADS committee members, Ward

counsellors, community organizers and officials concerned with National Urban Livelihoods

Mission (NULM) and Kudumbashree for their help and support the completion of the project.

I also thank my family who encouraged me in every step of the work.

Amratha Lekshmi A J

ABSTRACT

The study focuses on Area Development Society (ADS), the middle tier of the

community network structure proposed by Kudumbashree. The study revolves around

the one-time revolving fund given to ADS under the initiative of National Urban

Livelihood Mission. The focus of the study is the purposes for which the revolving

has been used. To identify the application of the revolving fund of Area Development

Society. The major objectives of the study are (1) to analyse how far the creation of

the fund has, if any led to an improvement in the livelihood opportunities of

Kudumbashree members (2) the present status of the revolving fund in the concerned

Area Development Societies, if the fund has been replenished or not (3)To suggest

measures to keep up or improve the utilisation of the revolving fund as emanated from

the study. An attempt has also been made to look into the benefits of the scheme, if

any or improvement in income generation.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF REVOLVING FUND ALLOCATED TO AREA

DEVELOPMENT SOCIEITIES (ADS) IN THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT

INTRODUCTION

Kudumbashree, the state mission of Government of Kerala which celebrated its twenty first

anniversary recently is still marching ahead working towards its goal to eradicate poverty and

transforming the lives of lakhs of women in Kerala. It works as the nodal organisation along

with the central government sponsored National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM) to meet

the necessities of the urban poor. As part of the scheme, grass root level organisations are

formed in a three tier structure providing access to social mobilization and in turn

employment opportunities. The approach involves the formation of Self Help Groups

(Neighbourhood groups (NHGs) under Kudumbashree), Area Level Federations ( Area

Development Society (ADS) under Kudumbashree) and Community Level Federations

(Community Development Society (CDS) under Kudumbashree). The Neighbourhood

Groups are formed at the lowest level and the Area Development Societies at the ward level.

The ADS includes all the Neighbourhood Groups that comes within its purview of domain or

activities. ADS is affiliated to the Community Development Society that forms the top of

this three tier structure. The registered ADS of Neighbourhood Groups receives a one-time

revolving fund 1amount of Rs.50,000/-.The revolving fund as per the guidelines of NULM

(2013) is to be utilised for, “onward lending to SHGs ( or NHGs) ,providing to member

SHGs various support services and for awareness creation or information dissemination”.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Rationale of the study

In a rapidly urbanizing India, the need to evolve appropriate strategies to meet the economic

and social needs of the growing urban poor is a major challenge. The study hence revolves

around the efficiency and sustainability of the revolving fund allotted to Area Development

Societies. It centres on the identification of the purposes for which the fund has been utilised

in the area of the study. Further, it involves the formulation of appropriate methods which

emanated from the study to smoothen the mechanism.

1 an amount of money that exists in order to finance something, but from which any loans must be replaced in

order that the full amount is available again ( Definition as per Cambridge Business English Dictionary)

Objectives

The study aims at achieving the following objectives:

To identify the application of the revolving fund of Area Development Society

To analysis how far the creation of the fund has, if any led to an improvement in the

livelihood opportunities of Kudumbashree members

The present status of the revolving fund in the concerned Area Development

Societies, if the fund has been replenished or not

To suggest measures to keep up or improve the utilisation of the revolving fund as

emanated from the study

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research site and Sampling

The area of study included fifteen wards across Trivandrum Corporation, Neyattinkara and

Nedumangad municipilaties. The wards were selected on the basis of random sampling using

numbers. This ensured in reducing the sampling bias covering different kinds of

representative wards. The time span was three weeks.

91.Karikkakam

5.Cheruvakkal

38.PTP

25.Nanthancode

51.Punnakkamugal

81.Thampanoor

52.Pappanamcode

60.Mulloor

Fig 1.Wards in Thiruvananthapuram

Fig 2.Wards in Neyattinkara and Nedumangad

Tools for Data Collection

The study was based on primary data collection. The researcher engaged in face-to –face

conversations with the respondents (either ADS President or ADS Secretary as well as

Kudumbashree members in some instances) .The method used included an informal

questionnaire (Appendix I). The source of data analysed also includes information pertaining

to the minutes book, passbook and account books of the concerned Area Development

Societies. The process of data collection also included informal discussions with the ward

counsellors, community organizers and officials concerned with National Urban Livelihoods

Mission (NULM) and Kudumbashree.

Ethical Considerations and Limitations

Under the guidance and authority of Kudumbashree, Kerala caters around 3600 ADS today.

The representative sample for the study covers fourteen wards which form 0.42% of the

universe containing all the units. Hence, it requires a large scale study to produce conclusive

result. The unavailability of ADS executive members according to the proposed timeline led

to furthering of the time period of the research. Since random sampling was used in the

selection of wards, those which newly appropriated the revolving fund and hence were not

able to show any observable findings formed part of the sample. Also, in some wards since

the election for the committee happened in the previous year, executive members are not

clearly aware of the operations of the previous ADS.

Neyattinkara:-

31.Pirayumoodu

5.Pallivilakam

19.Thavaravila

20.Kulathammal

Nedumangad:-

Kacheri

Town

Uliyoor

OBSERVATIONS

1.Pappanamcode :- The respondent at Pappanamcode Area Development Society formed in

2004 stated that the revolving fund has been stagnant for two to three months now. There are

around 34 Neighbourhood groups affiliated to the ward engaged in activities ranging from

clean well campaign, maintaining garden, and computer and catering services by both

individual and group members of the Kudumbashree. The ADS committee plays an active

role in rejuvenating inactive wards by creating awareness among the members. The loans

from the revolving fund are given out at an interest of 1% as decided by the meeting

convened by the Governing body. It is to be noted that the loans were provided to the

members of the ADS for hospital and educational purposes only. The respondent is of the

view that Neighbourhood groups generate a large amount as thrift loan that none of the

Kudumbashree members feel the need to borrow money from the ADS revolving fund to start

an enterprise. The respondent noted, “It is not profitable for the members to withdraw small

amount as principle for starting an enterprise from the revolving fund. Moreover, the ADS

members are accountable to the money credited, and hence a Kudumbashree member lacks

the trust required to repay the loan”. The ward is also engaged in using the money to adjust

out the sum required to buy goods for Ashraya beneficiaries.

2.Mulloor:- The governing body members at Mulloor ward are in a tangled state with one of

its members ( an erstwhile CDS member)whose demise resulted in non-payment of loans

taken from the revolving fund of the ADS. With around sixty eight neighbourhood groups,

the Area Development Society is occupied with regular visits to the NHGs, inspection of the

minutes book and using up of thrift loans. In general, the number of micro-enterprises in the

ward is less. Some include domestication of cows, running a paper carry bag unit and other

few units of textile stitching and petty shops. Similar to the above said ward, the revolving

fund is given out to the ADS members as they “guarantee trust in repayment”. There have

been no requests for group enterprises so far and those who asked for 50,000 in bulk were not

given the amount. The purposes reduce to hospital and educational requirements. The interest

from the loan is used to maintain the activities of the ADS Committee in relation to buying

chairs and snacks for the meeting.

Fig 3.ADS meeting at Mulloor

3. Nanthancode:- The case of Nanthancode which received its revolving fund in 2018 shows

that it being utilised for both support services as well as in the establishment of micro

enterprises. However, the case remains the same with a large portion of the loans being taken

by ADS members compared to Kudumbashree members belonging to the fifteen

Neighbourhood groups. The purposes include wedding and educational expenses of children,

building house, maintenance of nursey and expenses to sustain the activities of a grocery

shop. The amount has been again disbursed to the same individual after the process of

repayment is done for support services. The interest to the revolving fund is not deposited by

some of the Kudumbashree members. The loans are given at ADS meeting by handing out

cheques.

Fig 4.At Nanthancode. “I borrowed money from Grameen

Bank,took gold loan and from the ADS revolving fund to set

up this shop”.

4.PTP Nagar:-

With around thirty two Neighbourhood groups engaged in activities like cloth and candle

manufacturing, members producing chappathis, lotions,soaps and other products, the

revolving fund was given to PTP ward in January 2016.The members are aware of the

purposes for which the revolving fund is to be used. As informed, the major purposes for

which it is used include educational expenses of the children and extension of one of the

enterprise owned by a member. The loans are taken by the ADS president and other members

similar to the other one.According to the respondents, “None of the Kudumbashree members

approach the committee for a group enterprise as the money does not suffice.Moreover, there

are Neighbourhood groups in the ward that generate a thrift of over twelve lakhs”.

5 .Punnakkamugal:-

Figure 5: Punnakamugal

Winning the best ward award under Kudumbashree for the year 2017-18,Punnakkamugal

received the revolving fund in 2016.Around ten or so have taken loan from the allotted fund.

The newly elected ADS President responded, “The earlier committee divided the money

amongst themselves for their personal uses. Now, the present committee is of the view that

ADS members would be given second preference”.The purposes , as recalled by the

respondent involve catering to the employment opportunities of children,educational and

wedding expenses. The giving out of loans and the process of repayment in instalments are

not mentioned in the minutes register. A preference is shown in lending small loans to ensure

the repayment.

6.Pallivilakam

The ADS continuously monitors the functioning of the Neighbourhood groups in its activities

of lending out loan, generation of thrift and working of services like tuition centre and

umbrella making. A total of eight members have taken the loan for hospital and educational

purposes, marital expenses,umbrella making,soap and candle manufacturing.The products are

sold in the nearby neighbourhood groups with only minimal profit resulting in its

discontinuation at certain points of time depending on the season.

Fig 6: For the establishment of the tuition centre,loans were taken from the neighbourhood

group. The chairs, around twenty or so were bought from the ADS revolving fund.

7. Thavaravila

“The revolving fund is to be used to improve the livelihood opportunities of members, not to

use it for other purposes”, one of the respondents at Thavaravila said which formed in 2018

and received ADS fund in 2019.The loan is given out as per the number of applicants on first

come first serve basis usually.Though there are n’t any group enterprises set up,cloth

stitching and selling of vegetables as well as an electronic shop remain as growing enterprises

in relation to the revolving fund that set up recently. There is a high level of inclination to

lend out the loan to ADS members.

8.Kulathammal

The nineteen neighbourhood groups in the ward undertake pickle manufacturing units, ABC

units, weaving and stitching of clothes. A snacks shop is run by five Kudumbushree members

in one of the NHG.The number of NHGs has reduced which as per the respondents, “Most

members are unwilling to take up positions in the NHGs. Moreover, there are no personal

benefits for the same”. The revolving fund given out to around 7 to 8 members involve

setting up of a store, to meet the expenses of daughter’s marriage etc. As per their passbook,

they have withdrawn the entire amount of 50,000 in one go and later lend it out as loan to

Kudumbashree members. Most often, ADS members are the beneficiaries of the loan. The

amount is also used to meet the needs of Ashraya and ABC schemes and then readjust for the

same. It is observed that the said ward had not filled their passbook with details of

withdrawals and deposits. Thus, money often stays in the hands of the executive committee

members instead of the ADS bank account. In case of default payments, a fine of Rs 25 is

imposed on the amount to be repaid. However, the respondents emphasised, “defaulters of

loans are a major issue here, with no help from the authorities”.

9.Pirayumoodu

In Pirayumoodu that received its revolving fund in 2016 has created around 23 or so

beneficiaries. The loans are in a large proportion used by Kudumbashree members to buy

goats, hens, cows and buffaloes or to make their shelters. However, they only get one fourth

or less of their total investment from the ADS revolving fund. Other utilizations include

buying of stitching machine, running a bakery , manufacturing garment wear, pickle units,

bags and soaps. Among which, some of the businesses are running at a loss. Around 9 people

have to deposit the principle with interest now. In short, there has been an incremental

increase in the revolving fund of ADS. However, she says that the NHGs have variety of

sources that lends out money, making the ADS fund unattractive”.

Fig 8: “I bought a sewing machine from the ADS revolving fund that me and my mother

took in two installments”

Fig 9: A hen shelter( kozhikoodu) set up using the ADS revolving fund

Fig 10 : “ I want to buy more hens, each cost around Rs 100 and I sell the eggs for Rs 8.But I

lost many of my hens to a disease and had to again take loan from the revolving fund for the

hens and the shelter”.

10.Kacheri

With only five neighbourhood groups, there are no such micro- enterprises in the ward. The

revolving fund of ADS allocated on 2017,is mainly used for educational and health expenses

and to meet the expenses of employment of their children or relatives. The respondent states,

“The existence of linkage loans, bonus, bulk loan within the neighbourhood groups lessens

the number of applicants for the ADS RF. The loans have been taken by the ADS members

mainly to repay debts and health expenses.

11.Karikkakam

The ADS has played an active role in rejuvenating at least two wards that broke away from

the ward. The ADS that received its revolving fund in 2016,has now around thirty eight

neighbourhood groups lends out money in denominations of 10,000/- and 20,000/-.An

absence in payment involves a fine. Some of the purposes include cloth stitching, pregnancy

and other health expenses. The cloth manufacturing is during festival seasons and does not

yield much profit. The number of applicants for the fund is less, and it is given in the word of

ADS members so that they could be held accountable. Most often, as observed, ADS

committee members have taken a loan for repair of house and other services. The fund is also

used to meet the expenses of Ashraya and adjust back. The account shows an increase in

revolving fund due to the interest repaid, Ashraya money that has not been withdrawn and

other amounts received for bank affiliation and all.

12.Uliyoor

The second level tier functions as a medium of communication between the municipality and

the grass root level organisation of neighbourhood groups. They work for the growth of

Kudumbashree. The ADS revolving fund is to be used for setting up of micro- enterprises,

emergency services and activities that improve the livelihood income of Kudumbashree

members. The interest that was fixed at 2% is now reduced to 1%.A large proportion of the

fund has been given as loans for school admission fees and other educational expenses,

relating to engagement of children as well as running a small bakery and juice shop. These

have been used by the ADS members. The details are listed out in the minutes book with

interest from the principle being used for availing free medical treatment of ward members.

Fig 11: “ The buffaloe cost around Rs 30,000.The revoving fund does not have

that much of money, so I took only 10,000”.

13.Cheruvaikkal

“Until the new committee (2018)was formed, there was not much awareness on how to use

the revolving fund”, said one of the respondents. Thereby, the fund received on 2015 was

initially used by the five members of the ADS committee. Later after the closing of their

cases and formation of new committee with around sixty seven affiliated neighbourhood

groups, as per the requirements of Kudumbashree members, the loan is lend out. There

includes individual enterprises like cake making, preparation of items such as avalose podi or

tapioca podi and selling of vegetables. They use the interest to buy stationery items and books

for school children.The money, at present is in circulation, with minimal money in the

account.

14.Thampanoor

The revolving fund was given to the Thampanoor ward, the centre of Thiruvanathapuram in

September 2017.Unlike other wards, the loans are lend out in the name of neighbourhood

groups and not in the names of individual members of the ward. This serves for greater

accountability and trust. Composed of around 25-30 neighbourhood groups, the fund is lend

out for marital purposes, running a grocery shop and sale of high purchase goods like chair to

about thirteen neighbourhood groups so far. The businesses like lotion making ,oil does not

yield profit now. As noted by the informant, “there is a preference for education, marital and

health purposes for the fund”.

15.Town

With only nine neighbourhood groups in the list, the ward performs actively with its

revolving fund accrued to businesses like selling of flowers, rice flour, rice podi and

maintaining a catering service. Other innovative enterprises like sculpture making, ornament

making are also undertaken by Kudumbashree members. Moreover, one of the members runs

a dance and music class using a loan from the revolving fund of ADS received in 2017.An

extension of already established enterprises is also possible through the revolving fund. An

example for this is a shop that manufactures and sells chilli powder and turmeric powder in

the Town area. The loan is given out in the name of neighbourhood groups with an interest of

2%.There are no default payments as such and a lot of applications for setting up catering

services, computer classes are coming up.

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

The major findings of the study are as follows:

1. Mostly the purposes for which the revolving fund has been utilized include hospital

and educational requirements.

The one-time revolving fund allotted to Area Development Societies as per the

circular dated by Kudumbashree (04.07.2015) state that, “it is to be given as loans to self-

help groups or to create awareness and organize various initiatives of the National Urban

Livelihood Mission”. It is to be mainly used for the purposes of initiating a micro-

enterprise, either individual or group one. Aimed at the urban poor, it is to be understood

that for the members necessary and emergency requirements yield priority. Around seven

to eight of the ADS spend them for support services with very few exclusively using it up

for micro-enterprises. Also, they are not fully aware of the setting up of micro-enterprises.

The respondents have narrated instances of how Kudumbashree members have

approached them for example, to pay advance rent for a house or to repay loan. The

educational requirements of children are a major concern and as reported by various

members is set to increase with the reopening of schools in June- July. However, the

approach to hospital expenses are different in some wards which are of the view that on

what grounds they would give money to someone who is ill or sick. Other expenses like

marriage of their children too do not add to their income, only providing them with a

sense of fulfilment. It is to be observed that on the wards the enterprises has been formed

using loans, many has not sustained. These include buying and selling of garment wear

during festival seasons or laundry business. Moreover, the existence of group loans,

linkages, internal loans provides adequate loans that reduce the ability of ADS revolving

fund to attract those who require loans. For example, the loans as observed in all the

wards is lend out as 5000, 10,000 , 15,000 and 20,000.Even to start a unit of milk requires

buying of domestic animal that won’t suffice with 5,000 or 10,000.The fund it is observed

has not been used strongly for awareness or organization of NULM activities.

2. The fund has been to a large extent being used by ADS executive committee

members.

The reasons for this could be the ease in attainability of loans for the members; as

loans are sanctioned in the executive committee meeting or a general meeting led by

ADS members. The purposes for which they have taken loan also amount to

household expenses, marriage of children and repair of house. The loans are given as

per trust. It is seen that the burden of maintaining the ADS fund lies within the

members who consider themselves accountable to it. Hence, loans are given out at the

discretion of its members, believing that an ADS member will repay the loan, if not a

Kudumbashree member. This also prevents lending out the revolving fund together in

one go creating higher chances of risk. There are examples of ADS committee

exclusively dividing the money amongst them as well.

3. Existence of default payments

As observed, default payments are an issue in at least some of the wards. The ADS

members show increased frustration and anger. They run far behind, with even

interest being not collected regularly. Others, where proper repayment is happening a

fine of Rs 20 or 25 is imposed for default payments. Only some wards have a system

of fines.The interest ( at 1% or 2%) is either deposited in the same bank account and

used for the general purposes of the ADS or is held by the ADS President or

Secretary. In a peculiar case, one of the CDS chair person in Mulloor to whom the

loan had been lend passed away. Post the incident, the family did not take up the task

of repaying. It is also observed that Kudumbashree members taking loans from the

revolving fund of ADS, as stated by a respondent, “take it mildly, in the sense, they

take loans from Muthoot and E-SAF that they repay back on time but not that from

Kudumbashree”.

4. Status of the revolving fund

The one-time revolving fund is in circulation for most of the wards. The wards randomly

selected had received their revolving fund in the years between 2015-2018, with only one

receiving it in 2019.Almost all that received it in, say 2017 has given loan to at least eight to

nine applicants. It is observed that the number of neighbourhood groups in the Area

Development Society does not determine the functioning or efficiency of the revolving fund.

There has been an increase in the amount of revolving fund in some wards. However, the

interest does not amount to much and reason for the increase can be traced to the affiliation

money received by ADS or funds of Ashraya scheme in the account. Also those with an

interest of 2% have a higher share in the account. Though the revolving fund has created

beneficiaries, it is doubtful if it truly led to an increase in the total amount, with the money

always in circulation and the using up of interest. In one of the wards, a portion of the fund is

in account for two to three months now, existing as dead money. The revolving fund of ADS

is also susceptible to other uses like celebration of ADS anniversary or requirements for

competing for best ward award.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The concept of revolving fund for Area Development Society gives it substantial

authority as the middle level structure in a three tier organisation. The main purpose of

establishing micro-enterprises is difficult as very few come forward with already

existent effective loan lending strategies in their neighbourhoods. Therefore, as

emanated from the suggestions of respondents, there should be an increase in the

revolving fund allocated to ADS. This could be practical enough to be considered for

those wards that have a history of producing well established enterprises, regular

repayment of loans and an increased number of applicants.

2. The purposes of education, health and marriage related expenses serve as priority for

the urban poor. It is to be understood that education and health also add up to human

resource or investment that can yield benefit and improvement in lives of families in

the future. It is proposed that Kudumbashree to strengthen the channelling of funds

towards education and health. The members were wary about the benefits and

functioning of different schemes like scholarship for their children.

3. There still needs an effort to explain it to the Kudumbashree members the existence

and application of revolving fund. A major proportion of the respondents claimed that

there are no willing group enterprises. It is to be noted that this stemmed from the

respondents who are in positions of authority unlike Kudumbashree members. There

have been instances where the ADS members borrow more than once showing

discrepancies. Once cases are closed, timely messages should be provided about the

status of the available revolving fund. Also, the training programmes are to be

strengthened with minimal fees.

4. The revolving fund is allotted when a request is passed by the respective

neighbourhood groups signed by the ADS Secretary and President that is later

presented in the general body meeting of the ADS. It is observed that the loan, in is

lend out in the name of members or neighbourhood groups. It is suggested that the

loans be given in the name of the neighbourhood groups making it accountable. More

often, there is no proper documentation of the letters addressed to the ADS President

or Secretary. The lending of the loans, its purposes are not mentioned in the minutes

book as well. Some wards fail to print out the details in the passbook. Hence,

inspection of the documentation is required and some sort of stamp from the family if

a sudden incident occurs.

5. An inspection of the micro-enterprises that failed to prosper is to be noted. More often,

no attention is given for the same and the members lose interest in restarting the same.

An assistance desk to those who wish to set up an enterprise or that failed to bloom

would be helpful. Some of the wards are unaware on how to use the interest on

principle acquired. Information dissemination is to be given proper importance. The

ADS committee members, in some of the wards visited consider the revolving fund to

be a burden of responsibility. This mind set is to be changed with sufficient help to the

structure in case of a default payment.

CONCLUSION

The extent to which Kudumbashree has created a community network in as big as a City

Development Society to the grass root level Neighbourhood group is commendable. Its

efficient work is attributed to regular inspection and monitoring by the officials. The

revolving fund of ADS has served a role among other sources in generating an income for

Kudumbashree members. It is greatly used for intermediary costs after the setting up of an

enterprise. Hence enhancement of Revolving fund amount is to be considered positively for

setting up micro enterprises. However, the real question of whether it has improved the

livelihood opportunities of members in the representative sample is a further research topic

on the beneficiaries of the revolving fund.

REFERENCES:

1. Kudumbashree Bye law

2. www.kudumbashree.org

3. https://nulmgov.in

Appendix I

Sample Questionnaire

1. Brief introduction on the inception and activities of the Area Level Federation till

present.

2. State the number of Neighborhood groups (NGHs) covered under the Area

Development Society.

3. What is the total membership of the concerned Area Development Society?

4. How many Neighborhood Groups are active or non-active? Which are the activities

they are engaged in?

5. Has the revolving fund been allotted to the concerned ADS? If so, what are the

documents submitted to avail the same?

6. What is the date of receipt of the revolving fund?

7. What are the purposes for which the revolving fund is to be used?

8. How is the revolving fund utilized? State the activities.

9. What is the amount of revolving fund disbursed to each individual?

10. What have been the criteria of selection of potential aspirants for the fund? Is the

fund allotted to a person more than once?

11. Are there any micro-enterprises established through the fund? What kind of

micro-enterprises, if any and its functioning. (Group or individual, other investment or

shares to set up the enterprise)

12. How many beneficiaries has the revolving fund created?

13. What is the mode of documentation used in accounting the expenses and returns

of the fund?

14. What is the mode of repayment of loans? (monthly/weekly, rate of interest)

15. Since its inception, what is the yearly and current status of the fund?

16. Are there any default payments on loans given using the revolving fund? If so,

what are the methods involved in redressing it.

17. Suggestions for the better functioning of the revolving fund.