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UK Landscape Review for Immunology Careers

1 IntroductionandAimsoftheReviewThemissionoftheBritishSocietyforImmunology(BSI)istopromoteexcellenceinimmunologicalresearch,scholarshipandclinicalpracticeinordertoimprovehumanandanimalhealth.AkeyobjectiveoftheBSIistosupportcurrentandfuturegenerationsofimmunologists.

Providingsupportforastrongworkforceinimmunologyresearchrequiresathoroughunderstandingofthelandscapeforcareersinimmunology.Theoverallaimsofthislandscapereviewwereto:

- trackthecareerdevelopmentanddestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopicintheUK

- analysetheUK’simmunologyworkforceinacademia

Theanalysisconductedthroughthisreviewprovidessubstantialinformationaboutthecareertrajectoriesofimmunologistsandtheacademicworkforceinthisfield.ThisinsightwillinformtheBSI’soverallstrategy,policyandinfluencingactivitiesforsupportingastrongworkforceinimmunology.

ThisanalysiswaspreparedfortheBritishSocietyforImmunologybyFreshneyConsulting.

FinalReport(May2017)

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2 TableofContents

3 ExecutiveSummary..........................................................................................3

4 Methodology....................................................................................................44.1 TrackingthecareerdevelopmentanddestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopic........................................................................................4

4.1.1 Obtainingandcleaningthedata..............................................................................44.1.2 Tracingthesisauthors...............................................................................................5

4.2 AnalysisoftheimmunologyworkforceinUKacademia.................................................6

5 Results-DestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopic...........................................................................................................65.1 Extracteddataset-characteristics..................................................................................6

5.1.1 PhD-awardinginstitution..........................................................................................65.1.2 PhDsawardedineachyear......................................................................................75.1.3 Gender......................................................................................................................85.1.4 PhDthesistopic........................................................................................................8

5.2 AnalysisofPhDauthors–currentdestinations...............................................................95.2.1 Researchactivity.......................................................................................................95.2.2 Currentlocation......................................................................................................105.2.3 Currentdestinationbysector..................................................................................115.2.4 Typesofcurrentrole...............................................................................................125.2.5 Currentdestinations-organisations.......................................................................135.2.6 Currentresearchsubject.........................................................................................13

6 Results-Analysisoftheworkforceinacademiain2015/16usingHESAdata..146.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................146.2 Extracteddataset–characteristics................................................................................14

6.2.1 Classificationofacademicstaffbyuniversities.......................................................146.2.2 Academicstaff-subjectareas................................................................................15

6.3 AnalysisoftheAcademicWorkforceinImmunology....................................................166.3.1 ContractLevel.........................................................................................................166.3.2 ResearchandTeaching...........................................................................................176.3.3 Universitieswiththehighestvolumeofimmunologystaff.....................................176.3.4 Gender....................................................................................................................186.3.5 Nationality..............................................................................................................196.3.6 Sourceofbasicsalary.............................................................................................20

7 Acknowledgements........................................................................................21

Appendix1–Datainputandoutputparametersfortheacademicworkforcesearch............................................................................................................................22

Appendix2–CurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduates............................................24

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3 ExecutiveSummary• Thisanalysistrackedthecurrentrolesof651individualswhohadcompleteda

PhDinthefieldofimmunologyintheUKbetween1975and2015.

• 58%ofindividualstrackedwerecurrentlyworkinginimmunologyresearch,withafurther16%involvedinresearchrolesinothersubjects.

• 66%ofthesisauthorswerecurrentlyworkingintheUKand9%inanotherEUcountry.TheUSAwasthemostpopulardestinationforPhDgraduateswholefttheUK,with10%workingthere.

• 51%ofPhDgraduateswerecurrentlyworkinginacademia,6%inhealthcareand12%hadjointpositionsasclinicalacademicswithinbothacademiaandhealthcare.

• ResearchtraininginimmunologyisimportantforUKbasedindustry,with17%ofPhDgraduatescurrentlyworkinginrolesinbiotechnologyorpharmaceuticalcompanies.Notably,GSKattractedasignificantnumberofPhDgraduates–moresothanmajoruniversitiessuchasCambridge,King'sCollegeLondon,BartsandTheLondonorBirmingham.

• Ofthosecurrentlyworkinginindustry,44%wereinbiotechnologyand26%inpharmaceuticalcompanies.

• PhDgraduatesinacademiaoracademia/healthcareworkedinawiderangeoffields,themostcommonbeingunderstandingtheimmuneresponse,ortacklinginfectious,inflammatoryorautoimmunediseases.

• In2015/16,68%ofUKacademicstaffinimmunologycarriedoutresearchonlyand30%conductedteachingalongsideresearch.

• Whilsttherearestrongnumbersofwomenworkinginimmunology,theyarelesslikelythanmentoattainseniorpositionsinimmunology.

• Womenworkinginimmunologyarealsolesslikelytoattainseniorpositionsthanwomenworkinginmanyotherdisciplineswithintherangeofmedicalsciencesubjectsselectedforthisanalysis.

• Over40%ofacademicstaffworkinginimmunologyatHigherEducationInstitutionsarefromoutsidetheUK,ahigherproportionthaninmanyclinicalresearchdisciplines.ThishighlightstheUK’sabilitytoattractinternationalexpertiseinthisfieldandtheimportanceofallowingthemovementofsuchpeople.ThisfigureshouldbemonitoredinfutureyearstoassesstheeffectsoftheUK’sdeparturefromtheEuropeanUnion.

• In2015/16,almosthalf(47%)ofimmunologistsinacademiareceivedtheirsalaryfundingfromamedicalresearchcharity,ResearchCouncilorEU,amuchhigherproportionwhencomparedtoacademicsfromacrossawiderangeofmedicalandlifesciencedisciplines(32%).

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4 MethodologyTherearetwomaincomponentstothisreviewandtheapproachesforeacharedescribedbelow.

4.1 TrackingthecareerdevelopmentanddestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopic

TheaimofthisobjectivewastodescribethecareerdestinationsofindividualswhohadcompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopicintheUK.ThesearchmethodusedwasbasedonthatdescribedpreviouslybyRANDEurope,whoconductedananalysisofthedementiaresearchlandscape1fortheAlzheimer’sSociety.Fortheimmunologyanalysis,asampleofresearcherswasselected,whohadcompletedadoctoraldegreebetween1975and2015.Afterdatacleaning,thecurrentdestinationsofthethesisauthorswastracked.

4.1.1 ObtainingandcleaningthedataThedetailsofdoctoralthesescompletedontopicsrelatedtoimmunologywereobtainedfromtheBritishLibrary’sE-thesisonlineservice(EThOS2)database.EThOScontainsrecordsforover450,000theses,coveringmostofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUKby131participatinginstitutions.Thedatabaseincludesaround95%ofthesesawardedbetween2000and2013,howevercoverageislowerforoldertheses,particularlythoseawardedbefore1980.

2,660thesisentrieswereretrievedfromtheEThOSdatabase,selectedthroughtheappearanceofthesearchterms‘immune’or‘immunology’intheabstractofthesesawardedbetween1975and2015.Arandomsampleof1,000theseswasselectedfortheanalysis.Weightingswereappliedasdescribedintable1toboostthenumberofthesesawardedbefore2000inthesample,sincecoverageoftheseyearswaslowerintheEThOSdatabase.

Year RetrievedfromEThOS Weightingapplied Numberinsample1975to1979 20 100% 201980to1989 43 100% 431990to1999 220 100% 2202000to2009 664 54% 3582010to2015 1713 21% 359Total 2660 1000Table1–Weightingsappliedwhenselecting1,000thesisentriesfromEThOSforanalysis

Searchingfortheappearanceof‘immune’or‘immunology’inthesistitlesrevealedmoreentries(4,005from1975to2016).However,manyoftheseentriesdidnotincludeanabstract,whichwouldhinderclassificationofthefieldofresearchandverificationwithintheimmunologyfield.

1http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1186.html2http://ethos.bl.uk/

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Theextracteddatawascheckedtoremoveanythesesthatwerenotrelevant.Intotal,158thesisentrieswereremoved,wherethesubjectareawasconsideredtobenotrelevanttoimmunology.

Theremaining,cleaneddatasetcontainedthedetailsof842authors.Whentrackingthethesisauthors,191(23%)individualscouldnotbetracedandwereremovedfromthedataset.Therefore,651authorscouldbetraced(77%),whichcompareswellwiththedementiaresearchanalysisconductedbyRANDEurope,inwhich55%ofthesisauthorsweretraceable.

23%ofauthorsinthedatasetcouldnotbetracedandthemainreasonsarelikelytobe:

- Individual’sdetailsnotpresentontheinternet- individualwithacommonnamee.g.‘JohnSmith’- individualhadchangedtheirnamee.g.followingmarriage

ThecleaneddatasetfromEThOSincludedthefollowingparameters:- Thesistitle- Author- AwardingBody- DateofAward- Abstract

Thedatasetwasanalysedtoattributetoeachauthor:- Gender- ThesisTopic,selectedfromthefollowingcategories

o Infectiousdiseaseo Immuneresponseo Vaccineso Inflammation&

AutoimmuneDisease

o AnimalHealtho Oncologyo Transplantationo Microbiologyo Plantimmunology

4.1.2 TracingthesisauthorsThefollowingonlinetoolsandresourceswereusedtotracethecurrentrolesandlocationsofthesisauthors:

- PubMed https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/- LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com- ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/home- Google https://www.google.co.uk/- WorldCat http://www.worldcat.org/

Thefollowingonlinetoolswerealsoused,albeittoamuchlesserextent,totracethesisauthors:

- ORCiD https://orcid.org/- Pubfacts http://www.pubfacts.com/- GoogleScholar https://scholar.google.co.uk- Xing https://www.xing.com

Duringthesearching,datawascollectedtodescribethefollowingparameters:

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- currentjobtitle;employer;country;andsectorofactivity(e.g.academia,industry,Healthcare,other).

Individualswereidentifiedasbeing:- ‘activeinimmunologyresearch’;‘activeinresearch’;or‘notactivein

research’

WhereIndividualswereidentifiedasbeingactiveinimmunologyresearch,theircurrentsubjectareawasdescribed.Upto20minuteswasallocatedtotrackandidentifyeachauthor.

4.2 AnalysisoftheimmunologyworkforceinUKacademia

Academiarepresentsamajordestinationforresearchersinimmunology.TheaimofthisobjectivewastodescribetherolesandlocationsofindividualsworkinginHigherEducationInstitutionsintheUKduring2015/16.DatadescribingacademicworkforcenumbersinimmunologyandrelatedsubjectswasobtainedfromtheHigherEducationStatisticsAgency(HESA).Appendix1describestheparametersusedforthissearch.

5 Results-DestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopic

5.1 Extracteddataset-characteristics

5.1.1 PhD-awardinginstitutionTheauthorsinthedatasethadconductedtheirPhDresearchat68differentHigherEducationInstitutes(HEIs)intheUK.TheHEIswiththehighestnumberofthesisauthorsinthedatasetareshowninFigure1.

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Figure1–LocationswherethesisauthorsconductedtheirPhDresearch.Thetop20HigherEducationInstitutes(HEIs)areshownhere,outof68HEIsintotal;n=651

AnalysisofthedatasetindicatesthatuniversitiessuchasEdinburghappeartobequitehighlyrepresentedincomparisontoe.g.Cambridge,whichwasmuchlower.VariationexistsintheEThOSdatasetforanumberofreasons.TheUniversityofEdinburghisparticularlywellrepresentedinthedatabasebecausetheyhaveconductedamajorretrospectivedigitisationproject,endeavouringtomakealltheirthesesavailable.EThOSdoesnotholdalargeproportionofabstractdetailsfromPhDscompletedatthemajoruniversitiesofCambridge,OxfordandImperialCollegeLondon.

Whilsttheinstitutionalvariationdescribedabovelimitstheabilitytoconductinstitutionalcomparisons,itwillhavelittleeffectonusingthiscohorttoanalysethecareerdestinationsofPhDgraduatesintheUK.

5.1.2 PhDsawardedineachyearFigure2showsthenumberofPhDsawardedeachyearinthedataset.Ofthe651authorsidentified,40%(n=259)receivedtheirPhDsbetween2010-2015.ThehighcoverageinlateryearsisduetomoreabstractsbeingavailableinEThOSandalsoanincreaseinthenumberofpeopledoingPhDssince2000.Indeed,theBritishLibrary

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reports3that54%ofallPhDthesescompletedintheUKsincethe19thCenturywerecompletedbetween2000-2016.

Figure2–NumbersofPhDsawardedeachyear(1975-2015)containedinthedataset(n=651).Thelownumbersseenin2000and2001wereduetoaninabilitytotrackahighproportionofthesisauthorsfromtheseyears.

5.1.3 Gender55%oftheauthorsinthedatasetweremaleand45%female

5.1.4 PhDthesistopicThethesistitleandabstractforeachentryinthedatasetwasreviewedandthethesisassignedtoaparticulartopicasshowninfigure3.ThemostcommontopicswereImmuneResponse(29%),InfectiousDisease(26%)andInflammation&AutoimmuneDisease(17%).

3personalcommunication

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Figure3–Thesissubjectfieldforeachentryinthedataset(n=651)

5.2 AnalysisofPhDauthors–currentdestinations

ThecurrentdestinationofallPhDauthorsidentifiedinthedatasetwastrackedasdescribedin4.1.2.Theresultsofthisanalysisaredescribedbelow.

5.2.1 ResearchactivityThecurrentresearchactivityofeachauthorwasclassifiedasbeing:

- activeinimmunologyresearch- activeinresearch(notimmunology)- notactiveinresearch

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Figure4–Currentresearchactivityofeachthesisauthor(n=651)

58%ofthesisauthorswerecurrentlyworkinginimmunologyresearch,withafurther16%involvedinresearchrolesinotherdisciplines.Intheanalysisinvestigatingcareersindementia,between21%and38%ofdementiaPhDgraduatesremainedincareersinthisfield.

5.2.2 Currentlocation66%ofthesisauthorswerecurrentlyworkingintheUK(figure5).9%wereworkinginanotherEUcountry.TheUSAwasthemostpopulardestinationforPhDgraduateswholefttheUK,with10%workingthere.15%ofgraduatesworkedinawiderrangeofothernon-EUcountries(excludingUSA).

Figure5–CurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduates(n=651)

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Thesisauthorswereworkingin59differentcountries.Thetop20mostpopularcurrentdestinationsareshownintable2.Afulllistofallcountriesisshowninappendix2.Country No. % Country No. %UK 428 66% Malaysia 5 0.8%USA 67 10% SaudiArabia 5 0.8%Australia 10 1.5% Spain 5 0.8%Canada 10 1.5% Denmark 4 0.6%Germany 10 1.5% Greece 4 0.6%Singapore 7 1.1% Pakistan 4 0.6%Ireland 6 0.9% Sweden 4 0.6%Italy 6 0.9% China 3 0.5%Taiwan 6 0.9% France 3 0.5%India 5 0.8% Ghana 3 0.5%

Table2–Top20mostpopularcurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduates(n=651)

5.2.3 Currentdestinationbysector51%ofPhDgraduateswereworkinginacademiaand17%inindustry(figure6).6%ofgraduatesworkedinhealthcareandafurther12%hadjointpositionsasclinicalacademicswithinbothacademiaandhealthcare.

Figure6–Currentdestinations,bysector,ofPhDgraduates(n=651)

Whenlookingattheindustrysectorinmoredetail(figure7),themostcommontypesofindustryforPhDgraduatestobeworkingnowwereinbiotechnology(44%)andpharmaceuticals(26%).

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Figure7–Currentdestinations,withinindustryonly,ofPhDgraduates(n=113)

5.2.4 TypesofcurrentroleInassessingthewholedataset,PhDgraduatesfillawiderangeofcurrentroles.Ingroupingtheseintorolesofsimilarsenioritybyyear,PostdoctoralResearcherroleswerethemostcommonforthosecompletingPhDssince2006(figure8).

Figure8–Top15mostcommoncurrentrolesforPhDgraduatesbyyearofPhDaward.(n=599inthetop15roles)

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5.2.5 Currentdestinations-organisationsThemostcommoncurrentdestinationsforPhDgraduatesinthedatasetwereUKuniversities,withtheUniversityofOxfordmostpopular(figure9).However,itisalsonotablethatasignificantnumberofPhDgraduateshadjoinedGSK.Thishighlightstheimportanceofimmunologyresearchskillstoindustry–seealsosection5.2.3describing17%ofPhDgraduateswhohadmovedtorolesinthepharmaceuticalorbiotechnologyindustries.Suchrolesfeednationalprosperityandthisdatahighlightstherangeandvolumeofnon-academicalternatives.

Figure9–Top10mostcommondestinations-organisations(n=117inthetop10)

5.2.6 CurrentresearchsubjectOfthe651authorsinthecohort,394(63%)pursuedacareerinacademia(includingthosewithjointappointmentsinhealthcare).Individualscurrentlyconductedresearchintoawiderangeofcurrentsubjects,asshowninfigure10.

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Figure10–CurrentresearchsubjectforPhDgraduatesworkinginacademiaoracademia/healthcare(n=394)

6 Results-Analysisoftheworkforceinacademiain2015/16usingHESAdata

6.1 Introduction

TheaimofthisobjectivewastodescribetherolesandlocationsofindividualsworkinginHigherEducationInstitutionsintheUKduring2015/16.DatadescribingacademicworkforcenumbersinimmunologyandrelatedsubjectswasobtainedfromtheHigherEducationStatisticsAgency(HESA).13,135staffwerecontainedinthedatasetusingthesubjectselectioncriteria.Appendix1describestheparametersusedforthissearch.

6.2 Extracteddataset–characteristics

6.2.1 ClassificationofacademicstaffbyuniversitiesAnalysisofthedatafromHESAindicatedconsiderablevariationinhowUniversitiesclassifiedacademicstaff.Forexample,someuniversitiessuchasUCLandImperialCollegeLondonclassifiedahighproportionofstaffinClinicalMedicineandlownumbersinothermedicalorlifesciencesubjectssuchasimmunology,cellbiology

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andpathology(figure11).Incontrast,otheruniversitiese.g.Cambridge,Glasgow,ManchesterandOxfordregisteredagoodproportionofstaffinthesesubjects.

Thisvariationlimitstheanalysisthatcanbedonetocompareinstitutionsanditislikelythatnumbersofstaffworkinginimmunologyareunderrepresentedinthisanalysis.

Figure11–NumbersofacademicstaffworkinginselectedCurrentAcademicDisciplines(CADs)at7universities(n=4195)

6.2.2 Academicstaff-subjectareasThemajority(53%)ofstaffinthedatasetwereclassifiedinthefieldofclinicalmedicine(figure12a).5%ofallstaffinthedatasethadimmunologyastheirprimaryacademicdiscipline.Figure12bshowsamoredetaileddescriptionofthesubjectclassificationofallstaff,excludingthoseinclinicalmedicine.

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Figure12a–NumbersofacademicstaffworkinginselectedCurrentAcademicDisciplines(CAD1;n=13135)

Figure12b–NumbersofacademicstaffworkinginselectedCurrentAcademicDisciplines,excludingclinicalmedicine(CAD1;n=6180)

6.3 AnalysisoftheAcademicWorkforceinImmunology

6.3.1 ContractLevelThedatasetcontained650staffwithimmunologyastheirprimaryacademicdiscipline(CAD1)andafurther140withimmunologyastheirsecondaryacademicdiscipline(CAD2)–seefigure13.Theyweredistributedacrossarangeofcontractlevels(figure13),includinge.g.9%atthelevelofProfessorand32%atthelevelofSeniorProfessional(Technical),Lecturer,ResearchFellow,Researcher(seniorresearchassistant)orTeachingFellow.

Figure13–NumbersofacademicstaffworkinginImmunologyonlybyContractLevel(CAD1,2&3;n=790)

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6.3.2 ResearchandTeaching68%ofstaffinimmunologycarriedoutresearchonly(figure14)and30%conductedteachingalongsideresearch.

Figure14–Numbersofacademicstaffinvolvedinresearch,teachingorboth(CAD1&2;n=790)

6.3.3 Universitieswiththehighestvolumeofimmunologystaff31%oftheimmunologystaffcontainedinthedatasetwerefromtheUniversityofOxford(figure15).Thisdiagramshowstheuniversitieswiththehighestnumbersofstaffclassifiedasworkinginimmunology.NotableabsencesareUCLandImperialCollegeLondon,forthereasonsasdescribedabove(6.2.1).

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Figure15–Numbersofacademicstaffworkinginimmunology(CAD1&2;n=625)attenuniversitieswiththehighestnumbersofstaffclassifiedinimmunology.

6.3.4 Gender55%ofstaffwithimmunologyastheirprimarysubjectwerefemale(figure16),comparedwith51%forallselectedsubjects.

Immunology

Allselectedsubjects

Figure16–Genderofacademicstaffworkinginimmunology(CAD1;n=650)andallselectedsubjects(CAD1;n=13135).

Whenlookingatgenderbycontractlevel(figure17)itisapparentthatlessthan4%offemalesinimmunologyareatProfessoriallevelcomparedto15%formaleimmunologists.Incontrast,ahigherproportionoffemaleimmunologistshavelessseniorrolesatthelevelsofe.g.ResearchorTeachingAssistants,LecturersorResearchfellows.

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Furthermore,therearealsolowerproportionsoffemaleimmunologistsinseniorpositionswhencomparedtofemalesworkingwithinotherdisciplinescontainedwithinthisdataset.

Together,thisdatashowsthatwhilsttherearestrongnumbersofwomenworkinginimmunology,theyarelesslikelytoattainseniorpositionsthaninmanyotherdisciplineswithintheselectedfieldsofmedicalsciences.

Figure17–Proportionofacademicstaffwithineachcontractlevelbygender,workinginimmunology(CAD1)andallselectedsubjects(CAD1).

Furtheranalysisofthedatainfigure17revealsthatonly23%ofimmunologists(maleandfemale)areinseniorpositions(seniorlecturerorhigher)comparedwith30%ofstafffromallotherdisciplinesselected.

6.3.5 NationalityThenationalitiesofindividualsworkinginimmunologywasexploredandcomparedwithothersubjects(figure18).58%ofimmunologystaffwerefromtheUKand26%werefromanotherEUcountry.SubjectssuchasClinicalMedicine,Pre-ClinicalMedicine,Anatomy,Physiology&Pathology,DentistryandMicrobiologyallhadhigherproportionsofstafffromtheUKthanforimmunology.ImmunologyattractsahigherproportionofstafffromoutsidetheUKthanmanyotherdisciplines.ThisfigureshouldbemonitoredinfutureyearstoassesstheeffectsoftheUK’sdeparturefromtheEuropeanUnion.

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Figure18–Thenationalitiesofacademicstaffworkingwithinarangeofacademicdisciplines(CAD1;n=12030).

6.3.6 SourceofbasicsalaryWhencomparingwithacrosssubjectareasinthedataset,ahigherproportionofimmunologystaffreceivedfundingfromtheMRC,WellcomeTrust,othercharitablefoundationsandEUgovernment(figure19).Incontrast,fewerimmunologistswerelikelytoreceivetheirbasicsalarydirectlyfromtheHigherEducationprovider.

Figure19–Thesourceofbasicsalaryforacademicstaffworkingwithinimmunologycomparedwithallacademicdisciplines(includingimmunology)inthedataset(CAD1)–seeAppendix1forsubjectsincluded.

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Whenaddingupthesefigures,almosthalf(47%)ofimmunologistsinacademiareceivedfundingfromamedicalresearchcharity,ResearchCouncilorEU,amuchhigherproportionwhencomparedtoacademicsfromacrossalldisciplinesinthedataset(32%).

Togetherwiththeresultslookingatcontractlevel(figure17),theseresultsdemonstratethatahigherproportionofstaffworkinginimmunologyareinlessseniorpositionsandthereforemorelikelytoreceivetheirbasicsalaryfromgrantfundingthanfromtheUniversity.

7 AcknowledgementsWearegratefultotheBritishLibraryforprovidingthedatadescribingdoctoralthesescompletedontopicsrelatedtoimmunologyfromtheirE-thesisonlineservice(EThOS)database.

WearealsogratefultoBethMcKendrick,aninternworkingattheBritishSocietyforImmunology(BSI)andtoGlynJones,EducationandCareersOfficerattheBSIforconductingpartofthethesisauthortracking.

ThedataforconductingtheanalysisoftheacademicworkforcewasprovidedunderagreementfromtheHigherEducationStatisticsAgency(HESA).NeithertheHigherEducationStatisticsAgencyLimitednorHESAServicesLimitedcanacceptresponsibilityforanyinferencesorconclusionsderivedbythirdpartiesfromdataorotherinformationsuppliedbyHESAServices.

DrNormanFreshneyMay2017

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Appendix1–Datainputandoutputparametersfortheacademicworkforcesearch

SearchParameters(input): Descriptionandnotes

Currentacademicdiscipline(subjectinwhichthestaffmemberiscurrentlyworking):

A100–Pre-clinicalmedicine Vocationalscienceofpreventing,diagnosing,alleviatingorcuringdiseaseinhomosapiens.IncludessuchareasasAnatomy,Physiology,PharmacyandNutrition,whichcanbespecialismsintheirownright.

A300–ClinicalMedicine Theobservation,diagnosisandtreatmentofanillnessordiseasethroughdirectinteractionwithhumanpatients.

A400–ClinicalDentistry Theobservation,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseaseordamagetoteethandgumsthroughdirectinteractionwithhumanpatients.

B100–Anatomy,physiology&pathology

Thestudyofthehumanbodyandhowitisaffectedbydisease.Includesstudyatcellularandmolecularlevels.

B130–Pathology Thestudyofthenature,causesanddevelopmentofhumandiseases,andthemechanismsofdiseaseinfestationandtransfer.

B131–CellularPathology Thestudyoftheeffectsandnatureofdiseasesincellularstructures.

B132–Pathobiology Thestudyofthebiologicalnatureofdiseases.

C130–CellBiology Concernedwiththeorganisationofthecell,cellmembraneandcellcommunication.

C500–Microbiology Thescientificstudyofmicro-organismsencompassingmajorcomponentsofgeneticsandmolecularbiology.Includesbacteriology,virology,cellstructureandfunction,andmayincludesomeimmunology.

C520–Medical&veterinarymicrobiology

Thestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenmicro-organismsandtheirhosts.

C521–Medicalmicrobiology Thestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenmicro-organismandtheirhumanhosts.

C522–Veterinarymicrobiology

Thestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenmicro-organismsandtheiranimalhosts.

C540–Virology Thestudyofvirusesandviraldiseases.

C550–Immunology Thestudyoftheimmunesystemasadefencemechanismagainstinfection.

C570–Serology Thestudyofseraandblood-relatedproducts.

C760–Biomolecularscience Thestudyofthemolecularprocessesinthelifesciences.

D100–Pre-clinicalveterinarymedicine

Vocationalscienceconcernedwiththediagnosisandtreatmentofdiseaseinanimals.

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D210–Clinicalveterinarymedicine

Theobservation,diagnosisandtreatmentofillness,diseaseordamagethroughdirectinteractionwithnon-humanpatients.

D320–AnimalHealth Thestudyofanimaldiseaseswiththeobjectofpreventionordiagnosisandcure.

D323–Animalpathology

Thestudyoftheeffectofdiseaseand/ordamagetotheanimalframe.Studiesincludedissectionanduseofmicroscopeslides.

D330–Veterinarypublichealth

Thestudyofthepreventionofthespreadofdiseasefromanimalstoman.

Table1.1–InputsearchparametersfordataextractionfromtheHESAdatabase(2015/16only)

Theparametersfortheoutputdataaredescribedintable3.

Dataextractioncategories(output):

Descriptionandnotes

Contractlevel:

DandE HeadofSchools/SeniorFunctionhead

F1 Professor

F2 Functionhead

I0 Non-Academicsectionmanager,Senior/principallecturer,Reader,PrincipalResearchfellow

J0 TeamLeader(Professional,Technical,Administrative),Lecturer,SeniorLecturer,SeniorResearchFellow

K0 SeniorProfessional(Technical),Lecturer,Researchfellow,Researcher(seniorresearchassistant),Teachingfellow

L0 SeniorAdministrativestaff(Professional/technical),Researchassistant,Teachingassistant

Academicemploymentfunction Researchonly;Teachingonly;ResearchandTeaching

HigherEducationprovider Nameofuniversity

Sourceofbasicsalary Funder(e.g.HEFCE,NHS,charity)

Highestqualificationheld Thehighestqualificationheldbythememberofstaff

Sex Male/Female

Nationality UK/OtherEU/Non-EU/Unknown

NHSContract

Table1.2–OutputdataparametersfordataextractionfromtheHESAdatabase(2015/16only)

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Appendix2–CurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduates

Country No. % Country No. %UK 428 66% Portugal 2 0.3%USA 67 10% SouthAfrica 2 0.3%Australia 10 1.5% Argentina 1 0.2%Canada 10 1.5% Bangladesh 1 0.2%Germany 10 1.5% Belgium 1 0.2%Singapore 7 1.1% Botswana 1 0.2%Ireland 6 0.9% Cambodia 1 0.2%Italy 6 0.9% Colombia 1 0.2%Taiwan 6 0.9% CostaRica 1 0.2%India 5 0.8% Cyprus 1 0.2%Malaysia 5 0.8% Egypt 1 0.2%SaudiArabia 5 0.8% Eritrea 1 0.2%Spain 5 0.8% Estonia 1 0.2%Denmark 4 0.6% Indonesia 1 0.2%Greece 4 0.6% IraqiKurdistan

(northernIraq)1 0.2%

Pakistan 4 0.6% Israel 1 0.2%Sweden 4 0.6% Jordan 1 0.2%China 3 0.5% Libya 1 0.2%France 3 0.5% Mexico 1 0.2%Ghana 3 0.5% N.Ireland 1 0.2%Kenya 3 0.5% NewZealand 1 0.2%Netherlands 3 0.5% Oman 1 0.2%Nigeria 3 0.5% Romania 1 0.2%Switzerland 3 0.5% SouthKorea 1 0.2%Thailand 3 0.5% Turkey 1 0.2%Austria 2 0.3% USA/Uganda 1 0.2%Brazil 2 0.3% Yemen 1 0.2%Iran 2 0.3% Zambia 1 0.2%Japan 2 0.3% Zimbabwe 1 0.2%Kuwait 2 0.3%

Table2.1–CurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduatesinthedataset(n=651);seesection5.2.2