immunology
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basics of immunologyTRANSCRIPT
Antigen-AntibodyAntigen-AntibodyInteractions:Interactions:Principles & ApplicationsPrinciples & Applications --by K.R.Deepthi
- A bimolecular association - A bimolecular association
involving various noncovalent interactionsinvolving various noncovalent interactions- Is similar to an enzyme-substrate interactions, Is similar to an enzyme-substrate interactions,
but not lead to an irreversible chemical alterationbut not lead to an irreversible chemical alteration
- Four types of non-covalent forces operates over a very short distance ( generally 1 angstrom )
Nature of Ag/Ab Reactions
1.1. Strength of Antigen-Antibody InteractionsStrength of Antigen-Antibody Interactions
2.2. Precipitation ReactionsPrecipitation Reactions
3.3. Agglutination ReactionsAgglutination Reactions
4.4. ImmunodiffusionImmunodiffusion
5.5. RadioimmunoassayRadioimmunoassay
6.6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
7.7. Western Blotting/immunoblottingWestern Blotting/immunoblotting
8.8. ImmunofluorescenceImmunofluorescence
9.9. ImmunohistocompatibilityImmunohistocompatibility
10.10.Localization of cells in tissue immunoblotting.Localization of cells in tissue immunoblotting.
contents:
Structure of an antibody
Affinity = attractive and repulsive forces
Ab
Ag
High Affinity
Ab
Ag
Low Affinity
Affinity
• Strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single Ab combining site
Calculation of Affinity
Ag + Ab Ag-Ab
Keq = [Ag-Ab]
[Ag] x [Ab]
Applying the Law of Mass Action:
Avidity• The overall strength of binding between an Ag
with many determinants and multivalent Abs
Keq = 104
Affinity106
Avidity1010
Avidity
Specificity
• The ability of an individual antibody combining site to react with only one antigenic determinant.
Cross Reactivity• The ability of an individual Ab combining site to
react with more than one antigenic determinant.• The ability of a population of Ab molecules to
react with more than one Ag
Anti-A Ab
Ag A
Anti-A Ab
Ag B
Shared epitope
Anti-A Ab
Ag C
Similar epitope
Cross reactions
Factors Affecting Measurement of Ag/Ab Reactions
• Affinity
• Avidity
• Ag:Ab ratio
• Physical form of Ag
Ab excess Ag excess
Equivalence – Lattice formation
Precipitation reactions in fluids yield a precipitin curve. FIGURE 6-4
( Lattices or large aggregates )
( no precipitate is formed if an Ag contains only a single copy of each epitope )
Precipitation ReactionsPrecipitation Reactions
Radial Immunodiffusion (Mancini)
• Interpretation– Diameter of ring is
proportional to the concentration
• Quantitative– Ig levels
• Method– Ab in gel– Ag in a well
Ag Concentration
Dia
met
er2
AgAgAgAg
Ab in gel
FIGURE 6-5Diagrammatic representation of radial & double immunodiffusion.: precipitation reactions in gels yield visible precipitin lines; no visible precipitate forms in regions of Ab or Ag excess.
in the Ab-containing semisolid medium
The region of equivalence
-> The area is proportional to the conc. of Ag.
Precipitation Reactions(immunoelectrophorosis)Precipitation Reactions(immunoelectrophorosis)
FIGURE 6-6 (a)Immunoelectrophoresis.- an antigen mixture is first electrophoresed to separate its components by charge- diffusion & producing lines of precipitation.
Countercurrent electrophoresis• Method
– Ag and Ab migrate toward each other by electrophoresis
– Used only when Ag and Ab have opposite charges
• Qualitative–Rapid
Ag Ab- +
Agglutination/Hemagglutination
• Definition - tests that have as their endpoint the agglutination of a particulate antigen– Agglutinin/hemagglutinin
+
• Qualitative agglutination test– Ag or Ab
FIGURE 6-7
Demonstration of hemagglutination using Ab against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs).
Agglutination ReactionsAgglutination Reactions
+ + + (control)
-visible clumping by interaction between Ab & a particulate antigen such as RBC, latex beads.-routinely performed to type RBCs for blood transfusion.
RIA
• From these data, a standard binding curve, like the one shown in red, can be drawn.
RIA
RIA
• Radioimmunoassay is widely-used because of its great sensitivity.
• Using antibodies of high affinity, it is possible to detect a few picograms (10−12 g) of antigen in the tube.
• The greater the specificity of the antiserum, the greater the specificity of the assay
FIGURE 6-10Variations in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, similar to RIA except using an Enzyme (alkaline , ⓟ horseradish peroxidase, & β-galactosidase) : safer & less costly.
to detect Ab (HIV, HCV)
to detect Ag
to detect Ag
ELISA ELISA
FIGURE 6-12
Western blotting
: separates the components according to their molecular weight.
: the proteins in the gel are transferred to the sheet of nitrocellulose or nylon by the passage of an electric current.
: probed with Ab & then radiolabeled or enzyme-linked 2nd Ab.
: a position is visualized by means of an ELISA reaction.
Immunofluorescence
mIgM-producing B cells indirectly stained with rhodamine-conjurated secondary Ab under a fluorescence microscope.
FIGURE 6-14
Fluorochromes-Fluorescein (490→517nm)-Rhodamine (515→546nm)-Phycoerythrin : absorb light of one wavelength & emit fluorescence at a longer wavelength than fluorescein.
Localization of cells in tissue immunoblotting
• Nonsymbiotic hemoglobins (ns-Hbs) previously have been found in monocots and dicots.
• however, very little is known about the tissue and cell type localization as well as the physiological function(s) of these oxygen-binding proteins.
• The immunodetection and immunolocalization of ns-Hbs in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Western blotting and in situ confocal laser scanning techniques. Ns-Hbs were detected in soluble extracts of different tissues from the developing rice seedling by immunoblotting. Levels of ns-Hbs increased in the germinating seed for the first six days following imbibition and remained relatively constant thereafter.
• It is similar to grafting
Immunohistocompatibility