immunity& immunisation

8/7/2019 IMMUNITY& IMMUNISATION

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SASMITA K.PADHI, M.SC.NURSING-1st YEAR

GOVT.COLLEGE OF NURSING, ORISSA.



The resistance offered by the

Host towards the injury caused byforeign bodies e.g. toxic molecules

or micro-organisms



WHAT

IS

INFECTION?



Entry & development/multiplication of

an infectious agent into the host body.

It may/may not cause any illness.



IMMUNITY

INNATE ACQUIRED



INNATE/NATIVEThe resistance to infection

which is possessed by a person

individual by virtue of his genetic &

constitutional make-up.

ACQUIREDThe immunity that a

person acquires

during his/her

lifetime.



INNATE

SPECIFICNON-

SPECIFIC



NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY Resistance towards infection in general.

SPECIFIC IMMUNITY Resistance towards a particular

pathogen.



INNATE

SPECIES RACIAL INDIVIDUAL



The total or relative refractoriness to a

pathogen shown by all members of aspecies.

e.g. Anthrax not found in chicken.



The relative immunity shown by all the

members of a race with in a species.e.g. USA-Nigroids are more affected by TB

than USA-Caucasians



The difference in innate immunity by

different individuals of a race with in a

species.

e.g. effect of an Epidemic.

Even Heterozygous twins possess

difference.



ACQUIRED

ACTIVE

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

PASSIVE

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL



` Resistance developed by an individual as the

result of an antigenic stimulus.

` Also called ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Adaptive response of the host to a

specific pathogen or other antigen.



` Results from either a clinical or an apparent

infection.

` E.g. Measles

Client recovered from measles develops

natural active immunity against measles for

lifetime.



` Resistance induced by vaccines e.g. the live/killed

micro-organisms or their products without any

virulence.

` Immunisation against 7-killer diseases.

D.P.T.,MEASELES,T.B.,TYPHOID,POLIO



` Resistance that is transmitted to the recepient in a

µReadymade¶ form & clients defence plays apassive role.



` Resistance passed from mother to the baby.

` E.g. passage of maternal antibodies to the fetusthrough placenta or to the baby through breast

milk.



` Resistance passively transferred to the recepient

by administration of antibodies.

` E.g. injection of

Preformed antibodies

Hyperimmune sera

Convalescent sera e.g.ATS,ADS.



` 1974WHO launched EPI.(Expanded programme on

immunisation).

` 1978EPI launched as UCI in India.(Universal child

immunisation).

`

1985UIP launched in India.(Universal immunisation

programme).



1. To reduce the mortality & morbidity due

to vaccine preventable diseases.

2. To achieve self-sufficiency in production

of vaccines.



7 7 - -vaccine preventable diseasesvaccine preventable diseases

` Diptheria

` Portusis` Tetanus

` Typhoid

`

Tuberculosis` Measles



MOTHER (pregnant)MOTHER (pregnant) VACCINE VACCINE

Early pregnancy TT-1st dose

After 1 month TT-2nd dose



CHILDCHILD VACCINE VACCINE

At birth BCG

OPV-0 dose

6 week DPT-1st dose

OPV-1st dose

BCG (if not given at birth)

10 week DPT-2nd dose

OPV-2nd dose

14 week DPT-3rd dose

OPV-3rd dose

9 month Measles(MMR may be given after 1month)

Vit.-A solution (To be repeated @ 6month for 4doses more)

14-24

month

DPT-Booster dose

OPV-Booster dose



ContdContd««

CHILDCHILD VACCINE VACCINE

5-6 years DT(after 1month 2nd dose)

TYPHOID

10 years TT(after 1month 2nd dose)

TYPHOID

16 years TT(after 1month 2nd dose)TYPHOID



1st dose As early as possible

2nd dose After 1month of 1st dose.

3rd dose After 5month of 2nd dose.



1-2

years

BCG At 1st visit.

OPV & DPT 3 doses in 3 visits

@4 week interval.

Measles At 3rd visit.

After

2years

BCG At 1st visit.

OPV & DT 2doses in 2 visits

@ 4week interval.

Measles/MMR/M

R

At 2nd visit.



VACCINE AMOUNT ROUTE

BCG ±At birth

at 6 week

0.05 ml

0.1 ml

ID (Lt. deltoid)

OPV 2 drops Oral

TT,DT,DPT 0.5 ml IM

Measles 0.5 ml Subcut.

Typhoid 0.15 ml Subcut.

Vit A solution-

At 9month

on subsequent doses

1 Lakh I.U.

2 Lakh I.U.

Oral



TEMP. VACCINES

Deep freezer

(-16° C to -20° C)

OPV,Measles

Ice Lined Refrigerator

(2°C to 8°C)

DPT,DT,TT,Diluents,Typ

hoid,BCG



` BCG-----Ulceration of the site

Osteomyelities

` DPT-----Fever/convulsion

Abscess of the siteEncephalities

` Measles--Neurological complications

Diarrhoea

PneumoniaOtitis media

` Opv -----Nil



OPV----nil

DPT----Progressive neurologic diseases.

Measles-Generalised eczema

OsteomyelitisInfective dermatitis

Severe cough/cold/diarrhoea/fever

Grade-3 malnutrition

BCG----ConvulsionTB / Malnutrition

Steroid therpy

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