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2018/6/26 International Political Economy 1
Immigration
Min Shu
Waseda University
Group Presentation in Thematic Classes
Contents of the group presentation on July 10
Related chapter in Global Political Economy
Pre-assigned current issue(s)
Book chapter for Group 15
Ch11: ‘The Logics of Economic Globalization’
Current issue for Group 16
‘Brexit, Trump and Anti-Globalization Populism’
2018/6/19 International Political Economy 2
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Outline of the lecture
The history and reality of migration
Why do people migrate?
Positive impacts of migration
Negative implications of migration
Migration policy I: high-tech migrants
Migration policy II: illegal migrants and terrorism
Migration in Japan
Presentation I: Global Growth, Inequality, and Poverty
Presentation II: The Schengen Crisis and the Refugee
Inflow to Europe
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The history and reality of migration
Migrants and migration Encyclopaedia Britannica: the permanent change of
residence by an individual or group; it excludes nomadism, (short-term) migrant labour, commuting, and tourism.
Migrants in IPE: people who left their home countries and moved to another country on a mid- or long-term base
Immigrants and emigrants
Global migration in 2015 243.7 million worldwide
About 140.5 million in developed
countries
About 103.2 million in developing
countries
Top 20 migration corridors, 2010 (Source: WMR2013)
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Top five countries of destination and origin (South North & North North, 2010, in thousands. Source: WMR2013)
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Top five countries of destination and origin (South South & North South, 2010, in thousands. Source: WMR2013)
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Diasporas:Overseas Chinese and Indian Communities (top 20)
Source: the Economist (2011)
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The history and reality of migration
The history of migration
Earliest footprints in Kenya (1.5 million years ago)
‘Homo erectus was a great leap in evolution, showing increased variety of diet and of habitat,
and was the first Homo species to make the journey out of Africa. ‘ (BBC, 2009)
Oldest evidence of Homo sapiens found in Morocco (300
thousand years ago) (Nature, 2017)
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The history and reality of migration
Pre-history human (humo sapiens) migration (DNA-based research)
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The history and reality of migration
Colonial migration in the 18th century
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The history and reality of migration
International migration in the 20th century
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Why do people migrate?
Economic motivations Wage gap
Living standards
Internal migration: rural (periphery) areas business and political centres of the country
International migration: developing countries developed countries
Destination country Language
Culture and religion
Working environment
Social (e.g., education and health) conditions
Migrants’ community
Net migration rates for 2008
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Why do people migrate?
Influences of migration policy
‘Push factors’: home countries’ situation
‘Pull factors’: destination countries
Policies towards foreign workers
Rules on overseas labors and
permanent residency
Refugees of war and famine
War (esp. civil war) and political refugees
Famine and poverty
Today, about 90% of refugees are staying in developing
countries
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Positive impacts of voluntary migration
Re-allocation of labors
Home countries: labor (human capital) surplus
Destination countries: labor insufficiency
Worldwide labor reallocation based on wage difference
The economic growth of destination countries
Higher productivity because of reduced labor cost
Enhanced social efficiency in the areas of migration jobs
Young migration increases the taxation-social benefit ratio
Spill-over effects on home countries
Remittance sent back to home country
Investment and technology transfer
Connecting home and destination countries
Migrants by age group and gender in
the North and the South (WB 2010)
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Top five remittance corridors on the
four migration pathways (WB 2010)
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Negative implications of voluntary
migration
Impacts on home countries Brain drain
Implications for destination countries Lower wage in the sectors attracting the inflow of migrants
Higher unemployment for domestic workers
Potential crimes and social problems
Illegal immigration
New challenges of migration Security: migration and terrorism
Regional governance: migration and refugee policy in the EU
Public opinion on immigration (UK)
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Public opinion on immigration (Australia)
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Migration policy I: high-skilled migrants
Migration policy Specific laws and rules applied to emigrants and immigrants
Closely related to industrial policy, science and technology policy, social policy, security policy, etc.
High-skilled migration Migrates who hold special skills and special qualifications
Contributing to the economic and technological development of destination countries
Better salaries and benefits compared to low-skilled migrates
Examples of high-skilled migration The Silicon Valley & the EU’s Blue Card scheme
Expatriate professionals in Shanghai, Singapore, Bangkok, and Kuala Lumpur
IT migration in Asia: Hsinchu City (Taiwan), Bangalore (India)
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Migration policy II:
illegal migrants and terrorism
Illegal migration Migrants who have moved across the borders against the
migration laws of home and/or destination countries
Illegal entrance or overstaying a visa
Local repulsion against illegal immigrants
Terrorism and migration September 11 attack (2001)
International terrorist organizations
US reaction: Department of Homeland Security (2002), immigration control tightened
Discrimination against Muslim migrants
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Migration in Japan
The current situation of migration in Japan Registered alien residents in July 2017 are about 2.47 million
(1.88% of the total population)
2.05m from Asia, 69.9k from North America, 73.1k from Europe
The supporters and opponents of immigration Pro-immigration
Political implications (political openness, East Asian Community)
Economic impacts (industrial competitiveness, ageing society, declining birth rate)
Anti-immigration
Social cost: public order, social security, crimes
Possible cultural conflicts; difficult social assimilation
Japanese immigration policy Political, economic, and cultural factors
Group Presentation
Book chapter for Group 11
Ch12: ‘Global Growth, Inequality, and Poverty’
Current issue for Group 12
‘The Schengen Crisis and the Refugee Inflow to
Europe’
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