immigration economics 375 professor kenneth ng cobae california state university, northridge

Immigration Economics 375Professor Kenneth NgCOBAECalifornia State University, Northridge

Readings and Exam.Paul JohnsonPart 3: High Birth Rates and the Immigrant Flood.Part 5: Mass-Immigration and Thinking Big, Monster Cities: Chicago and New York, The Urban Rich and Poor.Part 6: All. Thomas SowellChapter 1: The American Mosaic.Chapter 6: The Chinese.Chapter 8: The Blacks.Plus one other chapter. Exam will be open book but closed note.Will not have enough time to read book during exam.

Immigration before 1860. Immigration unrestricted until after Civil War.By unrestricted, I mean anyone could come from anyplace and become a US citizen.Open Door Policy.No restrictions based on education, parentage, criminal record, etc. There was no support for the idea of restricting immigration. Before 1830, immigration was a minor source of population increase.Most of increase in population was due to balance of births over deaths.After 1830, immigration increased and built up steadily.In 1845, series of poor harvests and the failure of the potato harvest in northern Europe produced the first deluge of immigrants-Irish Immigration.

Growth 1800 -1860

Indices of Economic Growth, 1800-1860Value of Component Indicies

YearPer Capita Output IndexAnnual Per Capita Growth

180064.4YearZ

181061.9-0.418001.9570.8260.7640.9660.644

182067.60.918101.9570.8370.7390.970.619

1830842.218201.9570.790.7660.9870.676

18401001.818301.9570.7070.90.9760.84

1850110.4118401.9570.634111

18601372.218501.9570.54811.0651.13

18601.9570.5321.2151.0651.38

Source: Paul David, "The Growth of Real Product in the U.S. before 1840: New Evidence , Controlled Conjectures, JEH 27 (June 1967)

Sources of Change in Per Capita Output, 1800-1860

DecadeLabor Force ParticipationShift out of AgricultureIncreased Agricultural Productivity

18000.30-1.00-3.90

18101.903.909.20

1820-1.206.6024.30

18302.505.5019.00

18406.506.1013.00

18500.001.1022.10

1800-403.5015.8055.30

1840-606.507.2038.00

Based on Variant II in 1840 prices.

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US Growth 1840-1960

Rates of Growth: Gross National Product, Population, Labor Force In the U.S., 1840-1960

ProductPopulationLabor ForceProduct per CapitaProduct per Worker

Successive Decades4.243.113.571.10.64

1839-494.953.093.181.81.71

1849-591.992.392.07-0.39-0.08

1859-694.952.333.012.561.88

1869-79

Overlapping Decades

178-82-1882-923.732.262.71.441

1883-87-1893-973.12.022.51.050.58

1888-92-1898-19024.041.82.52.21.5

1893-97-1903-075.031.782.63.192.36

1898-1902-1908-123.711.952.671.731.01

1903-07-1913-172.61.871.950.720.63

1908-12-1918-222.61.51.051.081.53

1913-17-1923-273.621.41.142.192.45

1918-22-19293.991.471.352.492.61

1923-27-1933-37-0.350.981.16-1.33-1.49

1929-1939-411.370.741.210.620.15

1933-37-1943-477.020.961.8465.09

1939-41-1948-524.271.391.42.842.83

1943-47-1953-572.471.670.80.781.65

1948-52-1959-613.241.711.191.52.03

Longer Periods

1840-804.032.732.961.261.04

1880-19203.521.882.231.611.26

1920-603.151.311.281.811.84

1840-19603.561.972.151.561.38

Abosolute Values

1959-61509179.969.928297282

1959-61 as a multiple of 184066.710.412.96.45.2

18407.6317.75.424461408

Source: Kuznets, Notes on the Pattern of U.S. Economic Growth, in S. Engerman and R. Fogel, The Reinterpretation of American Economic History

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World Growth

Rate of Growth and Per Capita Income for Selected Countries for Long Periods.

Duration of PeriodProductPopulationProduct per Captia

Great Britain

1841-81402.541.191.33

1881-1921401.770.910.86

United Kingdom

1921-1957-59371.880.431.44

Total 1841-1957-591172.070.861.2

France

1841-50-1861-70202.230.391.84

1871-80-1901-103020.221.77

1901-10-1920-2818.51.46-0.131.6

1920-28-1958-60351.550.371.18

Total, 1841-50-1958-60103.51.80.241.55

Germany

1913 Boundaries

1851-55-1871-75201.630.740.89

1871-75-1913403.091.21.87

Interwar Boundaries

1913-1935-37230.570.530.04

Federal Republic

1936-1958-60233.971.42.53

Total, 1913-1958-60462.250.971.28

Total, 1851-55-1958-601062.451.011.43

Sweden

1861-65-1881-85202.880.722.15

1881-85-1921-25402.690.662.01

1921-25-1958-60363.770.593.16

Total, 1861-65-1958-60963.130.642.47

European Russia

1860-1913532.671.31.35

USSR

1913-28150.540.540

1928-58304.40.673.71

Total, 1913-58453.10.632.45

Total, 1860-1958982.870.991.86

Japan

1878-82-1918-22404.141.053.05

1918-22-1958-60393.971.362.57

Total, 1878-82-1958-60794.051.212.81

Source: Kuznets, Notes.. in Engerman and Fogel, Reinterpretations.

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productivity

National Economy: Output and Productivity Ratios, 1869-1959

YearOutput (Real Net Product)Output per Unit of labor inputOutput per unit of capital InputTotal Factor Productivity

18697.83567.742

187915.75490.262.5

188921.850.285.558.3

189933.961.287.667.8

130351.369.892.175.6

191970.379.391.782.6

1929100100100100

1939104.8117.2111.5115.9

1949159.7138.7130.5136.4

1959233.5179.8134.4169.1

Source: Peter George p. 12

Agriculture


186928.953.976.760.8

187945.264.284.370.7

188957.269.287.675.5

189972.579.892.884.6

130378.881.487.684

191987.385.685.785.6

1929100100100100

1939109.2122.6111.7118.4

1949129.9175.3123.5153.8

1959170354.5141.6250.4


Manufacturing


18697.129.6158.936.4

187910.232.7134.639.7

188918.341.410448.2

189927.547.793.953.9

130343.453.579.857.9

1919615865.759.6

1929100100100100

1939102.5123.9120.8122.8

1949174139.8140.3139.9

1959284.3195.6165.3191.1


&CProductivity Data

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Pop., Labor, Land, and Capital

Indexes of Population, Labor, Land, Capital and Net National Product, 1840-1960.

YearPopulationLaborLandCapitalNet National Product

1840100100100100100

1870235228240512324

190044751456623431037

1930724863108565752952

1960106113081165105315994

Source Peter George, The Emergence of Industrial America p. 5

Accounting for Growth

Annual Rate of Growth

PeriodLaborCapitalLandNNP

1840-603.426.573.734.75

1870-19302.244.352.553.75

1940-19901.563.140.343.22

Percentage of Growth in NNP Attributable to:

PeriodLaborCapitalLandProductivity

1840-6049%26%10%15%

1870-193043%27%4%27%

1940-199041%14%0%45%

Source: Atack and Passel, p. 19

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TFP Problem from Exam

Total Factor Productivity ExampleTotal Factor Productivity ExerciseTotal Factor Productivity Exercise

184018601850195018501950

Output$4,500$8,550OutputOutput$2,000$57,500

Amount of Land100150Amount of Land100500Amount of Land100500

Amount of Labor5060Amount of Labor1002000Amount of Labor1002000

Price of Land$20$25Price of Land$5$15Price of Land$5$15

Price of Labor$50$80Price of Labor$15$25Price of Labor$15$25

Factor Share of Land0.4440.439Factor Share of LandFactor Share of Land0.2500.130

Factor Share of Labor0.5560.561Factor Share of LaborFactor Share of Labor0.7500.870

Index of Factors67.9089.92Index of Factors1Index of Factors1001669.169

Factor Share of Land (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)0.442aFactor Share of Land (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)aFactor Share of Land (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)0.190a

Factor Share of Labor (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)0.558bFactor Share of Labor (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)bFactor Share of Labor (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)0.810b

Percent Change in Output0.900Percent Change in OutputPercent Change in Output27.750

Percent Change in Land0.500Percent Change in LandPercent Change in Land4.000

Percent Change in Labor0.200Percent Change in LaborPercent Change in Labor19.000

Change in Total Factor Productivity0.568Change in Total Factor ProductivityChange in Total Factor Productivity11.603

Instructions: Output has increased from Year 1 to Year 2. How much of the increase is due to more factors of production (land and labor) and how much is due to improved productivity? To answer this question first compute the index of factors (I). Note tha

TFP Excercise


185019501850195018501950


Amount of Capital5075Amount of Land100500Amount of Land100500


Price of Capital$10$20Price of Land$5$15Price of Land$5$15


Factor Share of Capital0.1820.167Factor Share of LandFactor Share of Land0.2500.130



Factor Share of Capital (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)0.174aFactor Share of Land (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)aFactor Share of Land (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)0.190a



Percent Change in Capital0.500Percent Change in LandPercent Change in Land4.000




Answer to Take Home Assignment

Real GDPPopulationReal GDP per Capita

1948$1,491,000,000,000146,631,302$10,168.36

1996$6,994,800,000,000265,179,411$26,377.61

Growth Rate3.27%1.24%2.01%


1969$3,393,600,000,000202,676,946$16,743.89

1996$6,994,800,000,000265,179,411$26,377.61

Growth Rate2.72%1.00%1.70%

Total Factor Productivity

Total Factor Productivity Example

Year 1Year 2

Output$12,500$19,000

Amount of Land10080

Amount of Labor100150

Price of Land$25$50

Price of Labor$100$100

Factor Share of Land0.2000.211

Factor Share of Labor0.8000.789

Index of Factors1131.842

Factor Share of Land (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)0.205a

Factor Share of Labor (average of factor share in year 1 and year 2)0.795b

Percent Change in Output0.520

Percent Change in Land-0.200

Percent Change in Labor0.500

Change in Total Factor Productivity0.164


&CEconomics 375, American Economic History, CSUN

David

Value of Component Indicies

YearZYearZOutput

18001.9570.8260.7640.9660.64418001.9570.8260.7640.9660.644

18101.9570.8370.7390.970.61918401.9570.634111

18201.9570.790.7660.9870.676

18301.9570.7070.90.9760.84

18401.9570.634111

18501.9570.54811.0651.13

18601.9570.5321.2151.0651.38

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Lifespan Handouts

&CLifespan Tables and Graphs

Population

Percentage of WomenRacial Fertility and Density

18101840Change in Population

WhiteNo Children7 or more ChildrenFertility IndexPopulation DensityFertility IndexPopulation DensityGrowth Rate102550100200

1800na50East Coast1%1.101.281.642.707.32

1840835Middle Atlantic134420.1100645.32%1.221.642.697.2452.48

18601027New England107923.780036.13%1.342.094.3819.22369.36

1900207North Central4%1.482.677.1150.502,550.75

1925105West18100.514801.65%1.633.3911.47131.5017,292.58

193476East17063.1129115.2

South Central

NonwhiteWest15572.214954.6

1840652East17013.9142414.3

1860944

19002813Fertility Index-Children under 5 per 1000 white females 20-44 years of age

19251816Population Density-Population per square mile.

1934918

Women in the Labor Force, 1830-1979Death Rate

Percentage of Population

WhiteNonwhiteUSGreat Britain

TotalMarriedTotalMarriedDateDeath Rate per thousandDeath Rate per thousand

183080909017004028

1890132382218502324

19502821373219101517

197950485360198057

Percentage of the Total Decline Which Occurred Between 1700 and Date

18504919

19107152

1980100100

Source: Fogel, Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality, pp. 440

Life Expectancy

England and Wales (both sexes)British PeerageBritish PeerageUS Native Born males

Birth Cohortat birthat birthat age 10at age 10

18th

135.135.139.450.3

233.838.844.455.5

336.344.646.355.8

43746.946.151.9

19th

149.348.352.3

241.552.249.548.9

344.654.751.455.3

453.747.4

20th

160.15456.9

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Nutrition and Mortality

Life ExpectancyEstimated Average Final Heights of Men who Reached Maturity Between 1750 and 1875 in Six European Populations in Quarter Centuries.

USGreat BritainEngland and Wales (both sexes)British PeerageBritish PeerageUS Native Born malesRowDate of Maturity by Century and QuarterGreat BritainNorwaySwedenFranceDenmarkHungary

DateDeath Rate per thousandDeath Rate per thousandBirth Cohortat birthat birthat age 10at age 10118.3165.9163.9168.1168.7

1700402818th218.4167.9166.7163165.7165.8

18502324135.135.139.450.3319.1168166.7164.3165.4163.9

19101517233.838.844.455.5419.2171.6168165.2166.8164.2

198057336.344.646.355.8519.3169.3168.6169.5165.6165.3

43746.946.151.9620.3175178.3177.6172176170.9


1850491919th

19107152149.348.352.3

1980100100241.552.249.548.9

Source: Fogel, Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality, pp. 440344.654.751.455.3

453.747.4

20th

160.15456.9

Estimated Average Final Heights of Men who Reached Maturity Between 1750 and 1875 in Six European Populations in Quarter Centuries.

A Comparison of the Probable French and English Distributions of the Daily Consumption of Kilgram Calories per Consuming Unit Toward the End of the 18th CenturyHeight (inches)

France circa 1785England circa 1790RowDate of Maturity by Century and QuarterGreat BritainNorwaySwedenFranceDenmarkHungary

DecileDaily kcal ConsumptionCumulative PercentageDaily kcal ConsumptionCumulative Percentage118.364.763.965.665.8

Highest36721004329100218.465.565.063.664.664.7

Ninth298174351484319.165.565.064.164.563.9

Eight267671315571419.266.965.564.465.164.0

Seventh245759289759519.366.065.866.164.664.5

Sixth227648268448620.368.369.569.367.168.666.7

Fifth211438249238Source: Fogel June 1994 AER

Fourth195829230929

Third179821212021

Second161413190313

First1310615456

Mean22902700

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Immigration

Income by Race, Religion, and Ethnicity, 1980

Family Income Index

Net Immigration as a Proportion of Population Increase, 1800-1860Immigration, 1845-60 by origin, ( 1000's of persons)(US Average=100)Family Income

YearsPercentage IncreaseYearTotalGreat BritainIrelandScandinaviaOther Northwestern EuropeGermanyJewish172$46,827

1800-103.31845114.419.244.80.99.434.3Japanese132$35,937

1810-202.61846154.422.251.7212.357.6Polish115$31,309

1820-303.8184723523.3105.51.324.374.3Chinese112$30,492

1830-4011.71848226.535.2112.91.19.958.5Italian112$30,492

1840-5023.3184929755.1159.43.57.660.2German107$29,131

1850-186031.1185037051.11641.611.578.9Anglo-Saxon107$29,131

1851379.551.5221.22.420.972.5Irish103$28,042

1852371.640.7159.54.111.3145.9Total U.S100$27,225

1853368.637.6162.63.414.2141.9Filipino99$26,953

1854427.858.6101.64.223.1215West Indian94$25,592

1855200.347.649.61.314.671.9Mexican76$20,691

1856200.444.754.31.312.471Korean67$18,241

1857251.358.554.42.76.991.8Puerto Rican63$17,152

Annual Combined Immigration from European Areas1858123.12926.92.74.645.3Black62$16,880

Old Area: Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, GermanyNew Area: Central Europe, Russia, Italy1859121.326.235.21.63.741.8Indian60$16,335

1895134.20105.501860153.629.748.60.85.354.5Vietnamese42$11,435

1896130.20185.30

189784.70118.60Proportional Immigration, 1845-60

189874.40128.70123

189994.90200.90YearGreat BritainIrelandGermany1+21+2+32+3All otherTotal Columns 5+7

190097.90305.70184516.8%39.2%30.0%55.9%85.9%69.1%14.1%100.0%

1901106.50334.70184614.4%33.5%37.3%47.9%85.2%70.8%15.2%100.4%

1902128.30457.7018479.9%44.9%31.6%54.8%86.4%76.5%13.6%100.0%

1903186.60572.70184815.5%49.8%25.8%65.4%91.2%75.7%8.9%100.1%

1904194.00515.50184918.6%53.7%20.3%72.2%92.5%73.9%7.4%99.9%

1905238.30682.10185013.8%44.3%21.3%58.1%79.5%65.6%20.6%100.1%

1906192.60753.90185113.6%58.3%19.1%71.9%91.0%77.4%9.9%100.9%

1907201.20883.00185211.0%42.9%39.3%53.9%93.1%82.2%6.9%100.0%

185310.2%44.1%38.5%54.3%92.8%82.6%7.3%100.1%

185413.7%23.7%50.3%37.4%87.7%74.0%12.4%100.1%

185523.8%24.8%35.9%48.5%84.4%60.7%16.0%100.4%

185622.3%27.1%35.4%49.4%84.8%62.5%15.2%100.0%

185723.3%21.6%36.5%44.9%81.5%58.2%19.3%100.8%

185823.6%21.9%36.8%45.4%82.2%58.7%15.9%98.1%

185921.6%29.0%34.5%50.6%85.1%63.5%14.7%99.8%

186019.3%31.6%35.5%51.0%86.5%67.1%13.7%100.2%

Immigrants per 1000 population, 1820-1960

Native White Population of Foreign or Mixed Parentage by Country of Origin, 1930

YearPer 1000

18201.2

18313.9CountriesNumberPercentage of Total

18418.4British Isles5,295,00020.4%

18519.3Germany5,264,00020.3%

18616.4Italy2,756,00010.6%

18716.2Central Europe2,555,0009.9%

18819.2Scandinavia2,247,0008.7%

18915.3USSR1,516,0005.9%

190110.4Other Northwest Europe701,0002.7%

19115.7All Other Europe252,0001.0%

19213.5Asia152,0000.6%

19310.4French Canada735,0002.8%

19410.7Other Canada1,324,0005.1%

19511.5Mexico583,0002.3%

All Other2,525,0009.7%

Total25,905,000

Immigrant Origins by Percentage of Total

Europe

YearNorth and WestEast and CentralSouthOther American CountriesAsia

1821 to 1890825382

1891 to 192025392583

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Ethnic Groups

Family Income Index

Jewish172

Japanese132

Polish115

Chinese112

Italian112

German107

Anglo-Saxon107

Irish103

Total US100

Filipino99

West Indian94

Mexican76

Puerto Rican63

Black62

Indian60

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Slavery

Capitalized Rent in an 18 yr. Old Slave

YearsAverage PriceGross Rearing Cost

1821-25$736$657

1826-30$792$614

1831-35$974$671

1836-40$1,206$848

1841-45$744$591

1846-50$936$737

1851-55$1,252$807

1856-60$1,596$938

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Women

Table 2.1: Female Labor Force Participation Rates by Marital Status, Race, and Nativity, 1890-1980

15 yrs. or older16 years or older

1890190019201930194019501960197019801988

Total18.920.623.724.825.829.535.141.651.1

Married4.65.6911.713.821.630.639.550.1

Single40.543.546.450.545.550.647.55161.5

White16.317.921.623.724.528.534.240.950.9

Married2.53.26.59.812.520.729.838.549.355.8

Single38.441.54548.745.951.848.552.164.268.6

NonWhite39.743.243.143.337.637.842.747.352.1

Married22.52632.533.227.331.840.5505964.4

Single59.560.558.852.141.94039.743.649.456.4

Foreign Born19.819.1

Married38.5

Single70.873.8

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Handout

Net Immigration as a Proportion of Population Increase, 1800-1860Immigration, 1845-60 by origin, ( 1000's of persons)

YearTotalGreat BritainIrelandScandinaviaOther Northwestern EuropeGermanyFamily Income Index

YearsPercentage Increase1845114.419.244.80.99.434.3Jewish172

1800-103.31846154.422.251.7212.357.6Japanese132

1810-202.6184723523.3105.51.324.374.3Polish115

1820-303.81848226.535.2112.91.19.958.5Chinese112

1830-4011.7184929755.1159.43.57.660.2Italian112

1840-5023.3185037051.11641.611.578.9German107

1850-186031.11851379.551.5221.22.420.972.5Anglo-Saxon107

1852371.640.7159.54.111.3145.9Irish103

1853368.637.6162.63.414.2141.9Total US100

1854427.858.6101.64.223.1215Filipino99

1855200.347.649.61.314.671.9West Indian94

1856200.444.754.31.312.471Mexican76

1857251.358.554.42.76.991.8Puerto Rican63

1858123.12926.92.74.645.3Black62

1859121.326.235.21.63.741.8Indian60

1860153.629.748.60.85.354.5

Annual Combined Immigration from European Areas

Proportional Immigration, 1845-60

Old Area: Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, GermanyNew Area: Central Europe, Russia, Italy123


1896130.20185.30184516.8%39.2%30.0%55.9%85.9%69.1%14.1%100.0%

189784.70118.60184614.4%33.5%37.3%47.9%85.2%70.8%15.2%100.4%

189874.40128.7018479.9%44.9%31.6%54.8%86.4%76.5%13.6%100.0%

189994.90200.90184815.5%49.8%25.8%65.4%91.2%75.7%8.9%100.1%

190097.90305.70184918.6%53.7%20.3%72.2%92.5%73.9%7.4%99.9%

1901106.50334.70185013.8%44.3%21.3%58.1%79.5%65.6%20.6%100.1%

1902128.30457.70185113.6%58.3%19.1%71.9%91.0%77.4%9.9%100.9%

1903186.60572.70185211.0%42.9%39.3%53.9%93.1%82.2%6.9%100.0%

1904194.00515.50185310.2%44.1%38.5%54.3%92.8%82.6%7.3%100.1%

1905238.30682.10185413.7%23.7%50.3%37.4%87.7%74.0%12.4%100.1%

1906192.60753.90185523.8%24.8%35.9%48.5%84.4%60.7%16.0%100.4%

1907201.20883.00185622.3%27.1%35.4%49.4%84.8%62.5%15.2%100.0%

185723.3%21.6%36.5%44.9%81.5%58.2%19.3%100.8%

185823.6%21.9%36.8%45.4%82.2%58.7%15.9%98.1%

185921.6%29.0%34.5%50.6%85.1%63.5%14.7%99.8%

186019.3%31.6%35.5%51.0%86.5%67.1%13.7%100.2%

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Chart1

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Government

Percentage Distribution of Federal Expenditures by Major Function, 1790-1860Percent Distribution of Federal Government Revenue Sources, 1800-1900Percent Distribution of the Federal Governments Direct Expenditures, 1902-75

ItemPercent of TotalYearTariffsInternal RevenueLand SalesOtherYearNational DefensePostal ServiceEducationFarm SupportPublic WelfareNatural ResourcesVeteran's ServicesInterestIncome Security ProgramsOther

Defense48.2%180083.7%7.5%0.0%8.8%190229.2%22.3%0.5%0.7%1.4%25.0%5.1%15.8%

General Govt.15.2%181091.5%0.1%7.4%1.0%191326.1%28.2%0.5%0.5%3.1%18.5%2.4%20.7%

Postal Service3.3%182083.9%0.6%6.3%9.2%192224.0%15.2%0.2%0.2%2.2%11.7%27.1%0.3%19.1%

Indian Affairs4.4%183088.2%0.1%9.4%2.3%192718.1%20.9%0.2%0.3%3.3%17.0%22.4%0.9%16.9%

Pensions4.9%184069.3%0.0%16.9%13.8%193217.9%19.7%0.3%0.0%4.0%23.0%14.4%1.3%19.4%

Interest10.4%185091.0%4.3%4.7%193611.3%9.1%2.3%7.3%2.1%16.5%20.6%8.7%0.8%21.3%

Aid to Foreign Commerce2.6%186094.9%3.2%1.9%194017.0%8.8%2.1%7.6%1.7%19.8%5.5%9.8%3.1%24.3%

Aid to Domestic Commerce1.8%187047.3%45.0%0.8%6.9%194617.3%2.1%0.5%3.1%0.0%1.2%3.9%5.9%1.7%4.6%

Foreign Indemnities3.1%188055.9%37.2%0.3%6.6%195043.3%5.4%5.8%6.4%0.1%3.8%6.6%10.4%10.6%7.6%

Misc.6.1%189057.0%35.4%1.6%6.0%195561.8%3.9%1.1%5.5%0.1%2.4%4.3%6.9%8.6%5.1%

190041.1%52.1%0.5%6.3%196046.7%0.5%1.4%3.6%2.4%1.8%5.4%9.5%22.3%6.4%

196539.8%0.6%1.6%3.7%2.7%2.3%4.4%9.1%23.5%12.3%

Percent Distribution of Federal, State, and Local Govt. Expenditures, 1890Percent Distribution of Direct Expenditures by Level of Government, 1902-75197040.8%0.8%3.7%3.2%2.6%1.3%4.4%9.3%25.0%8.9%

197526.7%0.6%4.7%0.5%6.2%2.9%5.1%8.5%27.6%17.2%

198022.7%5.4%1.5%14.6%3.6%8.9%25.5%

National Defense6.1%FederalStateLocal198926.2%3.2%1.8%12.0%2.6%14.6%28.1%

Veterans Benefits13.3%190234.0%8.2%57.8%

Regualtion and Protection6.8%191329.8%9.2%61.0%

Economic Development11.3%192239.2%11.7%49.1%Percent Distribution of State and Local Govt. Direct Expenditures 1902-1975

(Transportation)10.1%192730.4%12.9%56.7%

Social Welfare25.4%193232.4%16.3%51.3%YearEducationHighwaysPublic WelfareHospitals and HealthPolice, Fire, and SanitationNatural ResourcesGeneral ControlUtility and Liquor StoresTrust ExspendituresOther

(Educations)17.3%193649.3%14.6%36.1%190223.3%16.0%3.4%5.5%12.9%3.5%12.9%7.5%15.0%

Interest9.8%194045.0%17.4%37.6%191325.6%18.6%2.3%4.8%11.6%3.2%9.4%8.2%0.3%16.0%

General Govt.9.9%194682.4%6.2%11.4%192230.2%22.9%2.1%4.6%9.5%2.6%5.5%6.4%1.3%14.9%

Misc.17.4%195060.3%15.7%24.0%192728.6%23.2%1.9%4.6%10.1%3.2%5.3%6.3%1.4%15.4%

195563.5%12.9%23.6%193227.5%20.7%5.3%5.4%9.0%3.7%5.6%6.2%1.4%15.2%

196059.7%14.6%25.7%193625.6%16.8%9.7%5.5%8.5%3.5%5.9%8.3%1.8%14.4%

196557.9%15.1%27.0%194023.5%14.0%10.3%5.4%7.2%3.4%5.0%11.8%6.1%13.3%

197055.5%16.8%27.7%194623.9%11.9%10.0%5.8%8.1%3.4%5.0%12.6%9.3%10.3%

197552.3%18.7%29.0%195025.7%13.6%10.5%6.3%7.5%3.5%3.7%9.8%8.5%10.9%

195529.5%16.0%7.9%6.3%7.6%3.2%3.6%9.6%6.9%9.4%

196030.7%15.5%7.2%6.2%7.5%3.2%3.5%8.3%6.6%11.3%

Government Expenditures as a Percent of GNP.196533.0%14.1%7.3%6.2%7.2%0.0%3.2%8.2%5.7%11.8%

197035.6%11.1%9.9%6.5%6.7%3.1%3.2%6.4%4.9%12.6%

YearGovernment Purchases as a Percent of GNPGovernment Budget Expnditures as a percent of GNPGovernment Civilian Employees as percent of Civilian Labor Force197533.1%8.5%10.3%7.1%7.3%2.9%1.9%6.5%6.9%15.5%

19006.0%7.3%3.9%1980

19106.1%5.7%4.5%1989

19206.6%12.1%5.7%

193010.2%21.4%6.4%

194014.2%18.7%7.6%

195013.4%23.0%9.7%Percent Distribution of Federal Revenue Sources

196019.8%28.6%12.0%

197022.2%33.5%15.1%YearIndividual Income TaxCorporate Income TaxEmployment TaxesExcise TaxesEstate and Gift TaxesTariffsOther

197121.8%33.5%15.3%190050.1%0.5%41.1%8.3%

197221.3%33.5%15.3%191039.6%49.4%11.0%

197320.4%32.2%15.4%192012.2%1.6%4.8%

197421.2%32.6%15.4%193027.5%30.2%13.5%1.6%14.0%13.2%

197521.9%35.8%15.7%194016.7%19.5%14.2%32.0%6.1%5.9%5.6%

197621.1%36.2%15.5%195041.5%26.3%6.4%18.4%1.7%1.0%4.7%

197720.6%35.2%15.3%196044.0%23.2%15.9%12.6%1.7%1.2%1.4%

197820.1%34.6%15.3%197046.7%16.9%23.4%8.1%1.9%1.2%1.8%

197919.6%33.9%15.2%197543.6%14.5%30.8%5.9%1.6%1.3%2.3%

198020.4%36.0%15.2%198047.2%12.5%30.5%4.7%1.2%1.4%

198120.2%36.0%14.8%198943.6%11.0%37.3%3.5%0.8%1.7%

198221.2%38.0%14.3%

198320.7%38.2%14.2%

198420.4%n.a.14.1%

YearGovernment Purchases as a Percent of GNPGovernment Budget Expenditures as a Percent of GNPYearGovernment Purchases as a Percent of GNPGovernment Budget Expenditures as a Percent of GNP

19006.0%194812.3%18.4%

19015.6%194914.9%

19025.7%7.3%195013.4%23.0%Outbreak of Korean War

19036.2%195118.2%

19046.0%195221.7%27.1%

19056.1%195322.5%28.5%

19065.6%195420.7%27.9%

19076.2%195518.8%25.7%

19087.6%195618.8%25.6%

19096.0%195719.6%26.5%

19106.1%195821.1%28.5%

19117.2%195920.0%29.6%

19126.8%196019.8%28.6%

19136.4%5.7%196120.6%29.6%

19147.4%196220.9%29.8%Vietnam War

19157.2%196320.7%29.8%

19165.9%196420.4%29.7%

19178.9%World War I196520.0%28.2%

191821.3%196621.0%29.0%

191912.0%196722.5%31.6%

19206.6%196822.8%32.5%

19218.5%196922.1%32.3%

19228.0%12.1%197022.2%33.5%

19237.2%197121.8%33.5%

19247.7%197221.3%33.0%

19257.9%197320.4%32.2%

19267.5%197421.2%32.6%

19278.2%10.6%197521.9%35.8%

19288.3%197621.1%36.2%

19298.1%197720.6%35.2%

193010.2%Onset of Great Depression197820.1%34.6%

193112.1%197919.6%33.9%

193214.0%21.4%198020.4%36.0%

193314.4%198120.2%36.0%

193415.1%21.2%198221.2%38.0%

193513.9%198320.7%38.2%

193614.5%19.5%198420.4%

193713.2%

193815.3%18.3%

193914.9%

194014.2%18.7%

194119.9%World War II

194237.7%28.1%

194346.3%

194446.1%47.7%

194539.0%

194613.1%31.8%

194710.9%

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Civil War Deaths

Total Deaths

Total DeathsBattle DeathsOther DeathsWounds Not Mortal

Civil War (Union)364,511140,414224,097281,881

Civil War (Confederacy)258,000199,515

Spanish American War2,4463852,0611,662

WWI116,51653,40263,114204,002

WW2405,399291,557113,842640,846

Korean Conflict54,24633,62920,617103,284

Vietnam (American)56,88646,49810,388153,000

Vietnam (North Vietnamese)660,000

Vietnames (South Vietnamese)220,357

6-Day War (Israel)1,000

6-Day War (Egypt, Jordan, Syria)18,000

Deaths and Wounds as a Percent of Male Population

PopulationPercent of Male Population Killed or WoundedPercent of Male 15-24 Population Killed or Wounded (17% of population male, 15-24)

Civil War31,443,3217.02%41.30%

Spanish American War50,000,0000.02%0.10%

WWI92,228,4960.70%4.09%

WW2132,164,5691.58%9.31%

Korean Conflict151,325,7980.21%1.22%

Vietnam (U. S.)203,302,0310.21%1.21%

Vietnam (Vietnamese)39,463,9104.46%26.24%

6-Day War (Israel)2,746,8980.07%0.43%

6-Day War (Egypt, Jordan, Syria)38,662,0000.09%0.55%

Annual Death rate per 1000 average strength

Total DeathsBattle DeathsOther Deaths

Civil War104.440.164.3

Spanish American War36.6

WWI35.517.118.4

WW211.38.63

Korean Conflict5.53.42.1

Vietnam0.70.60.1

Probability of Service

Total Personal Serving in WarPercent of Male Population, 15-24 in Armed ServicesPercent of Armed Services Serving AbroadPercent of Male Population, 15-24 Serving Abroad

Civil War2,213,00041.40%

Spanish American War307,0003.61%29%1.05%

WWI4,735,00030.20%53%16.01%

WW216,113,00071.72%73%52.35%

Korean Conflict5,720,00022.23%56%12.45%

Vietnam8,744,00025.30%

Relative Mortality Risk

Immigration Data

Black Income

Table 2: Black Male Wages as a Percent of White Male Wages, 1940-1980

Table 1: Mean Male Income by Race 1940-1980 (1984 dollars)

Census Years

Census YearWhite MenBlack MenRatioPercent of Change Occuring before DateYears of Market Experience19401950196019701980

1980$25,791$18,72373%100%1 to 546.761.860.275.184.2

1970$25,666$16,52764%72%6 to 1047.56159.170.176.6

1960$19,959$11,48358%49%11 to 1544.458.359.466.27.5

1950$14,332$7,91255%41%16 to 2044.456.658.462.871.2

1940$10,459$4,53143%21 to 2542.354.157.662.767.8

26 to 3041.753.256.260.666.9

31 to 3540.250.353.86066.5

36 to 4039.846.955.960.368.5

All43.355.257.564.472.6

Table 3: Extent of Overlap Between Black and White Income Distributions

Percent of Black Men Whose Income Exceeds White Income at the:Percent of White Men Whose Income Exceeds Black Income at the

YearBottom QuarterMedianTop QuarterBottom QuarterMedianTop Quarter

1980562910877045

197045225907857

196038121928166

195036122928266

19403181958470

Note: The way to read the chart is as follows. In 1980, only 10% of black men had an income that exceed the income of a white man whose income was in the top 25% of the income distribution. In 1980, 29% of black men had an income that exceeded the median

Table 4: Men in the Middle Class

WhiteBlacks

YearBelowMiddle ClassAboveBelowMiddle ClassAbove

1980116029206812

19709662524715

196012642439592

195018492348502

194030403076222

Table 5: Percentage Increase in Black Annual Income Compared with Whites at Selected Percentiles

PercentilePercent IncreasePercentilePercent Increase

24.86054.9

48.47057.4

630.78049

836.99046.2

1048.19250.6

2048.29448.1

3050.29651.6

4045.29854.7

5045.5

Table 6: Percentage Growth in Black-White Male Ratios of Weekly Wages

Growth Between

Years of Work Experience50-4060-5070-6080-7080-40

1 to 528.1-2.722.111.558.9

6 to 1025.1-3.217.18.847.8

11 to 1527.11.910.910.450.3

16 to 2024.43.17.312.547.3

21 to 2524.66.38.67.747.2

26 to 3024.25.67.59.947.2

31 to 3522.56.610.810.450.3

36 to 4016.417.57.512.754.2

All24.24.111.31251.6

Table 7: Percentage Growth in Black-White Weekly Wage Ratios by Education

Years of Schooling

Decade0 to 45 to 78 to 111213 to 1516+All

1940-198035.536.530.832.84544.851.6

1940-1950514.416.622.314.410.824.2

1950-196012.95.5-2.2-6.86.910.44.1

1960-19702.88.578.717.619.311.3

1970-198015.18.17.48.66.24.312

Table 8: Black Male Wages as a Percentage of White Males by Labor Market CohortReal Black and White Income in 1880 and 1900

Median Year of Initial Labor Market Work19401950196019701980SouthernSouthernNational

197884.2RuralTotalTotal

197376.6TotalIncomeIncome

196873.5Income

196375.171.2Per Capita1880Black$36.78$38.43$43.06

195860.270.167.8IncomeWhite$62.49$79.44$142.64

195359.166.266.9B/W Ratio0.590.480.3

194861.859.462.866.51900Black$46.37$49.96$56.86

19436058.462.768.5White$91.23$117.87$206.70

193846.758.357.660.6B/W Ratio0.510.420.28

193347.556.656.2601880-1900Black1.17%1.32%1.40%

192844.454.153.860.3Growth RateWhite1.91%1.99%1.87%

192344.453.255.9Per1880Black$65.93$68.90$77.20

191812.350.3WorkerWhite$99.43$126.38$226.95

191341.746.9IncomeB/W Ratio0.660.550.34

190840.21900Black$81.31$87.61$99.72

190339.8White$140.04$180.94$317.31

All43.355.257.564.472.6B/W Ratio0.580.480.31

1880-1900Black1.05%1.21%1.29%

Growth RateWhite1.73%1.81%1.69%

&CBlack Income Statistics

Black Income After CW

Yearly Value of Freedom per Capita (1879 Prices)

Ng and Virts

Ransom and SutchImproved Residual MethodDirect Observation of Wages

Black Income in 1859$27.66$27.66$27.66

Black Income in 1879$35.59$40.24$40.24

Value of Leisure$13.75-$21.00$14.82-$23.44$31.01-$36.78

Value of Freedom$22.05-$29.01$27.40-$36.02$43.59-$49.36

Increase in Income78-105%99-130%158-178%

Real Black and White Income in 1880 and 1900

SouthernSouthernNational

RuralTotalTotal

TotalIncomeIncome

Income

Per Capita1880Black$36.78$38.43$43.06

IncomeWhite$62.49$79.44$142.64

B/W Ratio0.590.480.3

1900Black$46.37$49.96$56.86

White$91.23$117.87$206.70

B/W Ratio0.510.420.28

1880-1900Black1.17%1.32%1.40%


Per1880Black$65.93$68.90$77.20

WorkerWhite$99.43$126.38$226.95

IncomeB/W Ratio0.660.550.34

1900Black$81.31$87.61$99.72

White$140.04$180.94$317.31

B/W Ratio0.580.480.31

1880-1900Black1.05%1.21%1.29%


&CBlack Income after Civil War

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Major Features of first wave of immigration First Wave of immigrants from Northern Europe. (Example of push phenomena)First upsurge came from the British Isles as a result of the potato famine-economics of a potato economy.Potato a wonder vegetable. Potato allows the greatest level of population density.When the potato crop failed, suddenly, the land could not support the existing population.More than 1 million died in late 1840s in Ireland-life expectancy at birth dropped to around 21. In Ireland, 1/3rd of the population emigrated or dropped dead in a short period in the 1840s.By 1914 the population in Ireland was 1/2 of what it was before the potato famine.1846-55, 1.3 mil. Irish immigrated to US.Germany produced another 1 mil. immigrants. Mainly the result of political upheavals.

Immigration, 1845-60 by origin, ( 1000's of persons)

Growth 1800 -1860



180064.4YearZ

181061.9-0.418001.9570.8260.7640.9660.644

182067.60.918101.9570.8370.7390.970.619

1830842.218201.9570.790.7660.9870.676

18401001.818301.9570.7070.90.9760.84

1850110.4118401.9570.634111

18601372.218501.9570.54811.0651.13

18601.9570.5321.2151.0651.38




18000.30-1.00-3.90

18101.903.909.20

1820-1.206.6024.30

18302.505.5019.00

18406.506.1013.00

18500.001.1022.10

1800-403.5015.8055.30

1840-606.507.2038.00


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US Growth 1840-1960




1839-494.953.093.181.81.71

1849-591.992.392.07-0.39-0.08

1859-694.952.333.012.561.88

1869-79

Overlapping Decades

178-82-1882-923.732.262.71.441

1883-87-1893-973.12.022.51.050.58

1888-92-1898-19024.041.82.52.21.5

1893-97-1903-075.031.782.63.192.36

1898-1902-1908-123.711.952.671.731.01

1903-07-1913-172.61.871.950.720.63

1908-12-1918-222.61.51.051.081.53

1913-17-1923-273.621.41.142.192.45

1918-22-19293.991.471.352.492.61

1923-27-1933-37-0.350.981.16-1.33-1.49

1929-1939-411.370.741.210.620.15

1933-37-1943-477.020.961.8465.09

1939-41-1948-524.271.391.42.842.83

1943-47-1953-572.471.670.80.781.65

1948-52-1959-613.241.711.191.52.03

Longer Periods

1840-804.032.732.961.261.04

1880-19203.521.882.231.611.26

1920-603.151.311.281.811.84

1840-19603.561.972.151.561.38

Abosolute Values

1959-61509179.969.928297282

1959-61 as a multiple of 184066.710.412.96.45.2

18407.6317.75.424461408


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World Growth



Great Britain

1841-81402.541.191.33

1881-1921401.770.910.86

United Kingdom

1921-1957-59371.880.431.44

Total 1841-1957-591172.070.861.2

France

1841-50-1861-70202.230.391.84

1871-80-1901-103020.221.77

1901-10-1920-2818.51.46-0.131.6

1920-28-1958-60351.550.371.18

Total, 1841-50-1958-60103.51.80.241.55

Germany

1913 Boundaries

1851-55-1871-75201.630.740.89

1871-75-1913403.091.21.87

Interwar Boundaries

1913-1935-37230.570.530.04

Federal Republic

1936-1958-60233.971.42.53

Total, 1913-1958-60462.250.971.28

Total, 1851-55-1958-601062.451.011.43

Sweden

1861-65-1881-85202.880.722.15

1881-85-1921-25402.690.662.01

1921-25-1958-60363.770.593.16

Total, 1861-65-1958-60963.130.642.47

European Russia

1860-1913532.671.31.35

USSR

1913-28150.540.540

1928-58304.40.673.71

Total, 1913-58453.10.632.45

Total, 1860-1958982.870.991.86

Japan

1878-82-1918-22404.141.053.05

1918-22-1958-60393.971.362.57

Total, 1878-82-1958-60794.051.212.81


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productivity



18697.83567.742

187915.75490.262.5

188921.850.285.558.3

189933.961.287.667.8

130351.369.892.175.6

191970.379.391.782.6

1929100100100100

1939104.8117.2111.5115.9

1949159.7138.7130.5136.4

1959233.5179.8134.4169.1


Agriculture


186928.953.976.760.8

187945.264.284.370.7

188957.269.287.675.5

189972.579.892.884.6

130378.881.487.684

191987.385.685.785.6

1929100100100100

1939109.2122.6111.7118.4

1949129.9175.3123.5153.8

1959170354.5141.6250.4


Manufacturing


18697.129.6158.936.4

187910.232.7134.639.7

188918.341.410448.2

189927.547.793.953.9

130343.453.579.857.9

1919615865.759.6

1929100100100100

1939102.5123.9120.8122.8

1949174139.8140.3139.9

1959284.3195.6165.3191.1


&CProductivity Data

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1840100100100100100

1870235228240512324

190044751456623431037

1930724863108565752952

1960106113081165105315994





1840-603.426.573.734.75

1870-19302.244.352.553.75

1940-19901.563.140.343.22



1840-6049%26%10%15%

1870-193043%27%4%27%

1940-199041%14%0%45%


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184018601850195018501950
















TFP Excercise


185019501850195018501950


















1948$1,491,000,000,000146,631,302$10,168.36

1996$6,994,800,000,000265,179,411$26,377.61

Growth Rate3.27%1.24%2.01%


1969$3,393,600,000,000202,676,946$16,743.89

1996$6,994,800,000,000265,179,411$26,377.61

Growth Rate2.72%1.00%1.70%



Year 1Year 2

Output$12,500$19,000

Amount of Land10080


Price of Land$25$50













David


YearZYearZOutput

18001.9570.8260.7640.9660.64418001.9570.8260.7640.9660.644

18101.9570.8370.7390.970.61918401.9570.634111

18201.9570.790.7660.9870.676

18301.9570.7070.90.9760.84

18401.9570.634111

18501.9570.54811.0651.13

18601.9570.5321.2151.0651.38


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Lifespan Handouts


Population




1800na50East Coast1%1.101.281.642.707.32

1840835Middle Atlantic134420.1100645.32%1.221.642.697.2452.48

18601027New England107923.780036.13%1.342.094.3819.22369.36

1900207North Central4%1.482.677.1150.502,550.75

1925105West18100.514801.65%1.633.3911.47131.5017,292.58

193476East17063.1129115.2

South Central


1840652East17013.9142414.3

1860944



1934918



WhiteNonwhiteUSGreat Britain

TotalMarriedTotalMarriedDateDeath Rate per thousandDeath Rate per thousand

183080909017004028

1890132382218502324

19502821373219101517

197950485360198057


18504919

19107152

1980100100

Source: Fogel, Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality, pp. 440

Life Expectancy

England and Wales (both sexes)British PeerageBritish PeerageUS Native Born males

Birth Cohortat birthat birthat age 10at age 10

18th

135.135.139.450.3

233.838.844.455.5

336.344.646.355.8

43746.946.151.9

19th

149.348.352.3

241.552.249.548.9

344.654.751.455.3

453.747.4

20th

160.15456.9

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Nutrition and Mortality

Life ExpectancyEstimated Average Final Heights of Men who Reached Maturity Between 1750 and 1875 in Six European Populations in Quarter Centuries.

USGreat BritainEngland and Wales (both sexes)British PeerageBritish PeerageUS Native Born malesRowDate of Maturity by Century and QuarterGreat BritainNorwaySwedenFranceDenmarkHungary

DateDeath Rate per thousandDeath Rate per thousandBirth Cohortat birthat birthat age 10at age 10118.3165.9163.9168.1168.7

1700402818th218.4167.9166.7163165.7165.8

18502324135.135.139.450.3319.1168166.7164.3165.4163.9

19101517233.838.844.455.5419.2171.6168165.2166.8164.2

198057336.344.646.355.8519.3169.3168.6169.5165.6165.3

43746.946.151.9620.3175178.3177.6172176170.9


1850491919th

19107152149.348.352.3

1980100100241.552.249.548.9

Source: Fogel, Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality, pp. 440344.654.751.455.3

453.747.4

20th

160.15456.9

Estimated Average Final Heights of Men who Reached Maturity Between 1750 and 1875 in Six European Populations in Quarter Centuries.

A Comparison of the Probable French and English Distributions of the Daily Consumption of Kilgram Calories per Consuming Unit Toward the End of the 18th CenturyHeight (inches)

France circa 1785England circa 1790RowDate of Maturity by Century and QuarterGreat BritainNorwaySwedenFranceDenmarkHungary

DecileDaily kcal ConsumptionCumulative PercentageDaily kcal ConsumptionCumulative Percentage118.364.763.965.665.8

Highest36721004329100218.465.565.063.664.664.7

Ninth298174351484319.165.565.064.164.563.9

Eight267671315571419.266.965.564.465.164.0

Seventh245759289759519.366.065.866.164.664.5

Sixth227648268448620.368.369.569.367.168.666.7

Fifth211438249238Source: Fogel June 1994 AER

Fourth195829230929

Third179821212021

Second161413190313

First1310615456

Mean22902700

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Immigration

Income by Race, Religion, and Ethnicity, 1980

Family Income Index

Net Immigration as a Proportion of Population Increase, 1800-1860Immigration, 1845-60 by origin, ( 1000's of persons)(US Average=100)Family Income

YearsPercentage IncreaseYearTotalGreat BritainIrelandScandinaviaOther Northwestern EuropeGermanyJewish172$46,827

1800-103.31845114.419.244.80.99.434.3Japanese132$35,937

1810-202.61846154.422.251.7212.357.6Polish115$31,309

1820-303.8184723523.3105.51.324.374.3Chinese112$30,492

1830-4011.71848226.535.2112.91.19.958.5Italian112$30,492

1840-5023.3184929755.1159.43.57.660.2German107$29,131

1850-186031.1185037051.11641.611.578.9Anglo-Saxon107$29,131

1851379.551.5221.22.420.972.5Irish103$28,042

1852371.640.7159.54.111.3145.9Total U.S100$27,225

1853368.637.6162.63.414.2141.9Filipino99$26,953

1854427.858.6101.64.223.1215West Indian94$25,592

1855200.347.649.61.314.671.9Mexican76$20,691

1856200.444.754.31.312.471Korean67$18,241

1857251.358.554.42.76.991.8Puerto Rican63$17,152

Annual Combined Immigration from European Areas1858123.12926.92.74.645.3Black62$16,880

Old Area: Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, GermanyNew Area: Central Europe, Russia, Italy1859121.326.235.21.63.741.8Indian60$16,335

1895134.20105.501860153.629.748.60.85.354.5Vietnamese42$11,435

1896130.20185.30

189784.70118.60Proportional Immigration, 1845-60

189874.40128.70123


190097.90305.70184516.8%39.2%30.0%55.9%85.9%69.1%14.1%100.0%

1901106.50334.70184614.4%33.5%37.3%47.9%85.2%70.8%15.2%100.4%

1902128.30457.7018479.9%44.9%31.6%54.8%86.4%76.5%13.6%100.0%

1903186.60572.70184815.5%49.8%25.8%65.4%91.2%75.7%8.9%100.1%

1904194.00515.50184918.6%53.7%20.3%72.2%92.5%73.9%7.4%99.9%

1905238.30682.10185013.8%44.3%21.3%58.1%79.5%65.6%20.6%100.1%

1906192.60753.90185113.6%58.3%19.1%71.9%91.0%77.4%9.9%100.9%

1907201.20883.00185211.0%42.9%39.3%53.9%93.1%82.2%6.9%100.0%

185310.2%44.1%38.5%54.3%92.8%82.6%7.3%100.1%

185413.7%23.7%50.3%37.4%87.7%74.0%12.4%100.1%

185523.8%24.8%35.9%48.5%84.4%60.7%16.0%100.4%

185622.3%27.1%35.4%49.4%84.8%62.5%15.2%100.0%

185723.3%21.6%36.5%44.9%81.5%58.2%19.3%100.8%

185823.6%21.9%36.8%45.4%82.2%58.7%15.9%98.1%

185921.6%29.0%34.5%50.6%85.1%63.5%14.7%99.8%

186019.3%31.6%35.5%51.0%86.5%67.1%13.7%100.2%

Immigrants per 1000 population, 1820-1960

Native White Population of Foreign or Mixed Parentage by Country of Origin, 1930

YearPer 1000

18201.2

18313.9CountriesNumberPercentage of Total

18418.4British Isles5,295,00020.4%

18519.3Germany5,264,00020.3%

18616.4Italy2,756,00010.6%

18716.2Central Europe2,555,0009.9%

18819.2Scandinavia2,247,0008.7%

18915.3USSR1,516,0005.9%

190110.4Other Northwest Europe701,0002.7%

19115.7All Other Europe252,0001.0%

19213.5Asia152,0000.6%

19310.4French Canada735,0002.8%

19410.7Other Canada1,324,0005.1%

19511.5Mexico583,0002.3%

All Other2,525,0009.7%

Total25,905,000

Immigrant Origins by Percentage of Total

Europe

YearNorth and WestEast and CentralSouthOther American CountriesAsia

1821 to 1890825382

1891 to 192025392583

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Ethnic Groups

Family Income Index

Jewish172

Japanese132

Polish115

Chinese112

Italian112

German107

Anglo-Saxon107

Irish103

Total US100

Filipino99

West Indian94

Mexican76

Puerto Rican63

Black62

Indian60

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Slavery

Capitalized Rent in an 18 yr. Old Slave

YearsAverage PriceGross Rearing Cost

1821-25$736$657

1826-30$792$614

1831-35$974$671

1836-40$1,206$848

1841-45$744$591

1846-50$936$737

1851-55$1,252$807

1856-60$1,596$938

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Women

Table 2.1: Female Labor Force Participation Rates by Marital Status, Race, and Nativity, 1890-1980

15 yrs. or older16 years or older

1890190019201930194019501960197019801988

Total18.920.623.724.825.829.535.141.651.1

Married4.65.6911.713.821.630.639.550.1

Single40.543.546.450.545.550.647.55161.5

White16.317.921.623.724.528.534.240.950.9

Married2.53.26.59.812.520.729.838.549.355.8

Single38.441.54548.745.951.848.552.164.268.6

NonWhite39.743.243.143.337.637.842.747.352.1

Married22.52632.533.227.331.840.5505964.4

Single59.560.558.852.141.94039.743.649.456.4

Foreign Born19.819.1

Married38.5

Single70.873.8

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Handout

Net Immigration as a Proportion of Population Increase, 1800-1860Immigration, 1845-60 by origin, ( 1000's of persons)

YearTotalGreat BritainIrelandScandinaviaOther Northwestern EuropeGermanyFamily Income Index

YearsPercentage Increase1845114.419.244.80.99.434.3Jewish172

1800-103.31846154.422.251.7212.357.6Japanese132

1810-202.6184723523.3105.51.324.374.3Polish115

1820-303.81848226.535.2112.91.19.958.5Chinese112

1830-4011.7184929755.1159.43.57.660.2Italian112

1840-5023.3185037051.11641.611.578.9German107

1850-186031.11851379.551.5221.22.420.972.5Anglo-Saxon107

1852371.640.7159.54.111.3145.9Irish103

1853368.637.6162.63.414.2141.9Total US100

1854427.858.6101.64.223.1215Filipino99

1855200.347.649.61.314.671.9West Indian94

1856200.444.754.31.312.471Mexican76

1857251.358.554.42.76.991.8Puerto Rican63

1858123.12926.92.74.645.3Black62

1859121.326.235.21.63.741.8Indian60

1860153.629.748.60.85.354.5

Annual Combined Immigration from European Areas


Old Area: Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, GermanyNew Area: Central Europe, Russia, Italy123


1896130.20185.30184516.8%39.2%30.0%55.9%85.9%69.1%14.1%100.0%

189784.70118.60184614.4%33.5%37.3%47.9%85.2%70.8%15.2%100.4%

189874.40128.7018479.9%44.9%31.6%54.8%86.4%76.5%13.6%100.0%

189994.90200.90184815.5%49.8%25.8%65.4%91.2%75.7%8.9%100.1%

190097.90305.70184918.6%53.7%20.3%72.2%92.5%73.9%7.4%99.9%

1901106.50334.70185013.8%44.3%21.3%58.1%79.5%65.6%20.6%100.1%

1902128.30457.70185113.6%58.3%19.1%71.9%91.0%77.4%9.9%100.9%

1903186.60572.70185211.0%42.9%39.3%53.9%93.1%82.2%6.9%100.0%

1904194.00515.50185310.2%44.1%38.5%54.3%92.8%82.6%7.3%100.1%

1905238.30682.10185413.7%23.7%50.3%37.4%87.7%74.0%12.4%100.1%

1906192.60753.90185523.8%24.8%35.9%48.5%84.4%60.7%16.0%100.4%

1907201.20883.00185622.3%27.1%35.4%49.4%84.8%62.5%15.2%100.0%

185723.3%21.6%36.5%44.9%81.5%58.2%19.3%100.8%

185823.6%21.9%36.8%45.4%82.2%58.7%15.9%98.1%

185921.6%29.0%34.5%50.6%85.1%63.5%14.7%99.8%

186019.3%31.6%35.5%51.0%86.5%67.1%13.7%100.2%

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Chart1

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Government

Percentage Distribution of Federal Expenditures by Major Function, 1790-1860Percent Distribution of Federal Government Revenue Sources, 1800-1900Percent Distribution of the Federal Governments Direct Expenditures, 1902-75

ItemPercent of TotalYearTariffsInternal RevenueLand SalesOtherYearNational DefensePostal ServiceEducationFarm SupportPublic WelfareNatural ResourcesVeteran's ServicesInterestIncome Security ProgramsOther

Defense48.2%180083.7%7.5%0.0%8.8%190229.2%22.3%0.5%0.7%1.4%25.0%5.1%15.8%

General Govt.15.2%181091.5%0.1%7.4%1.0%191326.1%28.2%0.5%0.5%3.1%18.5%2.4%20.7%

Postal Service3.3%182083.9%0.6%6.3%9.2%192224.0%15.2%0.2%0.2%2.2%11.7%27.1%0.3%19.1%

Indian Affairs4.4%183088.2%0.1%9.4%2.3%192718.1%20.9%0.2%0.3%3.3%17.0%22.4%0.9%16.9%

Pensions4.9%184069.3%0.0%16.9%13.8%193217.9%19.7%0.3%0.0%4.0%23.0%14.4%1.3%19.4%

Interest10.4%185091.0%4.3%4.7%193611.3%9.1%2.3%7.3%2.1%16.5%20.6%8.7%0.8%21.3%

Aid to Foreign Commerce2.6%186094.9%3.2%1.9%194017.0%8.8%2.1%7.6%1.7%19.8%5.5%9.8%3.1%24.3%

Aid to Domestic Commerce1.8%187047.3%45.0%0.8%6.9%194617.3%2.1%0.5%3.1%0.0%1.2%3.9%5.9%1.7%4.6%

Foreign Indemnities3.1%188055.9%37.2%0.3%6.6%195043.3%5.4%5.8%6.4%0.1%3.8%6.6%10.4%10.6%7.6%

Misc.6.1%189057.0%35.4%1.6%6.0%195561.8%3.9%1.1%5.5%0.1%2.4%4.3%6.9%8.6%5.1%

190041.1%52.1%0.5%6.3%196046.7%0.5%1.4%3.6%2.4%1.8%5.4%9.5%22.3%6.4%

196539.8%0.6%1.6%3.7%2.7%2.3%4.4%9.1%23.5%12.3%

Percent Distribution of Federal, State, and Local Govt. Expenditures, 1890Percent Distribution of Direct Expenditures by Level of Government, 1902-75197040.8%0.8%3.7%3.2%2.6%1.3%4.4%9.3%25.0%8.9%

197526.7%0.6%4.7%0.5%6.2%2.9%5.1%8.5%27.6%17.2%

198022.7%5.4%1.5%14.6%3.6%8.9%25.5%

National Defense6.1%FederalStateLocal198926.2%3.2%1.8%12.0%2.6%14.6%28.1%

Veterans Benefits13.3%190234.0%8.2%57.8%

Regualtion and Protection6.8%191329.8%9.2%61.0%

Economic Development11.3%192239.2%11.7%49.1%Percent Distribution of State and Local Govt. Direct Expenditures 1902-1975

(Transportation)10.1%192730.4%12.9%56.7%

Social Welfare25.4%193232.4%16.3%51.3%YearEducationHighwaysPublic WelfareHospitals and HealthPolice, Fire, and SanitationNatural ResourcesGeneral ControlUtility and Liquor StoresTrust ExspendituresOther

(Educations)17.3%193649.3%14.6%36.1%190223.3%16.0%3.4%5.5%12.9%3.5%12.9%7.5%15.0%

Interest9.8%194045.0%17.4%37.6%191325.6%18.6%2.3%4.8%11.6%3.2%9.4%8.2%0.3%16.0%

General Govt.9.9%194682.4%6.2%11.4%192230.2%22.9%2.1%4.6%9.5%2.6%5.5%6.4%1.3%14.9%

Misc.17.4%195060.3%15.7%24.0%192728.6%23.2%1.9%4.6%10.1%3.2%5.3%6.3%1.4%15.4%

195563.5%12.9%23.6%193227.5%20.7%5.3%5.4%9.0%3.7%5.6%6.2%1.4%15.2%

196059.7%14.6%25.7%193625.6%16.8%9.7%5.5%8.5%3.5%5.9%8.3%1.8%14.4%

196557.9%15.1%27.0%194023.5%14.0%10.3%5.4%7.2%3.4%5.0%11.8%6.1%13.3%

197055.5%16.8%27.7%194623.9%11.9%10.0%5.8%8.1%3.4%5.0%12.6%9.3%10.3%

197552.3%18.7%29.0%195025.7%13.6%10.5%6.3%7.5%3.5%3.7%9.8%8.5%10.9%

195529.5%16.0%7.9%6.3%7.6%3.2%3.6%9.6%6.9%9.4%

196030.7%15.5%7.2%6.2%7.5%3.2%3.5%8.3%6.6%11.3%

Government Expenditures as a Percent of GNP.196533.0%14.1%7.3%6.2%7.2%0.0%3.2%8.2%5.7%11.8%

197035.6%11.1%9.9%6.5%6.7%3.1%3.2%6.4%4.9%12.6%

YearGovernment Purchases as a Percent of GNPGovernment Budget Expnditures as a percent of GNPGovernment Civilian Employees as percent of Civilian Labor Force197533.1%8.5%10.3%7.1%7.3%2.9%1.9%6.5%6.9%15.5%

19006.0%7.3%3.9%1980

19106.1%5.7%4.5%1989

19206.6%12.1%5.7%

193010.2%21.4%6.4%

194014.2%18.7%7.6%

195013.4%23.0%9.7%Percent Distribution of Federal Revenue Sources

196019.8%28.6%12.0%

197022.2%33.5%15.1%YearIndividual Income TaxCorporate Income TaxEmployment TaxesExcise TaxesEstate and Gift TaxesTariffsOther

197121.8%33.5%15.3%190050.1%0.5%41.1%8.3%

197221.3%33.5%15.3%191039.6%49.4%11.0%

197320.4%32.2%15.4%192012.2%1.6%4.8%

197421.2%32.6%15.4%193027.5%30.2%13.5%1.6%14.0%13.2%

197521.9%35.8%15.7%194016.7%19.5%14.2%32.0%6.1%5.9%5.6%

197621.1%36.2%15.5%195041.5%26.3%6.4%18.4%1.7%1.0%4.7%

197720.6%35.2%15.3%196044.0%23.2%15.9%12.6%1.7%1.2%1.4%

197820.1%34.6%15.3%197046.7%16.9%23.4%8.1%1.9%1.2%1.8%

197919.6%33.9%15.2%197543.6%14.5%30.8%5.9%1.6%1.3%2.3%

198020.4%36.0%15.2%198047.2%12.5%30.5%4.7%1.2%1.4%

198120.2%36.0%14.8%198943.6%11.0%37.3%3.5%0.8%1.7%

198221.2%38.0%14.3%

198320.7%38.2%14.2%

198420.4%n.a.14.1%

YearGovernment Purchases as a Percent of GNPGovernment Budget Expenditures as a Percent of GNPYearGovernment Purchases as a Percent of GNPGovernment Budget Expenditures as a Percent of GNP

19006.0%194812.3%18.4%

19015.6%194914.9%

19025.7%7.3%195013.4%23.0%Outbreak of Korean War

19036.2%195118.2%

19046.0%195221.7%27.1%

19056.1%195322.5%28.5%

19065.6%195420.7%27.9%

19076.2%195518.8%25.7%

19087.6%195618.8%25.6%

19096.0%195719.6%26.5%

19106.1%195821.1%28.5%

19117.2%195920.0%29.6%

19126.8%196019.8%28.6%

19136.4%5.7%196120.6%29.6%

19147.4%196220.9%29.8%Vietnam War

19157.2%196320.7%29.8%

19165.9%196420.4%29.7%

19178.9%World War I196520.0%28.2%

191821.3%196621.0%29.0%

191912.0%196722.5%31.6%

19206.6%196822.8%32.5%

19218.5%196922.1%32.3%

19228.0%12.1%197022.2%33.5%

19237.2%197121.8%33.5%

19247.7%197221.3%33.0%

19257.9%197320.4%32.2%

19267.5%197421.2%32.6%

19278.2%10.6%197521.9%35.8%

19288.3%197621.1%36.2%

19298.1%197720.6%35.2%

193010.2%Onset of Great Depression197820.1%34.6%

193112.1%197919.6%33.9%

193214.0%21.4%198020.4%36.0%

193314.4%198120.2%36.0%

193415.1%21.2%198221.2%38.0%

193513.9%198320.7%38.2%

193614.5%19.5%198420.4%

193713.2%

193815.3%18.3%

193914.9%

194014.2%18.7%

194119.9%World War II

194237.7%28.1%

194346.3%

194446.1%47.7%

194539.0%

194613.1%31.8%

194710.9%

&A

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Civil War Deaths

Total Deaths

Total DeathsBattle DeathsOther DeathsWounds Not Mortal

Civil War (Union)364,511140,414224,097281,881

Civil War (Confederacy)258,000199,515

Spanish American War2,4463852,0611,662

WWI116,51653,40263,114204,002

WW2405,399291,557113,842640,846

Korean Conflict54,24633,62920,617103,284

Vietnam (American)56,88646,49810,388153,000

Vietnam (North Vietnamese)660,000

Vietnames (South Vietnamese)220,357

6-Day War (Israel)1,000

6-Day War (Egypt, Jordan, Syria)18,000

Deaths and Wounds as a Percent of Male Population

PopulationPercent of Male Population Killed or WoundedPercent of Male 15-24 Population Killed or Wounded (17% of population male, 15-24)

Civil War31,443,3217.02%41.30%

Spanish American War50,000,0000.02%0.10%

WWI92,228,4960.70%4.09%

WW2132,164,5691.58%9.31%

Korean Conflict151,325,7980.21%1.22%

Vietnam (U. S.)203,302,0310.21%1.21%

Vietnam (Vietnamese)39,463,9104.46%26.24%

6-Day War (Israel)2,746,8980.07%0.43%

6-Day War (Egypt, Jordan, Syria)38,662,0000.09%0.55%

Annual Death rate per 1000 average strength

Total DeathsBattle DeathsOther Deaths

Civil War104.440.164.3

Spanish American War36.6

WWI35.517.118.4

WW211.38.63

Korean Conflict5.53.42.1

Vietnam0.70.60.1

Probability of Service

Total Personal Serving in WarPercent of Male Population, 15-24 in Armed ServicesPercent of Armed Services Serving AbroadPercent of Male Population, 15-24 Serving Abroad

Civil War2,213,00041.40%

Spanish American War307,0003.61%29%1.05%

WWI4,735,00030.20%53%16.01%

WW216,113,00071.72%73%52.35%

Korean Conflict5,720,00022.23%56%12.45%

Vietnam8,744,00025.30%

Relative Mortality Risk

Immigration Data

Black Income

Table 2: Black Male Wages as a Percent of White Male Wages, 1940-1980

Table 1: Mean Male Income by Race 1940-1980 (1984 dollars)

Census Years

Census YearWhite MenBlack MenRatioPercent of Change Occuring before DateYears of Market Experience19401950196019701980

1980$25,791$18,72373%100%1 to 546.761.860.275.184.2

1970$25,666$16,52764%72%6 to 1047.56159.170.176.6

1960$19,959$11,48358%49%11 to 1544.458.359.466.27.5

1950$14,332$7,91255%41%16 to 2044.456.658.462.871.2

1940$10,459$4,53143%21 to 2542.354.157.662.767.8

26 to 3041.753.256.260.666.9

31 to 3540.250.353.86066.5

36 to 4039.846.955.960.368.5

All43.355.257.564.472.6

Table 3: Extent of Overlap Between Black and White Income Distributions

Percent of Black Men Whose Income Exceeds White Income at the:Percent of White Men Whose Income Exceeds Black Income at the

YearBottom QuarterMedianTop QuarterBottom QuarterMedianTop Quarter

1980562910877045

197045225907857

196038121928166

195036122928266

19403181958470

Note: The way to read the chart is as follows. In 1980, only 10% of black men had an income that exceed the income of a white man whose income was in the top 25% of the income distribution. In 1980, 29% of black men had an income that exceeded the median

Table 4: Men in the Middle Class

WhiteBlacks

YearBelowMiddle ClassAboveBelowMiddle ClassAbove

1980116029206812

19709662524715

196012642439592

195018492348502

194030403076222

Table 5: Percentage Increase in Black Annual Income Compared with Whites at Selected Percentiles

PercentilePercent IncreasePercentilePercent Increase

24.86054.9

48.47057.4

630.78049

836.99046.2

1048.19250.6

2048.29448.1

3050.29651.6

4045.29854.7

5045.5

Table 6: Percentage Growth in Black-White Male Ratios of Weekly Wages

Growth Between

Years of Work Experience50-4060-5070-6080-7080-40

1 to 528.1-2.722.111.558.9

6 to 1025.1-3.217.18.847.8

11 to 1527.11.910.910.450.3

16 to 2024.43.17.312.547.3

21 to 2524.66.38.67.747.2

26 to 3024.25.67.59.947.2

31 to 3522.56.610.810.450.3

36 to 4016.417.57.512.754.2

All24.24.111.31251.6

Table 7: Percentage Growth in Black-White Weekly Wage Ratios by Education

Years of Schooling

Decade0 to 45 to 78 to 111213 to 1516+All

1940-198035.536.530.832.84544.851.6

1940-1950514.416.622.314.410.824.2

1950-196012.95.5-2.2-6.86.910.44.1

1960-19702.88.578.717.619.311.3

1970-198015.18.17.48.66.24.312

Table 8: Black Male Wages as a Percentage of White Males by Labor Market CohortReal Black and White Income in 1880 and 1900

Median Year of Initial Labor Market Work19401950196019701980SouthernSouthernNational

197884.2RuralTotalTotal

197376.6TotalIncomeIncome

196873.5Income

196375.171.2Per Capita1880Black$36.78$38.43$43.06

195860.270.167.8IncomeWhite$62.49$79.44$142.64

195359.166.266.9B/W Ratio0.590.480.3

194861.859.462.866.51900Black$46.37$49.96$56.86

19436058.462.768.5White$91.23$117.87$206.70

193846.758.357.660.6B/W Ratio0.510.420.28

193347.556.656.2601880-1900Black1.17%1.32%1.40%

192844.454.153.860.3Growth RateWhite1.91%1.99%1.87%

192344.453.255.9Per1880Black$65.93$68.90$77.20

191812.350.3WorkerWhite$99.43$126.38$226.95

191341.746.9IncomeB/W Ratio0.660.550.34

190840.21900Black$81.31$87.61$99.72

190339.8White$140.04$180.94$317.31

All43.355.257.564.472.6B/W Ratio0.580.480.31

1880-1900Black1.05%1.21%1.29%


&CBlack Income Statistics

Black Income After CW

Yearly Value of Freedom per Capita (1879 Prices)

Ng and Virts

Ransom and SutchImproved Residual MethodDirect Observation of Wages

Black Income in 1859$27.66$27.66$27.66

Black Income in 1879$35.59$40.24$40.24

Value of Leisure$13.75-$21.00$14.82-$23.44$31.01-$36.78

Value of Freedom$22.05-$29.01$27.40-$36.02$43.59-$49.36

Increase in Income78-105%99-130%158-178%

Real Black and White Income in 1880 and 1900

SouthernSouthernNational

RuralTotalTotal

TotalIncomeIncome

Income

Per Capita1880Black$36.78$38.43$43.06

IncomeWhite$62.49$79.44$142.64

B/W Ratio0.590.480.3

1900Black$46.37$49.96$56.86

White$91.23$117.87$206.70

B/W Ratio0.510.420.28

1880-1900Black1.17%1.32%1.40%


Per1880Black$65.93$68.90$77.20

WorkerWhite$99.43$126.38$226.95

IncomeB/W Ratio0.660.550.34

1900Black$81.31$87.61$99.72

White$140.04$180.94$317.31

B/W Ratio0.580.480.31

1880-1900Black1.05%1.21%1.29%


&CBlack Income after Civil War

MBD00873D52.unknown

MBD013F586E.unknown

MBD019BF328.unknown

MBD02216DDC.unknown

MBD036DF82C.doc

_904622215.unknown

MBD036E0408.doc

_904622353.unknown

MBD036E11FD.doc

_905055658.unknown

MBD036E0C19.unknown

MBD036DFDAD.doc

_904622318.unknown

MBD02C88F1D.doc

_871954473.unknown

MBD036DF2EA.doc

_904622125.unknown

MBD02C84A90.doc

_871954482.unknown

MBD022150FE.unknown

MBD022160DE.unknown

MBD02213F39.unknown

MBD013F5873.unknown

MBD019BF323.unknown

MBD019BF326.unknown

MBD019BF320.unknown

MBD013F5871.unknown

MBD013F5872.unknown

MBD013F586F.unknown

MBD013F5866.unknown

MBD013F586A.unknown

MBD013F586C.unknown

MBD013F586D.unknown

MBD013F586B.unknown

MBD013F5868.unknown

MBD013F5869.unknown

MBD013F5867.unknown

MBD013F5861.unknown

MBD013F5864.unknown

MBD013F5865.unknown

MBD013F5863.unknown

MBD00873D55.unknown

MBD00873D56.unknown

MBD00873D54.unknown

MBD00429508.unknown

MBD00430940.unknown

MBD0045C423.unknown

MBD0045C42C.unknown

MBD0045C430.unknown

MBD0045C429.unknown

MBD004314E5.unknown

MBD0045C41E.unknown

MBD00431150.unknown

MBD0042950E.unknown

MBD00429510.unknown

MBD00430291.unknown

MBD0042950F.unknown

MBD0042950A.unknown

MBD0042950D.unknown

MBD00429509.unknown

MBD002356E6.unknown

MBD0039DA28.unknown

MBD00429502.unknown

MBD00429505.unknown

MBD0039DEE7.unknown

MBD0039CDCF.unknown

MBD0039D607.unknown

MBD003982AC.unknown

MBD002356E4.unknown

MBD002356E5.unknown

MBD002356E3.unknown


Growth 1800 -1860



180064.4YearZ

181061.9-0.418001.9570.8260.7640.9660.644

182067.60.918101.9570.8370.7390.970.619

1830842.218201.9570.790.7660.9870.676

18401001.818301.9570.7070.90.9760.84

1850110.4118401.9570.634111

18601372.218501.9570.54811.0651.13

18601.9570.5321.2151.0651.38




18000.30-1.00-3.90

18101.903.909.20

1820-1.206.6024.30

18302.505.5019.00

18406.506.1013.00

18500.001.1022.10

1800-403.5015.8055.30

1840-606.507.2038.00


&A

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US Growth 1840-1960




1839-494.953.093.181.81.71

1849-591.992.392.07-0.39-0.08

1859-694.952.333.012.561.88

1869-79

Overlapping Decades

178-82-1882-923.732.262.71.441

1883-87-1893-973.12.022.51.050.58

1888-92-1898-19024.041.82.52.21.5

1893-97-1903-075.031.782.63.192.36

1898-1902-1908-123.711.952.671.731.01

1903-07-1913-172.61.871.950.720.63

1908-12-1918-222.61.51.051.081.53

1913-17-1923-273.621.41.142.192.45

1918-22-19293.991.471.352.492.61

1923-27-1933-37-0.350.981.16-1.33-1.49

1929-1939-411.370.741.210.620.15

1933-37-1943-477.020.961.8465.09

1939-41-1948-524.271.391.42.842.83

1943-47-1953-572.471.670.80.781.65

1948-52-1959-613.241.711.191.52.03

Longer Periods

1840-804.032.732.961.261.04

1880-19203.521.882.231.611.26

1920-603.151.311.281.811.84

1840-19603.561.972.151.561.38

Abosolute Values

1959-61509179.969.928297282

1959-61 as a multiple of 184066.710.412.96.45.2

18407.6317.75.424461408


&A

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World Growth



Great Britain

1841-81402.541.191.33

1881-1921401.770.910.86

United Kingdom

1921-1957-59371.880.431.44

Total 1841-1957-591172.070.861.2

France

1841-50-1861-70202.230.391.84

1871-80-1901-103020.221.77

1901-10-1920-2818.51.46-0.131.6

1920-28-1958-60351.550.371.18

Total, 1841-50-1958-60103.51.80.241.55

Germany

1913 Boundaries

1851-55-1871-75201.630.740.89

1871-75-1913403.091.21.87

Interwar Boundaries

1913-1935-37230.570.530.04

Federal Republic

1936-1958-60233.971.42.53

Total, 1913-1958-60462.250.971.28

Total, 1851-55-1958-601062.451.011.43

Sweden

1861-65-1881-85202.880.722.15

1881-85-1921-25402.690.662.01

1921-25-1958-60363.770.593.16

Total, 1861-65-1958-60963.130.642.47

European Russia

1860-1913532.671.31.35

USSR

1913-28150.540.540

1928-58304.40.673.71

Total, 1913-58453.10.632.45

Total, 1860-1958982.870.991.86

Japan

1878-82-1918-22404.141.053.05

1918-22-1958-60393.971.362.57

Total, 1878-82-1958-60794.051.212.81


&A

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productivity



18697.83567.742

187915.75490.262.5

188921.850.285.558.3

189933.961.287.667.8

130351.369.892.175.6

191970.379.391.782.6

1929100100100100

1939104.8117.2111.5115.9

1949159.7138.7130.5136.4

1959233.5179.8134.4169.1


Agriculture


186928.953.976.760.8

187945.264.284.370.7

188957.269.287.675.5

189972.579.892.884.6

130378.881.487.684

191987.385.685.785.6

1929100100100100

1939109.2122.6111.7118.4

1949129.9175.3123.5153.8

1959170354.5141.6250.4


Manufacturing


18697.129.6158.936.4

187910.232.7134.639.7

188918.341.410448.2

189927.547.793.953.9

130343.453.579.857.9

1919615865.759.6

1929100100100100

1939102.5123.9120.8122.8

1949174139.8140.3139.9

1959284.3195.6165.3191.1


&CProductivity Data

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1840100100100100100

1870235228240512324

190044751456623431037

1930724863108565752952

1960106113081165105315994





1840-603.426.573.734.75

1870-19302.244.352.553.75

1940-19901.563.140.343.22



1840-6049%26%10%15%

1870-193043%27%4%27%

1940-199041%14%0%45%


&A

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184018601850195018501950
















TFP Excercise


185019501850195018501950


















1948$1,491,000,000,000146,631,302$10,168.36

1996$6,994,800,000,000265,179,411$26,377.61

Growth Rate3.27%1.24%2.01%


1969$3,393,600,000,000202,676,946$16,743.89

1996$6,994,800,000,000265,179,411$26,377.61

Growth Rate2.72%1.00%1.70%



Year 1Year 2

Output$12,500$19,000

Amount of Land10080


Price of Land$25$50













David


YearZYearZOutput

18001.9570.8260.7640.9660.64418001.9570.8260.7640.9660.644

18101.9570.8370.7390.970.61918401.9570.634111

18201.9570.790.7660.9870.676

18301.9570.7070.90.9760.84

18401.9570.634111

18501.9570.54811.0651.13

18601.9570.5321.2151.0651.38


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Lifespan Handouts


Population




1800na50East Coast1%1.101.281.642.707.32

1840835Middle Atlantic134420.1100645.32%1.221.642.697.2452.48

18601027New England107923.780036.13%1.342.094.3819.22369.36

1900207North Central4%1.482.677.1150.502,550.75

1925105West18100.514801.65%1.633.3911.47131.5017,292.58

193476East17063.1129115.2

South Central


1840652East17013.9142414.3

1860944



1934918



immigration economics 375 professor kenneth ng cobae california state university, northridge

Documents

immigration unrestricted

immigration economics

irish immigration

rates of growth

indices of economic

growth of real product

apage pus growth

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