Immigrants and Immigrants and MigrantsMigrants

““We are American history.”We are American history.”A Slight Paraphrasing of Oscar HandlinA Slight Paraphrasing of Oscar Handlin

A Presentation by John J. Grabowski, Ph.D.A Presentation by John J. Grabowski, Ph.D.

Case Western Reserve University, Western Reserve Historical SocietyCase Western Reserve University, Western Reserve Historical Society

TAH Workshop, Akron, OH November 2009TAH Workshop, Akron, OH November 2009

What, Who are We Talking About?What, Who are We Talking About?

Immigrants and ImmigrationImmigrants and Immigration Migrants and MigrationMigrants and Migration Emigrants and EmigrationEmigrants and Emigration

Ravenstein’s Laws – Why Do Ravenstein’s Laws – Why Do People Move?People Move?

Push FactorsPush Factors Usually NegativeUsually Negative

Pull FactorsPull Factors Often PositiveOften Positive

Work = Money = Individual Work = Money = Individual FreedomFreedom

Looking to the LandLooking to the Land

Looking to the Land -- SugarcreekLooking to the Land -- Sugarcreek

WorkWork

Work & WarWork & War

More Work!More Work!

Ravenstein Continued – How Do Ravenstein Continued – How Do People Move?People Move?

Technologies of Knowing When and Technologies of Knowing When and Where to MoveWhere to Move

Technologies of MovingTechnologies of Moving

Technologies of Cultural RetentionTechnologies of Cultural Retention

Transportation Technology Slide 1 Transportation Technology Slide 1

Who Are the “typical” Migrants and Who Are the “typical” Migrants and Immigrants?Immigrants?

What are the typical ages?What are the typical ages? What are the typical genders?What are the typical genders? What are the typical social levels?What are the typical social levels? Single or Married???Single or Married??? What are the typical occupations?What are the typical occupations?

The Nation of Immigrants– The Nation of Immigrants– A Quick Overview of A Quick Overview of

Immigration Periods in Immigration Periods in American HistoryAmerican History

Colonial Migration– ca. 1607-1790Colonial Migration– ca. 1607-1790

EnglandEngland Ireland – Scots IrishIreland – Scots Irish ScotlandScotland WalesWales German states and principalitiesGerman states and principalities France and HaitiFrance and Haiti ScotlandScotland SwedenSweden NetherlandsNetherlands AfricaAfrica

The “Old” Immigration, ca. 1820-The “Old” Immigration, ca. 1820-18801880

IrelandIreland England, WalesEngland, Wales The German States and PrincipalitiesThe German States and Principalities ScandinaviaScandinavia ChinaChina From within the United StatesFrom within the United States

East Liverpool – The Invisible East Liverpool – The Invisible ImmigrantsImmigrants

The “New” Immigration, ca. 1880-The “New” Immigration, ca. 1880-19211921

Southern Europe – Italy, Greece, etc.Southern Europe – Italy, Greece, etc.

Central Europe – Austria HungaryCentral Europe – Austria Hungary

Eastern Europe – RussiaEastern Europe – Russia

Asia – China (to 1882), Japan, Korea, Asia – China (to 1882), Japan, Korea, Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Italy or Sicily?Italy or Sicily?

From Eastern and Central EuropeFrom Eastern and Central Europe

The Era of Restriction – 1921-1965The Era of Restriction – 1921-1965

Internal US – American South, Puerto Internal US – American South, Puerto RicoRico

Europe – Post WWII “Displaced Europe – Post WWII “Displaced Persons”Persons”

MexicoMexico Refugees from Communism – Cuba, Refugees from Communism – Cuba,

HungaryHungary Middle EastMiddle East

The “New” New Immigration – 1965 The “New” New Immigration – 1965 to the presentto the present

Initially from EuropeInitially from Europe Then predominantly from:Then predominantly from:

AsiaAsia Mexico, South AmericaMexico, South America The Middle EastThe Middle East

Who Do We Find in the Asia Who Do We Find in the Asia Plaza?Plaza?

Immigration Policy – Dates to Immigration Policy – Dates to RememberRemember

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act1882 Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Federal Control of Immigration1882 Federal Control of Immigration 1891 Polygamists, Loathsome or 1891 Polygamists, Loathsome or

dangerous dangerous contagious diseasescontagious diseases 1892 Ellis Island1892 Ellis Island 1903 Anarchists, Saboteurs, Epileptics, 1903 Anarchists, Saboteurs, Epileptics,

and and Professional BeggarsProfessional Beggars 1906 Immigration and Naturalization 1906 Immigration and Naturalization

ServiceService 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement 1917 Literacy Act and the Pacific Barred 1917 Literacy Act and the Pacific Barred

ZoneZone

Immigration Policy – Dates to Immigration Policy – Dates to Remember, Part 2Remember, Part 2

1921 Emergency Quota Act1921 Emergency Quota Act 1924 Quota Act (National Origins)1924 Quota Act (National Origins) 1947, 1952 Refugee, Displaced Person 1947, 1952 Refugee, Displaced Person

laws.laws. 1952 Walter-McCarren Act1952 Walter-McCarren Act 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of

1965.1965. 1986 Immigration and Control Act1986 Immigration and Control Act 1990 Immigration Act – Diversity Lottery1990 Immigration Act – Diversity Lottery

CitizenshipCitizenship

NaturalizationNaturalization Federal and State DifferencesFederal and State Differences Federal Standards for ResidencyFederal Standards for Residency

1790 – two years1790 – two years 1795– five years (Federalists)1795– five years (Federalists) 1798– fourteen years1798– fourteen years 1801 – five years1801 – five years

Citizenship– The Right to “be” Citizenship– The Right to “be” American (slide 1)American (slide 1)

1790 – Free White Males1790 – Free White Males 1857– Dred Scott Decision1857– Dred Scott Decision 1866 – Civil Rights Act – All born in US, except 1866 – Civil Rights Act – All born in US, except

Indians, can become citizens Indians, can become citizens 1870 – African Descent1870 – African Descent 1887 – Dawes Act – Acculturated Indians1887 – Dawes Act – Acculturated Indians 1906 – Aliens, Ineligible to Become Citizens1906 – Aliens, Ineligible to Become Citizens 1907 – Women who marry Ineligible Aliens forfeit 1907 – Women who marry Ineligible Aliens forfeit

their citizenshiptheir citizenship 1922 -- Cable Act – Independent Citizenship for 1922 -- Cable Act – Independent Citizenship for

married women.married women. 1924 – All Native Americans are Citizens1924 – All Native Americans are Citizens

Citizenship– The Right to “be” Citizenship– The Right to “be” American (slide 2)American (slide 2)

1943 – Chinese can enter and also 1943 – Chinese can enter and also can become citizenscan become citizens

1946– East Indians and Filipinos can 1946– East Indians and Filipinos can become citizensbecome citizens

1952—All are eligible for citizenship1952—All are eligible for citizenship

What Happens to What Happens to Immigrants and Immigrants and

Migrants?Migrants?

Do They Become American?Do They Become American?

Or, Does America Change Or, Does America Change Because of Them?Because of Them?

WordsWords

AmericanizationAmericanization AssimilationAssimilation AcculturationAcculturation Anglo-ConformityAnglo-Conformity The Melting PotThe Melting Pot Cultural Pluralism/salad bowl, Cultural Pluralism/salad bowl,

mosaic, etc.mosaic, etc.

AcculturationAcculturation

AcculturationAcculturation

St. Charles, Missouri – Sprechen St. Charles, Missouri – Sprechen sie Deutsch?sie Deutsch?

Religion as Culture and CommunityReligion as Culture and Community

A Center for BeliefA Center for Belief A Center for A Center for

OrganizationOrganization A Center for A Center for

EducationEducation Assurance of Assurance of

ContinuityContinuity

German-Italian Cultural RetentionGerman-Italian Cultural Retention

Choice or Ghetto?Choice or Ghetto?

Ghetto or Choice?Ghetto or Choice?

Non-coercive AmericanizationNon-coercive Americanization

Non-Coercive Americanization for Non-Coercive Americanization for the Football Fans in the Audiencethe Football Fans in the Audience

Assimilation – Truth, Justice and the Assimilation – Truth, Justice and the American Way Courtesy of Mr. Siegel and American Way Courtesy of Mr. Siegel and

Mr. SchusterMr. Schuster

Time Out! For MythsTime Out! For Myths Everyone came for freedom – wrongEveryone came for freedom – wrong Everyone came to stay – wrongEveryone came to stay – wrong The Statue of Liberty is all about The Statue of Liberty is all about

immigration – wrongimmigration – wrong We are a nation of immigrants – We are a nation of immigrants –

technically wrongtechnically wrong We were and are “the” destination –We were and are “the” destination –

Well, what about Turks in GermanyWell, what about Turks in Germany Who settled Chile?Who settled Chile? Where did Ghandi first practice law?Where did Ghandi first practice law? Suggested reading – Suggested reading – Cultures in ContactCultures in Contact by by

HoerderHoerder

Getting Your Students to Getting Your Students to See Immigration and See Immigration and

MigrationMigration

A Short Tour and Some Other A Short Tour and Some Other IdeasIdeas

Seeing and Reading Seeing and Reading CommunitiesCommunities

Language and Architecture as Language and Architecture as Cultural LandmarksCultural Landmarks

Getting Students Hungry Getting Students Hungry for Immigrationfor Immigration

Understanding By EatingUnderstanding By Eating

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

Is this American Food???Is this American Food???

Perhaps the Beginning of Pasta Perhaps the Beginning of Pasta ManiaMania

Mexican or Tex Mex?Mexican or Tex Mex?

A Final Student LessonA Final Student Lesson

We are (as Americans) what We are (as Americans) what we speak.we speak.

Seeing Migration in WordsSeeing Migration in Words OKOK WienerWiener SpielSpiel ChutzpahChutzpah BungalowBungalow FajitaFajita LagerLager KosherKosher Polish BoyPolish Boy

MariettaMarietta RavennaRavenna ToledoToledo ParmaParma ColumbusColumbus East LiverpoolEast Liverpool CuyahogaCuyahoga

Your Name is??Your Name is??

SinghSingh FloresFlores WeinsteinWeinstein StefanikStefanik MohammedMohammed BrownBrown VeronesiVeronesi CovalevskiCovalevski

CartwrightCartwright O’MalleyO’Malley HuffmanHuffman ZieglerZiegler BeaumontBeaumont ThunderwaterThunderwater BohincBohinc MartinezMartinez

Say It In American – Should we Say It In American – Should we Celebrate or Lament?Celebrate or Lament?

John ConnorJohn Connor: No, no, no, no. You gotta listen to the way : No, no, no, no. You gotta listen to the way people talk. You don't say "affirmative," or some shit like people talk. You don't say "affirmative," or some shit like that. You say "no problemo." And if someone comes on to that. You say "no problemo." And if someone comes on to you with an attitude you say "eat me." And if you want to you with an attitude you say "eat me." And if you want to shine them on it's "hasta la vista, baby.“shine them on it's "hasta la vista, baby.“

The TerminatorThe Terminator: Hasta la vista, baby.: Hasta la vista, baby.

John ConnorJohn Connor: Yeah but later, dickwad. And if someone gets : Yeah but later, dickwad. And if someone gets upset you say, "chill out"! Or you can do combinations.upset you say, "chill out"! Or you can do combinations.

The TerminatorThe Terminator: Chill out, dickwad.: Chill out, dickwad.

John ConnorJohn Connor: Great! See, you're getting it!: Great! See, you're getting it!

The TerminatorThe Terminator: No problemo.: No problemo.

The Heritage Factor – Talk to The Heritage Factor – Talk to GrandmaGrandma