IYDK-

ProvidingTchniclServices to te

eingDevelopd

iMlEaaEnPEmmmMMemkSMLMrMhnbL ALL(m gimiimM IL -AUNK

m u ImmEmr INAMV VWEEmm vomw A w~u --

International Ferilizer Development Center

Mission-Fertilizer Technology Development and Transfer The International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) a public international nonprofit orshyganization concentrates on increasing food production in the tropics and subtropics through the development and use of improved fertilizers and fertilization prvctices

FDC can provide developing countries the expertise needed to advance their fertilizer sectors toward the self-sufficiency evel This expertise may involve technical assistance special studies or training iFDCs staff members not only design development plans for fertilizer sectors but also assist in the successful implementation of them

The Centers activities can be divided into three broad categories Collecting and disseminating information on agrominerals Conducting research and development on all phases of fertilizer production marketing and

use Providing training advisory services and technical assistance in the planning organizaition

and implementation of fertilizer production marketing and use practices

Experience II 2DCs staff specialize in technical asshy

sistance to programs projects and institushytions in the developing countries Since 1975 our staff members have logged more than 1000 staff years of experience in fertilizer-related work in more than 60 counshytries of Africa Asia and Latin America

Our work has ranged from sector studies and long-term planning to the design imshyplementation and management of field projects in fertilizer production developshyment and use oi indigenous agromineralagronomic efficiency policy developm

marketing and related areas

bull 1 4 A2T

--V

Unique Multinational Multidisciplinary Staff JFDC is unique in that it can draw upon a multidisciplinary multilingual staff of professionals from morethan 20 countries to provide an unbiased opinion regarding most facets of fertilizer sector developmentOur staff includes agronomists chemists chemical engineers economists geologists social scientists soilscientists and specialists in market research and development communications and training Theseprofessionals have participated in projects in collaboration with nationalinternational food and agriculturalorganizations financial institutions agricultural research stations manufacturers and associations and research and development agencies

Expertise IFDC emphasizes practical solutions to the problems encountered in the various facets of the fershytilizer sector Our services can be separated into three broad categories marketing productionand use of fertilizers Specific types of services include Market Development Studies Pilot-Plant Processing Feasibility Studies Project Management and Supervision Investment Analyses Basic Process Design Packages Production Cost Analyses deg Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization Distribution Transportation Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies

and Handling Studies e Agroeconomic Studies bull Policy Development and Evaluation deg Research amp Development of Products amp Processes Mineral Resource Evaluations v Taining Bench-Scale Laboratory Processing

The development of projects requires a broad range of knowledge and analytical capability Most clients know what results they want to achieve but they often need assistance in de- Z- veloping the information for decision making L or for implementing the idea At IFDC we have the capability to help our clients with shy

project formulation analysis implementa-

tion and management We have developed approaches and methodologies that are highshyly successful while tailoring our specific services to the needs of the developing counshytries IFDC represents the developingshycountry clients to the best of its ability

Research amp Development Capabilities IFDCs modern labcratories pilot plants and greenhouses are used to perform and evaluate numerous operations and processesBy using these facilities we obtain data to add credibility to feasibility studies and economic analyses For more information regardshying IFDCs facilities please consult the IFDC Story General Publication IFDC-G-5

Market Development Studies Successful fertilizer marketing means that the right product is available on a timely basis at the right place and at the right price Thus fertilizer mar-keting involves a series of interrelated steps from the point of production to the farmer T be efficient a marketing system must be designed to operatewithin the constraints of a given countrys policies including its uaique po-litical social agricultural economic and environmental issues We are find-ing that as production increases the problem changes from lack of supply to lack of an effective system for marketing this inceased production As

Feasibility Studies IFDC staff can assist developingshycountry clients in determining the technical and economic feasibility of building a new production facility or expanding an existing one In con-ducting this type of study our staff will usuaily evaluate projected local regional and world market demands and prices product mix plant capashybilities and sites process technoloshygies feedstock alternatives investment and production costs profitability analyses project fund-ing and management alternatives and a host of site-specific factors that may be uniqLe to a particular study

Investment Analyses The capital investment requirement for most fertilizer sector supply and distribution projects is often quite large The long-term economic feasi-bility of such projects depends largely on the level of capital invest-ment and financing options At IFDC we can help decisionmakers by performing an investment analy-sis as part of an overall feasibility study or as a separate study

-

-

V

+

Production Cost Analyses

consumption increases the opportushynities to reduce the cost of fertilizermarketing and to increase the effishyciency in serving farmers gain imshyportance in a countrys national economy

Our organization is unique in that we can draw upon an inhouse mulshytidisciplinary staff to assist a counshytry company or organization with a

particular marketing problem In addition we also have personnel with many years of practical exshyperience many of our staff memshybers were involved in fertilizer marketing with commercial compashynies prior to joining IFDC

We assist developing countries in improving the efficiency of fertilizer use and we welcome the opportunishyty to assist national planners andor marketing organizations in developshying cost-effective fertilizer marketing systems

Our staff can conduct a comparative analysis of the production costs inshycurred by a client with respect to other competitors in the marketplace This analysis can be done either as a separate study or as part of an overall marshyket and supply study Included in this analysis are the shipping and hanshydling costs to the markets under consideration We can also provide data on raw material supply and other production cost components

Distribution Transportationand Handling Systems

IFDCs staff study all aspects of systems for physical distribution of fertilizers from the point of production or import down to the dealer and retailer level This in-volves management and operation of systems for pack-aging transportation handling and warehousing Alternatives are considered including movement in bulk andor bags movement by road rail and water manual or mechanical handling and use of unitized handling systems such as pallets slings and intermedishyate bulk containers

Policy Development and Evaluation

Our specialists can help government agencies that are responsible for fertilizer policy development in determin-ing the issues to be addressed and the most effective ways for reaching national regional and local objec-tives Our work seeks to strengthen organizations in their implementation of fertilizer policy taking into con-sideration their capabilities needs and the environment in which they operate

Agromineral Resource Evaluations Our staff can perform agromineral resource evaluations on a regional country or individual deposit basis Such studies may involve (1) the quantification of resources

(2) determinations of ore characteristics (3) beneficiation studies (4) the assessment of the ores potential for uses such as direct-application materials or as raw materials for chemically processed fertilizers and (5) the economic feasibiliiy of mining and producshying deposits These studies may serve as planning guides for investors international research organizashytions donors and national programs

Bench-Scale Laboratory Processing IFDC Headquarters facilities house several wellshyequipped laboratories that allow systematic and thorough evaluations of indigenous raw materials for fertilizer production After the initial physical-chemical characterization and analyses are performed the raw materials are taken through sequential processing steps to produce the final product with desired physical properties Both conventional and nonconventional processes can be simulated in batch and continuously operating equipment to define operating parametersIFDC capabilities include (1)coating of fertilizer gTanshytiles to control nutrient release (2) upgrading of fertilizshyer raw materials (beneficiation) (3) acidulation of phosphate ores in wet-process phosphoric acid and nitric phosphates (4) conversion of phosphate ore and intermediates to granular single or multinutrient products (5) physical-chemical analyses of raw materials and products and (6) preparation of other specialized fertilizers and agrominerals

Pilot-Plant Processing Although much about the chemistry of a production process can be determined from laboratory- and benchshyscale studies some engineering aspects can only be deshytermined in larger-scale (pilot plant-scale) production where industrial equipment is used IFDCs pilot plant facility includes units for beneficiation of phosphate ores using several techniques production of wet-process phosphoric acid by the dihydrate or hemihydrate routes production of nitrophosphates bulk blending and three different plants for chemical or steam granulation at different production rates These pilot plants have proven indispensable to IFDC in researching and deshyveloping new products and processes optimizing processes evaluating new phosphate rock deposits carshyrying out process and equipment problem solving and transferring technology (training of plant operators sushypervisors and engineers)

Project Management and Supervision In full-scale projects our involvement begins with asshysisting a client in the preparation of bid invitations evaluations of proposals drafting of contracts and contract negotiations During the detailed engineering and construction phases we may continue to assistthe client in many activities including inspection of equipment during fabrication supervision of the con-tractors work developing plant operations and

management skils performance testing and poststartup process and product optimization o

Basic Process Design Packages

IFDCs basic process design packages provide the foundation for the detailed engineering equipment procurement and construction phases of most fertiliz-er plant projects IFDCs laboratories and pilot plants are used to provide the essential process information needed for the preparation of the basic process design package This package containing the required material balances piping and instrumentation diashygrams and equipment data sheets is then normally used by the client to secure proposals from local or international engineering and construction firms for the full implementation of the project

Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization This activity involves the evaluation of production fashycilities with the objective of manufacturing different product grades andor improving plant capacity anO therefore profitability Such evaluations usually result in relatively minor changes in the plant facilities to bring about substantial increases in production and cost savings Most work is related to phosphate processing and compound fertilizer granulation

Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies These studies are designed to examine the ambient and workplace environment in a broad range of fershytilizer production facilities In addition to identifying and measuring process losses and estimating the asshysociated impact on production cost these studies may also include plant safety audits evaluation of emergency procedures assessment of hazards and recommendations for implementing corrective measshyures Capabilities are also being developed to measure

and control the impact of the use of fertilizers and agrominerals on the environment

Agro-Economic Studies Our staff coduct research related to development

selection and management of fertilizer for efficient crop production in tropical and subtropical soils Soil chemists fertility experts agronomists and cropphysiao gists focus on the mechanisms of fertilizshyersoilicrop interactions influencing crop response to applied nutrients in laboratory greenhouse and field

envirerments Working jointly with economists soshyciologists biometricians and engineers our agronomists provide technical assistance with problems in developing countries ranging from idenshytification of nutrient loss mechanisms and modificashytion of fertilizers or management strategies to overcome these losses to the evaluation of costbenefit relationships farm-level constraints and data decision support systems

Research and Development of ProductsProcesses IFDC is uniquely qualified to offer a wide range of research and development services and can conduct numer)us operations and evaluate many processes using a wi range of specialized and sophisticated equipment ()t staff can develop technology appropriate to the conshystraints of the situation for the mall and large enshytrepreneur They can use a variety of modern instruments such as X-ray diffraction X-ray fluoresshycence scanning electron microscope liquid and gas chroshyimatographs infrared spectrometers uitraviolet visible spectrophotometer differential scanning calorimeter ion chromatograph image analysis and differential thermal analyzer and thermogravimctric analyzer

N

Training An increasing number of specialists must be added to the work force of the fertilizer sector each year if deshyveloping countries are to meet their food production goals IFDCs group training programs are tailored to meet the needs of organizations governments or sponsoring agencies interested in fertilizer sector deshyvelopment These programs cover all facets of fertilizshyer production marketing and use Specialized training is also provided for individuals at the request of their government institute or company All proshygrams draw on the expertise of IFDCs multidisciplishynary team of training specialists to provide stimulating and innovative sessiors This training may occur informally on the job or it may occur in a larger more formal group setting

Product Coverage

Raw Materials Phosphate rock

Sulfur and pyrites

Intermediate Materials Ammonia

Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate Fertilizers Single superphosphate THple superphosphate

Monoammonlum phosphateampdlarnonlum phosphate

Grord phosphate rock Partially acidulated phosphate rock

Sulfur-fortified superphosphates

Nitrogen Fertilizers Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate

Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bicarbonate

Potash Fertilizers Murlate of potash Sulfate of potash F)tasslum nitrate

Multinutrient Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate-based NP and NPKs

Urea-based NP and NPKs Nitrophosphates

Miscellaneous Sulfur-coated fertilizera

Rubber-coated fertilizera Urease Inhibitors

Supergranular urea Slow-release fertilizers

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Mission-Fertilizer Technology Development and Transfer The International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) a public international nonprofit orshyganization concentrates on increasing food production in the tropics and subtropics through the development and use of improved fertilizers and fertilization prvctices

FDC can provide developing countries the expertise needed to advance their fertilizer sectors toward the self-sufficiency evel This expertise may involve technical assistance special studies or training iFDCs staff members not only design development plans for fertilizer sectors but also assist in the successful implementation of them

The Centers activities can be divided into three broad categories Collecting and disseminating information on agrominerals Conducting research and development on all phases of fertilizer production marketing and

use Providing training advisory services and technical assistance in the planning organizaition

and implementation of fertilizer production marketing and use practices

Experience II 2DCs staff specialize in technical asshy

sistance to programs projects and institushytions in the developing countries Since 1975 our staff members have logged more than 1000 staff years of experience in fertilizer-related work in more than 60 counshytries of Africa Asia and Latin America

Our work has ranged from sector studies and long-term planning to the design imshyplementation and management of field projects in fertilizer production developshyment and use oi indigenous agromineralagronomic efficiency policy developm

marketing and related areas

bull 1 4 A2T

--V

Unique Multinational Multidisciplinary Staff JFDC is unique in that it can draw upon a multidisciplinary multilingual staff of professionals from morethan 20 countries to provide an unbiased opinion regarding most facets of fertilizer sector developmentOur staff includes agronomists chemists chemical engineers economists geologists social scientists soilscientists and specialists in market research and development communications and training Theseprofessionals have participated in projects in collaboration with nationalinternational food and agriculturalorganizations financial institutions agricultural research stations manufacturers and associations and research and development agencies

Expertise IFDC emphasizes practical solutions to the problems encountered in the various facets of the fershytilizer sector Our services can be separated into three broad categories marketing productionand use of fertilizers Specific types of services include Market Development Studies Pilot-Plant Processing Feasibility Studies Project Management and Supervision Investment Analyses Basic Process Design Packages Production Cost Analyses deg Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization Distribution Transportation Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies

and Handling Studies e Agroeconomic Studies bull Policy Development and Evaluation deg Research amp Development of Products amp Processes Mineral Resource Evaluations v Taining Bench-Scale Laboratory Processing

The development of projects requires a broad range of knowledge and analytical capability Most clients know what results they want to achieve but they often need assistance in de- Z- veloping the information for decision making L or for implementing the idea At IFDC we have the capability to help our clients with shy

project formulation analysis implementa-

tion and management We have developed approaches and methodologies that are highshyly successful while tailoring our specific services to the needs of the developing counshytries IFDC represents the developingshycountry clients to the best of its ability

Research amp Development Capabilities IFDCs modern labcratories pilot plants and greenhouses are used to perform and evaluate numerous operations and processesBy using these facilities we obtain data to add credibility to feasibility studies and economic analyses For more information regardshying IFDCs facilities please consult the IFDC Story General Publication IFDC-G-5

Market Development Studies Successful fertilizer marketing means that the right product is available on a timely basis at the right place and at the right price Thus fertilizer mar-keting involves a series of interrelated steps from the point of production to the farmer T be efficient a marketing system must be designed to operatewithin the constraints of a given countrys policies including its uaique po-litical social agricultural economic and environmental issues We are find-ing that as production increases the problem changes from lack of supply to lack of an effective system for marketing this inceased production As

Feasibility Studies IFDC staff can assist developingshycountry clients in determining the technical and economic feasibility of building a new production facility or expanding an existing one In con-ducting this type of study our staff will usuaily evaluate projected local regional and world market demands and prices product mix plant capashybilities and sites process technoloshygies feedstock alternatives investment and production costs profitability analyses project fund-ing and management alternatives and a host of site-specific factors that may be uniqLe to a particular study

Investment Analyses The capital investment requirement for most fertilizer sector supply and distribution projects is often quite large The long-term economic feasi-bility of such projects depends largely on the level of capital invest-ment and financing options At IFDC we can help decisionmakers by performing an investment analy-sis as part of an overall feasibility study or as a separate study

-

-

V

+

Production Cost Analyses

consumption increases the opportushynities to reduce the cost of fertilizermarketing and to increase the effishyciency in serving farmers gain imshyportance in a countrys national economy

Our organization is unique in that we can draw upon an inhouse mulshytidisciplinary staff to assist a counshytry company or organization with a

particular marketing problem In addition we also have personnel with many years of practical exshyperience many of our staff memshybers were involved in fertilizer marketing with commercial compashynies prior to joining IFDC

We assist developing countries in improving the efficiency of fertilizer use and we welcome the opportunishyty to assist national planners andor marketing organizations in developshying cost-effective fertilizer marketing systems

Our staff can conduct a comparative analysis of the production costs inshycurred by a client with respect to other competitors in the marketplace This analysis can be done either as a separate study or as part of an overall marshyket and supply study Included in this analysis are the shipping and hanshydling costs to the markets under consideration We can also provide data on raw material supply and other production cost components

Distribution Transportationand Handling Systems

IFDCs staff study all aspects of systems for physical distribution of fertilizers from the point of production or import down to the dealer and retailer level This in-volves management and operation of systems for pack-aging transportation handling and warehousing Alternatives are considered including movement in bulk andor bags movement by road rail and water manual or mechanical handling and use of unitized handling systems such as pallets slings and intermedishyate bulk containers

Policy Development and Evaluation

Our specialists can help government agencies that are responsible for fertilizer policy development in determin-ing the issues to be addressed and the most effective ways for reaching national regional and local objec-tives Our work seeks to strengthen organizations in their implementation of fertilizer policy taking into con-sideration their capabilities needs and the environment in which they operate

Agromineral Resource Evaluations Our staff can perform agromineral resource evaluations on a regional country or individual deposit basis Such studies may involve (1) the quantification of resources

(2) determinations of ore characteristics (3) beneficiation studies (4) the assessment of the ores potential for uses such as direct-application materials or as raw materials for chemically processed fertilizers and (5) the economic feasibiliiy of mining and producshying deposits These studies may serve as planning guides for investors international research organizashytions donors and national programs

Bench-Scale Laboratory Processing IFDC Headquarters facilities house several wellshyequipped laboratories that allow systematic and thorough evaluations of indigenous raw materials for fertilizer production After the initial physical-chemical characterization and analyses are performed the raw materials are taken through sequential processing steps to produce the final product with desired physical properties Both conventional and nonconventional processes can be simulated in batch and continuously operating equipment to define operating parametersIFDC capabilities include (1)coating of fertilizer gTanshytiles to control nutrient release (2) upgrading of fertilizshyer raw materials (beneficiation) (3) acidulation of phosphate ores in wet-process phosphoric acid and nitric phosphates (4) conversion of phosphate ore and intermediates to granular single or multinutrient products (5) physical-chemical analyses of raw materials and products and (6) preparation of other specialized fertilizers and agrominerals

Pilot-Plant Processing Although much about the chemistry of a production process can be determined from laboratory- and benchshyscale studies some engineering aspects can only be deshytermined in larger-scale (pilot plant-scale) production where industrial equipment is used IFDCs pilot plant facility includes units for beneficiation of phosphate ores using several techniques production of wet-process phosphoric acid by the dihydrate or hemihydrate routes production of nitrophosphates bulk blending and three different plants for chemical or steam granulation at different production rates These pilot plants have proven indispensable to IFDC in researching and deshyveloping new products and processes optimizing processes evaluating new phosphate rock deposits carshyrying out process and equipment problem solving and transferring technology (training of plant operators sushypervisors and engineers)

Project Management and Supervision In full-scale projects our involvement begins with asshysisting a client in the preparation of bid invitations evaluations of proposals drafting of contracts and contract negotiations During the detailed engineering and construction phases we may continue to assistthe client in many activities including inspection of equipment during fabrication supervision of the con-tractors work developing plant operations and

management skils performance testing and poststartup process and product optimization o

Basic Process Design Packages

IFDCs basic process design packages provide the foundation for the detailed engineering equipment procurement and construction phases of most fertiliz-er plant projects IFDCs laboratories and pilot plants are used to provide the essential process information needed for the preparation of the basic process design package This package containing the required material balances piping and instrumentation diashygrams and equipment data sheets is then normally used by the client to secure proposals from local or international engineering and construction firms for the full implementation of the project

Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization This activity involves the evaluation of production fashycilities with the objective of manufacturing different product grades andor improving plant capacity anO therefore profitability Such evaluations usually result in relatively minor changes in the plant facilities to bring about substantial increases in production and cost savings Most work is related to phosphate processing and compound fertilizer granulation

Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies These studies are designed to examine the ambient and workplace environment in a broad range of fershytilizer production facilities In addition to identifying and measuring process losses and estimating the asshysociated impact on production cost these studies may also include plant safety audits evaluation of emergency procedures assessment of hazards and recommendations for implementing corrective measshyures Capabilities are also being developed to measure

and control the impact of the use of fertilizers and agrominerals on the environment

Agro-Economic Studies Our staff coduct research related to development

selection and management of fertilizer for efficient crop production in tropical and subtropical soils Soil chemists fertility experts agronomists and cropphysiao gists focus on the mechanisms of fertilizshyersoilicrop interactions influencing crop response to applied nutrients in laboratory greenhouse and field

envirerments Working jointly with economists soshyciologists biometricians and engineers our agronomists provide technical assistance with problems in developing countries ranging from idenshytification of nutrient loss mechanisms and modificashytion of fertilizers or management strategies to overcome these losses to the evaluation of costbenefit relationships farm-level constraints and data decision support systems

Research and Development of ProductsProcesses IFDC is uniquely qualified to offer a wide range of research and development services and can conduct numer)us operations and evaluate many processes using a wi range of specialized and sophisticated equipment ()t staff can develop technology appropriate to the conshystraints of the situation for the mall and large enshytrepreneur They can use a variety of modern instruments such as X-ray diffraction X-ray fluoresshycence scanning electron microscope liquid and gas chroshyimatographs infrared spectrometers uitraviolet visible spectrophotometer differential scanning calorimeter ion chromatograph image analysis and differential thermal analyzer and thermogravimctric analyzer

N

Training An increasing number of specialists must be added to the work force of the fertilizer sector each year if deshyveloping countries are to meet their food production goals IFDCs group training programs are tailored to meet the needs of organizations governments or sponsoring agencies interested in fertilizer sector deshyvelopment These programs cover all facets of fertilizshyer production marketing and use Specialized training is also provided for individuals at the request of their government institute or company All proshygrams draw on the expertise of IFDCs multidisciplishynary team of training specialists to provide stimulating and innovative sessiors This training may occur informally on the job or it may occur in a larger more formal group setting

Product Coverage

Raw Materials Phosphate rock

Sulfur and pyrites

Intermediate Materials Ammonia

Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate Fertilizers Single superphosphate THple superphosphate

Monoammonlum phosphateampdlarnonlum phosphate

Grord phosphate rock Partially acidulated phosphate rock

Sulfur-fortified superphosphates

Nitrogen Fertilizers Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate

Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bicarbonate

Potash Fertilizers Murlate of potash Sulfate of potash F)tasslum nitrate

Multinutrient Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate-based NP and NPKs

Urea-based NP and NPKs Nitrophosphates

Miscellaneous Sulfur-coated fertilizera

Rubber-coated fertilizera Urease Inhibitors

Supergranular urea Slow-release fertilizers

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Unique Multinational Multidisciplinary Staff JFDC is unique in that it can draw upon a multidisciplinary multilingual staff of professionals from morethan 20 countries to provide an unbiased opinion regarding most facets of fertilizer sector developmentOur staff includes agronomists chemists chemical engineers economists geologists social scientists soilscientists and specialists in market research and development communications and training Theseprofessionals have participated in projects in collaboration with nationalinternational food and agriculturalorganizations financial institutions agricultural research stations manufacturers and associations and research and development agencies

Expertise IFDC emphasizes practical solutions to the problems encountered in the various facets of the fershytilizer sector Our services can be separated into three broad categories marketing productionand use of fertilizers Specific types of services include Market Development Studies Pilot-Plant Processing Feasibility Studies Project Management and Supervision Investment Analyses Basic Process Design Packages Production Cost Analyses deg Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization Distribution Transportation Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies

and Handling Studies e Agroeconomic Studies bull Policy Development and Evaluation deg Research amp Development of Products amp Processes Mineral Resource Evaluations v Taining Bench-Scale Laboratory Processing

The development of projects requires a broad range of knowledge and analytical capability Most clients know what results they want to achieve but they often need assistance in de- Z- veloping the information for decision making L or for implementing the idea At IFDC we have the capability to help our clients with shy

project formulation analysis implementa-

tion and management We have developed approaches and methodologies that are highshyly successful while tailoring our specific services to the needs of the developing counshytries IFDC represents the developingshycountry clients to the best of its ability

Research amp Development Capabilities IFDCs modern labcratories pilot plants and greenhouses are used to perform and evaluate numerous operations and processesBy using these facilities we obtain data to add credibility to feasibility studies and economic analyses For more information regardshying IFDCs facilities please consult the IFDC Story General Publication IFDC-G-5

Market Development Studies Successful fertilizer marketing means that the right product is available on a timely basis at the right place and at the right price Thus fertilizer mar-keting involves a series of interrelated steps from the point of production to the farmer T be efficient a marketing system must be designed to operatewithin the constraints of a given countrys policies including its uaique po-litical social agricultural economic and environmental issues We are find-ing that as production increases the problem changes from lack of supply to lack of an effective system for marketing this inceased production As

Feasibility Studies IFDC staff can assist developingshycountry clients in determining the technical and economic feasibility of building a new production facility or expanding an existing one In con-ducting this type of study our staff will usuaily evaluate projected local regional and world market demands and prices product mix plant capashybilities and sites process technoloshygies feedstock alternatives investment and production costs profitability analyses project fund-ing and management alternatives and a host of site-specific factors that may be uniqLe to a particular study

Investment Analyses The capital investment requirement for most fertilizer sector supply and distribution projects is often quite large The long-term economic feasi-bility of such projects depends largely on the level of capital invest-ment and financing options At IFDC we can help decisionmakers by performing an investment analy-sis as part of an overall feasibility study or as a separate study

-

-

V

+

Production Cost Analyses

consumption increases the opportushynities to reduce the cost of fertilizermarketing and to increase the effishyciency in serving farmers gain imshyportance in a countrys national economy

Our organization is unique in that we can draw upon an inhouse mulshytidisciplinary staff to assist a counshytry company or organization with a

particular marketing problem In addition we also have personnel with many years of practical exshyperience many of our staff memshybers were involved in fertilizer marketing with commercial compashynies prior to joining IFDC

We assist developing countries in improving the efficiency of fertilizer use and we welcome the opportunishyty to assist national planners andor marketing organizations in developshying cost-effective fertilizer marketing systems

Our staff can conduct a comparative analysis of the production costs inshycurred by a client with respect to other competitors in the marketplace This analysis can be done either as a separate study or as part of an overall marshyket and supply study Included in this analysis are the shipping and hanshydling costs to the markets under consideration We can also provide data on raw material supply and other production cost components

Distribution Transportationand Handling Systems

IFDCs staff study all aspects of systems for physical distribution of fertilizers from the point of production or import down to the dealer and retailer level This in-volves management and operation of systems for pack-aging transportation handling and warehousing Alternatives are considered including movement in bulk andor bags movement by road rail and water manual or mechanical handling and use of unitized handling systems such as pallets slings and intermedishyate bulk containers

Policy Development and Evaluation

Our specialists can help government agencies that are responsible for fertilizer policy development in determin-ing the issues to be addressed and the most effective ways for reaching national regional and local objec-tives Our work seeks to strengthen organizations in their implementation of fertilizer policy taking into con-sideration their capabilities needs and the environment in which they operate

Agromineral Resource Evaluations Our staff can perform agromineral resource evaluations on a regional country or individual deposit basis Such studies may involve (1) the quantification of resources

(2) determinations of ore characteristics (3) beneficiation studies (4) the assessment of the ores potential for uses such as direct-application materials or as raw materials for chemically processed fertilizers and (5) the economic feasibiliiy of mining and producshying deposits These studies may serve as planning guides for investors international research organizashytions donors and national programs

Bench-Scale Laboratory Processing IFDC Headquarters facilities house several wellshyequipped laboratories that allow systematic and thorough evaluations of indigenous raw materials for fertilizer production After the initial physical-chemical characterization and analyses are performed the raw materials are taken through sequential processing steps to produce the final product with desired physical properties Both conventional and nonconventional processes can be simulated in batch and continuously operating equipment to define operating parametersIFDC capabilities include (1)coating of fertilizer gTanshytiles to control nutrient release (2) upgrading of fertilizshyer raw materials (beneficiation) (3) acidulation of phosphate ores in wet-process phosphoric acid and nitric phosphates (4) conversion of phosphate ore and intermediates to granular single or multinutrient products (5) physical-chemical analyses of raw materials and products and (6) preparation of other specialized fertilizers and agrominerals

Pilot-Plant Processing Although much about the chemistry of a production process can be determined from laboratory- and benchshyscale studies some engineering aspects can only be deshytermined in larger-scale (pilot plant-scale) production where industrial equipment is used IFDCs pilot plant facility includes units for beneficiation of phosphate ores using several techniques production of wet-process phosphoric acid by the dihydrate or hemihydrate routes production of nitrophosphates bulk blending and three different plants for chemical or steam granulation at different production rates These pilot plants have proven indispensable to IFDC in researching and deshyveloping new products and processes optimizing processes evaluating new phosphate rock deposits carshyrying out process and equipment problem solving and transferring technology (training of plant operators sushypervisors and engineers)

Project Management and Supervision In full-scale projects our involvement begins with asshysisting a client in the preparation of bid invitations evaluations of proposals drafting of contracts and contract negotiations During the detailed engineering and construction phases we may continue to assistthe client in many activities including inspection of equipment during fabrication supervision of the con-tractors work developing plant operations and

management skils performance testing and poststartup process and product optimization o

Basic Process Design Packages

IFDCs basic process design packages provide the foundation for the detailed engineering equipment procurement and construction phases of most fertiliz-er plant projects IFDCs laboratories and pilot plants are used to provide the essential process information needed for the preparation of the basic process design package This package containing the required material balances piping and instrumentation diashygrams and equipment data sheets is then normally used by the client to secure proposals from local or international engineering and construction firms for the full implementation of the project

Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization This activity involves the evaluation of production fashycilities with the objective of manufacturing different product grades andor improving plant capacity anO therefore profitability Such evaluations usually result in relatively minor changes in the plant facilities to bring about substantial increases in production and cost savings Most work is related to phosphate processing and compound fertilizer granulation

Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies These studies are designed to examine the ambient and workplace environment in a broad range of fershytilizer production facilities In addition to identifying and measuring process losses and estimating the asshysociated impact on production cost these studies may also include plant safety audits evaluation of emergency procedures assessment of hazards and recommendations for implementing corrective measshyures Capabilities are also being developed to measure

and control the impact of the use of fertilizers and agrominerals on the environment

Agro-Economic Studies Our staff coduct research related to development

selection and management of fertilizer for efficient crop production in tropical and subtropical soils Soil chemists fertility experts agronomists and cropphysiao gists focus on the mechanisms of fertilizshyersoilicrop interactions influencing crop response to applied nutrients in laboratory greenhouse and field

envirerments Working jointly with economists soshyciologists biometricians and engineers our agronomists provide technical assistance with problems in developing countries ranging from idenshytification of nutrient loss mechanisms and modificashytion of fertilizers or management strategies to overcome these losses to the evaluation of costbenefit relationships farm-level constraints and data decision support systems

Research and Development of ProductsProcesses IFDC is uniquely qualified to offer a wide range of research and development services and can conduct numer)us operations and evaluate many processes using a wi range of specialized and sophisticated equipment ()t staff can develop technology appropriate to the conshystraints of the situation for the mall and large enshytrepreneur They can use a variety of modern instruments such as X-ray diffraction X-ray fluoresshycence scanning electron microscope liquid and gas chroshyimatographs infrared spectrometers uitraviolet visible spectrophotometer differential scanning calorimeter ion chromatograph image analysis and differential thermal analyzer and thermogravimctric analyzer

N

Training An increasing number of specialists must be added to the work force of the fertilizer sector each year if deshyveloping countries are to meet their food production goals IFDCs group training programs are tailored to meet the needs of organizations governments or sponsoring agencies interested in fertilizer sector deshyvelopment These programs cover all facets of fertilizshyer production marketing and use Specialized training is also provided for individuals at the request of their government institute or company All proshygrams draw on the expertise of IFDCs multidisciplishynary team of training specialists to provide stimulating and innovative sessiors This training may occur informally on the job or it may occur in a larger more formal group setting

Product Coverage

Raw Materials Phosphate rock

Sulfur and pyrites

Intermediate Materials Ammonia

Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate Fertilizers Single superphosphate THple superphosphate

Monoammonlum phosphateampdlarnonlum phosphate

Grord phosphate rock Partially acidulated phosphate rock

Sulfur-fortified superphosphates

Nitrogen Fertilizers Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate

Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bicarbonate

Potash Fertilizers Murlate of potash Sulfate of potash F)tasslum nitrate

Multinutrient Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate-based NP and NPKs

Urea-based NP and NPKs Nitrophosphates

Miscellaneous Sulfur-coated fertilizera

Rubber-coated fertilizera Urease Inhibitors

Supergranular urea Slow-release fertilizers

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Market Development Studies Successful fertilizer marketing means that the right product is available on a timely basis at the right place and at the right price Thus fertilizer mar-keting involves a series of interrelated steps from the point of production to the farmer T be efficient a marketing system must be designed to operatewithin the constraints of a given countrys policies including its uaique po-litical social agricultural economic and environmental issues We are find-ing that as production increases the problem changes from lack of supply to lack of an effective system for marketing this inceased production As

Feasibility Studies IFDC staff can assist developingshycountry clients in determining the technical and economic feasibility of building a new production facility or expanding an existing one In con-ducting this type of study our staff will usuaily evaluate projected local regional and world market demands and prices product mix plant capashybilities and sites process technoloshygies feedstock alternatives investment and production costs profitability analyses project fund-ing and management alternatives and a host of site-specific factors that may be uniqLe to a particular study

Investment Analyses The capital investment requirement for most fertilizer sector supply and distribution projects is often quite large The long-term economic feasi-bility of such projects depends largely on the level of capital invest-ment and financing options At IFDC we can help decisionmakers by performing an investment analy-sis as part of an overall feasibility study or as a separate study

-

-

V

+

Production Cost Analyses

consumption increases the opportushynities to reduce the cost of fertilizermarketing and to increase the effishyciency in serving farmers gain imshyportance in a countrys national economy

Our organization is unique in that we can draw upon an inhouse mulshytidisciplinary staff to assist a counshytry company or organization with a

particular marketing problem In addition we also have personnel with many years of practical exshyperience many of our staff memshybers were involved in fertilizer marketing with commercial compashynies prior to joining IFDC

We assist developing countries in improving the efficiency of fertilizer use and we welcome the opportunishyty to assist national planners andor marketing organizations in developshying cost-effective fertilizer marketing systems

Our staff can conduct a comparative analysis of the production costs inshycurred by a client with respect to other competitors in the marketplace This analysis can be done either as a separate study or as part of an overall marshyket and supply study Included in this analysis are the shipping and hanshydling costs to the markets under consideration We can also provide data on raw material supply and other production cost components

Distribution Transportationand Handling Systems

IFDCs staff study all aspects of systems for physical distribution of fertilizers from the point of production or import down to the dealer and retailer level This in-volves management and operation of systems for pack-aging transportation handling and warehousing Alternatives are considered including movement in bulk andor bags movement by road rail and water manual or mechanical handling and use of unitized handling systems such as pallets slings and intermedishyate bulk containers

Policy Development and Evaluation

Our specialists can help government agencies that are responsible for fertilizer policy development in determin-ing the issues to be addressed and the most effective ways for reaching national regional and local objec-tives Our work seeks to strengthen organizations in their implementation of fertilizer policy taking into con-sideration their capabilities needs and the environment in which they operate

Agromineral Resource Evaluations Our staff can perform agromineral resource evaluations on a regional country or individual deposit basis Such studies may involve (1) the quantification of resources

(2) determinations of ore characteristics (3) beneficiation studies (4) the assessment of the ores potential for uses such as direct-application materials or as raw materials for chemically processed fertilizers and (5) the economic feasibiliiy of mining and producshying deposits These studies may serve as planning guides for investors international research organizashytions donors and national programs

Bench-Scale Laboratory Processing IFDC Headquarters facilities house several wellshyequipped laboratories that allow systematic and thorough evaluations of indigenous raw materials for fertilizer production After the initial physical-chemical characterization and analyses are performed the raw materials are taken through sequential processing steps to produce the final product with desired physical properties Both conventional and nonconventional processes can be simulated in batch and continuously operating equipment to define operating parametersIFDC capabilities include (1)coating of fertilizer gTanshytiles to control nutrient release (2) upgrading of fertilizshyer raw materials (beneficiation) (3) acidulation of phosphate ores in wet-process phosphoric acid and nitric phosphates (4) conversion of phosphate ore and intermediates to granular single or multinutrient products (5) physical-chemical analyses of raw materials and products and (6) preparation of other specialized fertilizers and agrominerals

Pilot-Plant Processing Although much about the chemistry of a production process can be determined from laboratory- and benchshyscale studies some engineering aspects can only be deshytermined in larger-scale (pilot plant-scale) production where industrial equipment is used IFDCs pilot plant facility includes units for beneficiation of phosphate ores using several techniques production of wet-process phosphoric acid by the dihydrate or hemihydrate routes production of nitrophosphates bulk blending and three different plants for chemical or steam granulation at different production rates These pilot plants have proven indispensable to IFDC in researching and deshyveloping new products and processes optimizing processes evaluating new phosphate rock deposits carshyrying out process and equipment problem solving and transferring technology (training of plant operators sushypervisors and engineers)

Project Management and Supervision In full-scale projects our involvement begins with asshysisting a client in the preparation of bid invitations evaluations of proposals drafting of contracts and contract negotiations During the detailed engineering and construction phases we may continue to assistthe client in many activities including inspection of equipment during fabrication supervision of the con-tractors work developing plant operations and

management skils performance testing and poststartup process and product optimization o

Basic Process Design Packages

IFDCs basic process design packages provide the foundation for the detailed engineering equipment procurement and construction phases of most fertiliz-er plant projects IFDCs laboratories and pilot plants are used to provide the essential process information needed for the preparation of the basic process design package This package containing the required material balances piping and instrumentation diashygrams and equipment data sheets is then normally used by the client to secure proposals from local or international engineering and construction firms for the full implementation of the project

Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization This activity involves the evaluation of production fashycilities with the objective of manufacturing different product grades andor improving plant capacity anO therefore profitability Such evaluations usually result in relatively minor changes in the plant facilities to bring about substantial increases in production and cost savings Most work is related to phosphate processing and compound fertilizer granulation

Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies These studies are designed to examine the ambient and workplace environment in a broad range of fershytilizer production facilities In addition to identifying and measuring process losses and estimating the asshysociated impact on production cost these studies may also include plant safety audits evaluation of emergency procedures assessment of hazards and recommendations for implementing corrective measshyures Capabilities are also being developed to measure

and control the impact of the use of fertilizers and agrominerals on the environment

Agro-Economic Studies Our staff coduct research related to development

selection and management of fertilizer for efficient crop production in tropical and subtropical soils Soil chemists fertility experts agronomists and cropphysiao gists focus on the mechanisms of fertilizshyersoilicrop interactions influencing crop response to applied nutrients in laboratory greenhouse and field

envirerments Working jointly with economists soshyciologists biometricians and engineers our agronomists provide technical assistance with problems in developing countries ranging from idenshytification of nutrient loss mechanisms and modificashytion of fertilizers or management strategies to overcome these losses to the evaluation of costbenefit relationships farm-level constraints and data decision support systems

Research and Development of ProductsProcesses IFDC is uniquely qualified to offer a wide range of research and development services and can conduct numer)us operations and evaluate many processes using a wi range of specialized and sophisticated equipment ()t staff can develop technology appropriate to the conshystraints of the situation for the mall and large enshytrepreneur They can use a variety of modern instruments such as X-ray diffraction X-ray fluoresshycence scanning electron microscope liquid and gas chroshyimatographs infrared spectrometers uitraviolet visible spectrophotometer differential scanning calorimeter ion chromatograph image analysis and differential thermal analyzer and thermogravimctric analyzer

N

Training An increasing number of specialists must be added to the work force of the fertilizer sector each year if deshyveloping countries are to meet their food production goals IFDCs group training programs are tailored to meet the needs of organizations governments or sponsoring agencies interested in fertilizer sector deshyvelopment These programs cover all facets of fertilizshyer production marketing and use Specialized training is also provided for individuals at the request of their government institute or company All proshygrams draw on the expertise of IFDCs multidisciplishynary team of training specialists to provide stimulating and innovative sessiors This training may occur informally on the job or it may occur in a larger more formal group setting

Product Coverage

Raw Materials Phosphate rock

Sulfur and pyrites

Intermediate Materials Ammonia

Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate Fertilizers Single superphosphate THple superphosphate

Monoammonlum phosphateampdlarnonlum phosphate

Grord phosphate rock Partially acidulated phosphate rock

Sulfur-fortified superphosphates

Nitrogen Fertilizers Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate

Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bicarbonate

Potash Fertilizers Murlate of potash Sulfate of potash F)tasslum nitrate

Multinutrient Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate-based NP and NPKs

Urea-based NP and NPKs Nitrophosphates

Miscellaneous Sulfur-coated fertilizera

Rubber-coated fertilizera Urease Inhibitors

Supergranular urea Slow-release fertilizers

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Distribution Transportationand Handling Systems

IFDCs staff study all aspects of systems for physical distribution of fertilizers from the point of production or import down to the dealer and retailer level This in-volves management and operation of systems for pack-aging transportation handling and warehousing Alternatives are considered including movement in bulk andor bags movement by road rail and water manual or mechanical handling and use of unitized handling systems such as pallets slings and intermedishyate bulk containers

Policy Development and Evaluation

Our specialists can help government agencies that are responsible for fertilizer policy development in determin-ing the issues to be addressed and the most effective ways for reaching national regional and local objec-tives Our work seeks to strengthen organizations in their implementation of fertilizer policy taking into con-sideration their capabilities needs and the environment in which they operate

Agromineral Resource Evaluations Our staff can perform agromineral resource evaluations on a regional country or individual deposit basis Such studies may involve (1) the quantification of resources

(2) determinations of ore characteristics (3) beneficiation studies (4) the assessment of the ores potential for uses such as direct-application materials or as raw materials for chemically processed fertilizers and (5) the economic feasibiliiy of mining and producshying deposits These studies may serve as planning guides for investors international research organizashytions donors and national programs

Bench-Scale Laboratory Processing IFDC Headquarters facilities house several wellshyequipped laboratories that allow systematic and thorough evaluations of indigenous raw materials for fertilizer production After the initial physical-chemical characterization and analyses are performed the raw materials are taken through sequential processing steps to produce the final product with desired physical properties Both conventional and nonconventional processes can be simulated in batch and continuously operating equipment to define operating parametersIFDC capabilities include (1)coating of fertilizer gTanshytiles to control nutrient release (2) upgrading of fertilizshyer raw materials (beneficiation) (3) acidulation of phosphate ores in wet-process phosphoric acid and nitric phosphates (4) conversion of phosphate ore and intermediates to granular single or multinutrient products (5) physical-chemical analyses of raw materials and products and (6) preparation of other specialized fertilizers and agrominerals

Pilot-Plant Processing Although much about the chemistry of a production process can be determined from laboratory- and benchshyscale studies some engineering aspects can only be deshytermined in larger-scale (pilot plant-scale) production where industrial equipment is used IFDCs pilot plant facility includes units for beneficiation of phosphate ores using several techniques production of wet-process phosphoric acid by the dihydrate or hemihydrate routes production of nitrophosphates bulk blending and three different plants for chemical or steam granulation at different production rates These pilot plants have proven indispensable to IFDC in researching and deshyveloping new products and processes optimizing processes evaluating new phosphate rock deposits carshyrying out process and equipment problem solving and transferring technology (training of plant operators sushypervisors and engineers)

Project Management and Supervision In full-scale projects our involvement begins with asshysisting a client in the preparation of bid invitations evaluations of proposals drafting of contracts and contract negotiations During the detailed engineering and construction phases we may continue to assistthe client in many activities including inspection of equipment during fabrication supervision of the con-tractors work developing plant operations and

management skils performance testing and poststartup process and product optimization o

Basic Process Design Packages

IFDCs basic process design packages provide the foundation for the detailed engineering equipment procurement and construction phases of most fertiliz-er plant projects IFDCs laboratories and pilot plants are used to provide the essential process information needed for the preparation of the basic process design package This package containing the required material balances piping and instrumentation diashygrams and equipment data sheets is then normally used by the client to secure proposals from local or international engineering and construction firms for the full implementation of the project

Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization This activity involves the evaluation of production fashycilities with the objective of manufacturing different product grades andor improving plant capacity anO therefore profitability Such evaluations usually result in relatively minor changes in the plant facilities to bring about substantial increases in production and cost savings Most work is related to phosphate processing and compound fertilizer granulation

Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies These studies are designed to examine the ambient and workplace environment in a broad range of fershytilizer production facilities In addition to identifying and measuring process losses and estimating the asshysociated impact on production cost these studies may also include plant safety audits evaluation of emergency procedures assessment of hazards and recommendations for implementing corrective measshyures Capabilities are also being developed to measure

and control the impact of the use of fertilizers and agrominerals on the environment

Agro-Economic Studies Our staff coduct research related to development

selection and management of fertilizer for efficient crop production in tropical and subtropical soils Soil chemists fertility experts agronomists and cropphysiao gists focus on the mechanisms of fertilizshyersoilicrop interactions influencing crop response to applied nutrients in laboratory greenhouse and field

envirerments Working jointly with economists soshyciologists biometricians and engineers our agronomists provide technical assistance with problems in developing countries ranging from idenshytification of nutrient loss mechanisms and modificashytion of fertilizers or management strategies to overcome these losses to the evaluation of costbenefit relationships farm-level constraints and data decision support systems

Research and Development of ProductsProcesses IFDC is uniquely qualified to offer a wide range of research and development services and can conduct numer)us operations and evaluate many processes using a wi range of specialized and sophisticated equipment ()t staff can develop technology appropriate to the conshystraints of the situation for the mall and large enshytrepreneur They can use a variety of modern instruments such as X-ray diffraction X-ray fluoresshycence scanning electron microscope liquid and gas chroshyimatographs infrared spectrometers uitraviolet visible spectrophotometer differential scanning calorimeter ion chromatograph image analysis and differential thermal analyzer and thermogravimctric analyzer

N

Training An increasing number of specialists must be added to the work force of the fertilizer sector each year if deshyveloping countries are to meet their food production goals IFDCs group training programs are tailored to meet the needs of organizations governments or sponsoring agencies interested in fertilizer sector deshyvelopment These programs cover all facets of fertilizshyer production marketing and use Specialized training is also provided for individuals at the request of their government institute or company All proshygrams draw on the expertise of IFDCs multidisciplishynary team of training specialists to provide stimulating and innovative sessiors This training may occur informally on the job or it may occur in a larger more formal group setting

Product Coverage

Raw Materials Phosphate rock

Sulfur and pyrites

Intermediate Materials Ammonia

Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate Fertilizers Single superphosphate THple superphosphate

Monoammonlum phosphateampdlarnonlum phosphate

Grord phosphate rock Partially acidulated phosphate rock

Sulfur-fortified superphosphates

Nitrogen Fertilizers Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate

Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bicarbonate

Potash Fertilizers Murlate of potash Sulfate of potash F)tasslum nitrate

Multinutrient Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate-based NP and NPKs

Urea-based NP and NPKs Nitrophosphates

Miscellaneous Sulfur-coated fertilizera

Rubber-coated fertilizera Urease Inhibitors

Supergranular urea Slow-release fertilizers

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Project Management and Supervision In full-scale projects our involvement begins with asshysisting a client in the preparation of bid invitations evaluations of proposals drafting of contracts and contract negotiations During the detailed engineering and construction phases we may continue to assistthe client in many activities including inspection of equipment during fabrication supervision of the con-tractors work developing plant operations and

management skils performance testing and poststartup process and product optimization o

Basic Process Design Packages

IFDCs basic process design packages provide the foundation for the detailed engineering equipment procurement and construction phases of most fertiliz-er plant projects IFDCs laboratories and pilot plants are used to provide the essential process information needed for the preparation of the basic process design package This package containing the required material balances piping and instrumentation diashygrams and equipment data sheets is then normally used by the client to secure proposals from local or international engineering and construction firms for the full implementation of the project

Process Plant Problem SolvingOptimization This activity involves the evaluation of production fashycilities with the objective of manufacturing different product grades andor improving plant capacity anO therefore profitability Such evaluations usually result in relatively minor changes in the plant facilities to bring about substantial increases in production and cost savings Most work is related to phosphate processing and compound fertilizer granulation

Environmental and Industrial Hygiene Studies These studies are designed to examine the ambient and workplace environment in a broad range of fershytilizer production facilities In addition to identifying and measuring process losses and estimating the asshysociated impact on production cost these studies may also include plant safety audits evaluation of emergency procedures assessment of hazards and recommendations for implementing corrective measshyures Capabilities are also being developed to measure

and control the impact of the use of fertilizers and agrominerals on the environment

Agro-Economic Studies Our staff coduct research related to development

selection and management of fertilizer for efficient crop production in tropical and subtropical soils Soil chemists fertility experts agronomists and cropphysiao gists focus on the mechanisms of fertilizshyersoilicrop interactions influencing crop response to applied nutrients in laboratory greenhouse and field

envirerments Working jointly with economists soshyciologists biometricians and engineers our agronomists provide technical assistance with problems in developing countries ranging from idenshytification of nutrient loss mechanisms and modificashytion of fertilizers or management strategies to overcome these losses to the evaluation of costbenefit relationships farm-level constraints and data decision support systems

Research and Development of ProductsProcesses IFDC is uniquely qualified to offer a wide range of research and development services and can conduct numer)us operations and evaluate many processes using a wi range of specialized and sophisticated equipment ()t staff can develop technology appropriate to the conshystraints of the situation for the mall and large enshytrepreneur They can use a variety of modern instruments such as X-ray diffraction X-ray fluoresshycence scanning electron microscope liquid and gas chroshyimatographs infrared spectrometers uitraviolet visible spectrophotometer differential scanning calorimeter ion chromatograph image analysis and differential thermal analyzer and thermogravimctric analyzer

N

Training An increasing number of specialists must be added to the work force of the fertilizer sector each year if deshyveloping countries are to meet their food production goals IFDCs group training programs are tailored to meet the needs of organizations governments or sponsoring agencies interested in fertilizer sector deshyvelopment These programs cover all facets of fertilizshyer production marketing and use Specialized training is also provided for individuals at the request of their government institute or company All proshygrams draw on the expertise of IFDCs multidisciplishynary team of training specialists to provide stimulating and innovative sessiors This training may occur informally on the job or it may occur in a larger more formal group setting

Product Coverage

Raw Materials Phosphate rock

Sulfur and pyrites

Intermediate Materials Ammonia

Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate Fertilizers Single superphosphate THple superphosphate

Monoammonlum phosphateampdlarnonlum phosphate

Grord phosphate rock Partially acidulated phosphate rock

Sulfur-fortified superphosphates

Nitrogen Fertilizers Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate

Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bicarbonate

Potash Fertilizers Murlate of potash Sulfate of potash F)tasslum nitrate

Multinutrient Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate-based NP and NPKs

Urea-based NP and NPKs Nitrophosphates

Miscellaneous Sulfur-coated fertilizera

Rubber-coated fertilizera Urease Inhibitors

Supergranular urea Slow-release fertilizers

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Research and Development of ProductsProcesses IFDC is uniquely qualified to offer a wide range of research and development services and can conduct numer)us operations and evaluate many processes using a wi range of specialized and sophisticated equipment ()t staff can develop technology appropriate to the conshystraints of the situation for the mall and large enshytrepreneur They can use a variety of modern instruments such as X-ray diffraction X-ray fluoresshycence scanning electron microscope liquid and gas chroshyimatographs infrared spectrometers uitraviolet visible spectrophotometer differential scanning calorimeter ion chromatograph image analysis and differential thermal analyzer and thermogravimctric analyzer

N

Training An increasing number of specialists must be added to the work force of the fertilizer sector each year if deshyveloping countries are to meet their food production goals IFDCs group training programs are tailored to meet the needs of organizations governments or sponsoring agencies interested in fertilizer sector deshyvelopment These programs cover all facets of fertilizshyer production marketing and use Specialized training is also provided for individuals at the request of their government institute or company All proshygrams draw on the expertise of IFDCs multidisciplishynary team of training specialists to provide stimulating and innovative sessiors This training may occur informally on the job or it may occur in a larger more formal group setting

Product Coverage

Raw Materials Phosphate rock

Sulfur and pyrites

Intermediate Materials Ammonia

Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate Fertilizers Single superphosphate THple superphosphate

Monoammonlum phosphateampdlarnonlum phosphate

Grord phosphate rock Partially acidulated phosphate rock

Sulfur-fortified superphosphates

Nitrogen Fertilizers Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate

Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bicarbonate

Potash Fertilizers Murlate of potash Sulfate of potash F)tasslum nitrate

Multinutrient Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate-based NP and NPKs

Urea-based NP and NPKs Nitrophosphates

Miscellaneous Sulfur-coated fertilizera

Rubber-coated fertilizera Urease Inhibitors

Supergranular urea Slow-release fertilizers

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Product Coverage

Raw Materials Phosphate rock

Sulfur and pyrites

Intermediate Materials Ammonia

Phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate Fertilizers Single superphosphate THple superphosphate

Monoammonlum phosphateampdlarnonlum phosphate

Grord phosphate rock Partially acidulated phosphate rock

Sulfur-fortified superphosphates

Nitrogen Fertilizers Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate

Calcium ammonium nitrate Urea

Ammonium chloride Ammonium bicarbonate

Potash Fertilizers Murlate of potash Sulfate of potash F)tasslum nitrate

Multinutrient Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate-based NP and NPKs

Urea-based NP and NPKs Nitrophosphates

Miscellaneous Sulfur-coated fertilizera

Rubber-coated fertilizera Urease Inhibitors

Supergranular urea Slow-release fertilizers

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

A Partial Client List

Companies and Organizations Abonos Colomblanos SA-Colombia Agricultural Inputs Corporation-Nepal Agricultural Services SA-Haiti Akdeniz GObre SanayiI-TurkeyBangladesh Agricultural Development

Corporatlun Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation Caribbear Development Bank-Barbados CF Braun-United States Chemical Company of Malaysia Chilean Nitrate Corp-Chile China National Chemical Construction Corp-

Peoples Republic of China Deepak Fertilizers and Petrochemicals

Corp Ltd--India FEECO International-United States Fertilizantes Mexicanos SA-Mexico Fertilizantes Ecuatorlanos SA-Ecuador Foster Wheeler International-United States FPM Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysis GEASA-Aigentina Hatch Associatps-Canada Industrial Development Corporation-Zimbabwe Instituto Venezolano Tecnologico del Petroleo

-Venezuela IRI Research Institute-United States Israel Chemicals Ltd Jordan Phosphate Mines Co Ltd M W Kellogg-United States Krebs-France Monomeros Colombo Venezolanos-

Colombia Occidental Petroleum Co-United States Office Togolais des Phosphates-Togo Overseas Private Investment Corp-United

States PALMAVEN SA-Venezuela Peladang Kimla Sendirlan Berhad-Malaysia Petroleos de Venezuela SA Petroquimica de Venezuela Petrollam Nasional Berhad-Malaysia Philippine Phosphate Fetilizer Corporation PhilRice-Philippines PT Kujang-Indonesla PT Pupuk SriwldJaJa-Indonesia Pyrites Phosphates and Chemicals Ltd-

India Queensland Phosphate Ltd-Australia

Quimbrasli-Brazil Saudi Basic Industries Corporation Singmaster amp Breyer-United States

Governmental AgenciesFoundations Asian Development Bank Australian Development Assistance Bureau Centro de Estudos de Fertilizantes-Brazil Canadian International Development Agency-Canada

Deutsche Geselischaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit-Germany

Egyptian Fertilizer Development Center Egyptian National Research Centre Empresa Brasilelra de Agropecuaria-Brazil Empresa Colombians de Minas-Colombia Ford Foundation International Development Research Centre -Canada

International Fund for Agricultural Development

Kellogg Foundation Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research National Academy of Sciences-United States

Rockefeller Foundation Scientific Technical and Research

Committee of the Organizaton of African Unity

United Nations Developmeni ProgrammeUnited Nations Industrial Development Organization

US Agency for International Development The World Bank

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Representative Projects Completed by IFDC Staff Study to determine the possibility of producing NPK

fertilizers in Togo Pilot-plant testing and preparation of basic design for

revamot-pntsing an dprepatin obia esdetailedrevamping a nitrophosphate plant in Colombia Evaluation of urea-based NPK production for Mexico Feasibility study of producing and using fluid fertiliz-

ers in Hungary Assistance in the organization creation and function-ing of a rtilizer research center in Brazil

Process design and engineering assistance for instal-lation of a pipe reactor in an existing fertilizer granu-lation plant in Colombia

Measurement of all effluent streams from a fertilizer granulation plant in Brazil and recommendation of modifications to decrease pollution and recover materials

Evaluation of proposals for the development of the fertilizer distribution system in Indonesia

Market analysis for a proposed Indonesian ammonishyum nitrate complex

Development of a plan to increase the use of fertilizer on coconut palms in Sri Lanka

An analysis and feasibility study of a proposal to esshytablish a regional fertilizer production and supply center in the Caribbean

Process development coordination with engineering firms operator training and long-term startup assistance to a fertilizer plant in Malaysia

Study to determine the feasibility of using Colombian indigenous phosphate deposits to manufacture fershytilizer products for domestic use and possible exports

Process design for the conversion of a granular triple superphosphate plant to produce urea-based NPKs in Colombia

Approach We approach each project by discussing and defining the scope of work and objectives with you A written proposal is then prepared that includes our understandshying of the projects objectives the scope of work a

work plan and schedule an estimated compleshytion date resum6s of staff and outside consultants asshysigned to the project project cost and method for presentation of findings conclusions and recommenshydations

Each project team is headed by a principal investigashytor or project coordinator Staff with the required exshypertise are chosen for specific tasks senior staff members participate in all projects The report containshying the conclusions and recommendations presented to you is developed through the total effort of the team and represents IFDCs best analysis and judgment

Services are provided on a cost reimbursable basis

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

For further information please contact Dr Donald L McCune

Managing Director IFDC-International Fertilizer Development Center

PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662

Telephone No 205-381-6600 Telex No 810-731-3970

Telefax No (205)3817408

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

International Fertilizer Development Center PO Box 2040 Muscle Shoals Alabama 35662 USA Phone No (205)381-6600 TWX-810-731-3970 IFDEC MCHL

Copy by Marie K Thompsoniypesetting and Layout Patricia F SandlinlCover Design James C Starkey Photo Credits W E Clayton p 7 (center) John T Colagross p 11 M Terry Frederick p 5 Azizul IslamBADC p 2 (top) J J Schultz p 7 (top) and Tommy L Wright pp 2 (bottom) 3 4 (bottom) 6 7 (bottom)

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Market Development Studies

Studies in market evaluation conducted by IFDC staff involve a wide spec uUrn of surveying and teCchnical analyses that can be applied in an international context Projects have included marketing ana-lyses for both existing and poienlial products comodrit ad fa-Icilities

Typicai prot

DA fertilife- ma Hi Iudl aNigeria I he objeAca oi 1eras-sess- dhe v -inIu nyconstraints on it ievelop ply and

dean onojet6-mndtdistoaadecand projections deve2op plans anddetailed investment propi tilizor F rlieitqi Oser)t ] 1l1 eEo

and govemnaoi a n ne eia to

achieve these hjotiva

A marketino study far Vezuela The study team examined ihe ortilizer sup-ply marketing and distribution system to determine ways to improve its oe--tional and cast efficiency while provid-ing farmers w itfertilizers and fertilizer-use knowledge necessary to derive mximum econornic bemnefits

a A fertilizer secor study for Cameroon The study ieam evaluated the presentsystem and proposed improvements The team mreembers covered three inter-linked areas fertilizer supply market-ing and use

A fertilizer secTor study Tor Kenya The purposes of the study were to (1) detershymine economic returns to fertilizer use on principal crops and forecast an efshyfective demand for fertilizers and (2)develop a strategy for promoting a market-based efficienrt fertilizer marketshying syem

Regiwrial supriydernand studies of Afrishyca ltiJLatin America and the deveshyopede u re

orld strp i mnd studies to anashy

lyze the chnginll ptiterns of world fershytilr e produCtiore andut n( coSUrmption ide i li Ht )gt

in taRep rjs ampji i- a-J f-riligtr iarket

informaiioon OiMISO

Reports on currenl fertilizer market statistics from about 60 developing countries These statistics include farrnshylevel prices on major fertiiizer products and crops

A market survey of phosphate fertilizers ini Colombia The demand [or phosshyphate fertilizers and future supply and demand were analyzed

A study of Ghanas fertilizer procureshyment and rnarketing system Proposals for privatizing the fertilizer-related processes and improving the already privatized nonfertilizer farm input sysshytem were also developed

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Fe-t-A rbL~4ioThrasporlation and -Th-d~ngThudreg

ftf Ph~ycsrIi ta iiS In the developT n i effe--gttive The MaiI to s CU ecnical u_ -tatnshy

e N icrr zind teclhncut Hnsf v () On-country is a rIir c rl of SAGscsful studies and ujil 2grm nothcroc u it n e q[ rn fC~t) aI1~ufrin-couritry q no W C m a s must _e u rely n Je i rtilizer bein - - o he wanin A

he fFD - i asiane in the distri-butan area invoives all apct of physi-

cal dis[ribution fromt-r the - oint of paroduci oor o down 0 th- dl and retailer ( iehihis ovrs innor( han-dling packairig ira sportatior and warehousing OI cS olannin an operation of ie ovemH vs ndi ind-orn-f tegration sP--i of Wvitl (tir _ oveir-all supply methods ari si I such r-s love-ment in bulk or bas toe of rmrartal or neeC Heal palka(ri i nanduir in --tenin ue of uniu atic l- pallets slings and ter ndi-v - con-tai ners These arc- all cu- n Ikd in the context of integred suply jnsporashytion syte_ using afOm S of iranspoy - by road ii and water

Agsl n irventory control and pl anninq ci ic also of criical i porntnce fhe overall objective is to achieve the nost practical and appropriate system at thie most reasonable cost

Technical inquiJI r o ceali with on a r(a a

Excrple of distr-b C di A review oi the istri uionL systern in Bangladesh Assessment of bulk import handling methods in India RReview o)Ihe Ind n distribution syslen

m- r distrihution strategy6vet studyida A trTnsortatiov -h warehousing rtudy in fgedic Studies of distikliOuhon aspects as part of over3ail ro etion and ma keting strategies have beert Undertaken in Nigeria Venezuela T irkev Burkina

Faso and Cbte ( Ivoire

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Policy Devetopment and Eva- ion

IFDC staff can assist qovernmen1 oreample cies that are rc ampnrih- oi po Cy devep n ert il 1 IIflhi 1-1tle issues (19 10 be 3rro

-o OJ

strzgn

m l cfiectivw bull I

- Philippines ltI 1)2 i thew A-

projects conducted by IFDC per-Son ne ietude

+ A i -olicy projeL m Souiheast Asia involving ridonesia Malaysia the

and Thailand --A global enrgy and fertilizor policy

and the t-nvuironmert it - they ate Projets c- ncernng fare rooodiivD can nnvolvteI

Eval ua ti ve Kngn p pts of alterrnnIvr 1 iebullir p y otmons

SAna]yzng tilizer m e rit and

Sa n As

t 1imp im f AI- toheeean-oloyv I-I

-- JI h -)i ecom orrnic

SProvijigu~idelinres f-o foi-(vaidatin~g mulaing imptkne ning and rmonitoring fertilizer policies

Establishing technology resource and research priorities

oorsiciO(Zl eA fertili sijlfur food p-oducticrl policy

A fertilizer pric m 1--bsidypolicy for Bangladesh

+ A ri of tho Bangtladcsh fertilizer sor lo evalnate devi lo rnents and identify rnL Sor n I policies

--A studV to ih-1n policy issues inshyfluencing [iheffective restructuring ofPakistans ri c(zo -

+ A study to n and

economic changes required to improve

a dt technical

the efrectiveness of Burmas fertilizer sector

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Feasibility Sti dies and Investment Analyses

An unbiased understandable and techni-cally compeTent analysis of a noW venture is a valuable tool foi any deciorrnaker conSide iiji ij-ui ner IFDCs Adff USe a variety of lechniques and financial analyses to meet the specif-ic needs of a particular client The ex-

perience o th i FDC staff in hisarea includes

The technical and esanonic feasibility of building a fertilizer plant in Burklna Faso

The technical and econoric feasibility of tigers producing its con phosphatefort iIizo

A prelii ai vcomic analysis of selected t r upply schemes lo ens ae ier company n Ecuad to et sacted salest-requiumenkshy

fertilizer a nt r study estinated he n- urea on Java determielron t h -u an exparsliron of the corriax CU cownallv supply the urea ic t-e M Java ardi Wentified alternadves nl jctL -anpor for marketshying the tonnage receiv-d rin oti le markets

A technical and oconomic assessment of an NPK plant in lbgo

n r nents of a feasilility study for a fertilizshyer comple in Thailand The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibilishyty of constructing a large nitrogen and phosphate fetilizer complex to supply most of Thaikmwirs domestic fetiiizer raquireninets

Thesiagronom and marketing composhy

Deterinitr fthe appropriateI

prodiy l( ihe size and location of thi fnaror cn aimmonium nitrate fertili or indionesia

E~cononWic vaiuti i of a urea and dishyarnmonjm (op(atcomplex inr Cameroon )at of an overall fertilizshyer sector study

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

en uasFao ogram a nIo Iatio t Vaios isitte e nfoa eeprtovice aveeeol co s aer

sQCS ahsatti 6~ r61s -andeoriom -aasiamp6 eeItrd hs Qe s- erate ithdalysa izbr

ad ps a o _e ng climatic data basso sp6i 0-ino mationand some ino rmaifned tAI DC S oiie anpt erbe tkero~p arieI a shyd ao

-propria erftar ih statistical anaIly- ment Te modes a esd0

-rlaedinforatio Pta~from field and aepov n nhgreenhous experimentsa conducted by ntbthe faf fiieapfpeamng national programs or FDC scintist are

the consequences of various~ertilizerarlyzed at IFDC H~eadquarers to)deter- ma~nagement practi esThe m jarem66theatureof responses to ex- amp designed to operate~on IBcodmatilb-j

requipment anofw also include ~ devices to prodce high-quality graphical Scientistsfomn many ainr~sn

isp~ aa~ aI yso theodels developed at IFDC inteir

FDC ataff are cmiln fertiier ealuIF ~economs an xten~~sion personnelIationdatabase fro exeierscnd - fom over~30 coutries~ haverr~qesedIeover a wide rangeof agro-ecological~ copieIs of the 1models

ones and nadvrio soijIand Y against a wide background of socioeco- ~

omicenvinmonts Th~e database will

po -ndetermiinantsof fer~tilizer

pe~ormance

j

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

41 Ag ne esourcJ6e VMlaos

FDCsibv e t agromeal to vrous tyes ofensit separatorsureCE al atiofanesfo egioh a nd oaon ce s t thamp rni ~ IdV f s ee

YsL Op q nttIa cbeIe ra d~ 1a

e Irs resoulo aliua Ada~ rcoco ters datay copatide

of aerqativ e us ow ases divided ilpto generaln6p6gies tdJso I gr~~~~~ i rgories Litrature dlt n~o 9h publishe rtsepie oth unulihd fom bass of the first

al-reso urce eval uations is a arcea moaegony ise basis ipeyalogic infoJo Sn~ ~~~~~Jamp 2mIn~~ai ~t~7eod suydatashy

p~~~~y~s~b~ur~t~bjbs catgory JFamp s data onIFDC for analyis orIFDC geologists ~ approxim ately 1200 samples from over may coIeCtrthe samples These samples p175 deost o gmieasnmore~may be th~e product of exteiisiv6 explora- than 70 countriestion and dvlpm nprogams 7~

~v~ ~A ~ ~ FDC geologists sand engineers are availshy~Ore c6haracterizationpinvolves chernical able for ansite evaluations Am~onigthem1ineralogicalan~d textural tudies sevce opffered~ aregt geologic evaluatislFrCbhemi al laboratolries are well resourcerese eeestimates dev edquiped toaralyze fcormmost eleernits~ 7ofminng and processin planpndeco

baait imtos norpic anlss

~Characterization sftudies mpay point out Som xmpe fcurn adpsthe dificulti~c ~u sfg certai6prs pos prjet a fcretadpsxrle

Ubbnefiito routes sUitabilit forcsarK4K~ltlty1foAgronminera reoreso East alddiec application and jthe suitabillity foWrl Sotheast Africa uddbyte olV4 various form ofemiclprocessingBk dKhrztip ~a Btank and UNIDRJ~A regiona resource

I~9~p~vide

review)frlbasis for futhertesting3 ~ 3

Cenii sIabratry~nd Fuinded by the Government of Burilisin th Cete laboratory and pilotM Pojplant acilities IFDCs inealgit ndvd efi Isfrcd a hrieo Iog ists ban in estigate tabenampf a processl study

~i ng pIan) ~~~~ MfL~~h~ad~2ow ey~r perform laboratory-scale ~ 3 Chrde~ain amp eneficiai

studs fto liine -opimal conditions be ~dz of Phosphate Rcrr e tu ies h 0ok a ahiashy-ore -possible-scale up to eo lglesa Chile for CORFGoera-~i

-lonsl Iqimnaalbeicudes riaramp~ih n eqdipe 1 various

grih dinymisgfatriion scrubb a d sc eening eqipet agnetic sepaa-

Pgdu -II IMF ec Ial sac

LocaIfe rt Iier iattsaeran essential Jin -7 Quaitassuarce6-ethodsan eeen es persofbasic rw prograsshy

armer hasmaerias then on 8aea rb onm needs$ e inno growth

Ii roemntofe ca f ijzj~specific assistancea atnl gprod uctlon sector wi elp to ensure in-amp

ID Examples o specific projects Itat have propIa e t req uired by thie manersshy

staf c~ p~Ie~os-De~velopment ofa bulk-b nedings rte topants

shy isty eA more important ~ sv~eupez t to co 7 ro5-haiofe0 0rs cordior or oInt an exstnge ergra ulatio b Igin toeterteap~or~t~eper~ r~Kplantin Colom~bia

ay rcr~i ipustMoasurement~~2~ of all eff luent st~eamst ma e iexperts~ from inusr o r otherre ~~~~~iztoso sh rt-term ~ Qfba~~tfz~Brazilr~nza~oso u~ip an recom~mendation of modifica-I otatTi practice greatlyu tinsan adiios odecreas-expands the tehia exets available

thirough IFDCgt n ~ oss

an-exiTowr~~~vlufo ofprhr sting fertilizer -granulatioI planti J ad advicespve experience~in huelping solvektIhe irost ontefsiit6f

~fre6IIAnaiv occurring production problems ~ and~medk~m~ reactor lt~pp

Sized prdces Exmpe ofthmsdo~ra 9tnN Prom englneeri-nasistanceta~r duction an como prblm tha ofteare handledaebyor tf and trainijngin~the operation o -anex-_

-i tifg triple u ep sp ae_ rtlz -1Process1 and e~quipment~ iXi ~ni~eioht oie~dt

gtdebottlerieckin gW V~ampptue i a 2Process optlimization with emphais or Process develoment process deI ii ~decreaigrouto costs coorii-iampao ith engineeringan~d co-

ngucio frirmsonooptrator trainig ad - ~ ~ (iIbg-terrn startupS sass fe h

er copn in Malaysia4Maintenance troubleshooting and problem solving - Plant lyput and equipmentT specifica5Prcss design -a dfin rd

-

tions for a plant inniato pro ucepoee to s aanadyd e hs ae o

6rove e ts inpac aIg materils g ior4o ystems

ee

qVlie toaeeaneo r earc and develbentser ices~a

canridnuct nuera sugifa-peaa ---a~e-ay -it-processe s Our~

tstand edyto dlevelop tech aoogyaprpratejto the constraints a the sita-

ion-aorthe small landlarge entrepreneur

Soe e~ppIes of unit operations and pocesses tha IFDC can offe epe ndin

Aciulation 2 Brnietting~

3~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4Cntrifugation (smaIlscae~

a C~n~~tatld~ -j

8 Crushnrindin~g

10 11 Filtration

~ BuFpedig4J~ 2 ~reparation of water treatment

3 Routine anid special chemica ~analyvsesj

AOSpcat pout far tstin~gmarket9~i ypout

Usebat~ zof byproducts to reduce pollio~n

R archancldevelopmpent can be cn

f P dctslProcesses - -saad

Va mse na umetsQ el seosppoit-theokaoflIFuC

as Xra rc - a f rseu cnig aocope iqui~ -anshy

gas chramatog raphs nr~ed p- oer s ultra-Vilet visible spcthooete

ifferential scanning calr meter ionl ch 0 matgrph image analysis nd differerishy

ti MxtaIal tiermo vmeri naysis

This2eqimn can be used for such ~ divrs projects as

~3~F~diztfar4~oo~n~d ganL~lt~dujcted for a~client on an exclusive ~

to coting)c~i~ao

2 Frez drying(smallgscale)

21Hg tcumeature fuoncciaton 4 - -- Vamp shy

41

--

Fertiliervalua lo tu es DC~~~~~~~ assgeion~ ~frn o

dahap ct indternashy

ern abee ocer l d uae frlatonflag n c

ieo Ic hd tcoic feauaiizf ed~t 0~ nut bfar SeIeqashytio ug~

si

ucsad pacce Prciex- en -NT7d e xpeme~ S n o Ar-rtof t ~i a~ai

gooi and economic vlato f ra -Srcrmnbeeon

plcmntai uf fm okiti aea haso~ focusred sjtTIr~dat oJn-gronm omc evatsionf edvdU nipdyinfrs-filsi

far e rsinds Reo m nainsaedrvdTie ipopat ak-M l a arer inpartcular ando thenation yin -valuation of phoshatefetlzraenshy

general Anong the diffrent fertie ealua~ tie inColombiaa na4ionstudies conduicted by IFDamp ingenraltnef~loin pijetsar rpresenttiv of -Evaluatioin offarm-IeveI urea andSU riaisyvri fin isareap ~ ~ in the Pilippines ~

- 4 - ~ o

--------------------

piig emoer zerevelopentechpoge

rcbdeQ -f aV~a ragesbe rstlizrr ut

co uc tfaaJOgra(S rn v p t ndigenos pos he cutres as lad hbBazi deposits

ombiaJCb 1 r ia ndnesia ~ F ize H c gerona er iIzer qa~~co aityg t slaa1a Ti(nMeictri izbr in mana geadm ien

Phiiinesi ti~~ro~ram aci ~tosfr a eo)$3 n~sa d f rshyt6Sintgon poq4poraenSr Ut fo IadjFetlie ibuter

7st~ l fbdiie o for fetlie- seto stdisTraiingo grams ca be adpe tft taitca n ecnomicaaysso e

cies~~~~~ieiliefetlzrscofetrintrete oina rtos

prvdehidvdul a orequesat ofAvancesh inrilzr n~firriaion

ing backgrouns inluigfertiizer plant in~tg for fetilizer soctr projcts maaes niet rios mar-i~~

land mna~gers extension directors and ing prgrm in~~ ~ us ficiency tehicas4aetite~1~jJ~nshaveertilizerj~ policy deveopment~

Patedin tgt tnig ~n~n~~hdge ~r $dting

d~xitvesessons~Thlir~i~j~yI V~K~gniations oci~~iamp Ctromrilztio nput maretinge mi~fo f i o6

Tese drwobhprograms f K~xets Eooi ou m tamoftrinn Exn sionrm ethd lgi esltdiciliar

lekes Manaemen of agricultura reeSarhe

ar Small bugtn adi uize rann programs-cop sNnityad erillzer utse~

d db our staf include Bulk bl~ending Ludfertlizrs prduction a du s6

DaAii t cS662- 35 (205 38 00

SF CorofFertilizeS ecilits - -i uhqeI hag l-an raw upo a m wrUen L Spnjs

Deborahep~Oi~ 7HluiSolceitr a rpresantseveealdiscii

ecnmit chmss toaLeta gahremical~aly oriees i

_______________________an__maktig n trinn

E--spc ardstIhee pressio nal sis te-1echirs Ik~ priysiaguagesstrea knedigeh ScJid PensIvnust giversiet oroter en7jdr Btitislm thenorIy soafier i verseesjy~up n

Phovrnetopantiy avaUAsty FerWtilize RBeshearchoi sanc ean bpretshy

samp~sdce Vigina lotet adB

BERncardHuBtn Iscencetrotenalsisex syseseinein perinsvt ol phicaltyof~

Pchemstry SttcUnvesiy

AndreMF~ CatonoAgronoy soll jertiit

Walte Er SoiltDi~~b~sciecepad biy

soiysieceigih j)tDcsI scrieUnViti a~ ]cobn nd

rid in-Sea nih S soil sce ne U iversity o f~

Ra~~DI fertojtyfeertillzer use

eoh ceaechell~heisty

D

ell sStolt Analtica chmsr

rcmistryM cheistryi vrity ofD ii-AfliabamYofa a~~

Duch Gema 1ricuiuroth CaSroiln States

hds ~fetlt0daiRrnh~~D~P sol Acii~een Uiverity nis

Gnttt saltk anaPD seersoAnalyia chfllyry JndJ Heyt oalichemistryanq che i ch misDs0 Cheistysoilabamifyge~a aroo ho Sae nVAY4KAhi~j~pKPno-oo AgooyM rf-jltStnmylo4anla~

1Jonhn adiutue aNrt Stearlin hipisn ~~o

soil~rI Abreefertilitye~ty niesiycuiturell

R~4~ec ~ ~t~ s~Wneeet-soil sciece on Ierm

Henry-lt strya doi ili oil PhD d h Ida

chmsty Sh Ph Statrononsol ershty ro

inalyticalMK Soil scincechemist du Mrntn agronhmy

I

8Plcct I eri6 an a red I

Oaroet0 manufacturicoc

Aaj i esyltoanagadcs agic e~y9~cnomrCieetdr Eap

7 Julthoro ReicPiJ~o~o traladidsraD-

yan 4oelin it sDumsFr~cGryaiSbs iepdEn Universityo]lan Leicesterpg+EnD

Julio Ho ic ndomtic agooy sl frityedin Cstr ust deeomneoorcstatisticsw FrnhSans Gc~~al ranieen4PrugeePhDench aridiSp soia frtliyIotae nierit -incat niersityofa Astterdm~i~si~

Baludr SiBungh Scooi ec soiytm modesis D la rg Maktdvlp enfnnilng Fijini dus sltuatioPh-5 Ph niversit ssuand es fcast B (H nosA since a pro and ing

ofof MY Haai agricturs ce~nerst Unvrst ofrole es-n

fKepstfiWao resoarcctnSpdeh- ~~~~di C~n Marketz~ Economics nnmpiyulitral al ahlsh~ PWPeImeat engineeaiagtahD

~~u~~tSCa L Ireiaengineeringtura SijrduIowamcs Bal H Bun] ErsitysopI1ne J KZlicy an lgt2V

nomcsUnvriy of Marylaynd

Adlf satneE B eelphn arn~oiiso fertiierusey~o- ~~e

UniversityUn~dr vlp etan managre ~ent FrnhP

Develop y a

P~ein anArabic PhZ-Apductu rke eonom-dc~ln- Ined

odMaretal~ ~a e ba~~~-e BAers n r

Jo HI add ~ Urdu Bg aS me C aof~esofo

Insper I a j

-Vn~nL6si o d sii~j~~g oPl~~oI

plats pr

sign and 1m10v

Icaes A

ofiferdz~ aoicltura ree rc iddvlpentr~5BScIreor

Acmetaanog nering Abun Uneersi~roes dGerr H$ Mcodlellan eil ri c ~

_ME A~ Clytni r t-f_

~~~met andga~rcommunication~nBA~j

NDLy

(AVls ELed Elehee

a

M$B~

gbamIstny AU nversityof-s

41

plngSpnsB mic a nd eeisfn ISc~on~t Sta

Atvn H ieaniwenegi~Mneeraing~procesesign and prdcto eniern ffrizernts- Beinruii~ ujr P Dce ia

l~~~QtI- 1611ro

Diid ---------------------------shy

- -l -

J J Schult

ginell BScononicsand hemitry3shy-A6

ee

qVlie toaeeaneo r earc and develbentser ices~a

canridnuct nuera sugifa-peaa ---a~e-ay -it-processe s Our~

tstand edyto dlevelop tech aoogyaprpratejto the constraints a the sita-

ion-aorthe small landlarge entrepreneur

Soe e~ppIes of unit operations and pocesses tha IFDC can offe epe ndin

Aciulation 2 Brnietting~

3~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4Cntrifugation (smaIlscae~

a C~n~~tatld~ -j

8 Crushnrindin~g

10 11 Filtration

~ BuFpedig4J~ 2 ~reparation of water treatment

3 Routine anid special chemica ~analyvsesj

AOSpcat pout far tstin~gmarket9~i ypout

Usebat~ zof byproducts to reduce pollio~n

R archancldevelopmpent can be cn

f P dctslProcesses - -saad

Va mse na umetsQ el seosppoit-theokaoflIFuC

as Xra rc - a f rseu cnig aocope iqui~ -anshy

gas chramatog raphs nr~ed p- oer s ultra-Vilet visible spcthooete

ifferential scanning calr meter ionl ch 0 matgrph image analysis nd differerishy

ti MxtaIal tiermo vmeri naysis

This2eqimn can be used for such ~ divrs projects as

~3~F~diztfar4~oo~n~d ganL~lt~dujcted for a~client on an exclusive ~

to coting)c~i~ao

2 Frez drying(smallgscale)

21Hg tcumeature fuoncciaton 4 - -- Vamp shy

41

--

Fertiliervalua lo tu es DC~~~~~~~ assgeion~ ~frn o

dahap ct indternashy

ern abee ocer l d uae frlatonflag n c

ieo Ic hd tcoic feauaiizf ed~t 0~ nut bfar SeIeqashytio ug~

si

ucsad pacce Prciex- en -NT7d e xpeme~ S n o Ar-rtof t ~i a~ai

gooi and economic vlato f ra -Srcrmnbeeon

plcmntai uf fm okiti aea haso~ focusred sjtTIr~dat oJn-gronm omc evatsionf edvdU nipdyinfrs-filsi

far e rsinds Reo m nainsaedrvdTie ipopat ak-M l a arer inpartcular ando thenation yin -valuation of phoshatefetlzraenshy

general Anong the diffrent fertie ealua~ tie inColombiaa na4ionstudies conduicted by IFDamp ingenraltnef~loin pijetsar rpresenttiv of -Evaluatioin offarm-IeveI urea andSU riaisyvri fin isareap ~ ~ in the Pilippines ~

- 4 - ~ o

--------------------

piig emoer zerevelopentechpoge

rcbdeQ -f aV~a ragesbe rstlizrr ut

co uc tfaaJOgra(S rn v p t ndigenos pos he cutres as lad hbBazi deposits

ombiaJCb 1 r ia ndnesia ~ F ize H c gerona er iIzer qa~~co aityg t slaa1a Ti(nMeictri izbr in mana geadm ien

Phiiinesi ti~~ro~ram aci ~tosfr a eo)$3 n~sa d f rshyt6Sintgon poq4poraenSr Ut fo IadjFetlie ibuter

7st~ l fbdiie o for fetlie- seto stdisTraiingo grams ca be adpe tft taitca n ecnomicaaysso e

cies~~~~~ieiliefetlzrscofetrintrete oina rtos

prvdehidvdul a orequesat ofAvancesh inrilzr n~firriaion

ing backgrouns inluigfertiizer plant in~tg for fetilizer soctr projcts maaes niet rios mar-i~~

land mna~gers extension directors and ing prgrm in~~ ~ us ficiency tehicas4aetite~1~jJ~nshaveertilizerj~ policy deveopment~

Patedin tgt tnig ~n~n~~hdge ~r $dting

d~xitvesessons~Thlir~i~j~yI V~K~gniations oci~~iamp Ctromrilztio nput maretinge mi~fo f i o6

Tese drwobhprograms f K~xets Eooi ou m tamoftrinn Exn sionrm ethd lgi esltdiciliar

lekes Manaemen of agricultura reeSarhe

ar Small bugtn adi uize rann programs-cop sNnityad erillzer utse~

d db our staf include Bulk bl~ending Ludfertlizrs prduction a du s6

DaAii t cS662- 35 (205 38 00

SF CorofFertilizeS ecilits - -i uhqeI hag l-an raw upo a m wrUen L Spnjs

Deborahep~Oi~ 7HluiSolceitr a rpresantseveealdiscii

ecnmit chmss toaLeta gahremical~aly oriees i

_______________________an__maktig n trinn

E--spc ardstIhee pressio nal sis te-1echirs Ik~ priysiaguagesstrea knedigeh ScJid PensIvnust giversiet oroter en7jdr Btitislm thenorIy soafier i verseesjy~up n

Phovrnetopantiy avaUAsty FerWtilize RBeshearchoi sanc ean bpretshy

samp~sdce Vigina lotet adB

BERncardHuBtn Iscencetrotenalsisex syseseinein perinsvt ol phicaltyof~

Pchemstry SttcUnvesiy

AndreMF~ CatonoAgronoy soll jertiit

Walte Er SoiltDi~~b~sciecepad biy

soiysieceigih j)tDcsI scrieUnViti a~ ]cobn nd

rid in-Sea nih S soil sce ne U iversity o f~

Ra~~DI fertojtyfeertillzer use

eoh ceaechell~heisty

D

ell sStolt Analtica chmsr

rcmistryM cheistryi vrity ofD ii-AfliabamYofa a~~

Duch Gema 1ricuiuroth CaSroiln States

hds ~fetlt0daiRrnh~~D~P sol Acii~een Uiverity nis

Gnttt saltk anaPD seersoAnalyia chfllyry JndJ Heyt oalichemistryanq che i ch misDs0 Cheistysoilabamifyge~a aroo ho Sae nVAY4KAhi~j~pKPno-oo AgooyM rf-jltStnmylo4anla~

1Jonhn adiutue aNrt Stearlin hipisn ~~o

soil~rI Abreefertilitye~ty niesiycuiturell

R~4~ec ~ ~t~ s~Wneeet-soil sciece on Ierm

Henry-lt strya doi ili oil PhD d h Ida

chmsty Sh Ph Statrononsol ershty ro

inalyticalMK Soil scincechemist du Mrntn agronhmy

I

8Plcct I eri6 an a red I

Oaroet0 manufacturicoc

Aaj i esyltoanagadcs agic e~y9~cnomrCieetdr Eap

7 Julthoro ReicPiJ~o~o traladidsraD-

yan 4oelin it sDumsFr~cGryaiSbs iepdEn Universityo]lan Leicesterpg+EnD

Julio Ho ic ndomtic agooy sl frityedin Cstr ust deeomneoorcstatisticsw FrnhSans Gc~~al ranieen4PrugeePhDench aridiSp soia frtliyIotae nierit -incat niersityofa Astterdm~i~si~

Baludr SiBungh Scooi ec soiytm modesis D la rg Maktdvlp enfnnilng Fijini dus sltuatioPh-5 Ph niversit ssuand es fcast B (H nosA since a pro and ing

ofof MY Haai agricturs ce~nerst Unvrst ofrole es-n

fKepstfiWao resoarcctnSpdeh- ~~~~di C~n Marketz~ Economics nnmpiyulitral al ahlsh~ PWPeImeat engineeaiagtahD

~~u~~tSCa L Ireiaengineeringtura SijrduIowamcs Bal H Bun] ErsitysopI1ne J KZlicy an lgt2V

nomcsUnvriy of Marylaynd

Adlf satneE B eelphn arn~oiiso fertiierusey~o- ~~e

UniversityUn~dr vlp etan managre ~ent FrnhP

Develop y a

P~ein anArabic PhZ-Apductu rke eonom-dc~ln- Ined

odMaretal~ ~a e ba~~~-e BAers n r

Jo HI add ~ Urdu Bg aS me C aof~esofo

Insper I a j

-Vn~nL6si o d sii~j~~g oPl~~oI

plats pr

sign and 1m10v

Icaes A

ofiferdz~ aoicltura ree rc iddvlpentr~5BScIreor

Acmetaanog nering Abun Uneersi~roes dGerr H$ Mcodlellan eil ri c ~

_ME A~ Clytni r t-f_

~~~met andga~rcommunication~nBA~j

NDLy

(AVls ELed Elehee

a

M$B~

gbamIstny AU nversityof-s

41

plngSpnsB mic a nd eeisfn ISc~on~t Sta

Atvn H ieaniwenegi~Mneeraing~procesesign and prdcto eniern ffrizernts- Beinruii~ ujr P Dce ia

l~~~QtI- 1611ro

Diid ---------------------------shy

- -l -

J J Schult

ginell BScononicsand hemitry3shy-A6

--

Fertiliervalua lo tu es DC~~~~~~~ assgeion~ ~frn o

dahap ct indternashy

ern abee ocer l d uae frlatonflag n c

ieo Ic hd tcoic feauaiizf ed~t 0~ nut bfar SeIeqashytio ug~

si

ucsad pacce Prciex- en -NT7d e xpeme~ S n o Ar-rtof t ~i a~ai

gooi and economic vlato f ra -Srcrmnbeeon

plcmntai uf fm okiti aea haso~ focusred sjtTIr~dat oJn-gronm omc evatsionf edvdU nipdyinfrs-filsi

far e rsinds Reo m nainsaedrvdTie ipopat ak-M l a arer inpartcular ando thenation yin -valuation of phoshatefetlzraenshy

general Anong the diffrent fertie ealua~ tie inColombiaa na4ionstudies conduicted by IFDamp ingenraltnef~loin pijetsar rpresenttiv of -Evaluatioin offarm-IeveI urea andSU riaisyvri fin isareap ~ ~ in the Pilippines ~

- 4 - ~ o

--------------------

piig emoer zerevelopentechpoge

rcbdeQ -f aV~a ragesbe rstlizrr ut

co uc tfaaJOgra(S rn v p t ndigenos pos he cutres as lad hbBazi deposits

ombiaJCb 1 r ia ndnesia ~ F ize H c gerona er iIzer qa~~co aityg t slaa1a Ti(nMeictri izbr in mana geadm ien

Phiiinesi ti~~ro~ram aci ~tosfr a eo)$3 n~sa d f rshyt6Sintgon poq4poraenSr Ut fo IadjFetlie ibuter

7st~ l fbdiie o for fetlie- seto stdisTraiingo grams ca be adpe tft taitca n ecnomicaaysso e

cies~~~~~ieiliefetlzrscofetrintrete oina rtos

prvdehidvdul a orequesat ofAvancesh inrilzr n~firriaion

ing backgrouns inluigfertiizer plant in~tg for fetilizer soctr projcts maaes niet rios mar-i~~

land mna~gers extension directors and ing prgrm in~~ ~ us ficiency tehicas4aetite~1~jJ~nshaveertilizerj~ policy deveopment~

Patedin tgt tnig ~n~n~~hdge ~r $dting

d~xitvesessons~Thlir~i~j~yI V~K~gniations oci~~iamp Ctromrilztio nput maretinge mi~fo f i o6

Tese drwobhprograms f K~xets Eooi ou m tamoftrinn Exn sionrm ethd lgi esltdiciliar

lekes Manaemen of agricultura reeSarhe

ar Small bugtn adi uize rann programs-cop sNnityad erillzer utse~

d db our staf include Bulk bl~ending Ludfertlizrs prduction a du s6

DaAii t cS662- 35 (205 38 00

SF CorofFertilizeS ecilits - -i uhqeI hag l-an raw upo a m wrUen L Spnjs

Deborahep~Oi~ 7HluiSolceitr a rpresantseveealdiscii

ecnmit chmss toaLeta gahremical~aly oriees i

_______________________an__maktig n trinn

E--spc ardstIhee pressio nal sis te-1echirs Ik~ priysiaguagesstrea knedigeh ScJid PensIvnust giversiet oroter en7jdr Btitislm thenorIy soafier i verseesjy~up n

Phovrnetopantiy avaUAsty FerWtilize RBeshearchoi sanc ean bpretshy

samp~sdce Vigina lotet adB

BERncardHuBtn Iscencetrotenalsisex syseseinein perinsvt ol phicaltyof~

Pchemstry SttcUnvesiy

AndreMF~ CatonoAgronoy soll jertiit

Walte Er SoiltDi~~b~sciecepad biy

soiysieceigih j)tDcsI scrieUnViti a~ ]cobn nd

rid in-Sea nih S soil sce ne U iversity o f~

Ra~~DI fertojtyfeertillzer use

eoh ceaechell~heisty

D

ell sStolt Analtica chmsr

rcmistryM cheistryi vrity ofD ii-AfliabamYofa a~~

Duch Gema 1ricuiuroth CaSroiln States

hds ~fetlt0daiRrnh~~D~P sol Acii~een Uiverity nis

Gnttt saltk anaPD seersoAnalyia chfllyry JndJ Heyt oalichemistryanq che i ch misDs0 Cheistysoilabamifyge~a aroo ho Sae nVAY4KAhi~j~pKPno-oo AgooyM rf-jltStnmylo4anla~

1Jonhn adiutue aNrt Stearlin hipisn ~~o

soil~rI Abreefertilitye~ty niesiycuiturell

R~4~ec ~ ~t~ s~Wneeet-soil sciece on Ierm

Henry-lt strya doi ili oil PhD d h Ida

chmsty Sh Ph Statrononsol ershty ro

inalyticalMK Soil scincechemist du Mrntn agronhmy

I

8Plcct I eri6 an a red I

Oaroet0 manufacturicoc

Aaj i esyltoanagadcs agic e~y9~cnomrCieetdr Eap

7 Julthoro ReicPiJ~o~o traladidsraD-

yan 4oelin it sDumsFr~cGryaiSbs iepdEn Universityo]lan Leicesterpg+EnD

Julio Ho ic ndomtic agooy sl frityedin Cstr ust deeomneoorcstatisticsw FrnhSans Gc~~al ranieen4PrugeePhDench aridiSp soia frtliyIotae nierit -incat niersityofa Astterdm~i~si~

Baludr SiBungh Scooi ec soiytm modesis D la rg Maktdvlp enfnnilng Fijini dus sltuatioPh-5 Ph niversit ssuand es fcast B (H nosA since a pro and ing

ofof MY Haai agricturs ce~nerst Unvrst ofrole es-n

fKepstfiWao resoarcctnSpdeh- ~~~~di C~n Marketz~ Economics nnmpiyulitral al ahlsh~ PWPeImeat engineeaiagtahD

~~u~~tSCa L Ireiaengineeringtura SijrduIowamcs Bal H Bun] ErsitysopI1ne J KZlicy an lgt2V

nomcsUnvriy of Marylaynd

Adlf satneE B eelphn arn~oiiso fertiierusey~o- ~~e

UniversityUn~dr vlp etan managre ~ent FrnhP

Develop y a

P~ein anArabic PhZ-Apductu rke eonom-dc~ln- Ined

odMaretal~ ~a e ba~~~-e BAers n r

Jo HI add ~ Urdu Bg aS me C aof~esofo

Insper I a j

-Vn~nL6si o d sii~j~~g oPl~~oI

plats pr

sign and 1m10v

Icaes A

ofiferdz~ aoicltura ree rc iddvlpentr~5BScIreor

Acmetaanog nering Abun Uneersi~roes dGerr H$ Mcodlellan eil ri c ~

_ME A~ Clytni r t-f_

~~~met andga~rcommunication~nBA~j

NDLy

(AVls ELed Elehee

a

M$B~

gbamIstny AU nversityof-s

41

plngSpnsB mic a nd eeisfn ISc~on~t Sta

Atvn H ieaniwenegi~Mneeraing~procesesign and prdcto eniern ffrizernts- Beinruii~ ujr P Dce ia

l~~~QtI- 1611ro

Diid ---------------------------shy

- -l -

J J Schult

ginell BScononicsand hemitry3shy-A6

--------------------

piig emoer zerevelopentechpoge

rcbdeQ -f aV~a ragesbe rstlizrr ut

co uc tfaaJOgra(S rn v p t ndigenos pos he cutres as lad hbBazi deposits

ombiaJCb 1 r ia ndnesia ~ F ize H c gerona er iIzer qa~~co aityg t slaa1a Ti(nMeictri izbr in mana geadm ien

Phiiinesi ti~~ro~ram aci ~tosfr a eo)$3 n~sa d f rshyt6Sintgon poq4poraenSr Ut fo IadjFetlie ibuter

7st~ l fbdiie o for fetlie- seto stdisTraiingo grams ca be adpe tft taitca n ecnomicaaysso e

cies~~~~~ieiliefetlzrscofetrintrete oina rtos

prvdehidvdul a orequesat ofAvancesh inrilzr n~firriaion

ing backgrouns inluigfertiizer plant in~tg for fetilizer soctr projcts maaes niet rios mar-i~~

land mna~gers extension directors and ing prgrm in~~ ~ us ficiency tehicas4aetite~1~jJ~nshaveertilizerj~ policy deveopment~

Patedin tgt tnig ~n~n~~hdge ~r $dting

d~xitvesessons~Thlir~i~j~yI V~K~gniations oci~~iamp Ctromrilztio nput maretinge mi~fo f i o6

Tese drwobhprograms f K~xets Eooi ou m tamoftrinn Exn sionrm ethd lgi esltdiciliar

lekes Manaemen of agricultura reeSarhe

ar Small bugtn adi uize rann programs-cop sNnityad erillzer utse~

d db our staf include Bulk bl~ending Ludfertlizrs prduction a du s6

DaAii t cS662- 35 (205 38 00

SF CorofFertilizeS ecilits - -i uhqeI hag l-an raw upo a m wrUen L Spnjs

Deborahep~Oi~ 7HluiSolceitr a rpresantseveealdiscii

ecnmit chmss toaLeta gahremical~aly oriees i

_______________________an__maktig n trinn

E--spc ardstIhee pressio nal sis te-1echirs Ik~ priysiaguagesstrea knedigeh ScJid PensIvnust giversiet oroter en7jdr Btitislm thenorIy soafier i verseesjy~up n

Phovrnetopantiy avaUAsty FerWtilize RBeshearchoi sanc ean bpretshy

samp~sdce Vigina lotet adB

BERncardHuBtn Iscencetrotenalsisex syseseinein perinsvt ol phicaltyof~

Pchemstry SttcUnvesiy

AndreMF~ CatonoAgronoy soll jertiit

Walte Er SoiltDi~~b~sciecepad biy

soiysieceigih j)tDcsI scrieUnViti a~ ]cobn nd

rid in-Sea nih S soil sce ne U iversity o f~

Ra~~DI fertojtyfeertillzer use

eoh ceaechell~heisty

D

ell sStolt Analtica chmsr

rcmistryM cheistryi vrity ofD ii-AfliabamYofa a~~

Duch Gema 1ricuiuroth CaSroiln States

hds ~fetlt0daiRrnh~~D~P sol Acii~een Uiverity nis

Gnttt saltk anaPD seersoAnalyia chfllyry JndJ Heyt oalichemistryanq che i ch misDs0 Cheistysoilabamifyge~a aroo ho Sae nVAY4KAhi~j~pKPno-oo AgooyM rf-jltStnmylo4anla~

1Jonhn adiutue aNrt Stearlin hipisn ~~o

soil~rI Abreefertilitye~ty niesiycuiturell

R~4~ec ~ ~t~ s~Wneeet-soil sciece on Ierm

Henry-lt strya doi ili oil PhD d h Ida

chmsty Sh Ph Statrononsol ershty ro

inalyticalMK Soil scincechemist du Mrntn agronhmy

I

8Plcct I eri6 an a red I

Oaroet0 manufacturicoc

Aaj i esyltoanagadcs agic e~y9~cnomrCieetdr Eap

7 Julthoro ReicPiJ~o~o traladidsraD-

yan 4oelin it sDumsFr~cGryaiSbs iepdEn Universityo]lan Leicesterpg+EnD

Julio Ho ic ndomtic agooy sl frityedin Cstr ust deeomneoorcstatisticsw FrnhSans Gc~~al ranieen4PrugeePhDench aridiSp soia frtliyIotae nierit -incat niersityofa Astterdm~i~si~

Baludr SiBungh Scooi ec soiytm modesis D la rg Maktdvlp enfnnilng Fijini dus sltuatioPh-5 Ph niversit ssuand es fcast B (H nosA since a pro and ing

ofof MY Haai agricturs ce~nerst Unvrst ofrole es-n

fKepstfiWao resoarcctnSpdeh- ~~~~di C~n Marketz~ Economics nnmpiyulitral al ahlsh~ PWPeImeat engineeaiagtahD

~~u~~tSCa L Ireiaengineeringtura SijrduIowamcs Bal H Bun] ErsitysopI1ne J KZlicy an lgt2V

nomcsUnvriy of Marylaynd

Adlf satneE B eelphn arn~oiiso fertiierusey~o- ~~e

UniversityUn~dr vlp etan managre ~ent FrnhP

Develop y a

P~ein anArabic PhZ-Apductu rke eonom-dc~ln- Ined

odMaretal~ ~a e ba~~~-e BAers n r

Jo HI add ~ Urdu Bg aS me C aof~esofo

Insper I a j

-Vn~nL6si o d sii~j~~g oPl~~oI

plats pr

sign and 1m10v

Icaes A

ofiferdz~ aoicltura ree rc iddvlpentr~5BScIreor

Acmetaanog nering Abun Uneersi~roes dGerr H$ Mcodlellan eil ri c ~

_ME A~ Clytni r t-f_

~~~met andga~rcommunication~nBA~j

NDLy

(AVls ELed Elehee

a

M$B~

gbamIstny AU nversityof-s

41

plngSpnsB mic a nd eeisfn ISc~on~t Sta

Atvn H ieaniwenegi~Mneeraing~procesesign and prdcto eniern ffrizernts- Beinruii~ ujr P Dce ia

l~~~QtI- 1611ro

Diid ---------------------------shy

- -l -

J J Schult

ginell BScononicsand hemitry3shy-A6

DaAii t cS662- 35 (205 38 00

SF CorofFertilizeS ecilits - -i uhqeI hag l-an raw upo a m wrUen L Spnjs

Deborahep~Oi~ 7HluiSolceitr a rpresantseveealdiscii

ecnmit chmss toaLeta gahremical~aly oriees i

_______________________an__maktig n trinn

E--spc ardstIhee pressio nal sis te-1echirs Ik~ priysiaguagesstrea knedigeh ScJid PensIvnust giversiet oroter en7jdr Btitislm thenorIy soafier i verseesjy~up n

Phovrnetopantiy avaUAsty FerWtilize RBeshearchoi sanc ean bpretshy

samp~sdce Vigina lotet adB

BERncardHuBtn Iscencetrotenalsisex syseseinein perinsvt ol phicaltyof~

Pchemstry SttcUnvesiy

AndreMF~ CatonoAgronoy soll jertiit

Walte Er SoiltDi~~b~sciecepad biy

soiysieceigih j)tDcsI scrieUnViti a~ ]cobn nd

rid in-Sea nih S soil sce ne U iversity o f~

Ra~~DI fertojtyfeertillzer use

eoh ceaechell~heisty

D

ell sStolt Analtica chmsr

rcmistryM cheistryi vrity ofD ii-AfliabamYofa a~~

Duch Gema 1ricuiuroth CaSroiln States

hds ~fetlt0daiRrnh~~D~P sol Acii~een Uiverity nis

Gnttt saltk anaPD seersoAnalyia chfllyry JndJ Heyt oalichemistryanq che i ch misDs0 Cheistysoilabamifyge~a aroo ho Sae nVAY4KAhi~j~pKPno-oo AgooyM rf-jltStnmylo4anla~

1Jonhn adiutue aNrt Stearlin hipisn ~~o

soil~rI Abreefertilitye~ty niesiycuiturell

R~4~ec ~ ~t~ s~Wneeet-soil sciece on Ierm

Henry-lt strya doi ili oil PhD d h Ida

chmsty Sh Ph Statrononsol ershty ro

inalyticalMK Soil scincechemist du Mrntn agronhmy

I

8Plcct I eri6 an a red I

Oaroet0 manufacturicoc

Aaj i esyltoanagadcs agic e~y9~cnomrCieetdr Eap

7 Julthoro ReicPiJ~o~o traladidsraD-

yan 4oelin it sDumsFr~cGryaiSbs iepdEn Universityo]lan Leicesterpg+EnD

Julio Ho ic ndomtic agooy sl frityedin Cstr ust deeomneoorcstatisticsw FrnhSans Gc~~al ranieen4PrugeePhDench aridiSp soia frtliyIotae nierit -incat niersityofa Astterdm~i~si~

Baludr SiBungh Scooi ec soiytm modesis D la rg Maktdvlp enfnnilng Fijini dus sltuatioPh-5 Ph niversit ssuand es fcast B (H nosA since a pro and ing

ofof MY Haai agricturs ce~nerst Unvrst ofrole es-n

fKepstfiWao resoarcctnSpdeh- ~~~~di C~n Marketz~ Economics nnmpiyulitral al ahlsh~ PWPeImeat engineeaiagtahD

~~u~~tSCa L Ireiaengineeringtura SijrduIowamcs Bal H Bun] ErsitysopI1ne J KZlicy an lgt2V

nomcsUnvriy of Marylaynd

Adlf satneE B eelphn arn~oiiso fertiierusey~o- ~~e

UniversityUn~dr vlp etan managre ~ent FrnhP

Develop y a

P~ein anArabic PhZ-Apductu rke eonom-dc~ln- Ined

odMaretal~ ~a e ba~~~-e BAers n r

Jo HI add ~ Urdu Bg aS me C aof~esofo

Insper I a j

-Vn~nL6si o d sii~j~~g oPl~~oI

plats pr

sign and 1m10v

Icaes A

ofiferdz~ aoicltura ree rc iddvlpentr~5BScIreor

Acmetaanog nering Abun Uneersi~roes dGerr H$ Mcodlellan eil ri c ~

_ME A~ Clytni r t-f_

~~~met andga~rcommunication~nBA~j

NDLy

(AVls ELed Elehee

a

M$B~

gbamIstny AU nversityof-s

41

plngSpnsB mic a nd eeisfn ISc~on~t Sta

Atvn H ieaniwenegi~Mneeraing~procesesign and prdcto eniern ffrizernts- Beinruii~ ujr P Dce ia

l~~~QtI- 1611ro

Diid ---------------------------shy

- -l -

J J Schult

ginell BScononicsand hemitry3shy-A6

8Plcct I eri6 an a red I

Oaroet0 manufacturicoc

Aaj i esyltoanagadcs agic e~y9~cnomrCieetdr Eap

7 Julthoro ReicPiJ~o~o traladidsraD-

yan 4oelin it sDumsFr~cGryaiSbs iepdEn Universityo]lan Leicesterpg+EnD

Julio Ho ic ndomtic agooy sl frityedin Cstr ust deeomneoorcstatisticsw FrnhSans Gc~~al ranieen4PrugeePhDench aridiSp soia frtliyIotae nierit -incat niersityofa Astterdm~i~si~

Baludr SiBungh Scooi ec soiytm modesis D la rg Maktdvlp enfnnilng Fijini dus sltuatioPh-5 Ph niversit ssuand es fcast B (H nosA since a pro and ing

ofof MY Haai agricturs ce~nerst Unvrst ofrole es-n

fKepstfiWao resoarcctnSpdeh- ~~~~di C~n Marketz~ Economics nnmpiyulitral al ahlsh~ PWPeImeat engineeaiagtahD

~~u~~tSCa L Ireiaengineeringtura SijrduIowamcs Bal H Bun] ErsitysopI1ne J KZlicy an lgt2V

nomcsUnvriy of Marylaynd

Adlf satneE B eelphn arn~oiiso fertiierusey~o- ~~e

UniversityUn~dr vlp etan managre ~ent FrnhP

Develop y a

P~ein anArabic PhZ-Apductu rke eonom-dc~ln- Ined

odMaretal~ ~a e ba~~~-e BAers n r

Jo HI add ~ Urdu Bg aS me C aof~esofo

Insper I a j

-Vn~nL6si o d sii~j~~g oPl~~oI

plats pr

sign and 1m10v

Icaes A

ofiferdz~ aoicltura ree rc iddvlpentr~5BScIreor

Acmetaanog nering Abun Uneersi~roes dGerr H$ Mcodlellan eil ri c ~

_ME A~ Clytni r t-f_

~~~met andga~rcommunication~nBA~j

NDLy

(AVls ELed Elehee

a

M$B~

gbamIstny AU nversityof-s

41

plngSpnsB mic a nd eeisfn ISc~on~t Sta

Atvn H ieaniwenegi~Mneeraing~procesesign and prdcto eniern ffrizernts- Beinruii~ ujr P Dce ia

l~~~QtI- 1611ro

Diid ---------------------------shy

- -l -

J J Schult

ginell BScononicsand hemitry3shy-A6

Insper I a j

-Vn~nL6si o d sii~j~~g oPl~~oI

plats pr

sign and 1m10v

Icaes A

ofiferdz~ aoicltura ree rc iddvlpentr~5BScIreor

Acmetaanog nering Abun Uneersi~roes dGerr H$ Mcodlellan eil ri c ~

_ME A~ Clytni r t-f_

~~~met andga~rcommunication~nBA~j

NDLy

(AVls ELed Elehee

a

M$B~

gbamIstny AU nversityof-s

41

plngSpnsB mic a nd eeisfn ISc~on~t Sta

Atvn H ieaniwenegi~Mneeraing~procesesign and prdcto eniern ffrizernts- Beinruii~ ujr P Dce ia

l~~~QtI- 1611ro

Diid ---------------------------shy

- -l -

J J Schult

ginell BScononicsand hemitry3shy-A6