imbalance of blood coagulation and anticoagulation

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Imbalance of blood Coagulation and Anticoagulation

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Imbalance of blood Coagulation and Anticoagulation. 自 2005 年 6 月 24 日至 7 月 23 日,四川省资阳市、内江市陆续收治了 58 例不明病因患者。这些患者多为 30 岁到 70 岁的男性,发病初期均出现高热、乏力,伴有恶心、呕吐;后出现皮下淤血、休克等症状,截至 7 月 23 日,有 17 例病人经抢救无效死亡。资阳市卫生局官员表示,病因仍在调查中,但已排除是非典。资阳、内江打响了全力抗击不明疾病的战斗。 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

Imbalance of blood Coagulation and Anticoagulation

Page 2: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

• 自 2005 年 6 月 24 日至 7 月 23 日,四川省资阳市、内江市陆续收治了 58 例不明病因患者。这些患者多为 30 岁到 70 岁的男性,发病初期均出现高热、乏力,伴有恶心、呕吐;后出现皮下淤血、休克等症状,截至 7 月 23 日,有 17 例病人经抢救无效死亡。资阳市卫生局官员表示,病因仍在调查中,但已排除是非典。资阳、内江打响了全力抗击不明疾病的战斗。

• 疫情发生后,卫生部、农业部和四川省委、省政府高度重视,有关部门和当地党委政府采取积极措施, ………………

Page 3: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

• 63 岁老农发病 12 小时身亡 • 资阳市雁江区南津镇迎桥村 15 组 63 岁的老农凌德全是此次不明疾病的死者之一。 23 日下午 5 时许,一阵低徊的哀乐从凌家传出,捧回父亲骨灰的凌文忠正在给父亲操办丧事。凌文忠在父亲发病那天早上还和父亲在一起,仅仅 12 个小时后,他就和 63 岁的父亲阴阳两隔了。 •     7 月 20 日早上 5 时,凌文忠离开家里时, 63 岁的父亲还好好的,凌德全起床后还蹲在院里洗了件衣服。可到了上午 10 时许,凌德全告诉孙女,他有点头晕。孙女叫爷爷到医院看一下,老人却说没事,休息一下可能会好。 11 时许,凌德全感到一身疼痛,时冷时热,并伴有呕吐。家人们紧急将他送到资阳市区一间诊所看病。诊所医生看后大惊,称凌德全的病情严重,让凌的家人马上送大医院治疗。随后凌被送到资阳市第一人民医院治疗。下午 6 时 50 分凌德全病情加重死亡。凌的亲人回忆,凌德全死前身上起莫名的小点点,死后尸体全身发青。

Page 4: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

• 自 6 月 24 日至 7 月 21 日,四川省资阳市第一、二、三人民医院陆续收治了 20例不明原因疾病。病人发病初期均出现高热、乏力,伴恶心、呕吐;后出现皮下淤血、休克等症状,截至 7 月 21 日,有 9 例病人经抢救无效死亡。被收治的不明疾病病人多为 30 岁到 70 岁的男性。

Page 5: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

§1 Blood coagulation§2 Anticoagulation§3 Fibrinolysis§4 Vascular endothelial cells

Introduction

Page 6: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

Blood coagulatlon system

Blood platelet

§1 Blood coagulation

Page 7: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

催化作用催化作用变化的方向变化的方向

血栓形成CaCa2+2+

PF3PF3 ⅤⅤ

CaCa2+2+

ⅩⅩⅡⅡ ⅩⅩⅡⅡaa

ⅩⅩⅠⅠaa

ⅩⅩⅠⅠⅨⅨaa

PF3PF3 ⅧⅧCaCa2+2+

ⅦⅦ ⅢⅢ

ⅩⅩ ⅩⅩⅩⅩaa

S KS K PKPK

HMWKHMWK

CaCa2+2+

ⅠⅠ ⅠⅠaa ⅠⅠaaⅠⅠaaⅠⅠaa

ⅠⅠaa

CaCa2+2+

ⅡⅡ ⅡⅡaaⅩⅩⅢⅢ ⅩⅩⅢⅢaa

ⅩⅩⅠⅠ

内凝系统

外凝系统

血液凝固机制

Page 8: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

Formation of prothrombin activator Ⅹ Ⅹa

Prothrombin Thrombin + a+CaⅤ 2+ 、 PL

Fibrinogen Fibrin

ⅫⅫa Ⅺ 、Ⅸ 、Ⅷ a 、 Ca2+

Ⅲ ( TF )TF- aⅦ 、Ca2+

Intrisic pIntrisic pathwayathway

Extrisic pathExtrisic pathwayway

Page 9: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

凝血瀑布学说的修正以组织因子为始动的外源性凝血系统的 激活,在启动凝血过程中起主要作用。内、外源性凝血系统并不是截然分开,而是互相联系的。 在凝血的启动阶段只有少量的凝血酶产生。而凝血过程的维持则需要高浓度的凝血酶。少量凝血酶反馈激活因子 VIII、V、 VII、 IX和 XI等

Page 10: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

血栓形成过程

血小板粘附在内皮下胶原

血小板不可逆聚集并释放

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血小板激活的同时使血小板激活的同时使 GPⅠbGPⅠb 、、 GPⅡb/ⅢaGPⅡb/Ⅲa 被激活 被激活

GPⅡb/ⅢaGPⅡb/Ⅲa 是纤维蛋是纤维蛋白原的受体,作用:白原的受体,作用: ① 通过“搭桥”使血小板聚集; ② 通过信号转导,使血小板细胞骨架再构筑,导致变形、聚集 血栓形成过程

GPⅠ bGPⅠ b 通过通过 vWFvWF 使血使血小板与胶原结合小板与胶原结合 ,, 粘附;粘附;

Page 12: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

Platelet accelerate clotting

磷脂 凝血酶↑↑凝血因子 纤维蛋白网 血细胞 血小板 血凝块

Page 13: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

血小板的促凝活性主要包括以下:1 激活的血小板为凝血因子提供磷脂表面;;2 血小板质膜表面结合有许多凝血因子;3 血小板激活后释放颗粒的内容物,可增加纤维蛋白的形成,加固凝块。4 血块中的血小板还有伪足伸入纤维蛋白网,不

仅巩固第二期止血,而且进入永久性止血。

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1. Cell

reticuloendothelial system

2. Body fluid(1) antithrombin (AT- ,liver)Ⅲ Ⅲ :

(2) Protein C

(3) tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

§2 The anticoagulation system

Page 15: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

heparin Inhibite the activity of thrombin

AT III

Page 16: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

Activated PC( APC) Inactivates Ⅴa 、Ⅷ a; Inhibits a binⅩding to PL; Leads to release t-PA; decrease plasmin inhibitor

thrombomodulin (TM)

Surface of VEC

thrombin

prothrombincoagulation activity

Protein S

Protein C, PC

Page 17: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

TFPI 的功能 灭活Ⅶ a-TF

F a-TFPI-F a-TFⅩ Ⅶ TF-F a Ⅶ + F a-TFPIⅩ F aⅩ + TFPI + 脂蛋白 结合型 TFPI 肝素 (释放入血) HS-TFPI VEC

Page 18: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

• 组成:纤维蛋白溶酶原、纤溶酶、纤溶酶原激活物与纤溶抑制物。

•作用:使生理止血过程中所产生的局部或一过性的纤维蛋白凝块能随时溶解,从而防止血栓形成,保证血流通畅;参与组织修复、血管再生。

§3 The fibrinolytic system

Page 19: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

Fibrinolytic Pathway

Plasminogen

Plasmin

Fibrin, fibrinogen

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)Urokinase (uPA)

Thrombin, F a, F aⅫ Ⅺ

Fibrin/ fibrinogendegradation products (FDP)

Plasmin Inhibitor

PAI-1

Page 20: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

VEC 正常时不表达 TF ;VEC 可生成 PGI2 、 NO及 ADP酶等物质,扩张血管、抑制血小板的活化、聚集等;VEC 可产生或促进 tPA 、 uPA 等纤溶酶原激活物,促进纤溶过程;VEC 的抗凝作用• 产生 TFPI 、表达 TM 、肝素样物质。

§4 血管内皮系统

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Clot Formation Clot Dissolution

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coagulation anticoagulation

1.intrinsic coagulation pathway(Ⅻ→ Ⅻ a)2.extrinsic coagulation pathway ( TF enters into blood)

1. Intact VEC 2.quite rapid blood flow velocity 3. Phagocytosis of MPS4.physiological anticoagulation substances: AT-Ⅲ 、 PC 、 TFPI5. Fibrinolytic system

summary

Page 23: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

凝血因子的异常抗凝因子的异常纤溶因子的异常血细胞的异常血管的异常

凝血与抗凝血功能紊乱

Page 24: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

与出血倾向有关的凝血因子异常 遗传性血浆凝血因子缺乏 (血友病、血管性假血友病 )获得性血浆凝血因子减少 凝血因子的生成障碍 ( Vit k 缺乏、肝功能严重障碍 )凝血因子的消耗增多 ( DIC )

与血栓形成倾向有关的凝血因子异常

凝血因子的异常

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Page 26: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

遗传性血浆凝血因子缺乏 (出血倾向) 疾 病 机 制

血友病 A FⅧ缺乏, X连锁隐性遗传 血友病 B FⅨ缺乏, X连锁隐性遗传 血友病 C FⅪ缺乏,常染色体显性 (或不完全隐性)遗传 血管性假血友病 vWF质和量异常,血小板粘附、聚 集、障碍 .FⅧ促凝活性降低

Page 27: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

血友病患者膝关节出血 血友病患者膝部放射片显示严重的变形

Page 28: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

典型的血友病显示巨大的软组织血肿和假性肿瘤外观

Page 29: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

获得性 血浆凝血因子减少(出血倾向)凝血因子生成障碍 凝血因子消耗增多

Vit K缺乏: 肝功能严重障碍 DIC

经口摄取不足肠吸收不良肠内菌群失调Vit K拮抗剂FⅡ、 FⅦ、 FⅩ、 凝血因子合成减少FⅨ生成减少

Page 30: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

获得性血浆凝血因子增多(血栓形成倾向)

凝 血 因 子 病 因纤维蛋白原 肥胖、糖尿病、高血压高血 脂、吸烟F Ⅶ 恶性肿瘤、吸烟、酗酒、口 服避孕药FⅡ、 FⅤ、 FⅦ、 F Ⅷ 肾病综合征

Page 31: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

遗传性血浆凝血因子增多(血栓形成)

凝 血 因 子 基 因 变 异FⅡ(凝血酶原) G20210A

F R506QⅤ 、 R306T 、 (APC抵抗 )

F V34LⅩⅢF Ⅷ ?

Page 32: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

AT -Ⅲ减少或缺乏 获得性缺乏 AT -Ⅲ 合成减少( Vit k 缺乏、肝功能严重障碍 )AT -Ⅲ丢失和消耗增多 ( DIC )

遗传性缺乏 蛋白 C 和蛋白 S 缺乏

抗凝因子的异常

Page 33: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

获得性 AT-Ⅲ缺乏与血栓形成倾向 底物 (肠消化吸收蛋白质 ) AT-Ⅲ合成 肝功能 口服避孕药

肾病综合症:丢失 AT-Ⅲ (肝合成纤维蛋白原 ) AT-Ⅲ丢失和消耗 大面积烧伤:丢失 AT-Ⅲ DIC:消耗大量 AT-Ⅲ

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遗传性 AT-Ⅲ缺乏类型

类型 数量 活性

Ⅰ型

Ⅱ型 正常

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获得性 PC、 PS缺乏1.VitK 缺乏或应用其拮抗剂:PC、 PS均属 VitK 依赖性抗凝因子

2.严重肝病、肝硬化:肝合成PC、 PS 减少

3. 口服避孕药、妊娠:使PS减少

Page 36: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

遗传性 PC缺乏异常症 (常染色体显性遗传 )

类型 数量 活性 表现 Ⅰ 型 减少 降低 深部静脉血栓症 Ⅱ型 正常 降低 深部静脉血栓症

Page 37: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

蛋白 S缺乏异常 (常染色体显性遗传 )

分型 结合型 游离型 活性 ( 与 C4b结合蛋白 ) (对 APC 的辅助活性 )

Ⅰ型 ※ 正常或增加 减少 不变Ⅱ型 减少 减少 不变 Ⅲ型 正常 正常 下降

※ 可能存在 :PS本身无异常 , 但由于 C4b 原因所 致游离型减少。

Page 38: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

纤溶功能亢进引起的出血倾向获得性遗传性

纤溶功能降低与血栓形成倾向获得性(常见于血栓前状态、血栓性疾病)遗传性

纤溶因子的异常

Page 39: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

纤溶功能增强致出血倾向 原 因 机 制获 脏器严重损伤或大手术 大量 t PA入血 (子宫、卵巢、前列腺、心肺脑等) 恶性肿瘤(白血病等) 大量 t PA入血得 肝脏功能严重障碍 t PA灭活减少、 (肝硬化、肝癌、肝叶切除 ) PAI合成减少 D I C 继发性纤溶亢进性 溶栓疗法(药物) 纤溶亢进 遗传性纤溶亢进 先天性 α2-AP 、 先天性 PAI缺乏

Page 40: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

遗传性纤溶功能降低 基 因 变 异 表 现 PAI-1 4G/4G 高表达 PAI-1 血栓形成倾向 PLg异常 PLg活性降低 血栓形成倾向

Page 41: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

血小板的异常 血小板数量异常 减少增多

血小板功能异常白细胞异常红细胞异常

血细胞的异常

Page 42: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

血小板数量减少(< 100×109/L) 原 因 常 见 疾 病 血小板生成障碍 再障、急性白血病、放、化疗后 骨 髓抑制、骨髓纤维化、巨幼细胞贫血 血小板破坏、消耗增多 细菌、病毒、抗血小板抗体等致特发 性血小板减少性紫癜、系统性红斑狼 疮、血栓性血小板减少性紫癜、新生 儿血小板减少、 DIC 等 血小板分布异常 输入大量库血、血浆等

Page 43: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

血小板数量增多> 400×109/L 原 因 常 见 疾 病 原发性增多※ 骨髓增生性疾病:慢粒白血病、真 性红细胞增多症、早期骨髓纤维化、 原发性血小板增多症 继发性增多 急性感染、溶血、某些癌症 ※:如伴有功能缺陷,可致出血;如伴有活化功能增强,易血栓形成。

Page 44: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

遗传性血小板功能异常 基 因 疾 病 表 现 巨大血小板 与冠心病、出血 GP b- - Ⅰ Ⅸ Ⅴ 综合征 有关

Glanzmann 血小板粘附、聚 GP b/ a Ⅱ Ⅲ 血小板 集障碍(出血倾 无力症 向)

GP a/ a Ⅰ Ⅱ 影响与胶原作用

Page 45: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

获得性血小板功能异常 类 型 常 见 疾 病 获得性血小板 尿毒症、肝硬化、骨髓增生 功能降低 性疾病、急性白血病等 获得性血小板 血栓前状态、糖尿病、妊高 功能增强 症、口服避孕药、妊娠晚期、 高脂血症、人工瓣膜移植术

Page 46: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

白细胞增多易致血栓形成原因: 1.毛细血管血流受阻,微循环障碍 2.释放弹性蛋白酶、胶原酶,损伤基底膜、基质 3. 分泌细胞因子: TNF 、 IL-1 ,使内皮细胞表达

TF , 启动凝血 4.产生炎症介质:使血管通透性增高,血液浓缩。

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血管内皮细胞的损伤机械刺激、生化刺激、免疫学刺激

血管壁结构的损伤内毒素、免疫性因素

血管的异常

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1. Concept2. Causes and Pathogenesis of DIC3. Precipitating factor 4. Stages and types5. Clinic manifestations 6. Treatment

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

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患者,女, 26 岁 , 胎盘早剥急诊入院 妊娠 9 个多月,昏迷,牙关紧闭,手足强直;眼球结膜有出血斑,身体多处有瘀点、瘀斑,消化道出血,血尿;血压 80/50mmHg ,脉搏 95次 / 分、细速;尿少 实验室检查(括号内是正常值): Hb 70g/L ( 110~150 ), RBC 2.71012/L ( 3.5~5.0 12/L ),外周血见裂体细胞;血小板 85 109/L ( 100~300 109/L ),纤维蛋白原 1.78 g/L ( 2~4g/L );凝血酶原时间 20.9 秒( 12~14), 3P试验阳性(阴性)。尿蛋白 +++, RBC++ 4h后复查血小板 75 109 /L ,纤维蛋白原 1.6g /L 诊断思考:发生了什么?为什么这样?

Page 50: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

由于某些致病因子的作用,凝血因子和血小板被激活,大量促凝物质入血,凝血酶增加,进而微循环中形成广泛的微血栓。微血栓形成中消耗了大量凝血因子和血小板,继发性纤维蛋白溶解功能增强,导致患者出现明显的出血、休克、器官功能障碍和溶血性贫血等临床表现。

concept

Page 51: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

Etiological factors

Activation of Coagulation

system

Hyper--coagulable

state

Micro--thrombi

Hypocoagulablestate

Clotting factors PL

activation of fibrinoly--tic system

Disturbance of microcirculation

shock organ dysfunction

bleeding

Introduction of DIC

Page 52: Imbalance of blood Coagulation and        Anticoagulation

Character of DIC?Dysfunction of coagulation !

Pathogenesis of DIC: activation of clotting factors

Main morphologic change of DIC : extensive formation of microthrombiManifestations of DIC : bleeding, shock , dysfunction of multiple organs , anemia

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Causes of DIC

• Infection• Malignancy• Trauma• Obstetrical emergency • Emergency

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Severe tissue injury →to activate extrinsic coagulation system

Extensive damage of VEC→loss of balance between coagulation and anticoagulation

Excessive destruction of the circulating blood cells

Other procoagulant material entering the blood

Pathogenesis

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•1.Severe tissue injury →to activate extrinsic coagulation system

• causes : sever trauma, burn, major operation, malignant necrosis

• mechanism : tissue factor enters into blood to activate extrinsic coagulation system

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Figure 1. Initiation of the coagulation protease cascade by the TF·FVIIa complex. TF is a transmembrane glycoprotein that localizes FVII/FVIIa to the cell surface. The substrates FIX and FX are proteolytically cleaved by FVIIa to form proteolytically active FIXa and FXa.

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tissue factor,TF

• 性质: 263 aa,跨膜糖蛋白•表达:血管内细胞正常时不表达,感染时表达;血管外细胞正常时恒定表达肺、脑、胎盘、肿瘤细胞等含有丰富 TF!

TF释放组织损伤 磷脂Ⅶ,Ca2+ TF- a CaⅦ 2+

Ⅹa

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Activity of TF

tissue Activity of TF ( /mg)• Liver 10 • Muscle 20• brain 50• Lung 50• Placenta 2000

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2. Extensive damage of VEC→loss of balance between coagulation and anticoagulation

causes : infection, hypoxia, acidosis, antigen-antibody complex

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血小板附着受损的内皮细胞表面(单箭头指示)正常内皮细胞(电镜扫描)

VEC 损伤为什么会导致 DIC? 内毒素可直接损伤 VEC ,或通过 TNF 、 IL-1 、 PAF 、 C5a介导 VEC 的损伤

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(1)释放 TF ,激活凝血系统(2) 内皮细胞的抗凝作用 TM/PC 、 HS/AT III 系统功能 ; TFPI (3)血管内皮细胞产生 tPA 减少,而 PAI-1产生增多,纤溶活性

(5)胶原暴露激活内源性凝血系统、激肽系统以及补体系统。

(4)血管内皮细胞损伤使 NO、PGI2 、 ADP 酶减少,抑制血小板粘附、聚集的功能降低,胶原的暴露使血小板粘附、聚集的功能增强; Ⅻ Ⅻa 胶 原 固相激活

K PK

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3. Excessive destruction of the circulating blood cells:

Red cell, white cell or PL membranes become damaged and release procoagulants within the blood →may trigger both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting sequences.

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1) Severe haemolysis: antigen-antibody reaction ( transfusion of a large amount

of incompatible blood:) → intravascular haemolysis → the release of the followi

ng substances: a) adenosine diphosphate (ADP): to promote PL aggregation, and PL release →bl

ood clotting b) phospholipoprotein : adsorb clotting factor

(F ,F ,F ,F )→formation of a great amoⅡ Ⅶ Ⅸ Ⅹunt of thrombin → blood clotting

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2) leucocyte is damaged or activated :• leukemia patients receive chemotherapy or radiotherap

y → a great deal of leucocytes are damaged → release of TF-like substance → blood clotting

• mononuclear cell , neutrophilic granulocyte can be activated under infection (by endotoxin or cytokine: IL-1, TNF-α) → to express TF→ blood clotting

3) platelet is activated: secondary activation is more frequent (VEC was damaged).

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4. Other procoagulant material entering the blood

1) a great deal of parenzyme released into blood → a: Ⅱ

acute pancreatitis, tumor of pancreas ↓ parenzyme (proteolytic enzyme) released into blood

→ Ⅻ Ⅻa → a → aⅡ Ⅱ Ⅹ Ⅹ Ⅷ Ⅴ Formation of a large amount of thrombin →DIC

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2) Extrinsic toxin enters into blood → aⅡ bee venom, snake venom3) Some malignant tumor cells → to express

TF and cancer procoagulant

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发病机制小结

病因 内皮受损组织破坏 TF 入血激活外凝系统

RBC , WBC , Plt 受损血液凝固性

其他促凝物质入血,激活凝血系统DIC始动环节: XII , TF 的活化DIC中心(主导)环节: IIIIa

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严重的感染引起 DIC 机制:①内毒素及严重感染时产生的细胞因子作用于内皮细胞可使 TF表达增加 ; ②内皮细胞上的 TM、 HS的表达明显减少③内毒素可损伤血管内皮细胞,暴露胶原,使血小板粘附、活化、聚集并释放,促进微血栓的形成。 ④严重感染时释放的细胞因子可激活白细胞,激活的白细胞可释放炎症介质,损伤血管内皮细胞,并使其抗凝功能降低。⑤产生的细胞因子可使血管内皮细胞产生 tPA减少,而PAI-1 产生增多。使生成血栓的溶解障碍,也与微血栓的形成有关。

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Precipitating factor• Impairment of clearance mechanism

• Liver Disease

• Hypercoagulable state of blood

• Microcirculation dysfunction

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1. Impairment of the mononuclear phagocyte system- “block out”

MPS:清除促凝物质( LPS , 细胞碎片,免疫复合物)清除纤维蛋白 , 活化凝血因子及其与抑制物形成的复合物,纤维蛋白单体, FDP糖皮质激素,感染,严重肝病→ MPS Impairment 巨噬细胞吞噬

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Generalized Shwartzman reaction ( GSR )

• i.v. endotoxin24h i.v. endotoxin DIC

• i.v.二氧化钍 24h i.v. endotoxin DIC? ?

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2.Hepatic dysfunction

1. 肝枯否细胞是单核吞噬系统重要组成部分2. 肝脏产生 PC 、 AT-Ⅲ等抗凝物3. 肝脏灭活活化的凝血因子肝功能障碍时凝血、抗凝、纤溶过程失调引起肝功能中障碍的某些病因激活凝血因子

肝细胞大量坏死释放 TF

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3 、 Hypercoagulable state of blood

pregnancy

血小板及凝血因子增多抗凝及纤溶物质减少胎盘纤溶抑制物增多

acidosis

内皮受损肝素活性降低

凝血活性及 PL 聚集性增高

血液凝固性增高

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4. Microcirculation dysfunction

血液淤滞,凝血物质聚集,血流变异常

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血液快速流动

轴流

边流

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血液流动缓慢

轴流

边流

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血液流动缓慢

轴流

边流

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血液流动缓慢

轴流

边流

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血液流动缓慢

轴流

边流

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血液流动缓慢

轴流

边流

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血液流动缓慢

轴流

边流

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Stages of DIC1.高凝期• 凝血系统激活,Ⅱ a ,血液高凝,微血栓形成2. 消耗性低凝期• 凝血物质减少,纤溶系统激活,血液凝固性,出血3.继发性纤溶亢进期• 纤溶酶 , FDP ;血液凝固性 ,出血加重

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Types of DIC1. according to speed:

Acute起病急、休克出血为主、分期不明显、实验室检查明显异常。

Chronic病程长、临床表现轻、可转为急性

Subacute介于二者之间

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2. According to compensation 代偿型 失代偿型 过度代偿型 凝血因子 消耗 =生成 消耗 >生成 消耗 <生成 DIC 程度 轻 急重 慢性,恢复期 症 状 不明显 典型 不典型实 验 室 检 查 凝 血 因 子↓ 凝 血 因 子 ↑

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Manifestations of DICDIC

1. Bleeding

2. Microcirculation disturbance –shock

3. Multiple system organ dysfunction

4. microangiopathic hemolytic anemia,MHA

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DIC 出血(腹主动脉瘤术后)

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1. Bleeding (1) consumption of coagulative factor: Ⅰ 、Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅷ、Ⅹ and platelet (2) activation of fibrinolysis system : coagula

tion↓

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内皮受损 XII

XIIa

XIIf

纤溶酶原激活物激肽释放酶脏器栓塞 纤溶酶原激活物

纤溶酶原

纤溶酶水解凝血因子形成 FDP

出血继发纤溶系统亢进

缺氧、应激时内皮细胞释放纤溶酶原激活物

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(3) formation of FDP→ anticoagulation fibrinogen plasmin X 、 A 、 B

Y 、 D FDP D 、 E

fibrin plasmin X′ 、 Y′ 、 D 、 E′

X 、 Y 、 D : inhibition of fibrin aggregationY 、 E : action of antithrombinFDP : inhibition of platelet aggregation, release

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FDP检测•3P 试验 (plasma protamin paracoagunation test) :• D- 二聚体检查: Fbn更易水解产生 D D抑制纤维蛋白 单体聚合 继发性纤溶亢进指标

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2. Multiple system organ dysfunction微血栓形成器官缺血,缺氧组织坏死功能衰竭

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DIC 时,器官功能障碍主要由于微血栓大量形成! 肺—呼吸功能障碍 肾—肾功能障碍 心—心泵功能障碍 肾上腺皮质— 华 -佛综合症 垂体—席汉综合症

心肌中的微血栓

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肺内血栓

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肝内微血栓

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3. Microcirculation disturbance -shock(1) microthrombi → the blood return ↓(2) excess bleeding → blood volume ↓(3) Cardiac output ↓:heart or lung thrombi, acidosis(4) Vasodilation and permeability of capillary↑ (a) activation of alexin and kinin system→histamine, kinin rel

ease

peripheral resistance ↓ permeability of capillary ↑

A,B,C → ↑ histamine, kinin :(b)FDP vasodilation permeability of capillary ↑

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4. microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MHA)

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• concept: 慢性 DIC及有些亚急性 DIC往往出现溶血性贫血的临床症状,被称为微血管病性溶血性贫血(MHA )• character : 外周血见裂体细胞( schistocyte)• mechanism : 1. 红细胞被机械性破坏 2. 红细胞变形能力

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RBC悬挂在纤维蛋白索上(扫描电镜,左 2000 ,右 5200 )

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Principle of treatment 1.To diagnose DIC and to treat it as soon as possible2.To prevent primary diseases3.Anticoagulation treatment AT-III 、 heparin4. To maintain and protect important organs5. Supplemental therapy6. Anti- fibrinolysis therapy

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患者,女, 26 岁 , 胎盘早剥急诊入院 妊娠 9 个多月,昏迷,牙关紧闭,手足强直;眼球结膜有出血斑,身体多处有瘀点、瘀斑,消化道出血,血尿;血压 80/50mmHg ,脉搏 95次 / 分、细速;尿少 实验室检查(括号内是正常值): Hb 70g/L ( 110~150 ), RBC 2.71012/L ( 3.5~5.0 12/L ),外周血见裂体细胞;血小板 85 109/L ( 100~300 109/L ),纤维蛋白原 1.78 g/L ( 2~4g/L );凝血酶原时间 20.9 秒( 12~14), 3P试验阳性(阴性)。尿蛋白 +++, RBC++ 4h后复查血小板 75 109 /L ,纤维蛋白原 1.6g /L 诊断思考:发生了什么?为什么这样?

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A 56-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department after a car accident. He had several bone fractures, a cerebral contusion, and hemodynamic instability caused by a ruptured spleen. Emergency splenectomy and aggressive administration of fluids restored hemodynamic stability, and the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). A few hours later, profuse extravasation was noted from the abdominal drains, endotracheal tube, and puncture sites of all intravascular lines.

Clinical Case

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Laboratory tests showed a rapidly falling hemoglobin level and a platelet count of 25,000/µL (normal>150 , 000/µL). The prothrombin time (PT) was 29 sec (normal, <12.5). The level of fibrinogen degradation products was 360-520 g/L (normal, <40) and the plasma antithrombin III level was 28% (normal, 80-120).

Clinical Case

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Based on these findings, the diagnosis was DIC secondary to severe trauma. Surgical exploration revealed diffuse oozing of blood at the site of the operation, but only partial surgical hemostasis could be achieved. The patient was given supportive treatment with large infusions of fresh plasma and platelet concentrates. The bleeding stopped 48 hours later. Coagulation parameters eventually returned to normal and the subsequent clinical course was uneventful.

Clinical Case

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