imaging in head trauma
TRANSCRIPT
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Brain Imaging in TraumaBrain Imaging in Trauma
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Level Of Consciousness Level Of Consciousness Glasgow Coma Scale
Eye Opening Best Verbal Best Motor
Spontaneous 4 Oriented 5 Obeys Command 6
To Voice 3 Confused 4 Localizes 5
To Pain 2 Inappropriate 3 Withdraws 4
None 1 Incomprehensible 2 Flexion 3
None 1 Extension 2
None 1
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Primary Brain InjuryPrimary Brain Injury
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Classification of TBIClassification of TBIPrimary◦ Injury to scalp, skull fracture◦ Surface contusion/laceration◦ Intracranial hematoma◦ Diffuse axonal injury, diffuse vascular injury
Secondary◦ Hypoxia-ischemia, swelling/edema, raised intracranial
pressure◦ Meningitis/abscess
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IMAGING TECHNIQUEIMAGING TECHNIQUECT without contrast is the modality of
choice in acute trauma (fast, available, sensitive to acute subarachnoid hemorrhage and skull fractures)
MRI is useful in non-acute head trauma (higher sensitivity than CT for cortical contusions, diffuse axonal injury, posterior fossa abnormalities)
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Extraaxial fluid collectionsExtraaxial fluid collectionsSubarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)Subdural hematoma(SDH)Epidural hematomaSubdural hygromaIntraventricular hemorrhage
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EPIDURAL HEMATOMAEPIDURAL HEMATOMALocated between the skull and
periosteumDue to laceration of the middle
meningeal artery or dural veinsCan cross dural reflections but is limited
by suture linesLentiform shape (but concave shape in
SDH)
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SUBDURAL HEMATOMASUBDURAL HEMATOMAOccurs between the dura and arachnoidCan cross the sutures but not the dural
reflectionsDue to disruption of the bridging cortical
veinsHypodense(hyperacute, chronic),
isodense(subacute), hyperdense(acute)
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W=33 L=41
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Subarachnoid hemorrageSubarachnoid hemorrageCan originate from direct vessel injury,
contused cortex or intraventricular hemorrhage.
Look in the interpeduncular cistern and Sylvian fissure
Usually focal (but diffuse from aneurysm)Can lead to communicating hydrocephalus
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Intraventricular hemorrhageIntraventricular hemorrhageMost commonly due to rupture of
subependymal vesselsCan occur from reflux of SAH or
contiguous extension of an intracerebral hemorrhage
Look for blood-cerebrospinal fluid level in occipital horns
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INTRA-AXIAL INJURYINTRA-AXIAL INJURYSurface contusion/lacerationIntraparenchymal hematomaWhite matter shearing injury/diffuse
axonal injuryPost-traumatic infarctionBrainstem injury
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CONTUSION/LACERATIONSCONTUSION/LACERATIONSMost common source of traumatic SAHContusion: must involve the superficial gray
matterLaceration: contusion + tear of pia-arachnoidAffects the crests of gyriHemorrhage present ½ cases and occur at right
angles to the cortical surfaceLocated near the irregular bony contours: poles
of frontal lobes, temporal lobes, inferior cerebellar hemispheres
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Intraparenchymal hematomaIntraparenchymal hematomaFocal collections of blood that most
commonly arise from shear-strain injury to intraparenchymal vessels.
Usually located in the frontotemporal white matter or basal ganglia
Hematoma within normal brainDDx: DAI, hemorrhagic contusion
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DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURYDIFFUSE AXONAL INJURYRarely detected on CT ( 20% of DAI
lesions are hemorrhagic)MRI: T1, T2, T2 GRE, SWI
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DAIDAIDue to acceleration/deceleration to
whtie matter + hypoxiaPatients have severe LOC at impactGrade 1: axonal damage in WM only -67%Grade 2: WM + corpus callosum
(posterior > anterior) – 21%Grade 3: WM + CC + brainstem
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DAIDAIHours: ◦ hemorrhages and tissue tears◦ Axonal swellings◦ Axonal bulbs
Days/weeks: clusters of microglia and macrophages, astrocytosis
Months/years: Wallerian degeneration
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Axial FLAIR imagesAxial FLAIR images
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AXIAL FLAIR AXIAL FLAIR
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T2 * & SWIT2 * & SWI
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BRAINSTEM INJURYBRAINSTEM INJURYBy direct or indirect forcesMost commonly associated with DAIInvolves the dorsolateral midbrain and upper
pons and is usually hemorrhagicDuret hemorrhage is an example of indirect
damage: tearing of the pontine perforators leading to hemorrhage in the setting transtentorial herniation
<20% of brainstem lesions are seen on CT
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SUBFALCIAL HERNIATIONSUBFALCIAL HERNIATIONSubfalcial: displacement of the cingulate
gyrus under the free edge of the falx along with the pericallosal arteries.
Can lead to anterior cerebral artery infarction
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UNCAL HERNIATIONUNCAL HERNIATION
Displacement of the medial temporal lobe through the tentorial notch
Displacement of the midbrainEffacement of the suprasellar cisternDisplacement of the contralateral cerebral
peduncle against the tentoriumWidening of the ipsilateral cerebello pontine
angleCompression of the posterior cerebral artery
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DuretDuret
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Kernohan - false ipsilateralKernohan - false ipsilateral
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UPWARD HERNIATIONUPWARD HERNIATIONDue to posterior fossa mass causing
superior displacement of the vermis through the tentorial incisura
Compression of the 4th ventricle and effacement of the quadrigeminal plate cistern.
Compression of the superior cerebellar artery & pca
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TONSILLAR HERNIATIONTONSILLAR HERNIATIONInferior displacement of the cerebellar
tonsils through the foramen magnumCan lead to posterior cerebellar artery
infarction
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Skull FracturesSkull FracturesThin skull #’s common place.Risk of # associated intracranial injuries?
CT to R/o 1. Open 2. Closed3. Comminuted 4. Diastatic5. Depressed
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SIGNIFICANT SKULL FRACTURESSIGNIFICANT SKULL FRACTURES
“Depressed”: inner table is depressed by the thickness of the skull.
Overlie major venous sinus, motor cortex, middle meningeal artery
Pass through sinuses Look for sutural diastasis (lambdoid)
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TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURESTEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES
Look for opacification of the mastoidLongitudinal: 70%, parallel to long axis of
petrous bone, conductive hearing loss (from ossicular dislocation), facial nerve paralysis (20%)
Transverse: 20%, sensorineural hearing loss, facial nerve paralysis (50%)
ComplexComplications: meningitis, abscess
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SCALP INJURYSCALP INJURY
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SCALP INJURYSCALP INJURYCephalohematoma: blood between the bone
and periosteum. Cannot cross the suture lines.Subgaleal hematoma: blood between the
periosteum and aponeurosis. Can cross the suture lines.
Caput Succ: swelling across the midline with scalp moulding. Resolves spontaneously.
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POST TRAUMATIC SEQUELAEPOST TRAUMATIC SEQUELAECarotid-cavernous fistula(CCF)Dissection/pseudoaneurysmInfarctionAtrophy/encephalomalaciaInfectionLeptomeningeal cyst
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