Images for Practical I

BSC 2086L

Calipers used for 2-point discrimination

Rubber Mallet used for Knee Jerk Reflex

Tuning fork used for Weber-Rinne tests

The five basic components of reflex arcs.

Skin

Receptor

Sensory neuronIntegration center

Motor neuron

Effector

Interneuron

Spinal cord

(in cross section)

1

2

3

4

5

Figure 22.1a Examples of cutaneous receptors.

Tactile (meisner’s)

corpuscleFree nerve endings

(touch, light pressure) (pain, temperature)

Epidermis

Dermis Bulbous

corpuscle

(deepcontinuouspressure)

Hair follicle

receptor

(hair movement,light touch)

Lamellar (Pacinian)

corpuscle

(deeppressure)

Figure 22.2a Proprioceptors.

Sensory neuron

Muscle

spindle

Musclefiber

Efferent(motor) fiber

TendonTendon organ

Sensory neuron endings wrap around muscle

Superior Oblique muscle

Superior Rectusmuscle

Lateral Rectusmuscle

Inferior Oblique muscleInferior Rectus muscle

Lacrimal Gland

Note: Superior Oblique and Levator Palpebrae Superioris have been removed

Medial Rectusmuscle

Lateral Rectus muscle

Figure 23.1a External anatomy of the eye and accessory structures.

Palpebral

conjunctiva

Tarsal glands

Cornea

Palpebralfissure

Bulbar

conjunctiva

Tarsal plate (superior)

Tarsal plate (inferior)

CaruncleLateral commissure

Iris

Pupil Lacrimal Canaliculus

Lacrimal Sac

Lacrimalpunctum

Medial commissure

Lacrimal gland

Naso-lacrimal duct

Sclera

Cornea

Choroid

Optic nerve

Ciliary Body

Ciliary zonule(Suspensory Ligament)

Retina

Lens

Iris

Posterior segment

Anterior Segment

Pupil

Macula lutea(fovea centralis is at center)

Ora serrata

Anterior Chamber

Posterior Chamber

Cornea

Ciliary Body

Ciliary zonule(Suspensory Ligament)

Posterior segment (contains vitreous humor)

Anterior Segment (contains aqueous humor)

Ora serrata

Anterior Chamber

Posterior Chamber

Sclera

Pupil

Iris

Posterior Segment

Ora serrata

External Acoustic Meatus

Tympanic Membrane

Cochlear

Internal ear(bony labyrinth)

Frontal section of ear

Middle ear

External ear

Pinna

Cochlea

Semicircular canals

External Acoustic Meatus

Tympanic Membrane

OssiclesPharygotympanic(auditory, eustachian) tube

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Frontal section of ear

LateralSemi-circularcanal

Stapes

Incus

MalleusTympanic membrane

Ear ossicles (detailed)

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Stapes

Oval window(lies underneathstapes)

Round window

Scala Tympani,(blue chamber)

Scala vestibule(peach chamber)

Scala Media

Cochlear

Vestibule (see Fig. 25.2 for detailed image)

Internal ear: detailed

Semicircular canals

Cochlea

Incus

Malleus

Stapes

Posterior

LateralAnterior

Scala vestibuliVestibular membrane

Tectorial membrane

Scala Media

Basilar membrane

Cochlear nerve

Scala Tympani

Hair cells

Cross-section (internal view) of cochlear

Cross-section

Vestibular membraneTectorial membrane

Hair cellsBasilar membrane

Scala Media

Scala vestibuli

Scala Tympani Spiral organof corti

Cross-section of cochlear to show detailed view of Organ of Corti

Snellen Eye Chart

Tests Visual Acuity

Astigmatism Testing Chart

Blind Spot Test

Figure 23.4a Microscopic anatomy of the retina.

Pathway of light

• Rod

• Cone

Photoreceptors

Horizontal cell

Pathway of light

Tests Centralization vs. Lateralization of Sound

Rinne Test

Compares bone vs. air conduction

Figure 26.1a Location and cellular composition of olfactory

epithelium.

Olfactory

epithelium

Olfactory nerve

Olfactory bulb

Nasalconchae

Route ofinhaled air

Olfactorynerve

Olfactory bulb

Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone

Olfactory

epithelium

Mucus

Route of inhaled aircontaining odor molecules

Lamina propriaconnective tissue

Olfactory axon

Olfactory

sensory neuron

Olfactory cilia

Cribriform plate

Olfactory Epithelium

Hard palate

Soft palate

Vallate Papillae

Tonsils

Fungiform Papillae

Foliate Papillae