illumination (student version)

8/12/2019 ILLUMINATION (Student Version)

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ILLUMINATION


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CONTENTS1. Course Outcomes and

Program Outcomes

2. Learning

Outcomes

3. Types of

Lighting andUnits

4. Natural andArtificial Lighting

5. Cost comparisonbetween Fluorescent

Lamp and Bulb

6. Lighting

ControlStrategies


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CO2: Explain the applicationof electrical and mechanicalequipment, safety precautionand control of the building.

PO1: Ability to acquire andapply basic knowledge ofscience, mathematics and

engineering.

This chapter address CO 2 & PO 1 :


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Lesson Outcomes

By the end of this session, students should be able to:

a. List and describe between natural and artificial

lighting.b. Differentiate between natural and artificial lighting.


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Control of Lighting & Their Usage

1. Types of Lighting

There are two (2) types

________ lighting and ________ lighting A room or a building can be supplied by natural or

artificial lighting or mixed of both.

It is more economical to supply & design with max

usage of natural lighting, thus saving the cost ofenergy.


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3. Natural Lighting Directly from _____________________ by them Usually referred to daylightcoming through awindow

either fixed or adjustable

If a building uses only natural lighting during the day,

amount needed depends upon Daylight Factor (D.F) D.F depends upon:

i. _____________

ii. __________________________

iii. ____________________

iv. _________________ If natural lighting cannot fulfill requirement of D.F,

artificial lighting must be added.


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4. Artificial Lighting _________________ (i.e light from bulbs & candles) Unlike natural lighting, artificial lighting is controllable Design of artificial lighting depends upon:

i. Extent of usage, alone or supplement to artificial

lightingii. _________________iii. _________________iv. Aesthetic (i.e colour, form & effects)

v. ____________vi. Weight of lamp units + componentsvii. Maintenance (i.e longevity & accessibility)

viii. ______________


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Types of lamp

i. Tungsten Filament or Incandescent

uses fine tungsten wire as _________.

when filament resists current, thentemperature rise, light out.

rating : 5W

1500W & last for1000hrs


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a) ______________ lamps

Incandescent lamps have relatively ______lives (typically 1000 to 2000 hoursof use) and are the least efficient of common light sources.

Only about 15 percent of the energy they use comes out as light the rest

becomes heat.

produce a pleasant color that is similar to natural sunlight.

Incandescent lamps are the least expensive to buy but the most expensive tooperate.

Reduced-wattage incandescent produce about the same light output butconsume less energy than standard bulbs.

b) ___________________

Halogen lamps are a type of incandescent lamp that has become increasingly

popular in recent years. produce a ________, more intense light than standard incandescentand are

typically used for decorative, display or accent lighting.

Halogen spotlights also have good focusing ability in small areas.

They are about twice as efficient as regular incandescent lamps and last twoto four times longerthan most incandescent lamps.


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Incandescent lamps

Tungsten-halogen


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c) Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) aresimilar in operation to standard

fluorescent lamps but are manufacturedto produce colors similar to incandescentlamps.

They are available in a range of types andsizes to meet most applications including

downlighting, ambience, task and generalspace lighting.

CFLs are about four times as efficient asincandescent and last up to 10 timeslonger. Lamp ballast combinations that

replace incandescent in standard fixturesare substantially more expensive thantheir incandescent counterparts.


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ii. Discharge Lamps

operated by passing electricity (current)through a gas or vapour.

disadvantages: take time for fullbrightness

advantages: last longer & better lights


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two types:

a) High pressure mercury discharge lamps

- use ________ vapour & 5 mins to full brightness.- Orange yellow.

-Install at __________, road junctions, high risk

area


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High-intensity discharge (HID)

This category of high output light sourcesthat includes mercury vapor, metal

halide, high-pressure sodium and low-pressure sodium lighting. As withfluorescent lights, HID lights require a ballast for proper lamp operation.

The efficiency of HID sources varies widely from mercury vapor with anefficiency almost as low as incandescent to low-pressure sodium which isamong the most efficient light sources.

Color rendering varies widely from the bluish cast of mercury vapor lamps tothe distinctly yellow light of low-pressure sodium.


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b) Low pressure sodium discharge lamps- use sodium vapour & 15 mins to full brightness- white to bluish. Installed as street lighting.

iii. Tubular Fluorescent Lampsuses low pressure mercury vapour

coating will provide various emitting light colours.available in long tube with straight, oval, compact &

circular.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tanninglamp.jpg


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Cost Comparison of Incandescent and Fluorescent

LampsLamp Type Energy Costs First Cost Maintenance Costs

Incandescent Much _______ Lower __________

Fluorescent Much ________ Higher ___________


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Lighting Control Strategies

Control of lighting systems ranges from the most basic and familiar manual wallswitch to sophisticated computer control lighting management systems. Modernadvances on occupant sensing and day lighting add additional cost-effective optionsfor managing lighting systems. Forms of automatic lighting control include:

Time clocks and photocells simple, reliable and cost-effective methods of controlling lighting systems.

Occupancy sensors sound and heat-sensing technology used to detect the presence of people in a space and turn lights

off when spaces are unoccupied. They include delays and logic systems to avoid false or too frequentturning off of light fixtures.

Dimming technologies include common manual dimming switches as well as more sophisticated technology that

automatically reduce light output according to the availability of daylight or other ambient light.While dimming of incandescent lamps is common, dimming of fluorescent fixtures can only beaccomplished if they have ballasts designed specially for dimming applications.

Daylighting controls adjust light output levels from fixtures in perimeter areas next to windows or under skylights in

response to natural outdoor light entering the building. Daylighting controls are available incontinuous dimming and stepped reduction models.

Automated lighting management systems provide centralized computer control of lighting systems.


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THE END.

illumination (student version)

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