H. B. Koawpeua

Ill)'Mep11~ p;Be MO.[I;eJII1

apxa11qecKI1X o6rn;ecrB

HEMHOfi1M EOJIEE eTa neT Ha3a,ll, TBopu.aMH Mecorro­

TaMCKoH: I.J.HBHJIH3al.lHH cqHTaJIHCb aKKa,.lJ.I.lbl (BaBHJIOHHHe

H accHpHHI.lbl), a 0 rnyMepax B006li.le He 6biJIO H3BeCTHO.

IIIyMep KaK CTPaHa H lllyMepbl KaK Hapo,n; He OCTaBHJIH HH­

KaKHX 3aMeTHblX CJie,LJ;OB B TOM HCTOpuqecKOH JIHTepaTYpe,

KOTOpaH 6biJia ,LJ;OCTYJIHa 3HTY3HaCTaM H yqeHbiM, HaqaBlllHM

B cepe,n;uHe XIX B. pacKOIIKH B MecorroTaMHH B rroucKax

,LJ;BOPI.lOB aCCHpHHCKHX H BaBHJIOHCKHX uapeH, YIIOMHHaB­

lllHXCH B EH6JIHH.

Eme B 1852 r. 3. XHHKC rrpe,n;rroJio)I(HJI, qTo KJIHHOIIHCb

HMeJia HeCeMHTCKOe IlpOHCXo:JK,LJ;eHHe, CYM JIO HenpHCIIO­

C06JieHHOCTH 3TOH CHCTeMbl IIHCbMa K rrepe,n;aqe CeMHTCKOro

H3biKa. 3To IIpe,ll;IIOJIO)I(eHHe JIO,LJ;TBep,ll;HJIOCb qepe3 HeCKOJib­

KO JieT, KOr,LJ;a cpe,n;H accHpHHCKHX Ta6JIHqeK, HaH,ll;eHHblX

11

ACCHPHOJIOI'HJI H EmiiTOJIOI'HJI HcropHJI

[ PaynMHCOHOM B HMHeBMM, oKa3aJIMCh ~BY.SI3hiqHhie TeK­

CThi (6HJIMHfBhi), r~e napaJIJieJibHO TeKCyY Ha f)Ke ~OCTaTOq­

HO XOpOliiO ~eliiM<l>poBaHHOM aKKMCKOM .SI3biKe liieJI TeKCT

Ha .SI3hiKe, COBepliieHHO HeM3BeCTHOM HaYKe. )laJieKO He cpa-

3Y Y~aJIOCh onpe~eJIMTh, KaK CJie~yeT Ha3biBaTh BHOBh OT­

KphiThlii .SI3hiK M KaKOMY Hapo~y OH npMHMJie)l(aJI1•

TepMMH «liiyMepcKMii» anepBhie 6LIJI npe~Jio)l(eH

10. OnnepTOM eme B 1869 r., HO oKoHqaTeJihHO ero npaBHJih­

HOCTh 6Lma ~oKa3aHa HM )l(e B 1889 r., nocne qero noH.SITM.SI

IIIyMep M liiyMepbl/liiyMepMiiUhl OKOHqaTeJihHO BOliiJIM B

HayqHLiii o6Mxo~ (Cooper 1993). KoHeu 80-x ro~oB npo­

liiJioro BeKa MO)I(HO cqMTaTb HaqaJIOM 3apo~eHM.SI HOBOJi

OTPaCJIM ryMaHMTapHoro 3HaHM.SI - myMeponomM, o~Hoii

M3 caMhiX MOJIO~hiX BeTBeii HaYKH o )lpeaHeM BocToKe.

no.SIBJieHMe liiyMepOB KaK ~peBHeJimero HaCeJieHM.SI

MeconoTaMMM, CTPOMTeJieii nepBhiX ropo~oa M coJ~aTeJieii

nMCbMeHHOCTM B KOpHe MeH.SIJIO ycTaHOBMBliiMeC.SI K TOMY

apeMeHM npe~cTaBJieHH.SI o ~peBHeii MCTOPMM MeconoTa­

MMM. l(MBHJIM3aUM.SI MeconoTaMMM, KOTopyJO paHee pac­

cMaTPMBaJIM KaK BOnJIOIIIeHMe ~yxOBHOJi M npaKTMqecKOii

~e.SITeJibHOCTM e~MHOfO (a~CKOfO) 3THOCa, npe~CTaJia KaK

pe3yJihTaT CMM6M03a ~Byx COBepliieHHO pa3HhiX no .S13hiKY

3THH'IeCKHX rpynn.

CaMM noH.SITM.SI IIIyMep M myMephi, KaK TOJihKO OHM

nO.SIBHJIMCh B MCTOpMqeCKOii HaYKe, CTaJIM npe~MeTaMM O)l(e­

CToqeHHhiX cnopoB, OTPa)l(aBliiMX He CTOJihKO CTOJIKHOBe­

HMe MHeHMii, CKOJihKO CTOJIKHOBeHMe pa3HhiX ~eOJIOr~eC­

KHX noJMUMii. Oco6eHHO OCTPhiM CTaJI aonpoc o npMopM­

TeTax, 0 pOJIM K~OfO M3 3THOCOB B C03~aHMM UMBHJIM3a-

12

U. B. K03hlpeBa IJIYMEP H AKKA,l\ - ABE MO,ZJ;EJIH •••

l.(MM, 0 xapaKTepe MX B3aHMO~eiiCTBH.SI: 6hill0 JIM OHO MMp­

HhiM MJIM CYIIIeCTBOBaJIM KOH<l>JI11KThl. 3To M Hey~HBMTeJih­

HO, yqMThiBa.SI, qTo BOnpoc 0 B3aMMO~eiiCTBMM M COCYIIIe­

CTBOBaHMM pa3HhiX 3THMqecKHX rpynn 6bm 60JibHhiM BOn­

pOCOM M.SI Eaponhi, no KpaiiHeii Mepe, co BTopoii noJIOBM­

HbiXIXa.

B nocne~Heii qeTaepTM XIX BeKa BeJIMCh O)I(HBJieHHhie,

HHOr~a ~a)l(e BeCbMa O)l(eCTOqeHHhie ~e6aTbl OTHOCMTeJib­

HO TOro, CYIIIeCTBOBaJIM JIH myMephi aoo6me. EoJihliiMH­

CTBO MCCJie~oBaTeJieii YTBep~aJIO, qTo myMepbi C03~aJIM

UHBMJIM3aUMJO MeconoTaMMM, H3o6peJIM KJIMHonHcHoe

llMChMO, KOTOpoe OHM nepe~aJIM BMeCTe C~pyrMMM 3JieMeH­

TaMH UHBHJIM3aUMH CeMMTaM: BaBHJIOH.SIHaM M aCCMpMii­

UaM, npMme~liiMM B MeconoTaMHJO nocne HMX. MeHbliiMH­

CTBO HaCTaMBaJIO Ha TOM, qTo MeCOnOTaMCKa.SI UMBMJIM3a­

I{HSI 6hma C03~aHa CeMHTCKHM Hapo~OM, a liiYMepcKHe TeK­

CTbl 6hmM B~eiiCTBMTeJibHOCTH CeMMTCKHMM TeKCTaMH, Ha­

llHCaHHhlMM in a hieratic mode.

OpraHM3aTopoM M rnaaoii 3Toro aHTMmyMepcKoro

~BH)I(eHM.SI 6hill Be~Mii cneuMaJIMCT <l>paHUMM B 06JiaC­

TH <l>HJIOJIOrHM fl:oJe<l> faneBM. HMeHHO H. fane aM npHHM­

Jie)l(aJia TeOpM.SI 0 TOM, qTo myMepCKHJi .SI3hiK, .SI3hiK C03~a­

TeJieJ:l: KJIMHOnMCHOfO nMChMa, BOBCe He 6hm .SI3hiKOM, a 6bm

llpOCTO 6oJiee llpMMMTMBHhiM cnoco6oM HanMCaHM.SI M.SI

aKKMCKOfO .SI3hiKa.

H. faneBMYTBep~an. qm ace naM.SITHMKH MeconoTaM­

CKOJ:l: UMBHJIM3aUMM 6hiDM TBOpeHHeM e~MHOJi paCbl - Ce­

MMTCKOJ:l: - M qTo HM reorpa<l>MqecKHe Ha3BaHM.SI Mecono-

13

ACCHPHOJIOrHJI H ErHDTOJIOrHJI HcropHJI

TaMHH, HH CBH,lleTeJibCTBa 6H6JieHCKHX H KJiaCCH'IeCKHX aB­

TOpOB, HH TPa.rlHUHH CaMHX accHpHHUeB H BaBHJIOHHH He

llOKa3hiBaiOT npHC)'TCTBHH KaKHX-JIH60 HHhiX 3THOJIHHfBH­

CTJ1qeCKHX rpynn noMHMo ceMHTOB B paHHen MeconoTa­

MHH. HaJaaHHH IIIyMep 11 AKKa,u, no ero MHeHHIO, OTPIDKa­

JIH reorpaqmqecKoe HJIH noJIHTHqecKoe pa3,u;eJieHHe TeppH­

TOpHH, HO He 3THOJIHHfaHCTJ1qecKOe. IlpH OTC)'TCTaHH yno­

MHHaHHH 0 ,u;pyrnx 3THOJIHHfBHCTJ1qecKHX rpynnax ace HH­

CTHTyrbl aCCHpo-BaaHJIOHCKOH UHaHJIH3aUHH )l.OJDKHbl 6hmH

llOHHMaTbCH KaK )l.OCTH)I{eHHH CeMHTOa, a TOM qJ1CJie H CHC­

TeMa KJIHHOllHCHOfO llHCbMa (Cooper 1993).

B 1889 r. <l>pH.llpHx)J,eJIHq o6bHaHJI o caoeM corJiacHH c

11. faJieBH a nepaOM H3)l.aHHH caoeH aKKa,LlCKOH rpaMMaTH­

KH (Delitzsch 1889), B ero llO.ll..ll.ep)I{KY TaK)I{e CKJIOHHJICH H

<1>. TIOpo-)J,aH)I{eH. B 1897 r. Ha Me)l{)l.yHapo,u;HOM KOHrpecce

BOCTOKOBe)l.Oa a IlapH)I{e aCCHpHOJIOfOa )l.IDKe llOllpOCHJIH

nporoJiocoaaTh nO.ll.HHTHeM PYK 3a HJIH npoTHa lllyMepoa.

IlpoTHa nporoJiocoaaJIH TOJihKO ,u;aoe- <I>. TIOpo-)J,aH)I{eH

11 j{. 11epeMHac (Cooper 1993).

Bo MHoroM TaKoe 3a6JI~eHHe o6bHCHHJIOCh TeM, qTo

OCHOaHaH Macca MeCOllOTaMCKHX MaTepHaJIOa, KOTOpbie CTa­

JIH )l.OCTynHbl )l.JIH H3yqeHHH a TO apeMH, KOf)l.a 11. faneaH

abl)l,aHHYJI CaOIO TeOpHIO, npOHCXO)l.HJia 113 AccHpHH 1 ThiC.

IIIYMepcKaH npo6JieMa CTaJia nocTeneHHO pelllaTbCH TOJih­

KO C 1884 f., KOf)l.a HaqaJIH llOHBJIHTbCH MaTepHaJihl 3 TbiC.

,u;o H. 3. c pacKonoK <l>paHUY3CKOH 3Kcne)l.HUHH a TeJIJio.

Bnepabie apxeoJiorn pacKanhiBaJIH caM IIIyMep, HO pe3yJih­

TaThi noHaHJIHCh He cpa3y. O,u;HaKo KOJIHqecTao paHHHX TeK-

14

H. B. KoahlpeBa lliYMEP H AKKA,ll;- ,ZJ;BE MO,ZJ;EJIH •••

CToa, HaH)l.eHHhiX a MeconoTaMHH, ace yaenHqHaanoch, 11

HX H3yqeHHe )l.OCTaToqHo 6hiCTPO 3aCTaaHJIO H abl)l.aiOIUHX­

CH CTOpOHHHKOa 11. faneaH OTaeprHyrh ero H,lleH (Delitzsch

1897, Thureau-Dangin 1907). CaM 11. faneaH, TeM He Me­

Hee, anJIOTb )1.0 caoeH KOHqHHhl a 1917 f. npO)l.OJI)I{aJI OTCTa­

HaaTb CaOIO ll03HUHIO, ny6JIHKYH OrpoMHOe KOJIHqecTaO CTa­

TeH H MOHOrpa<l>HH Ha 3TY TeMy.

)J,eCHTHJieTHH Hallp}l)l{eHHOH pa60Tbl apxeOJIOfOB, JIHH­

raHCTOa, HCTOpHKOa, cpe)l.H KOTOpbiX 6bmO HeMaJIO abl)l,a­

IOIUHXCH yqeHbiX, npHBeJIH K TOMY, qTo llOCTeneHHO 6hmH

abiHBJieHbl H HCCJie)l.oaaHbl OCHOaHbie 3Tallbl paHHeH HCTO­

pHli MeCOllOTaMHH (.ll.O KOHUa 3 TbiC. )1.0 H. 3.) H ablpa6oTaH

6oJiee HJIH MeHee 06IUenpHHHThiH a3fJIH)l. Ha pOJib H MeCTO

lllyMepoa H aKKa,LlQea a HCTOpHH MeconOTaMHH H acero

)J,peaHero EJIH)I{Hero BocToKa2• B o6o6ma10men pa6oTe

JI. B. lvmra (King 1910) paHHHH HCTOPHH MeconoTaMHH

paCCMaTpHaaJiaCb KaK ,u;paMaTHqecKHH KOH<l>JIHKT Me)l{)l.y

lliYMepaMH H CeMHTaMH (aKKa,LlUaMH), B XO)l.e KOTOpOfO llly­

Mepbl 6bmH llOJIHOCThiO HCTpe6JieHbl.

Ilpe,u;nOJIO)I{eHHe 0 cymecTaOBaHHH «pacoaOfO» KOH­

<l>JIHKTa Me)l{)l.y lliYMepaMH H aKKa,LlUaMH Ha HeCKOJibKO )l.e­

CHTHJieTHH CTaJIO ae)l.yiUHM a HayKe anJIOTh )1.0 abiXO)l,a a

1939 r. cTaThH T. j{Ko6ceHa Assumed Conflict Between SumeriansandAkkadians (Jacobsen 1939). BhmaiOIUHHCH HC­

cne,u;oaaTeJih no,u;ollleJI K pellleHHIO 3TOro aonpoca c qJ1cTo

fYMaHHCTHqecKHx no3HUHH. OH .ll.OKa3hiBaJI, qTo HeT HHKa­

KHX CaH,lleTeJibCTa cymecTaoaaHHH 3THHqecKHX KOH<l>JIHK­

TOa Me)l{)l.y ,u;ayMH ,u;peaHHMH Hapo,u;aMH, a HCCJie)l,oaaTeJIH,

15

ACCHPHOJIOriDI H EmUTOJIOriDI HCTOpHll

HaCTaHBaBUJHe Ha HX CyiUeCTBOBaHHH, HaXO,ll,HJIHCb llO,ll,

CHJibHbiM BJIH51HHeM COBpeMeHHOH HM llOJIHTHqecKOH 06-

CTaHOBKH.

llpe,ll,noJIO)I{eHHe T. 51Ko6ceHa o CHJibHOM BJIH51HHH Ha

HCCJie,ll,OBaTeJieH OKpy)l(aBUieH HX H,ll,eOJIOmqeCKOH aTMO­

ccpepbl B onpe,ll,eJieHHOH CTeneHH OTHOCHJIOCb H K HeMY Ca­

MOMy. MHorne accnpnonorH, JaTParHBaBIIIHe KaK H caM

T. 51Ko6ceH B CBOHX TPY,ll,ax 30-60 ro,ll,OB XX B. npo6JieMy

BJaHMOOTHOUieHHH ,ll,Byx,ll,peBHHX HapO,ll,OB, HaxO,ll,HJIHCb llO,ll,

CHJibHbiM BJIH51HHeM TOfO OTBpaiUeHH51, KOTOpOe OHH HCllbi­

TbiBaJIH K H,ll,eOJIOrHH Hai.J,H3Ma H ero TeOpHH paCOBOfO npe­

BOCXO,ll,CTBa. OHH noJIHOCTbiO pa3,ll,eJI51JIH pacnpocTPaHeH­

Hbie cpe,ll,H eBponeHCKOH HHTeJIJieKTYaJibHOH 3JIHTbl TOfO

BpeMeHI1 H,ll,eaJII1CTI1qecKHe HaCTPOeHI151 11 Ha,ll,e)l(,ll,y Ha TO,

qTo 3THI1qeCKI1e pa3HOfJiaCI151 MO)I{HO peUiaTb Ml1pHbiMI1

nyT51MI1 (Cooper 1999). Te311Cbi T. 51Ko6ceHa 6bml1 no,ll,ll,ep­

)l{aHbi MHOfi1MI1 BH,ll,Hb1MI1 11CCJie,ll,OBaTeJI51MI1, 11 npo6JieMa

Ka3aJiaCb OKOHqaTeJibHO peUieHHOH.

Ha HeKoTopoe BpeM51 TeMa BJaHMOOTHOIIIeHI1H IIIYMe­

poB 11 aKKa,ll,I.J,eB OKa3aJiaCb nonpOCTY 3aKpbiTOH, TaK KaK

CaMO o6paiUeHHe K HeM, llOllbiTKa Bb151BHTb 11 11CCJie,ll,OBaTb

pa3JII1ql151 Me)l(,ll,y ,ll,BYM51 ,ll,peBHHMI1 HapO,ll,aM11, MOfJIO llOCJiy­

)I{HTb llOBO,ll,OM ,ll,JI51 06BI1HeHH51 B np11Bep)l{eHHOCTI1 K llOC­

Jie.UOBaTeJI51M paCOBOH TeOp1111. J111Illb CnyCT51 ,ll,eC51THJieTI151

llOCJie BbiXO.lla CTaTbl1 T. 5J:K06CeHa CTaJII1 ll051BJI51TbC51 ny6-

JII1Kai.J,I111, aBTOpbi KOTOpbiX peUIHJII1Cb BHOBb 3aTPOHYTb 3TY

npo6JieMy.

lloKa3aTeJibHOH B 3TOM OTHOUieHHH 6bma 9-51 Me)l(,ll,y­

HapO.UHa51 aCCI1pHOJIOrHqecKa51 KOHcpepeHI.J,I151 ()l(eHeBa,

16

H. B. Koowpesa IllYMEP H ~-rolE MOAEJIH •.•

1960), nocB51IUeHHa51 BonpocaM BJaHMOBJIH51HH51 UIYMepcKoii

11 aKKa,ll,cKoii KYJibTYP (,llb51KOHOB, 1963). Te311C T. 51Ko6ceHa

06 OTCYTCTBI111 KaKI1X-JII160 pacOB0-3THJ.~qeCKHX pa3l1Hqi1H

Me)l(,ll,y UIYMepaMI1 11 aKKa,ll,I.J,aMI1 11 KOHcpJII1KTOB Ha 3TOH llO­

qBe HHKeM He OllpOBepfaJIC51. ,lleHCTBI1TeJibHO, KaK OTMeTHJI

H. M. ,llb51KOHOB, B .upeBHHX o6mecrnax «3THI1qecKM o6m­

HOCTb, XOT51 06"beKTI1BHO 11 CYIUeCTByeT, HO JII160 BOBCe He

OC03HaeTC51, JII160 He 11rpaeT llOJil1TI1qecKOH poJII1», H TaKHM

o6paJoM Te3HC T. 51Ko6ceHa npaBHJieH apriori 11 He MO)I{eT

6biTb onpoBeprHYT (,llb51KOHOB 1963, 174). O,ll,HaKo OTCYT­

CTBI1e paCOB0-3THI1qecKHX KOHcpJII1KTOB, llO MHeHI110 MHO­

fi1X BbiCTYfiaBUIHX, BOBCe He 03Haqano llOJIHOfO OTCYTCTBI151

pa3JIJ.~qi1H Me)l(,ll,y 3THJ.~qeCKHMH rpynnaMI1.

llo MHeHI110 ,ll. 0. 3.uuap.ua, KOHTaKTbl Me)l(,ll,y .1lBYM51

,ll,peBH11MI1 Hapo,ll,aMI1, IIIyMepaM11 11 aKKa,ll,I.J,aMH, HaqaJII1Cb

C MOMeHTa HX ll051BJieHI151 B ,llBypeqbe, KOf.lla npOHCXO,ll,HJia

COBMeCTHa51 11JII1 0.1lHOBpeMeHHa51 KOJIOHI13ai.J,H51 .llOJIHHbl

,llBype%51 aKKMU.aMH 11 IIIYMepaMH. llepBbie 3aHI1MaJIH ce­

Bep, a BTOpbie 10r H11)1{HeH MeconOTaMHI1. llpH 3TOM aK­

KMCKHe llOJII1TI1qecme TPMHU.1111 (ueHTPaJII130BaHHOe fO­

cy,ll,apCTBO llO,ll, BJiaCTbiO I.J,ap51) OTJII1qaJII1Cb OT IIIyMepCKHX

(TeoKpaTI1qecKoe rocy,ll,apcTBo). Me)l(,ll,y ,ll,BYM51 3THOCaMI1

npOI1CXO.llHJI11 llOCT051HHbie KOHTaKTbl H B3ai1MHOe CMeUie­

HI1e, KOTOpOe B KOHeqHOM cqeTe llpHBeJIO K aKKa,ll,l13ai.J,I111

HaceneHH51 MeconoTaMI111 np11 Be,ll,yn,J,~H pon11 IIIyMepcKoii

KYJibTYPbi (Edzard 1960).

,ll. 0. 3,ll,uap.uy nepBOMY npi1Ha,ll,Jie)l(aJia H mnoTeJa o

TOM, qTO UIYMepCKOMY TeOKpaTHqecKOMY rocy,ll,apcrny 6bm

17

ACCHPHOJIOmH H EmnTOJIOmH HcropHJI

qy;K,ll, HHCTH'fYT pa6CTBa, H CaMO CJIOBO «pa6» B npHMeHe­

HHH K q)')KaK)' BOeHHOnJieHHOMY 6biJIO 3aHMCTBOBaHO IliY­

MepaMH H3 aKKa,ncKoro SI3biKa. Cne.zzySI3a A. <l>anbKeHrnTe:ii­

HOM, OH no.Ll)l.ep)I(HBaJI H npe.nnoJIO)I(eHHe 0 TOM, qTO IliYMe­

pbl, B OTJIHqHe OT aKKa,nQeB, He 3HaJIH qaCTHOH C06CTBeH­

HOCTH Ha 3eMJI10 (Edzard, 1957,9 n. 3).

BbmaiOiliHHCSI accHpHoJior 11. feJib6, BbiCTYOaSI Ha KOH­

!l>epeHUHH, 3aSIBHJI, qTQ T. 5JK06CeH, CMeiliHBaSI «pacy» C «3T­

HOCOM>>, «JIOMHTCSI B OTKpbiTYJO )J,Bepb», ynpeKaSI PM BH)J,­

HbiX 3ana)J.HbiX HCTOpHKOB p,peBHOCTH B paCH3Me. llpHTOM

qTo B .npenHeH MeconoTaMHH, 6e3ycJIOBHO, OTCYTCTBOBaJI

paCOBbiH aHTPOnoJiornqeCKHH aHTafOHH3M, fOBOpHTb 06 OT­

CYTCTBHH 3THHqeCKHX KOH!l>JIHKTOB 6biJIO 6bi HeBepHO.

C Haqana 3-ro TbiCSJqenernSI B IO)I(HOH MeconoTaMHH Ha-

6JIIO.naeTCSI HaJIHqHe )J.Byx 3THOCOB: liiYMepcKOfO Ha 10re H

aKKa.ncKoro Ha cenepe. B cepe.nHHe 3-ro TbicSJqeJieTHSI ua­

qanocb orrecHeHHe rnyMepcKoro 3JieMeHTa H ycHJieHHe aK­

Ka.ncKoro. HaqHHaSI c nepHop,a AKKa.na (XXIV-XXIII BB • .no

H. 3.) liiYMepCKHH IOf <<)J,OJI)I(eH 6biJI TepneTb CHJibHOe npo­

HHKHOBeHHe aKKa)J.CKOfO BJIHSIHHSI». AKKa,nCKOe rocyp,ap­

CTBO 6brno .necnoTHqecKHM, Tor.na KaK liiYMepcKHe rocy.nap­

CTBa TaKOBbiMH He 6biJIH. AKKa.nCKHe uapH BeJIH )J,BOHCTBeH­

HYIO noJIHTHJ<Y, no.LJ.D.ep)I(HBaSI .npeBHHe rnyMepcKHe K)'JibThi

H B TO )l(e BpeMSI yuHqTO)I(aSJ liiYMepCKHe ropo.na. 11MeHHO

3TO, no MHeHHIO 11. feJib6a, SIBJISIJIOCb CBH)J,eTeJibCTBOM cy­

mecTBOBaHHSI «3THHqecKOf0 KOH!l>JIHKTa>>, TO eCTb KOH!l>­

JIHKTa Me)l(,ll;y )J.BYMSI Hapo,llaMH, 3aBOeBaTeJISIMH H 3aBOeBaH­

HbiMH, KOTOpbiH HMeJI nOJIHTHqeCKHe KOpHH H He npHBeJI K

18

H. B. KoaLipeBa lliYMEP H AKKA,lJ; - )!,BE MO)J,EJIH •••

3THHqecKOMY aHTarOHH3MY Me)l(,ll;y 3THMH Hapo.naMH. lle­

pHO)J, III )1.11HaCTI111 Ypa 11ccne.nonaTeJib cq11Tan npeMeHeM

rnyMepcKoro peHeccaHca, a B CTaponaBHJIOHCK11H nep11o.n

npOI130IIIJia <<nOJIHaSI aCCI1MHJISIU11SI liiyMepOB 11 aKKa.nUeB B

O,lli1H BaBHJIOHCKI1H 3THOC>> (JJ:bSIKOHOB 1963, 174-178).

llpe.nMeT cnopa, KacanrnerocSI B3ai1MOOTHorneHI1H .nnyx

,UpeBHI1X HapO)J.OB, 6biJI, nO-BH)J,I1MOMY, C!l>OPMYJII1pOBaH He­

)J,OCTaToqHo KOppeKTHO; OCHOBHbie TepMHHbl (paca, 3THOC)

pa3HbiM11 11CCJie)J.OBaTeJISIMI1 nOHI1MaJII1Cb no-pa3HOMy.

CaMo Bbipa)l(eHI1e <<3THI1qecKI1H KOH!l>JI11KT>>, Bbi3biBaJIO y

noKoJieHI1SI, nepe)I(HBliiero BTOPYIO MI1POBYJO no:Huy 11 nee

y)l(aCbi !l>arni13Ma, coneprneHHO onpe.ueneHHbie accoul1a­

U1111, OC06eHHO eCJII1 0)!,11H 113 3THOCOB, yqaCTBOBaBliii1X B

npe.nnonaraeMOM KoH!l>JI11KTe, 6bm ceMI1TCKHM, 11 He .nana­

JIO B03MO)I(HOCTI1 )J,OCTaTOqHO 06'beKTI1BHO OTHeCTI1Cb K

npe.nMezy cnopa, YTOqHI1Tb noHI1MaHI1e TepMI1HOB H cno­

KOHHO npocne.U11Tb JIOrHKY .noKa3aTeJibCTB. Te311C T. 51Ko6-

ceHa, 0 TOM, qTo rnyMepbl 11 aKKa.nUbl pa3JII1qaJII1Cb TOJibKO

no Sl3biK)', no-npe)I(HeMY pa3)J.eJISIJICSI MHOfi1MI1 11CCJie)J.OBa­

TeAAM11 (Kraus 1970; Becker 1985).

K Haqany 60-x ro.non paHHAA 11CTOpi1SI MeconoTaMI1H

11 ncero JJ:penHero EJI11)1(Hero BocToKa BbiCTPai1BaJiacb B .uo­

cTaToqHo SICHYIO 11 nocne.nonaTeJibHYIO cxeMy: nocKOJibK)'

,llpeBHeHlii11e naWITHHKH (11 ni1CbMeHHbie 11 naMSITHI1KH Ma­

Tepl1aJibHOH K)'JibTYPbi), HaitJleHHbie 3,lleCb, npi1Ha)J,Jie)l(aJII1

rnyMepaM, rnyMepcKaR U11BHJIH3aQHR C'li1TaJiaCb ,llpeBHeH­

rneH U11BI1JI113aUHe:i1 EJI11)1(Hero BocToKa. 0TCIO.lla cneT

U11BHJII13aQI111 pacnpOCTpaHSIJICR no BCeMy Ml1py. lliyMep,

19

ACCIIPIIOJIOf'IIJI II EriiDTOJIOf'IIJI llcropHJJ

OKp}')KeHHbllf CO BCeX CTOpoH KoqeBbiMH IUieMeHaMH CeMH­

TOB, KYJihTYPHO ,noMHHHPOBaJI B IO:llmoii MeconOTaMHH

(=BaBHJIOHHH) H Ha OfPOMHbiX TeppHTOpiDIX K Jana,ny OT Hee,

oT IIepcn,ncKoro JaJIHBa .no no6epe)l(bH Cpe,nnJeMHOro MOpH.

3TH B3fJIH,IJ;bl, HaH60Jiee qeTKO c<t>opMyJIHpOBaHHhie

C. KpaMepoM, c qbHM HMeHeM CBHJhiBaiOT BOJHHKHOBeHHe

IllKOJihi «11cmpHH HaqnHaeTCH B lliYMepe>> (Kramer 1963),

paJ,neJIHJIHCb 60JiblliHHCTBOM HCCJie,IJ;OBaTeJieif TOfO BpeMeHH.

O,nHaKo c Haqana 70-x ro,noB TeopHH <<naH-IIIYMepnJMa>> no­

cTeneHHO Haqana TepHTb CBOH nOJHIJ,HH. 3To 6bill0 CBHJaHO

c PMOM Bbi,naiOIIJ,HXCH apxeonornqecKHX OTKphiTHii, c.nenaH­

HhiX Ha orpoMHOii no npoTIDKeHHOCTH TeppnTopHH OT Ce­

BepHoii Cnpnn .no MpaHa H 6eperoB IIepcn,ncKoro JaJIHBa.

OHM BHecnn cymecTBeHHbie KoppeKTHBhi B npe,ncTaB­

neHHH 0 paHHeif HCTOpHH 3TOfO perHOHa, noKaJaJIH, qTo

CHyYaiJ,HH 6hma BO MHOfOM ropa3,IJ;O 6onee CJIO:JKHOlf H MHO­

roo6pa3HOif, qeM cqHTaJIOCb paHee, H Bbi3BaJIH K )I(HJHH

OfPOMHOe KOJIHqeCTBO pa60T no CaMbiM pa3HbiM acneKTaM

,naHHoii TeMaTHKH3• MJMeHHJIOCh" noHHMaHne npouecca

paJBHTHH lliyMepa, BJaHMOOTHOIIIeHHii lliyMepa H AKKa.na

" To if ponn, KOTopyiO lliyMep H AKKa.n Chirpann B ncTopnn

MeconoTaMHH H Bcero .[(peBHero EnH:JKHero BocToKa. Mc­

cne,noBaTeJIH BIUIOTHYIQ llO,IJ;OIIIJIH K COJ,IJ;aHHIO HOBOlf na­

pa,nHfMbl paHHeii HCTOpHH MeconoTaMHH.

0KaJanoch, qTo ceBep " 10r BaBHJIOHHH, no KpaiiHeii

Mepe }')Ke B Haqane PaHHe,nnHacTnqecKoro (.nanee P.[() ne­

pno.na, npe.ncTaBJIAAH co6oii paJHbie cncTeMhi, KOTOpbie B

CBOeM llOJIHTHqecKOM H COIJ,HaJibH0-3KOHOMHqecKOM pa3BH-

20

H. B. KoaLipesa UIYMEP II AKKA,n- ,li;BE MO,li;EJIII ...

THH IIIJIH coBepiiieHHO paJHhiMH nyTHMH. He 6y.neT npeyse­

nnqeHHeM cKaJaTb, qTo nocne.nYIOmaH HCTopnH MeconoTa­

MHH, no KpaiiHeii Mepe, .no 1500 r. .no H. 3. onpe,neJIHJiacb paJ­

JIHqHoii npHpO,!I;Olf 3THX ,IJ;Byx CHCTeM.

O.nHHM HJ nepBbiX JaMeTHJI 3TH paJJIHqHH H Haqan HX

HCCJie,IJ;OBaHHe Bbi,naiOIIJ,HlfCH aMepHKaHCKHlf aCCHpHOJIOf

M.fenh6. Eme B 1960 r. oH ony6JIHKOBan cTaThiO, B KOTopoii

BhiCKaJbiBaJI MHeHHe o cymecTBOBaHHH B P.[( nepHo,n TaK Ha­

JhiBaeMoii <<KHIIIcKoii TPMHUHH>> (Kish Tradition), oT,nenb­

Hoii H OT pO,!I;CTBeHHOlf eif aKKa,IJ;CKOif, H OT IIIyMepCKOlf.

8biBO,IJ;bl aBTOpa OCHOBbiBaJIMCb Ha HCCJie,noBaHHH aKKa,nC­

KHX IJ,apCKHX Ha,IJ;llHCeif, TeKCTOB H3 <l>apbl H IIIyMepCKOfO

UapcKoro cnHcKa. HoBbie MaTepHaJihi, o6Hap}')KeHHbie ap­

xeonoraMH B 70-x ro.nax XX B., noJBOJIHJIH M. renh6y pac­

umpHTh H 60Jiee TBep,no 060CHOBaTb CBOIO TeOpHIO.

Pa.nHKaJihHbie HJMeHeHHH B noHHMaHHe HCTopHqecKH.x

npoueccoB, npoHCXO.LlHBIIIHX B 4-3 Thic. Ha TeppnmpHH Ce­

BepHoii CHpHH H CeBepHoii MeconoTaMHH, H Tex KOHTaK­

TOB, KOTOpbie CyiiJ,eCTBOBaJIH B 3TOT nepHO,IJ; Me)I()J,y 3THMH

pernoHaMH H lliYMepoM, BHecno Ba:JKHeiiiiiee apxeonornqe­

cKoe OTKphiTHe, c.nenaHHoe npH pacKonKax xonMa TeJIJih

Map,nHx B 55 KM K 10ry OT Anenno (CeBepo-3ana,nHaH CH­

pHH). B Haqane 70-x ro.noB XX B. pacKonm HTaJihHHCKoii ap­

xeonornqecKoii 3Kcne.nHUHH o6Hap)')!illJIH J,necb .npeBHHii

ropo.n 36ny. B orpoMHOM .noopue 6bm Haii,neH apxnB, cocTo-

5IBIIIHii H3 20 000 KJIHHOnHCHbiX Ta6JIHqeK, HanHCaHHbiX Ha

36JiaHTCKOM 5I3biKe H ,naTHpyeMbiX cepe,nHHOlf 3 TbiC. ,!1;0 H. 3.

3TO OTKpbiTHe llOJIHOCTblO nepeBepHyJIO CTapbie npe,n­

CTaBJieHHH 0 pa3BHTHH 3TOfO perHOHa B nepHO,IJ; paHHeif

21

ACCHPHOJIOrnH H EmUTOJIOrnJI HcropHJI

.npeBHOCTH: .no 3Toro cqHTa.JIOCh, qTo CHpH.!l He HMeJia nHCh­

MeHHOCTH If .li.OCTaToqHo pa3BHTOrO yp6aHH3Ma no Kpai1HeH

Mepe .li.O KOHUa 3 TbiC. llpaB.na, Ha rpaHHUe CHpHH If 11paKa

6hmH HaM.neHbi cTazyH H3 MapH c myMepcKHMH Ha.nnHC.!l­

MH, HO 3Ta HaXO.li.Ka 6biJia HCKJIIOqeHHeM. fopo.n MapH,

e.nHHCTBeHHhiH cHpHHCKHH ropo.n, BKmoqeHHhiH B myMep­

CKHM IJ,apCKHH cnHCOK, paCCMaTpHBa.JIC.!l KaK CaMhiM OT.ll.a­

JieHHbiM ceBepo-Jana.nHhiH aBaHnocT rnyMepcKoil KYJihTYPhL

0TKphiTH.!l apxeonoroB noKa3a.rrH, qTo y.>Ke B cepe.nHHe

3 ThiC .no H. 3. B CeBepHoil CHpHH cyrnecTBoBa.rra nHCbMeH­

HOCTh, pa3BHTa.!l CHCTeMa rocy.napCTBeHHOro ynpaBJieHH.!l,

Ha.Jia.>KeHHa.!l Me.>KperHOHa.JibHa.!l TOprOBJI.!l, KOTOpa.!l HaXO­

.li.HJlaCh no.n KOHTpOJieM rocy.napCTBa.

B CB.!l3lf C nO.!lBJieHHeM HOBbiX .naHHhiX HCCJie.li.OBaTe­

Jl.!lM npHmJIOCb B 3HaqHTeJihHOH CTeneHH nepeCMOTpeTh

ycTaHOBHBmHeC.!l B3rJI.!l.ll.bl OTHOCHTeJihHO B3aHMO.ll.eMCTBH.!l

.li.Byx rJiaBHbiX 3THOJIHHrBHCTifqecKHX rpynn, HaCeJI.!lBmHX

MeconoTaMHIO, - myMepoB H ceMHTOB. 11JyqeHHe naM.!lT­

HHKOB 36Jihl If 36JiaHTCKOro .!13b!Ka npHBeJIO HeKOTOpb!X

yqeHbiX K 3aKJIIOqeHHIO, qTo 36JiaHTCKHM .!13biK - CaMhiM

.npeBHHM lf3 H3BeCTHbiX HaM CeMHTCKHX .!13b!KOB, a MOIUHa.!l

<<36JiaHTCKa.!l HMnepH.!l>> npOCTHpa.rra CBOIO noJIHTWieCKYIO

BJiaCTh BnJIOTh .no AKKa.na, a KYJihTYPHOe BJIH.!lHHe BnJIOTh

.no A6y Ca.rra6HX.

3To npe.nnoJio.>KeHHe He yqlfTbiBano MHOrHx y.>Ke

lf3BeCTHbiX TOr.na HayKe <lJaKTOB: npHCYTCTBH.!l CeMHTOB B

IO.>KHoil MeconoTaMHH y.>Ke B P,ll. nepHO.ll. (Biggs 1980), cy­

mecTBOBaHH.!l apxaHqecKHX KY.li.YPPY If BOTHBHbiX Ha.ll.nHCeM

22

H. B. Koablpesa UIYMEP H AKKA,lJ; - ,li;BE MO,li;EJIH •••

Ha CeMHTCKOM .!13b!Ke, CBe,ll;eHHH 06 HCKJIIOqlfTeJibHOM no­

JllfTHqecKOM BJIHHHHH uapew Klima B nepHo.n P,ll.H p.!l.ll.a.npy­

rHx .naHHbiX.

Ha.n H3yqeHHeM .!13hiKa H nHCbMeHHOCTH 36Jihi MHoro

pa60Ta.JI Bbl.ll.aiOIUHHC.!l accHpHOJIOr 11. feJih6, KOTOpbiM npe.n­

JIO)I(HJI CBOIO rHnOTe3y OTHOCHTeJibHO nOJIHTmeCKOro If KYJib­

yYpHOro pa3BHTH.!l TeppHTOPHH CeBepHoif CHpHH H Meco­

noTaMHH B 4-3 Th!C • .li.O H. 3. (Gelb 1981, 1992). llo ero MHe­

HHIO, noqTif O.li.HOBpeMeHHO C rnyMepCKOM Ha CeBepe B03HHK­

Jia .npyra.!l BbiCOKOpa3BHTa.!l UHBHJIH3aUH.!l. 3zy mnoTeTifqe­

CKyiO UHBHJIH3aUHIO, KOTOpa.!l, no MHeHHIO aBTOpa, 3aHHMa­

Jia orpOMHoe npocTpaHCTBO Me.>K.ll.y KH:meM H A6y Ca.rra6nx

Ha 10re H 36nol1 H Mapn Ha ceBepe, 11. feJib6 npe.li.JIO.>KHJI Ha-

3BaTb Kish Civilization (.na.rree KIJ,). <l>opMnpoBaHHe 3TOM UH­

BHJIH3aUHH, no MHeHHIO aBTOpa, nepBOHaqa.JibHO npOHCXO­

.li.HJIO BOKpyr Klima, a B P,ll. nepHO.ll. ee BJIH.!lHHe pacnpocTpa­

HHJIHCh .no 36JihL KIJ, noHHMaJIOCh aBTopoM KaK HeKoe KYJih­

zypHoe e.nHHCTBO, <<B mHpOKOM CMhiCJie ceMHTCKa.!l KYJihTYP­

Ha.!l TeppMTOpH.!l B npOTHBOnOJIO.>KHOCTb B .naHHOM cnyqae rny­

MepCKOH KYJihTYPHOM TeppHTOpHH».

11. feJib6 paccMaTpHBa.JI KIJ, B Tpex acneKTax: 3THOJIHH­

rBHCTHqecKoM, nonnTHqecKoM H KYJihTYPHOM. OH npe.nno­

nara.rr, qTo B P)l. nepHO.ll. Ha TeppHTOpHH BOKpyr ropo.na Klf:ma

cyrneCTBOBa.Jia JIOKa.JibHa.!l JIHHrBHCTifqecKa.!l 06IUHOCTb, KO­

TOpa.!l MOrJia 6hiTb OTJIIfqHOM If OT.ll.eJibHOM OT CTapoaKKa.n­

CKOro .!13b!Ka caprOHOBCKOro nepHO.ll.a If OT .!13biKa 36Jihi­

MapH. Ha3biBaH 3TOT paHHHif H3hiK ceBepHoif BaBHJIOHHH

<<KHmHTCKHM>>, aBTOp BbiCKa3a.JI npe.nnOJIO.>KeHHe, qTo po-

23

ACCHPHOJIOI'IUI H EfHllTOJIOI'IUI HcropHJI

.ll.HHOH aKKa,zJ,I.(eB, KOTOpbie npH CaproHe OCHOBaJIH HOB)'IO

.ll.HHaCTHIO B BaBHJIOHHH, 6biJI He AKK:a,n, HO TeppHTOpH.H K

ceBepy OT co6cTBeHHO BaBHJIOHHH, orpaHHqeHHa.H THrpoM,

BepxHHM 3a6oM, ropaMH H pa:ifoHoM LI,HIDihi.

IIo MHeHHIO aBTOpa, HeJib3.H fOBOpHTh 06 YHH<}>HI.(HpO­

BaHHOM fiOJIHTHqecKOM KOHTPOJie Ha,zJ, BCeH TeppHTOpHeH

KU . .QapH KHrna npaBHJIH B KHrne H Ha oKp}')KaBrneM: ero

TeppHTOPHH, uapH 36Jihi - B 36ne, a MapH nepHO.ll.HqecKH

6bVIO JIH6o He3aBHCHMhiM, JIH6o no.11. KOHTPOJieM KHrna HJIH

36Jibl. II03.ll.Hee H. feJib6 .ll.OfiOJIHHJI CBOH HCCJie.ll.OBaHH.H B

:noM: o6nacTH no.11.po6HhiM H3yqeHHeM naM.HTHHKOB MapH,

qTo npHBeJio ero K BhiBO.lJ.Y, qTo <<Marl played the role of the

catalyst and transmitter of the Kish civilization from its

homeland in northern Babylonia to Ebla in northern Syria>>

(Gelb 1992).

TeopH.H H. feJib6a 6biJia npHH.HTa MHOrHMH HccJie.ll.o­

BaTeJI.HMH. IIo MHeHHIO C. IIapnoJihi, <<apxeonorwiecKHe

CBH.ll.eTeJihCTBa C.ll.eJiaJIH COBeprneHHO oqeBH.ll.HhiM TOT <}>aKT,

qTo B PLI, nepHO.ll. TeppHTOpH.H BepxHe:if MeconOTaMHH Ha­

XO.ll.HJiacb fiO.ll. KOHTpOJieM fiOJIHTHqecKOH CHJihl, KOTOpyiO

MO)I(HO cpaBHHTh c AKKa.ncKo:if .ll.HHaCTHeM:, no.HBHBrne:ifc.H

fi03.ll.Hee. IIO.ll.beM :3TOH HMnepHH, KOTOpyiO COBeprneHHO

oqeBH.ll.HO MO)I(HO OTO)I(.lJ.eCTBHTb C 1-H .ll.HHaCTHeH KHrna

rnyMepcKoro uapcKoro cnHcKa, coBna,naeT c nepHO.ll.OM Hc­

KJIIOqHTeJihHO 6naronpH.HTHhiX KJIHMaTHqecKHX ycJIOBHM:,

KOTOphiH HacrynHJI B HH)I(HeM: MeconoTaMHH B HaqaJie

3 TbiC . .11.0 H. 3. 0THOCHTeJibHO opraHH3al.(HH 3TOH HMnepHH

H 0 npHqHHax ee HcqeJHOBeHH.H HeH3BeCTHO HHqero onpe-

24

H. B. KoaLipeBa UIYMEP H AKKA.ll.- JQJE MO~H •••

.ll.eJieHHoro. Bo BC.HKOM cnyqae, oHa cymecTBOBaJia .ll.OCTa­

ToqHo .ll.OJiro, qTo6bi pacnpocTpaHHTh CBOH .H3hiK, nHChMeH­

HYIO CHCTeMy, KYJihTYPY H a,zJ,MHHHCrpaTHBHbie HHCTHTYThl

Ha BCIO TeppHTOpHIO, HaXO.ll.HBlli)'IOC.H fiO.ll. ee KOHTPOJieM>>

(S. Parpola, HSAO, 2, p. 295).

II. CTaHHKeJIJiep, YKa3hiBa.H, qTo H. feJib6 pa3pa6oTaJI

CBOIO TeOpHIO, OCHOBbiBa.HCb Ha .ll.aHHhiX .H3biKa, fiHCbMeH­

HOCTH H KYJihTYPhi, npHBeJI B ee fiO.ll..ll.ep~ apryMeHThl HC­

TOpHqeCKOro xapaKTepa (Steinkeller 1993). B HCCJie.ll.OBamm,

nocB.HII.(eHHOM HCTOpHH MeconoTaMHH B 3 ThiC . .11.0 H. 3. (.11.0

CaproHa), n. CTaHHKeJIJiep BhiCKa3aJI MHeHHe, qTQ pa3BH­

THe MeconoTaMHH B 3 ThiC. onpe.ll.eJIIDIOCh npoueccoM B3a­

HMO.ll.eifcTBH.H .ll.Byx pa3JIHqHhiX rpa,n,HI.(HH: IO)I(HOH (lliyMep­

CKOH) H ceBepHoM: (cHpHM:cKo:if). CeBepHa.H BaBHJIOHH.H

6hiJia TeM pemoHoM, r.11.e .ll.Be 3TH rpa.nHUHH CTaJIKHBaJIHCh

BfiJIOTHyiO; KOTJIOM, B KOTOpOM BapHJIHCh peJIHfH03Hhie,

KYJihTYPHhie, XY.lJ.O)I(eCTBeHHhie Tpa.nHUHH, no.ll.HHMaBrnHe­

cH Ha ceBep H3 lliYMepa H onycKaBlliHeCH Ha IOf H3 CHpHH.

HMeHHo II. CTaifHKeJIJiep, yqeHHK H. feJih6a, nepBhiM

fiO.ll.p06HO OfiHCaJI COI.(HaJihHbie H fiOJIHTHqecKHe pa3JIHqH.H

Me)l(.lJ.y .ll.BYM.H 061I.(eCTBaMH (rnyMepCKHM H aKKa,zJ,CKHM), CO­

cymeCTBOBaBlliHMH B 3 ThiC . .11.0 H. 3. B lQ)I(Hoif MeconoTa­

MHH (Steinkeller 1993). 0 TOM, qTo pa3BHTHe CeBepa (AK­

Ka,na) H lOra (lliyMepa) lliJIO pa3HhiMH fiYT.HMH, HeO.ll.HO­

KpaTHO ynOMHHaiOT B CBOHX ny6JIHKal.(H.HX H .ll.pyme aBTO­

pHTeTHbie HCCJie.ll.oBaTeJIH (Nissen 1993; Renger 1995;

Westenholz 1993; Zarins 1990). KapTHHa cTaHoBJieHH.H Me-

25

ACCHPHOJIOrnJI H ErHllTOJIOrnH HcropHR

eOTIOTaMeKOH L(HBHJIH3al(HH B eBeTe 3THX pa60T npe.neTaB­

JIHeTeH ene.nyroru:eH:.

illyMephi noeeJIHJIHeh B IO)I(}JOH MeeonoTaMHH npH­

MepHo B eepe.IJ.HHe 5 ThJe . .!1.0 H. 3. AKKa.IJ.L(hl B 4-M ThieHqe­

JieTHH .no H. 3. npHlliJJH B CeBepHYJO MeeonoTaMHIO OTKY­

.na-To e 3ana.na H noeTeneHHO TIPO.li.BHfaJIHeb Ha IOf, TaK qTo

K Haqany 3-ro TbJeHqeJieTHH .!1.0 H. 3. OHM eTaJIH eoee.IJ.HMH

IIIYMepoB.

lliYMep (lOr). illyMep BnepBbie npe.neTaeT nepe.n HaMH

BO BTOpoH TIOJIOBHHe 4-ro TbJeHqeJieTHH KaK e0103 ropO.IJ.OB­

roey.napeTB, 06be.IJ.HHeHHhiX e.IJ.HHOH H.IJ.eOJIOrneJl: H onpe.ne­

JieHHOH X03HHeTBeHHOH 06W:HOeTb10. 3Ta fihiJia, BepOHTHO,

XOpOIIIO e6aJiaHeHpOBaHHaH H BHYTPeHHe yeToJl:qHBaH eHe­

TeMa. l(a)J(.nbJH OT.IJ.eJibHhiH ropo.n-roey.napeTBO npe.neTaBJIHJI

eo6oJl: eJIO)I(}JyJO eTpYKTYPY, eoeTOHBIIIyJO H3 60JihiiiHX H Ma­

Jlh!X eaMOeHa6:llm10IL(HXeH X03HHeTB, B L(eHTpe KIDK,li,Oro 113

KOTOphiX Haxo.IJ.HJieH xpaM. B paMKax 3THX xpaMOBhiX X03HHeTB

fihiJIH 3aKJIJOqeHbl Bee TeppHTOpHaJibHbie, MaTepHaJihHbJe H

JIIO.IJ.eKHe peeypebi KIDK.IJ.oro ropo.na (Steinkeller 1993).

O.nHoH:· H3 opraHH3YIDW:HX oeHOB 3TOH eTpyKTYPhi

fihiJIO, BepOHTHO, npe.neTaBJieHHe IIIyMepOB 0 fimKeeTBe KaK

X03HHHe onpe.neneHHOH TeppHTOpHH. illyMepeKHH ropo.n,

eoepe.noToqeHHhiH BOKpyr xpaMoBoro KOMnJieKea, 6biJI ,4o­

MOM rnaBHoro ropo.neKoro 6ora H ero 6mKeeTBeHHoro ee­

Mell:eTBa, a Bee HaeeneHHe ropo.na eoeTaBJIHJIO nepeoHaJI

3Toro ,4oMa.

fpaHHUhi KIDK,D,oro ropo.na-roey.napeTBa (To eeTh rpa­

HHUhi BJia.IJ.eHHH ropo.IJ.eKOfO 6ora) eqHTaJIHeb yeTaHOBJieH-

26

H. B. Koaw:peBa lliYMEP H AKKA.IJ. - ABE MO.IJ.EJIH •••

27

~

~ c:: 0 u 0

::E t>: t>: X 1<1 0

~

ACCHPHOJIOnui H ErHllTOJIOnui HcropHJI

Hh!MH H CaHKUHOHHPOBaHHbiMH 6oraMH, H TI03TOMY JII06aH

TIOTibiTKa TeppHTOpHa.JibHOH 3KCTiaHCHH 6bma, no CYJUeCTBy,

HapyrneHHeM 60)J(eeTBeHHOH BOJlH H BeJie,ll,CTBHe 3TOfO 6bma

,llOeTaTO'lHO 3arpy.llHHTeJihHa. B paMKax TaKoil: H,lleonoruu

TeopeTH'leeKH HeMbleJIHMOH 6bma 6hi H,lleH YHHqlHKaUHH,

e03,llaHHH e,llHHOro TeppHTOpHa.JibHOfO roey,llapeTBa e UeH­

Tpa.JIH30BaHHhiM ynpaBJleHHeM (Steinkelier 1993, 116 en.).

3eMJle,lleJIHe, eKOTOBO,lleTBO, a TaK)J(e peMeeJieHHOe npo­

H3BO,lleTBO BeJIHeb B paMKax ropo,lleKHX xpaMOBbiX 06IUHH

KOJIJieKTHBHO. ITpoH3BO,llHMhie npO.llYKThi ueHTPa.JIH30BaH­

HO e06Hpa.JIHeb, XpaHHJIHeb H 3aTeM pa3JIH'lHbiMH enoeo-

6aMH paenpe,lleJIHJIHeb Me)J(,lly 'IJleHaMH 3THX X03HHeTB. 3KO­

HOMHKY TaKoro Tuna, ene,llyH Teopuu Kapna floJIHHH, MO)J(­

HO Ha3BaTb no npeHMYJUeeTBY paenpe,lleJIHTeJibHOH.

06meeTBO, TaKHM o6pa30M opraHH30BaHHOe H erpyK­

TypHpOBaHHOe, He Hy)J(,lla.JIOeb B Ha.JIH'IHH HJlH pa3BHTHH

HH,llHBH,llya.JihHOfO npOH3BO,lleTBa, 6y,llh TO B eeJibeKOM X0-

3HHeTBe HJIH B peMeene, H oeTaBJlHJIO Ma.JIO B03MO)J(HOeTeH

,llJlH B03HHKHOBeHHH H eYJUeeTBOBaHHH TaKOfO po,lla npOH3-

BO,lleTBa. CooTBeTeTBeHHo u HH,llHBH.llYa.JihHoe sna,lleHue

3eMJleH HBJlHJIOeb <l:>aKTOpOM 'ly)J(,llb!M ,llaHHOH eHeTeMe H B

nJiaHe eOUHa.JibH0-3KOHOMH'leeKOM, H B TIJiaHe H,lleOJIOfH­

qeeKOM (Steinkeller 1993, 122).

06meeTBO HOeHJIO OT'leTJIHBO 3fa.JIHTapHbiH xapaKTep,

H eTpaTHcPHKaUHH HaeeJieHHH 6bma OeHOBaHa eKopee Ha pe­

eypeax, eBH3aHHhiX e 3aHHMaeMOH ,llOJl)J(HOeTbiO, 'leM Ha

npouexo)J(,lleHHH. Bee ropo)J(aHe eoeTaBJIHJIH nepeoHa.JI Toro

HJIH HHOfO xpaMOBOfO X03HHeTBa, H Bee OHH, He3aBHeHMO

28

H. B. K03hlpeBa liiYMEP H AKKA,ll;- )],BE MO)J,EJIH ...

OT nona, B03paeTa H KOJlH'leeTBa BbiTIOJIHHeMOfO Tpy,lla, MOf­

JlH paee'lHTbiBaTb Ha MaTepHa.JibHOe eO,llep)J(aHHe OT XpaMa.

XapaKTep 3Toro eo,llep)J(aHHH, no KOJIH'leeTBY H Ka'leeTsy, 6e3-

yenoBHO, 3aBHeeJI OT noJIO)J(eHHSl TOfO HJIH HHOfO JIHUa B

,llOJI)J(HOeTHOH uepapXHH, HO He MOf 6biTb HH)J(e He06XO,llH­

MOfO npO)J(HTO'lHOfO MHHHMYMa.

CeMbH B o6meeTse, r,lle 3a6oThi o seex 'IJleuax X03HH­

eTBa He3aBHeHMO OT nona H B03paeTa HeeeT HeKaH a,llMHHH­

erpaTHBHaH eTpYKTYPa, KaK 3KOHOMH'leeKHH HHeTHyYT He

HrpaeT 3Ha'lHTeJlhHOH pOJIH; ,lleTH B OeHOBHOM eBH3aHhl e

MaTephiO.

KaKHM o6pa3oM oeymeeTBJIHJIOeh B3aHMO,lleHeTsue

OT,lleJihHhiX 3JieMeHTOB u eTPYKTYP ,llaHHoro o6meeTBa, Ka­

KOBhi 6billH HHeTHyYTbl BJiaeTH? Ba)J(Hyro pOJib B e03,llaHHH

BJiaeTHhiX eTPYKTYP urpan, no-BH,llHMOMy, O,llHH H3 <PYH.lla­

MeHTa.JihHhiX npHHUHnOB ruyMepeKOH UHBHJ1H3aUHH (H TH­

nOJIOfH'leeKH eXO,llHhiX apxaH'leeKHX UHBHJ1H3aUHH) -

npHHUHn oqepe,llHOeTH (bala). Bee o6meeTBO, sepoHTHO, ,lle­

JIHJIOeh Ha HeeKOJlhKO paBHOnpaBHbiX rpynn, npe,lleTaBHTe­

JlH KOTOpb!X nooqepe,llHO 3aHHMa.JIH fJiaBHbie ,llOJI)J(HOeTH B

uepapxuqeeKoil: eTpyKType Mo)J(HO npe,llnOJIO)J(HTh, 'ITO

'IJleHeTBO B rpynne 6bill0 eBSI3aHO e npHHa,llJle)J(HOeTbiO K

nepeoHa.JIY onpe,lleJieHHoro 6o)J(eeTBa (= xpaMy). Ka)J(,llaH

rpynna o6be,llHHHJia B ee6e, sepoHTHO, npe,lleTaBHTeneil: seex

eryneHeil: HepapxHH, OT HH3liiHX ,llO BbieliiHX (Stone 1999).

Bo mase Ka)J(,lloro ropo,lla-roey,llapeTBa eToHJI npasu­

TeJih, KOTOpb!H eOBMeiUa.JI KYJibTOBbie H a,llMHHHeTpaTHBHbie

06H3aHHOeTH, TeM 6oJiee 'ITO B CHeTeMaX TaKOfO pO,lla TO H

29

\

ACCHPHOJIOnui H ErHllTOJIOnui HcropWI

,n:pyroe TecHo B3aHMocmnaHo. OH 6biJI KaK 6bi JeMHhiM

npe,n:CTaBHTeJieM 6mKeCTBa B ero 3eMHOM )l.oMe H H36HpaJI­

CH Ha :ny ,n:omKHOCTb CaMHM 60)I(eCTBOM Ha onpe,n:eJieHHblH

CpOK, nocJie HCTel.JeHHH KOTOpOrO HaCTynaJia, BO BC5IKOM

cJiyqae TeopeTHl.JeCKH, oqepe,n:h ,n:pyroro H36paHHHKa, sepo­

HTHO, npe,n:CTaBHTeJIH ,n:pyroll: o6IUeCTBeHHOH rpynnhl.

llpHHUHn O'lepe,n:HOCTH ,n:eHCTBOBaJI, nO-BH.IlHMOMy, Ha BCeX

ypOBHHX H BO BCeX X035IHCTBeHHbiX C<j:>epax 06IUeCTBa.

Bhipa6oTaHHa51 myMepaMH MO.UeJih o6ruecTBeHHoro

YCTPOHCTBa OTJIHl.JaJiaCb 60JiblllOH CTa6HJihHOCTbiO, HO 6biJia

HCKJIIOl.JHTeJibHO CTaTHl.JHa. Bee H.UeOJIOfHl.JeCKHe, COUH­

aJibHble H X035IHCTBeHHbie HHCTHyYTbl B paMKax TaKOH MO­

,n:eJIH COCTaBJIHJIH Hepa3,UeJIHMOe e,UHHCTBO H He HMeJIH pe­

aJibHblX B03MO)I(HOCTeH ,UJIH cyiUeCTBeHHOro H3MeHeHHH H

pa3BHTHH.

E,nHHaH B KYJihTYPHO-H.IleOJiomqecKoM, couHaJihHOM H

X035IHCTBeHHOM acneKTaX CHCTeMa IUyMepCKHX ropO.UOB

npocyrueCTBOBaJia, TO B BH.Ile HeKOH KOH<j:>e,n:epaUHH, TO B

CHJibHO UeHTPaJIH30BaHHOM BH.Ile, ,D;O KOHUa 3-ro TblCHl.Je­

JieTHH .UO H. 3., Kor,n:a 6hiJIO OKOH'laTeJihHO pa3pYIUeHO no­

CJie,UHee 06be,D;HHeHHe IUyMepCKHX ropO,D;OB - fOCy,n:apCTBO

3-M: .UHHacnm Ypa. O,nHaKo BHYTPeHHHH cTpyKzypa IUyMep­

CKOH CHCTeMbi, nO-BH.IlHMOMy, CTaJia nOCTeneHHO pa3Mbl­

BaTbCH H TepHTb CBOIO HCXO.UHyiO UeJIOCTHOCTb erue C Hal.Ja­

Jia 3-ro TblCHl.JeJieTHH .UO H. 3.

K KOHUY 3-ro ThiCH'leJieTHH .uo H. 3. IUyMepcKHH H3hiK

BbiiUeJI H3 )I(HBOfO o6paiUeHHH H npeBpaTHJICH HCKJIIOl.JH­

TeJibHO B 513hiK KYJihTa H JIHTepazyphi, a caMH IUYMepbi KaK

30

H. B. KoawpeBa IIIYMEP H AKKA,IJ;- ABE MOrolJIH .••

3THOC npaKTHl.JeCKH HC1.Je3JIH. llo.UaBJIHIOIUyiO Macey HaCe­

JieHHH lO)I(HOH MeconoTaMHH K 3TOMY BpeMeHH COCTaBJIH­

JIH HOCHTeJIH COBepiUeHHO ,UpyroH no CBOHM <j:>yH,UaMeHTaJib­

HbiM ycTaHOBKaM H no csoeM: .UHHaMHKe KYJihTYPHO-HcTo­

pH'lecKoM: CHCTeMbl - aKKa,llllbl H PO.llCTBeHHbie HM aMopeH.

AKKa,n: (Ce&ep). Cesep HHKor.ua He co3.UaJI HHl.Jero no­

XO)I(ero Ha CHCTeMY He3aBHCHMblX ropO,llOB, KOTOpaH cyrue­

CTBOBaJia Ha lOre. focy.uapCTBeHHOCTb B03HHKJia 3,D;eCh, no­

BH.IlHMOMY, Ha ocHoBe po.uonJieMeHHhiX CTPYKTYP· lloJIHTH­

qecKHe HHCTHTYThi Cesepa ol.JeHb paHo npHHHJIH ueHTpa­

JIH30BaHHyiO <j:>OpMy. llpe,n:noJiaraeTCH, 'ITO CHJibHa51, aBTO­

pHTapHaH noJIHTHl.JecKaH CTPYKTYPa o6be.UHHHJia BCIO Tep­

pHTOpHIO BepXHeii MeconoTaMHH ~e B Hal.JaJie 3-ro ThiCH­

qeJieTHH .UO H. 3. Ee paCUBeT HeKOTOpbie HCCJie.UOBaTeJIH CBH-

3biBaiOT c 1-M: .UHHaCTHeif KHIUa, ynoMHHaeMoii B IUYMepc­

KOM UapcKOM cnHCKe KaK nepsaH nocJienoTonHaH ,n:HHac­

THH (Gelb 1987, 1992).

OcHoBHOH xoJHHCTBeHHoii e.uHHHUeii Cesepa 6biJIO

HH,llHBH.IlYaJibHOe X03HHCTBO OT,UeJibHOH CeMbH, BXO.UHBIUee

COCTaBHOH 'laCTblO B X03HHCTBO pO,UOBOH 06IUHHbl, B CBOIO

O'lepe,Ub HBJIHBIUeHCH COCTaBHOH 'laCTbiO o6ruero X035IHCTBa

ruieMeHH. llaTPHapXaJibHaH CeMbH H npHHUHn HaCJie,UOBa­

HH51 (HMyiUeCTBa, COUHaJibHOro CTayYca H T. n.) HBJIHJIHCb

onpe.neAAIOIUHMH 3JieMeHTaMH o6ruecTseHHOH CTPYKTYPhi

Cesepa. llpHHa.D:Jie)I(HOCTh K TOMY HJIH HHOMY nJieMeHH,

po.uy, CeMbe Jie)l(aJia H B OCHOBe CHJibHOH COUHaJibHOH CTPa­

TH<j:>HKaUHH, cyruecTBOBaBIUeH B 06IUeCTBe.

31

ACCHPHOJIOnui H ErHDTOJIOnui HcropiDI

llpaBJUI.(yiO BepXyUII()' COCTaBJIJIJia pO,llOBaJI apHCTOKpa­

THH BO rJiaBe C uapeM. J1MeHHO 3Ta rpynna KOHTPOJIHpOBa­

Jia 60JiblllYIO qacTb MaTepHaJibHbiX H JIIO,llCKHX pecypcoB.

fJiaBHbiM C06CTBeHHHKOM 3eMJIH 6biJI uapb H qJieHbl ero

po.na, a TaiOKe npe,llCTaBHTeJIH pO,llOBOH apHCTOKpaTHH.

EoJibi.UYJO qacTb 3KOHOMHqecKoi1 c<lJepbi cocTaBJIAAH uap­

cKoe X03HHCTBO H KpynHbie 'IaCTHbie X03HHCTBa pO,llOBOH

3HaTH. XpaMOBbie X03HHCTBa He HrpaJIH 3HaqHTeJibHOH poJIH

B 3KOHOMHKe. fopO,llOB 6biJIO 3HaqHTeJibHO MeHbi.Ue, qeM Ha

JOre, H OHM BbiiiOJIHAAH .llPYfYIO <lJYHKI.J.HIO, HBJIRSICb MeC­

TOM npe6hiBaHHH pO,llOBOH OJIHrapXHH H uapH, OTKY.lla BJiaCTb

OCyi.UeCTBJIAAa CBOH KOHTpOJib Ha)l 06I.UeCTBOM.

Ha CeBepe, r.ne BIDKHYJO poJih Hrpan qacTHbiH ceKTop,

oqeHb paHO, IIO-BH,llHMOMy, B03HHKJIH TaKHe HHCTHTYTbi,

KaK qacTHaH C06CTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMJIIO, ,llOJirOBOe pa6CTBO H

KJIHeHTeJia. IllyMepCKHe CJIOBa <<pa6>> H <<KJIHeHT>> - o6a, Be­

pOHTHO, 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 aKKa,llCKOrO. QqeBH,llHOe 06bHC­

HeHHe 3TOMy: CXO,llHbie HHCTHTYTbi H3HaqaJibHO OTCYTCTBO­

BaJIH B paHHeM 06I.UeCTBe JOra, HOB KaKOH-TO MOMeHT IIO,ll

BJIHHHHeM CeBepHbiX COCe,lleH 6hiJIH 3aHMCTBOBaHbl H CaMH

.3TH HHCTHTYThi, H TepMHHbl ,llJIH HX 0603HaqeHHH (Edzard

1957; Steinkeller 1993). B pa60TaX MHOrHX I.UyMeponoroB, IIOCBHI.UeHHbiX OT­

,lleJibHbiM cneuHaJihHhiM npo6JieMaM paHHeH HCTOPHH Me­

conoTaMHH, CO,llep)J(aTCH H HeKOTOpble npe,llJIOJIO)J(eHHH 0

npHqHHaX pa3JIHqHH B COU.HaJibHOM H 06J.UeCTBeHHOM

YCTPOHCTBe IllyMepa H AKKa.na.

32

H. B. Ko3hlpeBa IIIYMEP H AKKA,lJ;- }];BE MO}J;EJIH ...

0)lHH HCCJie,llOBaTeJIH CBH3biBaiOT pa3JIHqHH 3KOHOMH­

qecKHX H COU.HaJibHblX CHCTeM CeBepa H JOra C xapaKTep­

HbiMH pa3JIHqHHMH B peJII1TH03HblX KOHuenuHHX I.UyMepOB

H aKKa.nueB. CqHTaeTcH, qTo maBHbiM B I.UyMepcKoii peJIH­

rH03HOH KOHuenuHH 6hiJIO npe,llCTaBJieHHe 0 TOM, qTo «HeT

3eMJIH 6e3 6ora>>. fJiaBHbiH 6or Ka)J(JlOfO ropo,lla BOCIIpHHH­

MaJICH KaK BJia.neneu Bceii JeMJIH 3Toro ropo.na, a caM ro­

po.n - KaK X03HHCTBO (.lJ,oM) 60)J(eCTBa, nepCOHaJIOM KOTO­

poro 6biJIH ropo)J(aHe.

B penHrH03HOH KOHuenuHH aKKa.nueB Ha nepBOM

JIJiaHe, IIO-BH,llHMOMy, CTOAAH acTpaJibHbie 60)J(eCTBa, He

CBH3aHHb!e qeTKO C KaKHM-JIH60 onpe,lleJieHHbiM MeCTOM Ha

3eMJie, qTo, IIO MHeHHIO HCCJie,llOBaTeJieH, OTPa)J(aJIO peJIH­

rH03Hbie npe,llCTaBJieHHH, 3apO,llHBI.UHeCH B nepHO,ll,llaJieKOfO

KoqeBoro npolllJioro • .ll,a)J(e nocne oce.naHHH Ha aJIJIIOBHaJib­

HOH paBHHHe H nepexo.na K 3eMJie,lleJIHIO aKKMI.J.bl, Ka)J(eT­

CH, COXpaHHJIH HeKOTOpbie <lJyHAaMeHTaJibHbie qepTbl CBO­

eH H3HaqaJibHOH opraHH3ai.J.HH. B OTJIHqHe OT I.UyMepoB, ,llJIH

aKKa)li.J.eB 6biJIO He CTOJib Ba)J(HO npHKpenJieHHe 6o)J(eCTBa K

onpe,lleJieHHOH MeCTHOCTH, peJyJibTaTOM qero 6biJia H HX

MeHblllaJI 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb B CTpOHTeJibCTBe XpaMOB H

coJ.naHHH xpaMOBbiX 3KOHOMHqecKHX CTPYKTYP (Renger

1995, 283). .ll,pyroi1 BapHaHT OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc o npHqHHax paJJIH­

'!HH o6mecTBeHHoro YCTPOHCTBa .llByx Hapo.noB npe.llJIO)J(HJI

A. BecTeHXOJibi.J.. no ero MHeHHIO, IllyMep H AKKa.n 6biJIH

pa3HbiMH KYJibTYPHbiMH CHCTeMaMH, IIOCKOJibKY ,llBa,llpeBHHX

Hapo,lla 06Jia)laJIH <<paJJIHqHOH MeHTaJibHOCTbiO>>, '!TO IlpOHB-

33

\

ACCHPHOJIOriDI H EmDTOJIOriDI HcropHR

mum ce6.H so scex acneKTaX o6mecmeHHoli H .n:yxosHoli )I(HJ­

HH (Westenholz 1993, 160). MHeHHe o spo)I(.D:eHHOli npHBep­

)l(eHHOCTH aKKa.llues H.D:e.HM ueHrpa.rrHJMa paJ.n:eJUierc.H H He­

KOTOphiMH.n:pyrnMH accHpHOJIOraMH (Kienast 1973). ITpoTH­

sonocraBJieHHe A. BecreHXOJihUeM «MHpomo6HBhiX H JaKo­

HOnOCJiyrnHhiX» lllYMepoB «BOHHCTBeHHbiM H CBOeBOJibHbiM

aKKa,lluaM» no.n:sepmoch ocrpoli KPHTHKe (Nissen 1993, 88, n. 17). O.n:HaKo c TeJHCOM o «.n:syx paJHhiX KYJihTYPHhiX CHC­

TeMax>> HeJibJ.H He COfJiaCHTbC.H, XOT.H npe.D:llOJIO)I(eHHe 0 TOM,

'ITO HMeHHO MeHTa.JlbHOCTb onpe.n:en.HJia XapaKTep TOlt H .n:py­

TOlt CHCTeMbl, npe.n:cTaBJI.HeTC.H HeTO'IHbiM. CKopee TO, 'ITO

MHOrue HaJbiBaiOT «MeHTa.JibHOCTbiO», .HBJI.HeTC.H 'IaCTbiO CH­

CTeMbl, KOTOPYIO HeJibJ.H OT.D:eJIHTb OT Hee CaMOlt H paCCMaT­

pHBaTb KaK $aKTop, reHepHpYIQll{Hlt CHCTeM)'.

.ll:n.H .n:pymx Hccne.n:osareneli npH'IHHhi paJJIH'IHoro

paJBHTH.H HaceneHH.H lOra H Cesepa KphlliHCh B 3KonorH­

'IeCKHX HJIH reOMOp<l>oJIOru'IeCKHX OC06eHHOCT.HX 3THX pe­

rHOHOB. lOr - KaK orpaHH'IeHHa.H flO flJIOlll.a.D:H TeppHTO­

pH.H, npHrO.D:Ha.H, B OCHOBHOM, M.H HHTeHCHBHOrO JeMJie­

.n:eJIH.H. Cesep- KaK ropaJ.n:o 6onee o6mHpHa.H reppHTOPH.H,

Ha KOTOpOlt O.D:HOBpeMeHHO O.ll:HHaKOBO XOpOlllO pa3BHBa­

JIHCb .D:Ba BJaHMOCB.HJaHHbiX THna X03.HltCTBa: ecTeCTBeHHO

oporuaeMoe JeMne.n:enHe H CKOToso.n:crso (Nissen 1988, Ch. 3; Zarins 1990).

B ny6JIHKaUHH 1999 r. n. CraHHKeJIJiep 6onee no.n:po6-

HO OCTaHOBHJIC.H Ha npH'IHHaX paJJIH'IHlt .D:Byx perHOHOB

(Steinkeller 1999). flo ero MHeHHIO, B OCHOBe 3THX paJJIH­

'IHlt Jie)l(a.JIH KaK 3KOJIOrH'IeCKHe, TaK H HCTOpH'IeCKHe, pe-

34

H. B. KoaLipeua IIIYMEP H AKKA.Ll - .D:BE MO,!U'JIH •••

JIHrHOJHbie H KYJihTYPHhie <l>aKTOpbi. ITpH'IeM HcropH'Iec­

KHe KOpHH IO)I(HOlt CHCTeMbl, flO MHeHHIO aBTOpa, yxo.D:.HT B

y6ei1:.n:CKHH nepHO.D:, a cesepHOH - B OT.D:a.JieHHOe flOJIYKO­

'IeBOe npOlliJIOe npe.D:KOB aKKa.D:UeB C ero flJieMeHHOH CHC­

TeMOH H BJiaCTbiO BO)I(.D:elt.

ITocne.n:H.H.H TO'IKa JpeHH.H npe.n:crarumerc.H HaH6onee

6JIH3KOH K HCTHHe, XOT.H, sepo.HTHO, He lfC'IepnhiBaiOll{elt

rrpo6JieMy. 0KOH'IaTeJibHbllt OTBeT Ha BOITpOC 0 rrpH'IHHax

pa31IH'IHlt He .n:aeT, ITO-BH.LllfMOMy, HH O.D:Ha H3 BbiCKaJaHHbiX

TO'IeK JpeHH.H. BOJMO)I(HO, Mbl HlfKOr.n:a If He ITOJIYlJHM HC­

'IepribiBaiOlli.HH OTBeT Ha 3TOT BOITpOC, KOTOpbllt JaTpamBa­

eT $yH.D:aMeHTa.JlbHhie rrpo6JieMbi paHHelt lfCTOpHH 'IeJIOBe­

'leCTBa, TeM He MeHee pHCKHeM npe.D:JIO)I(lfTb eme O.D:HO CO­

o6pa)l(eHHe no 3TOMY rroso.n:y •

ITpe.n:cTaBJI.HeTc.H, 'ITO e.n:HHOH oTrrpasHOH TO'IKOH, KO­

Topa.H crroco6Ha reHepHposaTh HOBYIO o6my10 rrapa.n:HrMy4

H comacosaTb see .n:orne.n:rnHe .no Hac rrpOTHBope'IHBbie <l>aK­

Tbl If CBH.D:eTeJibCTBa paHHeH lfCTOpHH MeCOITOTaMHH, MO­

)I(eT eraTh y)l(e BhiCKaJbiBasrneecH MHOrHMH Hccne.n:osaTe­

JIHMH npe.n:rroJIO)I(eHHe, 'ITO lllyMep H AKKa.D:- 3TO .n:se co­

seprneHHO pa3Hble ITO THITY If ITO rrpHHUHITHa.JlbHbiM $yH­

.n:aMeHTa.JlbHbiM YCTaHOBKaM J<YJibTYpHO-HCTOpH'IeCKHe CH­

CTeMbi, BJalfMO.D:eHCTBHe If BJalfMOBJIH.HHlfe KOTOpbiX If C0-

3.LlaJIO MeCOITOTaMCKYIO UlfBlfJIHJaUHIO, COe.D:HHlfBlliYIO B

ce6e ueJihiH PM 3JieMeHTOB o6eHx cHcTeM .

.ll:sa .n:peBHHX Hapo.n:a, ruyMepbi H aKKa.D:Uhi, HJHa'Ia.Jih­

Ho, KaK OTMe'IaeT IT. CTaHHKeJIJiep, lliJilf B CBOeM paJBlfTHlf

paJHhiMH rryrHMH. BoJMO)I(HO, 3TH .n:sa rryrH MO)I(HO corro-

35

ACCHPHOJIOI'HJI H EmnTOJIOI'HJI HCTOpH.II

CTaBHTb C Cylll,eCTBYJOill,eH B COBpeMeHHOH HCTOpHqecKOH

HayKe mnoTeJe o .li,Byx nyn1x nepexo.ll,a qenoseqecKHX co­

o6mecTB OT nepB06hiTHOCTH K rocy.ll,apCTBeHHOCTH, CB513aH­

HbiX C cymeCTBOBaHHeM B nepB06hiTHbiH nepHO.ll, .li,Byx Ba­

pHaHTOB ycTpoiicTBa qenoseqecKHX coo6mecTB: 3raJIHTap­

HhiX KOJIJieKTHBOB H KOJIJieKTHBOB, YCTpOeHHbiX no npHH­

UHny HepapXHH. YcJIOBHO 3TH .li,Ba nyYH MO)!(HO o6oJHaqHTh

KaK opraHH3aUHOHHO-ynpaBJieHqecKHH H BOeHHO-apHCTO­

KpaTHqecKHH (MaCCOH 1989), XOTSI3Ta TepMHHOJIOrHSI, KO­

HeqHo, ocTaBJIHeT )l(eJiaTh nyqrnero.

PaHHSISI HCTOPHSI MeconoTaMHH, BOJMO)I(HO, e.li,HH­

CTBeHHhiH .li,OCyYnHhiH HCTOpHKaM .li,JISI H3yqeHHSI npHMep

BJaHMO.ll,eiicTBHSI H BJaHMOBJIHSIHHSI .li,Byx pa3HhiX KYJihTYP­

Ho-HcTopHqecKHX CHCTeM, nOCTeneHHO CKJia.ll,hiBaBlliHXCSI

B O.li,Hy. HHr.ll,e 6oJiee B HCTOpHqeCKHH nepHO.ll, 3TH .li,Ba Ba­

pHaHTa nepexo.ll,a qeJioBeqecTBa K rocy.ll,apcTBeHHOCTH He

BCTpeqaJOTCSI, nO-BH.li,HMOMy, B CTOJib <<qHCTOM» BH.ll,e KaK

J.ll,ecb. lllyMep (=lOr) npe.ll,cTaeT KaK sapHaHT opraHHJa­

UHOHHo-ynpaBJieHqecKoii MO.ll,eJIH H AKKa.ll, (= Cesep)­

BapHaHT BOeHHO-apHCTOKpaTHqeCKOH MO.ll,eJIH.

Bee BhillieCKa3aHHOe OTHOCHTeJibHO rnyMepCKOH H aK­

Ka.li,CKOH MO.ll,eJIH apxaHqeCKHX 06Ill,eCTBeHHbiX CHCTeM MO)I(­

HO CBeCTH K CJie.ll,yJOili,HM OCHOBHbiM xapaKTepHCTHKaM.

lllyMepCKaSI MO.ll,eJib (lOr) - opraHH3aUHOHHO-ynpaB-

JieHqecKHH BapHaHT:

rocy.ll,apCTBeHHOCTb, B03HHKaJOill,aSI Ha OCHOBe 3raJIH­

TapHbiX KOJIJieKTHBHhiX CTpyKryp, 0 KOTOpbiX HaM noKa

noqTH HHqero He H3BeCTHO;

36

H. B. Ko3hlpeua IIIYMEP H AKKA.ll,- )J.BE MO)J.EJIH •••

CaMOCTOSITeJibHbie ropO.ll,a (ropO.li,CKHe 06Ili,HHbl) KaK

ocHOBHoii 3JieMeHT noJIHTHqecKoii CTPYKTYPhi, e.li,HH­

CTBo KYJihTOBhiX H a.li,MHHHcTpaTHBHhiX CTPYKTYP, oqe­

pe.li,HOCTh KaK Ba)!(HeHlliHH npHHUHn nepeXO.ll,a BJiaCTH

OT O.li,HOH rpynnbi ropO.li,CKOrO HaCeJieHHSI K .ll,pyroii;

xpaMOBbie X03SIHCTBa KaK OCHOBHOH 3JieMeHT 3KOHO­

MHqecKOH CTPYKTYPhi; pacnpe.ll,eJIHTeJihHhiH xapaKTep

3KOHOMHKH:KOJIJieKTHBHOeBe.ll,eHHeX03SIHCTBa,UeHT­

paJIH30BaHHhlH c6op H pacnpe.ll,eJieHHe npo.li,YKI.(HH; He­

JHaqHTeJihHaSI pOJib CeMbH KaK 3KOHOMHqecKOfO HH­

CTHTyYa;

3raJIHTapHbiH xapaKTep 06Ill,eCTBa, OTCyYCTBHe pe3KOH

COUHaJihHOH .li,HcpcpepeHUHaUHH; .ll,eTH, noKa He Bb!pa­

CTyY, TeCHO CBSI3aHhl C MaTepSIMH H qaCTO Ha3biBaJOTCSI

no HMeHH MaTepH.

AKKa.li,CKaSI MO.ll,eJih (Cesep)- BOeHHo-apHcToKpaTH-

qecKHH BapHaHT:

rocy.ll,apCTBeHHOCTb B03HHKaeT Ha OCHOBe pO.li,O-nJie­

MeHHbiX CTpYKTYP,

TeppHTOpHaJibHble rocy.ll,apCTBa C UeHTpaJilf30BaHHOW

BJiaCTbJO, uapb H pO.li,OBaSI3JIHTa KaK Be.ll,ylli,He nOJIHTH­

qeCKHe CHJihi B o6mecTBe;

X03SIWCTBa uapSI H pO.li,OBOW 3HaTH KaK Be.ll,ylll,aSI ccpepa

3KOHOMHKH, He3Ha'lHTeJibHaSI 3KOHOMHqecKaSI pOJib

XpaMOBbiX X03SIHCTB, cylll,eCTBOBaHHe HHCTHTyYa qacT­

HOH co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha JeMJIJO, BOJHHKHOBeHHe H pa3-

BHTHe OT.ll,eJibHbiX 3JieMeHTOB pbiHOqHbiX OTHOllieHHW,

HCKJIJOqHTeJibHO Ba)I(HaSI pOJib CeMbH KaK He3aBHCHMO-

37

ACCHPHOJIOI'HJI H EmDTOJIOI'HJI HcropHJl

ro 3KOHOMH'IeCKOrO HHCTHTYfa: rJiaBa CeMhH (narpH­

apx) caM oroeqaer Ja 6JiarococroHHHe ocex ee 'IJieHoo;

COL{HaJihHaH CTparmpHKaL{HH no npH3HaK)' npOHCXO)I(­

.UeHHH H po,lJ;CTBeHHhiX CBH3eH; .UeTH HOCHT HMH OTL{a, H

OTL{hl JaHHTepeCOBaHhl, 'IT06bi.UeTH 6bmH HX C06CTBeH­

HhiMH, n03TOMy B TaKOM 06ll.(eCTBe BaxHhiMH HBJIHIOT­

CH npo6JieMbl .UeBCTBeHHOCTH HeBeCTbl H BepHOCTH )l(eH.

Bee 3TH xapaKTepHCTHKH OTHOCHTCH, paJyMeeTCH, K

HCXO.UHhiM BapHaHTaM MO.UeJieH, KOTOpbie Mhl HaxO.UHM yxe

CJIO)I(HBIIIHMHCH H npoiiie.UIUHMH onpe.neJieHHbiH nyrb B

KOHL{e 4-ro ThiCH'IeJieTHH .UO H. 3. Ha lOre H HeCKOJihKO

nOJ.UHee Ha Ceoepe. B «'IHCTOM>> BH.ue 3TH MO.UeJIH, ecJIH H

CYIIIeCTBOBaJIH, TO O'leHb He.UOJiro. TaK )l(e KaK He.UOJifO B

<<'IHCTOM» BH.ll.e CYIIIeCTByeT TOT HJIH HHOH 3THoc; TOJihKO .UO

conpHKOCHOBeHHH c .upyrHMH 3THocaMH. BJaHMo.ue:HcTBHe

.UBYX KYJihTYPHO-HCTOpH'IeCKHX CHCTeM yxe K cepe.UHHe

3-ro TbiCH'IeJieTHH .11.0 H. 3. npHBeJIO K HX 3Ha'IHTeJibHbiM H3-

MeHeHHHM. 3TO MO)I(HO onpe.ueJieHHO CKa3aTh B OTHOIIIeHHH

lllyMepa, o6 AKKa.ue 3Toro opeMeHH CJIHIIIKOM MaJIO H3-

BeCTHo6.

TeM He MeHee ueJihiH PM HJHa'laJihHhiX xapaKTepHc­

THK IIIyMepCKOH MO.UeJIH COXpaHHJIHCb B IIIyMepo-aKKa.ll.­

CKOM 06ll.(eCTBe BTOpOH nOJIOBHHhl 3-ro TbiCH'IeJieTHH .UO

H. 3. (Westenholz 1993, 168-169), a noJ.nHee, Kor.ua IIIyMe­

Phi KaK 3THOC HC'Ie3JIH, MHOrne 3JieMeHThl IIIyMepCKOH CH­

CTeMbl COCTaBHJIH HeOTheMJieMyiO 'laCTh HOBOH K)'JibrypHo­

HCTOpH'IeCKOH 06IIJ;HOCTH, KOTOpYIQ Mhl Ha3hiBaeM Mecono­

TaMCKOH UHBHJIHJaL{He:H. Bonpoc o TOM, no'leMy Ka)l(.ll.hiH

38

II.II.Koawpesa IIIYMEP H A~- ,li;BE MO,li;EJIH •••

1n ;wyx Hapo.uoo noiiieJI no csoeMy nyrH, nee pasHo ocTaeT­

t:n OTKpb!TbiM. llpH 3TOM 3THH'IeCKOe CBOeo6paJHe He MOr-

110, BepOHTHO, HrpaTb KaKYIQ-JIH60 cymeCTBeHHYIQ pOJih B

Ollpe.aeJieHHH Bbi60pa H CTaHOBJieHHH Ka)l(.llOH H3 3THX.UByx

l:I1CTeM, 6y,llyqH BO MHOroM pe3yJihTaTOM 3TOro npou,ecca.

TipHMeqaHIDI

r. PaymmcoH H 10. OrrnepT, nepBhiMH BJHBum:ecH Ja HJyqe­

HHe ,llpeBHero H3b1Ka, CHa'laJia OTHeCJIH ero K rpynrre «CKH¢1-

CKHX», ITO.ll KOTOpb!MH B TO BpeMH ITOHHMaJIH HJb!Kii ypaJIO­

MTaHCKOH rpynrrhl. 0.UHaKO BCKOpe rrpe,lliTO'ITeHHe OT,llaJIH

TepMHHY «rypaHCKHH>> H CTaJIH cpaBHHBaTh HeHJBeCTHbiH

HJb!K C TypeUKHM, ¢JHHCKHM, BeHrepCKHM H .llPYfHMH HJbl­

KaMH, KOTOpb!e, ITO MHeHH!O HCCJie,llOBaTeJieH TOro BpeMe­

HH, BXO,llHJIH B rpynrry <<TypaHCKHX». B TO BpeMH KaK )')ICe ,lle­

IIIH¢lpoBaHHbiH aKKa,llCKHH H3b!K HaJb!BaJIH aCCiipHHCKHM,

BHOBb OTKpbiTYIO KJIHHOITHCHYJO ITHCbMeHHOCTb CHa'laJia Ha-

3b!BaJIH aKKa,llCKoil.. ITepshiM TepMHH «IIIyMepcKHH» npe.ll­

JIO)I(HJI 10. OnnepT, .llOKaJaB csoe npe.lliTOJIO)f(eHHe B 1889 r.

(Cooper 1993).

3TOT rrpouecc COITpOBO)I(,llaJICH O)l(eCTO'leHHbiMH Ha)"IHb!MH

crropaMM, B XO,lle KOTOpb!X .llMCKyTMpOBaJIMCb CaMbie pa3Hble

acrreKThi wyMepcKoil. npo6neMbi. ITepe'IMCJIHM TOJihKO oc­

HOBHbie TeMhi:

cyweCTBOBaJIM JIM B006IUe wyMepbl H IIIYMepCKMH H3b!K.

HeKOTOphie esponeil.cKHe ryMaHHTapHH KOHUa XIX -

Ha'laJia XX seKa nocrreiiiHJIM rrpM'IMCJIHTh wyMepos K

39

ACCHPHOJIOrHJI H EmnTOJIOrHJI HcropiDI

rrpe.uKaM apHHUeB, IlbiTaHCb .llOKaJaTb, 'ITO HMeHHO

apHiiUbi, rrpe.UKH esporreiiuea, a He ceMHTbi, 6biJIH

OCHOBaTeJIHMH .upeBHeiirneii UHBHJIHJaUHH qeJIOBe'le­

CTBa (<I>. JleHopMaH, 10. Orrrrepr, 3. Illpe.uep). ,lJ.pyrHe

(11. faJieBH) B IIH!cy HM yrnep)J(,UaJIH, 'ITO III)'MepoB KaK

Hapo.ua aoo6me HHKor.ua He cymecraoaano, a rn)'Mep­

CKHii H3b!K 6bl.il CaKpaJibHbiM BapHaHTOM aKKa.llCKOfO,

HacraHBaH Ha TOM, 'ITO MeCOIIOTaMCKaH UHBHJIHJaUHH

6b1Jla coJ.UaHa ceMHTCKHM HaceneHHeM ,lJ.aype'IbH. KaK

cepbe3Hb!H apf)'MeHT B IIOJibJY 3TOH TeOpHH paCCMaT­

pHBaJICH <t>aKT OTCYTCTBHH B .upeBHHX TeKCTaX CBH.Ue­

TeJibCTB 0 KOH<i>JIHKTax Me)J(,Uy III)'MepaMH H aKKa.uUa­

MH, IIOCKOJibKY B TO BpeMH eaporreHCKHe HCCJie.UOBare­

JIH He MOfJilf, IIO-BH.llHMOMy, rrpe.UCTaBHTb Ce6e MHpHOe

cocymecraoaaHHe .usyx 3THH'IeCKHX rpyrrrr. KoHraKr

IIOHHMaJICH TOJibKO B repMHHax JaBOeBaHHH, a JaBOe­

BaTeJIH (aKKa.llUbl) HHKOf.lla 6bl He JaHMCTBOBaJIH H3b!K

y JaBOeBaHHbiX HMH III)'MepOB H He CTaJIH HCIIOJibJOBaTb

ero Ha rrpoTH)J{eHHH TbiCH'I ner B KYJibTOBbiX uenllx

(Cooper 1993);

KaKHM 6biJIO ycrpoiicrao rnyMepcKoro ropo.ua-rocy­

.uapcrsa H KaKyiO pOJib JaHHMaJIO B HeM xpaMOBOe X0-

3HHCTBO, TO eCTb Hrpano JIH xpaMOBOe X03liHCTBO Be­

.llYillYIO ponb B 3KOHOMHKe .upeBHero IIIyMepa, BJia.ue»

OCHOBHOH tiaCTbiO CeJibCKOXOJHHCTBeHHbiX reppHTO­

pHH (ro'IKa JpeHHH A. ,lJ.aiiMeJill, IIO.ll.llep)J{aHHaH rroJ.u­

Hee A. <l>anbKeHrnreiiHoM, B oretiecrseHHoii HayKe

rrpHHHTall B. B. Crpyse), UJIH )J{e xpaMbi rrpe.ucraBJIH-

40

H. B. Koahlpeua IIIYMEP H AKKA,ZJ. - ,l.I,BE MO,l.I,EJIH •••

JIH TOJibKO He60JibiiiYIO 'IaCTb 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH c<t>epbl,

BJia.lleH TOJibKO tiaCTbiO IIaXOTHbiX JeMeJib, a OCTaJibHbie

JeMJIH HaXO.llHJIHCb B pacrrOpH)J{eHHH HeJaBHCHMbiX

reppHropHaJibHbiX o6mHH (11. fenb6, 11. M. ,lJ.bHKO­

Hos);

cymecrsosana JIH B 3TOM o6mecrse tiacrHa» co6crseH­

HOCTb Ha JeMJIIO (IIpOTHBHHKaMH 3TOH TO'IKH 3peHHH

6biJIH A. ,lJ.aiiMeJib, A. <l>anbKeHrnreiiH, ,l].. 3.uuap.u);

KaKou 6biJia couHanbHaH crpYKTYJ)a rn)'MepcKoro o6me­

crsa, KaKos 6bm couHanbHbiH craryc pa6otiero Hace­

neHHll IIIyMepa: 6biJIH JIH 3TH JIIO.llH pa6aMH

(B. B. Crpyae) HJIH rrpe.ucraBHTeJIHMH JaBHCHMoro Ha­

ceneHHH (11. fenb6, 11. M. ,lJ.bHKOHOB).

B 3THX JlHCKYCCHHX, TeMbl KOTOpbiX, KaJaJIOCb, 6biJIIf CTOJib

.UaJieKH OT COBpeMeHHOCTH, orpaJHJiaCb O)J{eCTO'IeHHaH H.lleO­

JIOfH'IeCKaH 6opb6a, KoropaH IIIJia B MHpe, H B cropoHe or

KOTOpOH He MOfJIH, XOTeJIH OHH TOfO HJIH HeT, OCTaTbCll

HCTOpHKH, JaHHMaBIIIHeCH HJyqeHHeM .upeBHeHIIIHX UHBH­

JIHJaUHH, 6y.llb TO HaiiiH OTe'leCTBeHHbie HCCJie.UOBaTeJIH HJIH

Japy6e)J{Hbie yqeHbie. Ha rrpHMepe paJBHTHH HayKH o ,l].pes­

Heii MeCOIIOTaMHH MO)J{HO HJy'IaTb HCTOpHIO pa3BHTHll

ocHOBHbiX H.lleonorH'IeCKHX retieHHH B XIX H XX BB. Harne­

ro speMeHH.

Cpe.UH MHO)J{eCTBa OTKpbiTHH IIOCJie.UHHX IIHTH.lleCHTH JieT B

o6nacrH apxeonorHH ,lJ.peBHero oJIH)J{Hero BocroKa MO)J{HO

Bbl.lleJIHTb TpH HaH60Jiee Bbl.llaiO!llHXCH IIO CBOeMY JHa'IeHHIO.

3TH TpH BJaHMOCBHJaHHbiX OTKpb!THll JHa'IHTeJibHO o6ora­

THJIH Haiii B3fJIH.ll Ha paHHIOIO HCTOpHIO 3TOfO perHOHa.

41

ACCHPHOJIOriDI H ErHllTOJIOrHJI HCTOpHll

IJep6btMU Ha,llO YTIOM.IIH)'Tb pa60Tbl aMepHKaHCKOH HCCJie.UO­

BaTeJibHHI.{bl )J.eHHJ IIIMaH,llT-EeccepaT, B peJyJibTaTe KOTO­

phlx HaYJ(a BnepBble YJHaJia 0 CHCTeMe xpaHeHH.II H nepe.ua­

'IH HH<tJopMal{HH, KOTOpaH cymeCTBOBaJia Ha BCeH TeppHTO­

pHH )J.peBHero DJIIDKHero BocTOKa Ja,nonro .no BOJHHKHOBe­

HH.II TIHCbMeHHOCTH y IIIYMepoB. 3-fa CHCTeMa npe.UCTaBJIHJia

C060H Ha6op He60JibiiiHX fJIHHHHbiX JHa'IKOB-TOKeHOB (1-

3 CM B .UHaMeTpe), KaJK,llbiH HJ KOTOpb!X MOf, BepOHTHO, 03-

Ha'laTb onpe,lleJieHHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO HeKOTOpblX npe.UMeTOB:

fOJIOB CKOTa, rOpiiiKOB MaCJia H T. TI.

IIpe.nnoJio)({eHHe )].. IIIMaH.llT-EeccepaT o TOM, 'ITO o6Ha­

py)({eHHaH eJO CHCTeMa nepe,lla'IH HH<tJOpMal{HH Heno­

cpe,llCTBeHHO pa3BHJiaCb B KJIHHOTIHCb, He OKaJaJIOCb TIOJIHO­

CTblO y6e.UHTeJibHO .llOKaJaHHbiM, TeM He MeHee O'leBH,llHO,

'ITO pacnpOCTpaHeHHe :;noH CHCTeMbl CblrpaJIO Ba)({HeHIIIYJO

pOJib B npol{eCce BOJHHKHOBeHHH TIHCbMa. 0TKpb!THe

)].. IIIMaH,llT-neccepaT TIOJBOJIHJIO TIO-HOBOMY OCBeTHTb npo­

l{ecc BOJHHKHOBeHHH TIHCbMeHHOCTH, TIOKaJaTb, 'ITO HCTO­

KH TIHCbMa He orpaHH'IHBaJIHCb C06CTBeHHO MecOTIOTaMH­

eH, a HJo6peTeHHe TIHCbMa B IIIYMepe npoHJOIIIJIO He Ha ny­

CTOM MeCTe, HO HBHJIOCb KYJibMHHal{Hefl .llJIHTeJibHOfO TipO­

l{eCCa paJBHTHH OTMeTOK (JaMeTOK) Ha fJIHHe, npOHCXO.UHB­

Wero Ha Bcew TeppHTOpHH )J.peaHero EniDKHero BocToKa.

BmopbtM Ba)({Hb!M npopb!BOM B HJyqeHHH paHHeH HCTOpHH

)J.peBHero DJIIDKHero BocToKa H ponH B Hew IIIYMepa HBH­

JIHCb apxeonomqecKHe OTKpbiTHH B CeaepHOH CHpHH, KO­

TOpb!e 3aCTaBHJIH rrepeOCMbiCJIHTb H l{eJibiH PH.ll CaMbiX paH­

HHX apxeOJIOfH'IeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB HJ .IIPYfHX paHOHOB

42

H. B. Koawpesa IIIYMEP H AKKA,ll;- ,L\BE MO,lUl.IIH ...

EJIH)((Hero BocTOKa. 0KaJanOcb, 'ITO BO MHOrHx MecTax Ce­

aepnow CHpHH, CeaepHOH MeconoTaMHH, IOro-3arra,nHoro

J.1paHa B cepe,llHHe 4 TbJC. BOJHHKJIH HOBble TIOCeJieHHH, TIO

CBOeMy apxeOJIOfH'IeCKOMY aHCaM6JIJO TIOJIHOCTbiO TIOBTO­

pHBIIIHe MaTepHaJibi roro )({e BpeMeHH HJ IIIYMepa (KYJihTY­

pa YpYJ<). HeKOTOpbie Hccne.noBaTeJIH .Ua)({e HaJBaJIH 3TH ce­

JieHHH rnyMepCKHMH KOJIOHHHMH.

3TOT «1UyMepoo6pa3HblU» aHCaM6Jib HC'IeJ Ha nepH<tJepHH

IIIYMepa .uocTaTO'IHO BHeJarrHo K KOHUY 4 TbiC., Kor.ua B ca­

MOM IIIYMepe ~e 6bJJia COJ.UaHa IIHCbMeHHOCTb H IIIYMep­

CKHH yp6aHH3M .UOCTHf CBOero paCI.{BeTa (AJgaze 1993). 3TO

Ba)({HeHWee OTKpb!THe BHeCJIO pa,nHKaJibHble HJMeHeHH.II B

Hallie IIOHHMaHHe HCTOpH'IeCKHX npol{eCCOB, TipOHCXO.UHB­

IIIHX B 4 TbiC • .llO H. 3. Ha TeppHTOpHH CeBepHOH CHpHH H

CeaepHOH MecOTIOTaMHH, H Tex KOHTaKTOB, KOTOpbJe cyme­

CTBOBaJIH B 3TOT rrepHO.U Me)({.lly 3THMH perHOHaMH H illyMe­

pOM.

Tpembe Ba)({HeHWee apxeOJIOrH'IeCKOe OTKpb!THe 3TOfO Bpe­

MeHH- OTKpbJTHe .upeBHeH 36Jibl (CM. BbJIIIe B TeKCTe).

IlpH 3TOM pe'lb H,lleT He 0 Kap.UHHaJibHOM rrepeCMOTpe CTa­

pb!X TO'IeK 3peHHH H IIOJIHOM OTKaJe OT CTapOH TeOpHH, HO 0

TIOllb!TKe 60Jiee 'leTKO pacnpe,lleJIHTb CTapb!H H BHOBb 110-

.IIBHBIIIHHCH MaTepHaJI B HCTOpH'IeCKOM BpeMeHH H rrpo­

CTpaHCTBe, TIOllbiTKe «paJBeCTH» OTITIOHeHTOB B CIIOpaX, HaH­

TH apryMeHTaM Ka)({.llOH H3 CTOpOH CBOIO HCTOpH'IeCKYIO

HHIIIy. MO)({HO BCTIOMHHTb B CBHJH C 3THM BbiCKaJbJBaHHe

Bbl.llaJOmeroc.ll accHpHonora Cl>. P. Kpayca, KOTOpbiH eme B

1951 r. npe.uocTeperan o: onacHOCTH, BOJHHKaiOmew B pe-

43

ACCHPHOJIOrHJI H EmDTOJIOrHJI HcropHJI

JYJibTaTe CHHTeJHPOBaHIIJl pa3H006pa3Hb!X CBH)leTeJibCTB,

npOHCXOMmHX HJ paJHbiX paHOHOB H, MO)J(eT 6h!Tb, OT pa3-

Hb!X BeKOB (.llo6aBHM, HJ pa3HbiX KYJibTypHbiX CHCTeM), H

COJ)laHHH Ha HX OCHOBe no BH)lHMOCTH CBHJHOH KapTHHbi,

KOTOpaH MOfJia 6hl, no npe)lCTaBJieHHHM ee COJ)laTeJieH, npe­

TeH)lOBaTb Ha BOcnpOHJBe)leHHe «HCTOpHH» (Kpayc 1951).

TwnOJIOfWleCKH HeMHOfO nOXO)J(HH Ha TO, 'ITO B TepMHHax

cepe)lHHbi XX B. 11. M. )l.bHKOHOB HaJbiBaJI «MaTepHHCKOH

po)lOBOH opraHHJauweti c ee ypaBHHTeJibHhiM pacnpe)leJie­

HHeM», npaB)la, 11ropb MwxaHJIOBH'l C'lHTaJI, 'ITO )l.peBHeMy

BocTOKY TaKHe opraHHJaUHH «npaKTH'leCKH HeHJBeCTHbi»,

nOCKOJibKY, no ero MHeHHIO, OHH HC'leJJIH 3a)l0Jif0 )lO Ha'la­

Jia 3T0f0 HCTOpH'leCKOfO nepHO)la ()].bHKOHOB 1963-1, 24).

0 TOM, 'ITO HOBaUHH npH)J(HBaJIHCb HenpOCTO H HefaTHBHO

BOCnpHHHMaJIHCb o6mecTBeHHhiM COJHaHHeM, MO)J(HO cy­

)lHTb Ha npHMepe HJMeHeHHH, npOHCXO)lHBIIIHX B 3TO BpeMH

Bo BJiacTHbiX cTpYKTYPax IllYMepa. B nepHO.Il P)l. 3, KOf)la

Me)J()ly ropo)laMH IllyMepa Ha'lanacb 6opb6a Ja rereMOHHJO,

MHOfHe ropO)lCKHe npaBHTeJIH, 'lT06bi nO)l'lepKHYTb CBOIO

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