il marchio nella strategia di sviluppo delle imprese moda

5/17/2018 Il Marchio Nella Strategia Di Sviluppo Delle Imprese Moda - slidepdf.com

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Dh Jc«mlde

kahhc }pvcpagdc `d }~dhqrre

`ahha djrva}a je`c

C mqvc `dMhajakpa Pcvpcghdeka(

Ncfvdzde Gchhckpa


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/il-marchio-nella-strategia-di-sviluppo-delle-imprese-moda



Dh Jc«mlde

kahhc }pvcpagdc `d }~dhqrre

`ahha djrva}a je`c

C mqvc `dMhajakpa Pcvpcghdeka(

Ncfvdzde Gchhckpa



0

Rveje}}e c

Ndkckzdcpe c

Mqvcpe a vachdzzcpe `c

C mqvc `d

Mhajakpa Pcvpcghdeka

Ncfvdzde Gchhckpa

dk mehhcfevczdeka mek

Jcqve `d GdcmejeFaka`appc @ehmdRcehe Ve}}d

Rvegappe gvcme

Hcqvc ]chejeka

Mqvc va`czdekcha

Ahakc @a Hqmc

Ndkdpe `d }mvd~ava kah 6224



1

3+ Ha fqeka vageha `c }agqdva kah rvema}}e `d mvaczdeka `d qk jcvmlde

`d }qmma}}e rcg+ 1

3+3 Dh jcvmlde rcg+ 1

3+6 H—ahajakpe gvcme d qk jcvmlde rcg+ >

3+= Qk fqek keja meja ncppeva `d }qmma}}e rcg+ <

6+ Ckchd}d àhha rvdkmdrchd `d}re}dzdekd kevjcpd~a dk pajc `d jcvmld rcg+ 33

6+3 Ha rvdkmdrchd kevjcpd~a }qd jcvmld —djrva}c rcg+ 33

6+6 Ravmlä vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde+ @dflavakzc pvc jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe a jcvmlde`d ncppe ,kek vagd}pvcpe$ rcg+ 33

6+6+3 Vd}mld a hdjdpd ah jcvmlde d ncppe rcg+ 36

6+= Dh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe rcg+ 3=

6+=+3 Me}c rqö a}}ava vagd}pvcpe meja jcvmlde5 Vasqd}dpd `d ~chd`dpâ àh jcvmlde

`—djrva}c rcg+ 30

6+0 Pdrehegda d jcvmld? jcvmld nevpd( afehd( rcpvekdjdmd( gaegvcmd( mehhappd~d rcg+ 3<

6+0+3 Qk jcvmlde jehpe ‘ d}mq}}e‚ ” Dh jcvmlde ‘JC@A DK DPCHT‚ ” Fva~a a|mqv}q}

àghd evdakpcjakpd dk jcpavdc rcg+ 63

6+1 Mcq}a d a}pdkzdeka a amcàkzc ah jcvmlde rcg+ 60

6+1+3 Dh jckmcpe q}e ah jcvmlde rcg+ 60

6+1+6 Hc amappd~dpâ }ervc~~akqpc rcg+ 61

6+1+= Hc ~ehgcvdzzczdeka rcg+ 6>

=+ Dh rvema}}e `d vagd}pvczdeka `d qk jcvmlde dk cjfdpe kczdekcha

a` dkpavkczdekcha rcg+ 67

=+3+ Rvema`qva `d vagd}pvczdeka dk cjfdpe kczdekcha rcg+ 67

=+6 Rvema`qva d vagd}pvczdeka dk cjfdpe dkpavkczdekcha rcg+ 64=+= Rvema`qva d vagd}pvczdeka dk cjfdpe mejqkdpcvde rcg+ =2

=+0 Meja erpcva rav dh jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha e mejqkdpcvde rcg+ =6

0+ Hc ga}pdeka ‘amekejdmc‚ ah jcvmlde rcg+ =0

0+3+ Hc }pdjc àh ~cheva amekejdme àh jcvmlde ” Ravmlä }evga h—a}dgakzc

`d ~chqpcva qk jcvmlde5 rcg+ =0

0+3+3 D rva}qrre}pd ahhc ~chqpczdeka d qk jcvmlde rcg+ =0

0+6 D jape`d d ~chqpczdeka ah jcvmlde rcg+ =>

0+6+3 Meja evdakpcv}d mek d jape d `d ~chqpczdeka rcg+ 00

0+= D}mvdzdekd dk fdhckmde ah jcvmlde —djrva}c rcg+ 0>

0+=+3 H—cjjevpcjakpe ah jcvmlde rcg+ 12

1+ Dh jcvmlde a ha mavpdmczdekd rcg+ 13

1+3 Ghd akpd d mavpdmczdeka a dh heve eravcpe rcg+ 13

1+6 Ha kevjcpd~a }qhhc sqchdpâ rcg+ 16

1+= D kqe~d evdzzekpd àhhc mavpdmczdeka? hc va}rek}cfdhdpâ }emdcha

a ha mavpdmczdekd cjfdakpchd rcg+ 1=1+0 Chmqkd jcvmld dk`dmcpevd d sqchdpâ kah }appeva pa}}dha rcg+ 1>

]ejjcvde



3+ Ha fqeka vageha `c }agqdva kah rvema}}e `d mvaczdeka

`d qk jcvmlde `d }qmma}}e

3+3 Dh jcvmlde

Dh pavjdka jcvmlde àvd~c `c jcvmqhq} a ~akd~c evdgdkcvdcjakpa qpdhdzzcpe rav dk`dmcva

qk—djrvekpc e qkc me}c djrvekpcpc+

Evc vcrrva}akpc dk gakavcha qk }agke cppe c vdmeke}mava e cqpakpdmcva sqchme}c a` ì mek pcha

cmmazdeka mla ~daka qpdhdzzcpe ckmla rav vcrrva}akpcva ” cppvc~av}e qk }djfehe dmekdme( qkc }dghc

~d}d~c e qk }agke gvcme * qk'czdak`c( qk rveèppe e qk fvck` ( a~emckèka d ~chevd( d mcvcppavd

`d}pdkpd~d a h'dàkpdpâ ~d}d~c+

Qk jcvmlde ì gakavchjakpa mejre}pe `c sqcppve ahajakpd nek`cjakpchd? dh keja( dh hegepdre,}ra}}e cffva~dcpe dk hege$( d mehevd a dh }djfehe ,hc jahc `d Crrha e dh memme`vdhhe `d Hcme}pa$( mqd

}ra}}e }d c}}emdc qk rctefl mla ka mejrhapc h—dàkpdpâ ~avfcha a` ì djrevpckpa rav }qrrevpcva dh

re}dzdekcjakpe àhhc jcvmc+

]amekè h'Cjavdmck Jcviapdkg C}}emdcpdek( dh jcvmlde e rdô rvervdcjakpa hc jcvmc ,e fvck` $

vcrrva}akpc qk keja( qk pavjdka( qk }agke( qk }djfehe( e sqchqksqa chpvc mcvcppavd}pdmc mla cffdc

he }mere `d ncv dàkpdmcva d fakd e d }av~dzd `d qk ~ak`dpeva a `d}pdkgqavhd `c sqahhd àghd chpvd

~ak`dpevd+

Vdrevpckè ha rcveha `d qk ncje}e gqvq àh jcviapdkg( Rldhdr Iephav( cqpeva `d dkkqjava~ehdcvpdmehd a rqffhdmczdekd? ‘pqppe ì jcvmc? Memc*Mehc( NaÀ|( Rev}mla( Kaw Tevi( ]pcpd Qkdpd( Jcèkkc a

~ed }pa}}d+++ }è ~ed ‚+ Hc jcvmc ,mekmappe rdô a}pa}e `d jcvmlde$ ì qkc }evpc `d mekpakdpeva `d cjrd

}dgkdmcpd nqkzdekchd( }djfehdmd( a}papdmd( mqhpqvchd( cflappd~d+ Kek dkmhqà }ehe c}rappd `d}pdkpd~d( jc

ckmla dh hd~ahhe `d kepevdapâ a hc varqpczdeka `d qk fvck` ( hc }qc }pevdc( dh pdre `d vahczdeka dk}pcqvcpc

kah pajre mek dh mek}qjcpeva+ Mdö }dgkdmc mla a}}e vcrrva}akpc ha c}rappcpd~a mla d mek}qjcpevd

lckke ~av}e dh rveèppe( }av~dzde e czdak`c( kekmlä dh ~cheva ahhc mejqkdmczdeka ~av}e dh mhdakpa+ Rav

a}ajrde( sqckè }d kejdkc Mlckah kek md }d vdnavd}ma }ehcjakpa c qkc mahafva mc}c d je`c nvckma}a9

}d a~emc ckmla qk gq}pe( qke }pdha ahagckpa a najjdkdha( qkc }mahpc d ajckmdrczdeka a dkke~czdeka+

Dh jcvmlde chhevc `d~akpc jcvmc ,fvck` $ sqckè }d mcvdmc `d ~chevd ajezdekchd a `d fakamd mla

pvc~chdmcke ha }ramdmla nqkzdekd `—q}e `d qk rveèppe e `d qk }av~dzde+ Dk jehpd javmcpd( hc jcvmc

vcrrva}akpc dh ~ave mcrdpcha }q mqd }d fc}cke ha vahczdekd d `qmdc mek d mek}qjcpevd a mla mek}akpa

chh'djrva}c `d jckpakava hc }qc re}dzdeka `d hacàv}ldr+ Hc me}pvqzdeka `d qkc jcvmc nevpa a hc }qc

~chevdzzczdeka }eke eggd qk c}}ap }pvcpagdme rav dh }qmma}}e kek }ehe àhha gvck`d( jc ckmla àhha

rdmmeha a ja`da djrva}a mla vachdzzcke rveèppd a%e }av~dzd `d sqchdpâ+

Dk rcvpdmehcva kah ke}pve cppqcha ev`dkcjakpe }emde*amekejdme( kekmlä kahh—e`davke }d}pajc `d

}mcjfde dk mqd d rve`qppevd }eke `d~av}d a d rveèppd }eke rdô e jake ghd }pa}}d( dh jcvmlde c}}qja

qk—djrevpckzc àmd}d~c+

7



Dk sqa}pe mekpa}pe( vcvcjakpa ghd eggappd lckke qkc nevzc cqpe*dàkpdmcpd~c }qmdakpa rav repavrva}mdkàva `ch jcvmlde a ravpckpe dh jcvmlde ~daka c mehjcva qkc jckmla~ehazzc àhhc `d}pdkpd~dpâ

àhh—eggappe dk sqckpe javma+ Ì hc mldc~a d ~ehpc mla cdqpc c dflavakzdcv}d dk javmcpd dravmejrapdpd~d

a` dravcflehhcpd `d rvere}pa dk mqd dh mek}qjcpeva c mcq}c àhh—cjrhd}}djc gcjjc `d rveèppd eflavpd(

dk fc}a chhc sqchdpâ pamkdmc( ch rvazze( chh—c}rappe a}pavdeva àh faka }d pve~c dk qke }pcpe `d

‘}jcvvdjakpe‚+

Amme chhevc( ~d}pa ha rvaja}}a( mla dh rvefhajc }pvcpagdme nek`cjakpcha rav h—cppd~dpâ `d djrva}c

kahh—cppqcha mekpa}pe amekejdme }ajrva rdô mcvcppavdzzcpe c qkc dkpagvczdeka ghefcha ad javmcpd(

ì sqahhe `d rdckdmcva qk—cppakpc }pvcpagdc ~ehpc chhc ~chevdzzczdeka àhhc rvervdapâ dkpahhappqcha dkgakava( a( dk rcvpdmehcva( }pvqjakpcha chhc ‘me}pvqzdeka‚ d qk jcvmlde d }qmma}}e+

Sqa}pc a}dgakzc d meknavdva qk—dèkac mcrcmdpâ d}pdkpd~c cmmejrcgkc pqppe dh mdmhe ahhc ~dpc ah

rveèppe? `chh—dàczdeka a rvegappczdeka( chhc }mahpc àhhc nevjc a}papdmc( mehevd( rcmicgdkg àh

rveèppe( kekmlä hc }mahpc àh jejakpe mla dkqdvâ crrqkpe }qhhc re}}dfdhdpâ `d vdjckava djrva}}e

kahhc jakpa àd repakzdchd cmsqdvakpd( mek`dzdekcva ha heve }mahpa a evdakpcv}d sqdk`d }qh rveèppe `d

qkc `cpc czdak`c rdqppe}pe mla sqahhe `d qk mekmevvakpa+

Jc sqchd }eke ha czdekd `c dkpvcrvakàva rav gdqkgava c` qk jcvmlde `d }qmma}}e5

Meja ckpdmdrcpe fva~ajakpa dk cravpqvc dh jcvmlde }d mejreka `d `d~av}d ahajakpd( pvc d sqchd( `drvdkmdrcha djrevpckzc vd}qhpcke ghd ahajakpd gvcmd a ~avfchd+ Kahhc rvegappczdeka àghd }pa}}d ì

}akz—chpve fqekc kevjc cppakav}d c àhha vageha a rvema`qva mla ~avvckke a}cjdkcpa kah rve}agqe+

3+6 H—ahajakpe gvcme `d qk jcvmlde

H—ckchd}d }pdhd}pdmc àhha mcvcppavd}pdmla gvcmla `d chmqkd jcvmld e }djfehd jehpd kepd ravjappa `d

akqmhacva chmqka vageha nek`cjakpchd ~cha~ehd kahhc rvegappczdeka àh hegepdre `d qk jcvmlde+

Dk rvdjd} ì kama}}cvde mek}d avcva( dk nc}a d rvegappczdeka( h—errevpqkdpâ mla dh }agke cffdc hc mcrcmdpâ

a hc pakàkzc c re}}aàva qkc amcmdc a}rva}}d~c cpajrevcha( e}}dc hc mcrcmdpâ àh jcvmlde `d repav

a}}ava qpdhdzzcpe c hqkge kah pajre }akzc kama}}dpâ d crrevpcva ad va}pthdkg }pdhd}pdmd }dgkdmcpd~d+ Sqa}pc

ramqhdcvdpâ rqö a}}ava eppakqpc cppvc~av}e `qa ncppevd a}}akzdchd+

Dh rvdje ì me}pdpqdpe `c qkc a}pvajc a}}akzdchdpâ( }dkpa}d a }ajrhdmdpâ jevnehegdmc vachdzzcpc

cppvc~av}e hc jc}}djc amekejdc àd jazzd a}rva}}d~d+ Rdô kah àppcghde( hc }ajrhdmdpâ }pvqppqvcha ì `cpc

`chh—evgckdzzczdeka àh }agke }amekè qkc gaejapvdc vdgeve}c a jekemvejcpdmc+

H—a}}akzdchdpâ àd àppcghd meknavd}ma cd }agkd qkc mekkepczdeka dkmeknek`dfdha( kappc a `d ncmdha

jajevdzzczdeka( dkehpva kek `c qhpdje( jckpdaka dkchpavcpa ha heve mcvcppavd}pdmla }dekejdmla rqv

<



vdèppa c jdkdja djak}dekd+ Dk chpvd pavjdkd qk }agke cflehhcpe d ahajakpd d}pdkpd~d rqö vd~ahcv}d jakedkmd}d~e `c qk rqkpe `d ~d}pc ‘mejqkdmcpd~e‚ `d qk }agke }pdhd}pdmcjakpa ‘a}}akzdcha‚+ H—c}rappe àhhc

vdrve`qmdfdhdpâ àh }agke c sqch}dc}d `djak}deka kek rqö a}}ava `d mavpe }eppe~chqpcpe dk sqckpe

h—ahcfevczdeka }pdhd}pdmc d qk }agke a~a rva~aàva h—a}dgakzc ahh—czdak`c d vdrve`qvva mek qkc ~a}pa

dkchpavcpc dh rvervde }agke `d}pdkpd~e }q pqppe dh jcpavdcha rqffhdmdpcvde a rvejezdekcha( e~~ave

mejqkdmcpd }pcjrc( vja `d re}pc ahappvekdmc( chha}pdjakpd a }pck` kahha ava `d }appeva( dk}agka `d

kagezd e qmd( }pvd}mdekd a mcvpahhekd rqffhdmdpcvd( rqffhdmdpâ }q mcvpc }pcjrcpc( re}pav a jcpavdcha `d

jcviapdkg dk emmc}deka `d a~akpd }rek}evdzzcpd e `d fakamakzc( dh pqppe rav mvacva qkc fvck` dàkpdpt

a vcflevzcva hc ~d}dfdhdpâ àh jcvmlde kad vcrrevpd mek dh ‘jekè a}pavke‚+Dh }amekè ncppeva ì vcrrva}akpcpe `chhc mejre}dzdeka ravnappcjakpa }djjapvdmc dkpa}c meja

rvervdapâ àh }agke c` a}}ava ravmardpe dk jckdavc dàkpdmc rqv }a vdfchpcpe }ramqhcvjakpa e

~avpdmchjakpa+ Dk rva}akzc d pchd ramqhdcvdpâ d }djfehd vdjckgeke }e}pckzdchjakpa qgqchd c }a }pa}}d a

mdö vachdzzc qk }e}pckzdcha repakzdcjakpe a` a}pak}deka àd heve mekkepcpd a}rva}}d~d+

Hc rvdjc rvavegcpd~c( a dk jeè rdô mekpakqpe hc }amek`c( }eke rcvpd dkpagvckpd àhhc paevdc

gakavcha ad }agkd hdkgqd}pdmd( }eke appcjd a}}akzdchd rav meknavdva amcmdc a vd}rappcva hc nqkzdeka ah

jcvmlde( nc~evd}meke h—djja`dcpazzc àh rvema}}e*ravmappd~e a }d vdappeke `dvappcjakpa }qh rvema}}e

`d jajevdzzczdeka+ Ncmehpâ sqa}pc qhpdjc( mla vd}qhpc jehpdrhdmcpc a amd}d~c redmlä ì mekpvcrre}pc chhcmcepdmc }dpqczdeka ja`dcpdmc a nc~evd}ma kah jeè rdô amcma sqch}dc}d efdappd~e `d jcviapdkg+

Meja a}ajrd rvcpdmd àhha ‘vageha‚ `d mqd }d ì crrakc àppe }eke `d }agqdpe vdrevpcpd chmqkd pvc d rdô

kepd jcvmld+

Jcvmlde Mdpveak Jcvmlde Cq`d Jcvmlde Kdia

Jcvmlde

Rqvc Hckc avgdka Jcvmlde ]rcv Jcvmlde Javmaà}

4



3+= Qk fqek keja meja ncppeva `d }qmma}}e

Mek}dàvckè a}mhq}d~cjakpa h—c}rappe ~avfcha àhhc jcvmc( sqch}dc}d czdak`c e rveèppe lc

h—a}dgakzc d re}}aàva qk keja crrvervdcpe+ A}dgakzc mla }d ì jehpdrhdmcpc mek he }~dhqrre ah kqe~e

}d}pajc `d }mcjfde fc}cpe }qhhc ghefchdzzczdeka àd javmcpd a h—dkpak}dmczdeka `d qkc mekmevvakzc

mla dk`qma c `d~av}dmcva dh rveèppe+

Hc àkdzdeka `d qk keja à~a mevvd}rekàva c pva mvdpavd `d ncppdfdhdpâ? dh jcviapdkg( hc

r}dmehdkgqd}pdmc( hc rvervdapâ dk`q}pvdcha+

]amekè dh mvdpavde `d jcviapdkg emmevva meavakzc pvc dh re}dzdekcjakpe àh rveèppe a he}ecàhh—czdak`c+

]amekè dh mvdpavde r}dmehdkgqd}pdme( e}}dc sqahhc fvckmldc àhhc r}dmehegdc mla }pq`dc ha vaczdekd cghd

}pdjehd mejqkdmczdekchd a` d rvema}}d `d cmsqd}dzdeka a `d nevjczdeka àhhc }pvqppqvc jakpcha àh

hdkgqcggde( qk fqek keja e~vaffa a}}ava pcha c nc~evdva h—a}rva}}d~dpâ( hc rvekqkmdcfdhdpâ( dh rvema}}e

`d jajevdzzczdeka a hc }qc ~chakzc dkpavkczdekcha+

Hc rvervdapâ dk`q}pvdcha dkka( à~a ~avdmcvka h—evdgdkchdpâ a hc ke~dpâ cppvc~av}e vdmavmla `d

ckpavdevdpâ rav kek dkmevvava dk me}pe}a mekpve~av}da hagchd+

Qk fqek keja kek rqö }ajrhdmajakpa à}mvd~ava dh rveèppe e }av~dzde mqd }d vdnavd}ma( dk sqckpevd}qhpavaffa ejehegcfdha mek chpvd kejd àhhe }pa}}e }appeva rve`qppd~e dk rdake mekpvc}pe mek dh

nek`cjakpcha mvdpavde `d evdgdkchdpâ+

Kejd mek rva}}d sqchd ‘Aqve‚( ‘Pamke‚( ‘Nha|‚ e chpvd d sqa}pe gakava( }d àkd}meke ‘jcvmld afehd‚

dk sqckpe dkczdekcpd a }djdhd c jehpd chpvd+ Kek ~c `djakpdmcpe mla( nek`cjakpchjakpa( hc nqkzdeka

àh keja mek}d}pa kahhc }qc kappc `d~av}dpâ `c sqch}dc}d chpve àhhc }pa}}c mhc}}a javmaehegdmc+

Kä `—chpve mckpe qk jcvmlde rqö a}}ava mejre}pe qkdmcjakpa `c qk pavjdka hcq`cpevde( sqchd

‘}qrav‚( ‘a|pvc‚( ‘jc|d‚( e `c pavjdkd mla repvaffave a}}ava pchd `c pvcvva dk dkgckke dh rqffhdme }qhhc

sqchdpâ àh rveèppe+

Dkehpva( ì a}pvajcjakpa djrevpckpa mla dh jcvmlde cèppcpe kek }dc dàkpdme e }djdha c` chpvd jcvmld

gdâ vagd}pvcpd rav rveèppd e }av~dzd dàkpdmd e }djdhd+ Kek pakava mekpe `d sqa}pc vagehc rqö a}revva ch

vd}mlde `d a}}ava mdpcpd rav `ckkd `ch pdpehcva `d qk jcvmlde rvamaàkpa( kekmlä `d è~av mcjfdcva dh

jcvmlde+ ]d pvcppc d qk avveva jehpe nvasqakpa( mla rqö mcq}cva ckkd kepa~ehd ravmlä }dgkdmc ravàva

pqppe mdö mla ì }pcpe dk~a}pdpe kah rqffhdmdzzcva sqah jcvmlde( vdpdvcva d rveèppd `ch javmcpe( ravàva

dk c`cfdhdpâ kad meknvekpd àd mhdakpd `d}pvdfqpevd a è~av vdrvegvcjjcva dk pepe hc mcjrcgkc

rqffhdmdpcvdc( ha fvemlqva( dh jcvmlde( ha apdmlappa( ha meknazdekd( ha dk}agka ad vd~ak`dpevd a pqppe dh va}pe+

^ckke a~dpcpd kejd }eggappd chhc je`c rav e~~dcva c nakejakd `d vcrdà ef}eha}makza+

Qk fqek keja à~a a}rvdjava qk mekmappe e qk ~ckpcggde mla rqö a~eh~ava+

32



Ck`vaffa dkka ~chqpcpe mek rcv}djekdc h—qpdhdzze `d kejd czdak`chd me}pdpqdpd `c cmvekdjd mla( rqvvcrrva}akpckè hc je`chdpâ `d mvaczdeka `d kqe~d kejd jcggdevjakpa dkczdekcpc( rav heve a}pvajc

}djdhdpq`dka( vd}qhpcke( rav he rdô( jehpe `dmdhjakpa `d}pdkgqdfdhd pvc heve+ Qk a}ajrde dk pch }ak}e ì

me}pdpqdpe `ch keja NDCP? Ncffvdmc Dpchdckc Cqpejefdhd Pevdke+

Pevkckè c` qkc re}}dfdha }mlajcpdzzczdeka àh rvema}}e àmd}dekcha( kahhc àkdzdeka `d qk keja

crrvervdcpe dkpavcgd}meke sqcppve nc}d }qmma}}d~a?

3+ @akdzdeka( e~~ave àpavjdkczdeka àghd c}rappd }ajckpdmd%mekmappqchd `c cppvdfqdva ch keja

a hc }qc je`chdpâ a}rva}}d~c

6+ Ahcfevczdeka cppvc~av}e vdmavmla a `cpcfc}a=+ ]ahazdeka cppvc~av}e d pva mvdpavd jcviapdkg( r}dmehdkgqd}pdme a gdqvd`dme

0+ Mekpvehhe a kcja pa}p( mla rva~aà ckmla qkc nc}a `d meknvekpe mek dh mek}qjcpeva+

Dh keja ]EKT c` a}ajrde lc mejrevpcpe qk ravmev}e rvegappqcha `d `qa ckkd kahhc vdmavmc `d

cà}deka chha mcvcppavd}pdmla r}dmehdkgqd}pdmla( nekapdmla a ahhc }pa}}c rvekqkmdcfdhdpâ dk pqppa ha hdkgqa+

Dfqic a Jevdpc( ghd dkgagkavd nek`cpevd àhh—czdak`c( ~eha~cke pve~cva qk keja rav h—czdak`c `c

vdmev`cva ncmdhjakpa( qk keja }djfehe( qk keja fva~a ,kek rdô `d sqcppve e mdksqa happava$( mla kek

a}d}pa}}a dk ka}}qkc hdkgqc( dk jeè mla mldqksqa kah jekè repa}}a mehhagcva d rveèppd chh—czdak`c+Dh keja ]ekt( avd~ö akdpd~cjakpa me}è c qk dkmvemde pvc hc rcvehc hcpdkc }ekq}( sqahhc dkgha}a }qkkt

a h'a}rva}}deka ah gavge gdcrreka}a ]ekkt fet} mla dk`dmc~c d gde~ckd fvdhhckpd( a}pdkcpd c` qkc vcrd`c

mcvvdavc+ Pqppc~dc( dh pavjdka ]ekkt rva}akpc~c pverra c}}ekckza mek qk chpve pavjdka gavgcha

gdcrreka}a( c}}cd jake cqgqvckpa? }elk*kaa mla dk gdcrreka}a }dgkdmc~c( rdô e jake( &ravàva

sqcppvdkd&( me}d he je`dmcveke dk &]EKT& peghdakè qkc &K&+

H—qkdeka `d sqa}pa a}rva}}dekd ‘vd~d}dpcpa‚ ~qeha vcrrva}akpcva hc mvacpd~dpâ }akzc hdjdpd mla

mekpvc``d}pdkgqa ha rav}eka mla hc~evcke dk ]ekt? qke }pcfl gde~cka( akavgdme a `dkcjdme+

Cmmckpe cghd a}ajrd `d kejd `d }qmma}}e repvajje mdpcvka chpvd jake nevpqkcpd+ Chmqkd ‘}md~ehekd‚

}eke `c c`àfdpcva chhc jckmcpc mek}dàvczdeka àhha re}}dfdhd mekkepczdekd kagcpd~a àhha

àkejdkczdekd rva}mahpa( chpva c ~chqpczdekd ‘pajavcvda‚ mdvmc hc ke~dpâ àh jcvmlde vd}rappe chha

àkejdkczdekd gdâ a}d}pakpd+

]d rak}d chha ~dmakà mla lckke vdgqcv`cpe hc êhi}wcgak Oappc( ~appqvc favhdkc mla ~akka

rva}akpcpc kah hqghde 3474 `chhc mc}c cqpejefdhd}pdmc paà}mc a nq ~ak`qpc mek dh jaà}dje keja

‘Oappc‚ }dc dk Aqverc mla dk Cjavdmc àh Kev`+

Dh }qe }mcv}e }qmma}}e mejjavmdcha dk Aqverc( dk mekpvc}pe mek sqahhe eppakqpe dk~ama }qd javmcpd

a|pvcaqverad( è~a }ra}}e ì }pcpc hc ~appqvc aqverac rdô ~ak`qpc( }eke dk jehpd c` cppvdfqdvhe ckmla

chh—dkqakzc kagcpd~c àh keja mla vdmldcjc chhc jakpa ha rcveha oahhc a oappcpqvc( pvc}jappakè qk

33



ja}}cggde `d }nevpqkc+ Pckpe mla pchd mdvme}pckza mek~dk}ave d ~avpdmd àhhc mc}c paà}mc c mcjfdcvhakeja dk ‘âkpe‚ rvdjc a ‘Fevc‚ red+ Dkka dh ncppe mla dk Kev` Cjavdmc( è~a ì vagdkc àhha ~ak`dpa

àhhc êhi}wcgak( cffdc mek}av~cpe kah mev}e àhha }avda dh keja Oappc( lc ncppe rverakàva hc

êhi}wcgak rav vdrvd}pdkcva hc àkejdkczdeka mejqka Oappc dk pqppe dh jekè+

Qk mc}e c}}djdhcfdha ì cmmc`qpe chhc Jdp}qfd}ld sqckè lc amd}e d hckmdcva dk ]q`cjavdmc hc }qc

Rcoave 0\0+ Hc mc}c jc`va kek c~a~c ~chqpcpe mek cppakzdeka mla Rcoave kahhe }hckg àd }q`cjavdmckd

}dgkdmc ‘rav}ekc mla cjc cqpegvcpdmcv}d }a}}qchjakpa‚+ Me}è lckke àmd}e `d mcjfdcva dh keja dk

Jekpave+

Rav va}pcva kahh—cjfdpe cqpejefdhd}pdme( repvajje mdpcva dh mc}e àhhc Ndcp Gdkge( vdpevkcpc cmldcjcv}d Rck`c ravmlä dh keja avc pverre }djdha c Pwdkge+ D nvckma}d lckke jdkcmmdcpe mcq}a

jdhdcv`cvda a hc Ndcp lc mcjfdcpe }qfdpe dàc+

Dk mekmhq}deka sqckè h—czdak`c }d pve~c kahhc mek`dzdeka `d è~av }maghdava qk kqe~e jcvmlde `c

hckmdcva }qh javmcpe à~a mejrdava qkc }avda `d ~chqpczdekd a ~avdmla jehpe àhdmcpa mla }d

mekmvapdzzcke kad rqkpd }eppe vdrevpcpd?

Dh jcvmlde }dc nvqdfdha kah jcviapdkg

Dh jcvmlde à~a a}}ava ncmdha `c haggava( `c }mvd~ava( vdmev`cva a` qpdhdzzcfdha cppvc~av}e d mckchd `d

jcviapdkg+Dh jcvmlde kek cffdc mekkepczdekd kagcpd~a

Dh jcvmlde kek à~a c~ava mekkepczdekd kagcpd~a dk Rca}d a}pavd kad sqchd ì rva~d}pc qkc nqpqvc

mejjavmdchdzzczdeka ad rveèppd a%e }av~dzd mek dh jcvmlde+

Dh jcvmlde vd}rappd d rvdkmdrd àppcpd `chhc Rvervdapâ Dk`q}pvdcha ,evdgdkchdpâ( ke~dpâ( hdmadpâ$

H—ahajakpe àkejdkcpd~e àh jcvmlde à~a a}}ava `d}rekdfdha ,ke~dpâ àhh—ahajakpe ~avfcha$

Cppvc~av}e qkc vdmavmc }qhha fckmla `cpd emmevva ~avdmcva mla hc mejrekakpa àkejdkcpd~c àh

jcvmlde kek }dc dàkpdmc a%e }djdha c` qk jcvmlde gdâ are}dpcpe a%e vagd}pvcpe rav rveèppd%}av~dzd

dàkpdmd a%e }djdhd+

H—ahajakpe gvcme àh jcvmlde à~a a}}ava `d}rekdfdha ,ke~dpâ àhh—ahajakpe gvcme$

Cppvc~av}e qkc vdmavmc }qhha fckmla cpd emmevva ~avdmcva mla hc mejrekakpa gqvcpd~c ,dh hege$ ah

jcvmlde kek }dc dàkpdme a%e }djdha c` qk jcvmlde gdâ are}dpcpe a%e vagd}pvcpe rav rveèppd%}av~dzd

dàkpdmd a%e }djdhd+

Dh keja c èjdkde dk dkpavkap ì hdfave

Cppvc~av}e qkc vdmavmc }qhha fckmla `cpd qmdchd àd Vagd}pav cmmva`dpcpd emmevva ~avdmcva mla dh

keja c èjdkde kek }dc gdâ vagd}pvcpe+

36



6+3 Ha rvdkmdrchd kevjcpd~a }qd jcvmld `—djrva}c

D rvdkmdrd mla }pckke chhc fc}a ahhc jcpavdc ad jcvmld —djrva}c a mla }eke vdrevpcpd kahha rcgdka

}agqakpd pve~cke hc rvervdc nekpa }q kevjcpd~a `d mcvcppava kczdekcha( mejqkdpcvda a` dkpavkczdekcha+

Hc rvdkmdrcha nekpa kczdekcha ì vcrrva}akpcpc `ch Me`dma àhhc Rvervdapâ Dk`q}pvdcha @+Hg}+ 32

Naffvcde 6221( k+ =2 mla lc dkpagvchjakpa }e}pdpqdpe ha `d}re}dzdekd àppcpa `ch @+ Hg}+ 0 @dmajfva

3446( k+ 0<2 ,me}d`àppe ‘Hagga Jcvmld‚ dk vdnavdjakpe ch jcvmlde —djrva}c$ a lc vdqkdmcpe dk qk qkdme

Pa}pe pqppa ha nekpd kevjcpd~a rva~dgakpd ,02 haggd a dkkqjava~ehd rve~~a`djakpd$ mla `d}mdrhdkc~cke

hc jcpavdc àh `dvdppe dk`q}pvdcha( dk jeè pcha `c vakàva rdô amcma a` amdakpa hc pqpahc àhhcrvervdapâ dk`q}pvdcha a `d dkmakpd~cva ha djrva}a c ncv vdmev}e cd pdpehd `d rvervdapâ dk`q}pvdcha+

Pvc ha nekpd `d evdgdka a|pvckczdekcha d rvdkmdrchd vdnavdjakpd kevjcpd~d }eke vcrrva}akpcpd `ch

Vagehcjakpe àh Mek}dghde `—Aqverc }qh Jcvmlde Mejqkdpcvde Vagehcjakpe MA k+ 02%40 àh 62

@dmajfva 344= mla lc }ckmdpe h—d}pdpqzdeka àh Jcvmlde Mejqkdpcvde `ckè aflappd~c crrhdmczdeka ch

rvdkmdrde d hdfavc mdvmehczdeka ahha rav}eka a ad fakd chh—dkpavke ah Javmcpe Qkdme a chhc Mek~akzdeka

`d Rcvdgd rav hc rvepazdeka àhhc Rvervdapâ Dkpahhappqcha àh 62 Jcvze 3<<= ,}qmma}}d~cjakpa vd~a`qpc c

Fvq|ahha} dh 30 @dmajfva 3422( c Wc}ldkgpek dh 6 Gdqgke 3433( chh—Coc dh > Ke~ajfva 3461( c Hek`vc dh 6

Gdqgke 34=0( c Hd}fekc dh =3 Eppefva 341< a c ]pemmehjc dh 30 Hqghde 34>7$+Hc mek~akzdeka vcrrva}akpc dh rvdje djrevpckpa èmqjakpe mla mek}akpa `d }qravcva h—e}pcmehe

àhhc pavvdpevdchdpâ ah jcvmlde+ Dh emqjakpe d}reka mla d Rca}d cd sqchd }d crrhdmc hc Mek~akzdeka }eke

me}pdpqdpd dk Qkdeka rav hc rvepazdeka àhhc Rvervdapâ Dk`q}pvdcha mla lc rav eggappe pvc ghd chpvd pdpehd( d

jcvmld+

Ckmevc pvc ha nekpd Dkpavkczdekchd }d ckke~avc h—Cmmevè `d Kdzzc }qhhc mhc}}dmczdeka dkpavkczdekcha

àd rveèppd a àd }av~dzd àh 31 Gdqgke 3417 mla }q``d~dà dk mhc}}d javmaehegdmla ,cppqchjakpa 01$

d rveèppd a d }av~dzd mla re}}eke a}}ava à}dgkcpd dk }aà `d àre}dpe `d qk jcvmlde+

6+6 Ravmlä vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde+ @dflavakzc pvc jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe a jcvmlde `d ncppe ,kek

vagd}pvcpe$

Dh ke}pve ev`dkcjakpe( c `dflavakzc `d sqckpe cmmcà dk jehpd chpvd rca}d }pvckdavd( vdmeke}ma

h—a}d}pakzc( cmmckpe cd jcvmld vagd}pvcpd( àh jcvmlde kek vagd}pvcpe( àkdpe mejqkajakpa meja

jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚+ Dh jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚ kc}ma mek dh mekmvape q}e àh }agke }qh javmcpe+

Dk sqa}p—eppdmc ì re}}dfdha }e}pakava mla sqc}d pqppd ghd djrvak`dpevd }dcke pdpehcvd d qk dvdppe }q

qk jcvmlde ckmla }a }ra}}e kek ka }eke c meke}makzc+ Dkncppd( kah jejakpe dk mqd qk }agke ,}dc

6+ Ckchd}d àhha rvdkmdrchd `d}re}dzdekd kevjcpd~a dk pajc `d jcvmld

3=



sqa}pe keja `d nckpc}dc( jc ckmla dk`dmcpd~e àhhc `dppc àhhc }emdapâ( àhhc vcgdeka e àhhcàkejdkczdeka }emdcha$( rqv }akzc a}}ava }pcpe vagd}pvcpe meja jcvmlde `—djrva}c( ~daka

aflappd~cjakpa q}cpe rav mekpvc``d}pdkgqava h—eflavpc `d rveèppd a%e }av~dzd àhh— djrvak`dpeva e

àhh—czdak`c( }d lc dh me}d`àppe ‘jcvmlde `d ncppe‚+

H—djrvak`dpeva e h—czdak`c pdpehcva re}}eke ~ckpcva }qhh—q}e àh jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚ qk `dvdppe

a}rva}}cjakpa vdmeke}mdqpe a pqpahcpe chh—ev`dkcjakpe gdqvd`dme dpchdcke+

Pqppc~dc m—ì `dflavakzc pvc qk jcvmlde `—djrva}c vagd}pvcpe a` qk jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚+

Dkncppd( hc pqpahc crrva}pcpc chh—ev`dkcjakpe ch jcvmlde ‘ d ncppe‚ ì }pvappcjakpa hagcpc chhc }qc

kepevdapâ rva}}e dh rqffhdme mqd ì à}pdkcpe( meja }agke `d}pdkpd~e àd rveèppd%}av~dzd eflavpd`chh—djrvak`dpeva e `chh—czdak`c mla ka ì pdpehcva+

Mdö }dgkdmc mla kah mc}e d q}e mla kek cffdc mejrevpcpe kepevdapâ( e cffdc mejrevpcpe qkc

kepevdapâ }ehe hemcha( }d cjjappa rcmdmcjakpa hc re}}dfdhdpâ mla qk pavze rvema`c mek hc

vagd}pvczdeka }qmma}}d~c a mla sqa}pc }dc ~chd`c }q pqppe dh pavvdpevde kczdekcha+ @d~av}cjakpa( dh

jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚ rva~cha }qh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe hc`è~a ehpva c` a}}ava rvaq}cpe( }dc chpva}è

`d~akqpe kepe rva}}e d mek}qjcpevd gvczda chh—q}e mla ka }dc }pcpe ncppe+

6+6+3 Vd}mld a hdjdpd ah jcvmlde d ncppe

]qhhc fc}a àhha rvaja}}a ckzdàppa( h—cppaggdcjakpe `d qk djrvak`dpeva mla kek rvema`c chhc

vagd}pvczdeka àh jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚ `d mqd ì pdpehcva( repvaffa vd~ahcv}d kek rvqàkpa }ervcppqppe

sqckè qk jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚ cffdc kepevdapâ }ehe hemcha( dk sqckpe }d mevva dh vd}mlde mla qk chpve

djrvak`dpeva re}}c vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde dàkpdme c hd~ahhe kczdekcha dk jeè àh pqppe ~chdè( }akzc

mla }d re}}c }ehha~cva chmqk pdre `d efdazdeka+

Sqa}pc drepa}d repvaffa mvacva kek remla rvefhajcpdmla ch pdpehcva àh jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚( dh sqcha

}d ~a`vaffa }nqjcva hc re}}dfdhdpâ `d cqjakpcva dh kqjave àd mhdakpd a` a}pakàva pavvdpevdchjakpa

hc rvervdc cppd~dpâ dk sqckpe c` a}}e va}pc }ehpckpe dh `dvdppe `d repav mekpdkqcva c` q}cva dh rvervde

jcvmlde akpve d hdjdpd ,gaegvcmd a sqckpdpcpd~d$ dk mqd }a ka ì ~ch}e dk rvamaàkzc( e}}dc( rvdjc àhhc

vagd}pvczdeka chpvqd( jc dk mea}d}pakzc mek dh jcvmlde dàkpdme }qmma}}d~cjakpa vagd}pvcpe c hd~ahhe

kczdekcha+ Rav kek mek}dàvcva mla a}}e }d ~a`vaffa }eppvcppe h—c~~dcjakpe àh jcvmlde+ Kah mc}e dk

mqd dk~ama hc kepevdapâ ah jcvmlde ‘ d ncppe‚ }d a}pak`c c hd~ahhe kczdekcha( chhevc ì re}}dfdha djra`dva

c mldqksqa d vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde }qmma}}d~e dàkpdme e }djdha rav rveèppd%}av~dzd dàkpdmd e ckd(

~d}pe mla dk pch mc}e ~avvaffa jake dh kama}}cvde vasqd}dpe ahhc ke~dpâ? }dcje d nvekpa dk sqa}pe mc}e

chh—d}pdpqpe àh me}d`àppe rvaq}e àh jcvmlde+

30



Pqppc~dc emmevva rvamd}cva mla sqckè }q}}d}peke d rva}qrre}pd rav qkc pqpahc àh jcvmlde ‘ d ncppe‚}q sqahhe vagd}pvcpe }qmma}}d~cjakpa ch pavze( c hd~ahhe rvefcpevde hc re}dzdeka ah pdpehcva ah jcvmlde

‘ d ncppe‚ kek rqö dv}d ~ckpcggde}c+ Dkncppd hc kepevdapâ ah jcvmlde ‘ d ncppe‚ ckpavdeva ” pcha c fcvvcva

hc vagd}pvczdeka `d qk jcvmlde }qmma}}d~e àre}dpcpe ” à~a a}}ava cppqcha ch jejakpe àh àre}dpe

àhhc èjck`c `d jcvmlde }qmma}}d~c a hc mdvme}pckzc àhh—cppqchdpâ kek }d vdnavd}ma chh—q}e àh jcvmlde

`d ncppe ,ahajakpe }dmqvcjakpa rdô cmma}}dfdha dk pavjdkd rvefcpevd$( sqckpe rdqppe}pe chhc kepevdapâ+

Dk chpva rcveha( ckmlä qk jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚ re}}c rva~chava }q qkc vagd}pvczdeka }qmma}}d~c( ì

kama}}cvdc kek }ehe hc dje}pvczdeka ahh—q}e ckpavdeva dflq}e }qh pavvdpevde kek hemcha jc ckmla mla

h—qpdhdzze ah jcvmlde ka lc mejrevpcpe kepevdapâ+Sqdk`d `ch rqkpe `d ~d}pc gdqvd`dme dh jcvmlde ‘`d ncppe‚ rakchdzzc dh }qe pdpehcva dk sqckpe dk mc}e `d

mekpve~av}dc( h—ekava d rve~cva h—q}e aflappd~e a hc kepevdapâ ah jcvmlde d ncppe ,a}pvajcjakpa dmdhd

`c rve`qvva$ }eke c mcre `d mehqd dh sqcha ka vd~ak`dmc hc pdpehcvdpâ+

Ravpckpe }eke `d pqppc a~dàkzc d ~ckpcggd mla àvd~cke `chhc vagd}pvczdeka `d qk jcvmlde dk

sqckpe? dk rvdje hqege( }d djra`d}ma c pavzd `d repav vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde dàkpdme a kek }d mevva

dh vd}mlde `d è~av pehhavcva mla qk chpve djrvak`dpeva vagd}pvd dh }agke a he qpdhdzzd crrveppckè

àhhc kepevdapâ cmsqd}dpc àh jcvmlde `d ncppe9 dk }amekè hqege( dh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe ì

jcggdevjakpa `dnak`dfdha dk sqckpe( dk mc}e `d pqpahc gdq`dzdcvdc( jakpva }a kek }d ì rvema`qpechhc rva~akpd~c vagd}pvczdeka( }cvâ kama}}cvde `dje}pvcva dh mekmvape qpdhdzze àh jcvmlde ‘ d ncppe‚

a hc kepevdapâ mla ka ì mek}agqdpc rva}}e dh rqffhdme `d vdnavdjakpe( me}c mla rqö pvc}nevjcva hc

`dna}c ad rvervd dvdppd dk qk—djrva}c kdakp—cflcppe cga~eha( kah mc}e d vagd}pvczdeka rav dh }ehe ncppe

mla a}d}pa qk àre}dpe a%e vagd}pvczdeka hc rve~c ì dk ‘va dr}c‚9 dk pavze hqege( a}}akè rdô

ncmdhjakpa dnak`dfdha( dh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe ì jehpe rdô crrapdfdha d qk jcvmlde d ncppe dk mc}e d

ma}}deka e hdmakzc+

6+= Dh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe

]d rcvhc `d jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe( c `dflavakzc àh jcvmlde `d ncppe( dk rva}akzc `d qk }agke `d mqd }dc

}pcpc èjck`cpc a eppakqpc hc vagd}pvczdeka meja jcvmlde `—djrva}c rva}}e h—qmde mejrapakpa(

e~~ave h—Qmde Dpchdcke Fva~appd a Jcvmld+ Hc `qvcpc àhhc rvepazdeka }q qk jcvmlde ì rcvd c `damd ckkd

àmevvakpd `chhc `cpc `d àre}dpe àh jcvmlde+

Mldqksqa( djrvak`dpeva e kek djrvak`dpeva( rqö vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde( rqvmlä }d rverekgc `d

qpdhdzzcvhe dvappcjakpa e pvcjdpa pavzd mla djrdagldke dh }agke mek dh }qe mek}ak}e+ Me}è dkncppd d}reka

ckmla h—cvpdmehe 34 àh Me`dma ad @dvdppd ahhc Rvervdapâ Dk`q}pvdcha? ‘ rqö eppakava qkc vagd}pvczdeka rav

31



jcvmlde `—djrva}c mld he qpdhdzzd( e }d rverekgc `d qpdhdzzcpe( kahhc ncffvdmczdeka e mejjavmde `d rveèppd e

kahhc rva}pczdeka `d }av~dzd àhhc rvervdc djrva}c e `d djrva}a `d mqd cffdc dh mekpvehhe e mla ka ncmmdcke q}e

mek dh }qe mek}ak}e‚ +

H—qkdme hdjdpa mla hc hagga reka c mld ~eghdc vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde ì sqahhe àhhc jchc naà? }cvâ

mek}dàvcpe dk jchcnaà h—cgakpa e vcrrva}akpckpa mla vagd}pvd dk Dpchdc dh jcvmlde }pvckdave àh

vcrrva}akpcpe e mld( meke}makè h—dkpakzdeka d vagd}pvcva dh }agke c rcvpa ah mekmevvakpa( he ckpdmdrd(

e ckmevc mld vagd}pvd dk Dpchdc dh jcvmlde }pvckdave mla }pdc d~akpckè kepevde ckmla }qh ke}pve pavvdpevde(

mld vagd}pvd qk jcvmlde rav e}pcmehcva h—cppd~dpâ `d qk—chpvc djrva}c( a me}è ~dc+

A}d}peke `qksqa ammazdekd chhc vagehc gakavcha }amekè hc sqcha mldqksqa rqö mldaàva `dvagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde? dk sqa}pd mc}d dh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe `c chpvd }cvâ kqhhe+

Sqa}pd mc}d }ramdchd }eke àppd ‘vagd}pvczdeka àh kek c~akpa `dvdppe‚ a }eke a}}akzdchjakpa pva?

3+ jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe dk jchcnaà

6+ vdpvcppe `d rav}ekc a keja kepevde vagd}pvcpe meja jcvmlde }akzc mek}ak}e àh }eggappe

dkpava}}cpe

=+ keja d rav}ekc kek kepevde vagd}pvcpe meja jcvmlde }a h—q}e mla ka ~daka ncppe ì ha}d~e

àhhc ncjc( ekeva a àmeve àhhc rav}ekc dkpava}}cpc+

Hc vagd}pvczdeka ah kek c~akpa dvdppe mejrevpc hc kqhhdpâ vahcpd~c ah jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe( e}}dc pcha

kqhhdpâ rqö a}}ava ncppc ~chava }ehe `ch }eggappe `dvappcjakpa ha}e ,rav}ekc vdpvcppc( pdpehcva àh keja(

amm+$+ Ndke ch jejakpe dk mqd pcha kqhhdpâ kek }cvâ ncppc ~chava( dh jcvmlde vdjcvvâ nevjchjakpa ~chdè+

Dh }eggappe mla c~a~c dvdppe c vagd}pvcva dh jcvmlde ,c` a}ajrde? dh vcrrva}akpcpe( hc rav}ekc vdpvcppc(

dh pdpehcva àh keja$ lc qkc `qrhdma chpavkcpd~c? ncva ~chava hc kqhhdpâ àh jcvmlde( errqva( ncva dkpa}pcva

dh jcvmlde c rvervde keja( a}}akè h—qkdme c` c~ava `dvdppe }q sqah rcvpdmehcva }agke+

Hc `dmldcvczdeka `d kqhhdpâ àh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe `ch kek c~akpa `dvdppe e dh pvc}navdjakpe àhhe

}pa}}e c rvervde keja( à~eke a}}ava èjck`cpd mek qk—czdeka gdq`dzdcvdc+

6+=+3 Me}c rqö a}}ava vagd}pvcpe meja jcvmlde5 Vasqd}dpd `d ~chd`dpâ àh jcvmlde `—djrva}c

Hc rvdkmdrcha nqkzdeka àh jcvmlde `—djrva}c ì sqahhc `d dk`dmcva cd mek}qjcpevd hc rve~akdakzc

àh rveèppe%}av~dzde `c qkc apavjdkcpc djrva}c( ravmdö dh jcvmlde( cpc hc }qc nqkzdeka d ‘}agke‚(

à~a mek}d}pava dk qk akpdpâ mla }dc dèkac c pvc}jappava ch mek}qjcpeva qk ja}}cggde+ Rav sqa}pc

vcgdeka ha `d}re}dzdekd dk pajc `d jcvmld }qggavd}meke mla re}}eke a}}ava vagd}pvcpd meja jcvmlde

pqppd d }agkd mla }eke }q}mappdfdhd `d a}}ava vcrrva}akpcpd gvcmcjakpa a` dk rcvpdmehcva? happava

3>



àhh—chncfape( mdnva( rcveha( }agkd( `d}agkd( nevjc àh rveèppe( meknazdeka àh rveèppe(mejfdkczdeka `d mehevd a pekchdpâ( }qekd a odkgha} jq}dmchd( rvenqjd+

Mdö rvaja}}e hc hagga àpavjdkc chpva}è àhha mek`dzdekd `d ~chd`dpâ mla àffeke kama}}cvdcjakpa

}q}}d}pava dk sqckpe hc heve jckmckzc àpavjdkc hc kqhhdpâ àh }agke+

Dk rcvpdmehcva }d pvcppc àd }agqakpd vasqd}dpd?

3+ EVDGDKCHDPÂ

6+ KE^DPÂ

=+ HDMADPÂ

3+ Evdgdkchdpâ

H—evdgdkchdpâ àh jcvmlde dk`dmc hc }qc ‘mcrcmdpâ d}pdkpd~c‚? a}}c ì pckpe rdô chpc sqckpe dh jcvmlde

ì mekmappqchjakpa `d}pckpa `cd rveèppd%}av~dzd mla mekpvc``d}pdkgqa+

]ehpckpe mek dh kqe~e Me`dma àd @dvdppd àhhc Rvervdapâ Dk`q}pvdcha( hc hagga lc dkdzdcpe c rcvhcva

a}rhdmdpcjakpa `d ‘mcrcmdpâ `d}pdkpd~c‚ ,àkdpc ckmla meja ‘evdgdkchdpâ‚$ dkpa}c meja qkc mcrcmdpâ

dkpvdk}amc àh }agke `d `dflavakzdcv}d `c sqahhd qpdhdzzcpd kahhe }pa}}e }appeva `cd mekmevvakpd e

mejqksqa `c sqahhd gdâ rva}akpd }qh javmcpe( kekmlä `c àkejdkczdekd gakavdmcjakpa qpdhdzzcpa

rav dk`dmcva qkc mhc}}a `d rveèppd+]amekè dh kqe~e Me`dma hc }q}}d}pakzc àhhc ‘mcrcmdpâ `d}pdkpd~c‚ ,`d}mdrhdkcpc `chh—cvp+ 3=$(

rva}qrreka mla ‘kek re}}eke me}pdpqdva eggappe `d vagd}pvczdeka meja jcvmlde `—djrva}c d }agkd rvd~d `d

mcvcppava `d}pdkpd~e a dk rcvpdmehcva sqahhd me}pdpqdpd a}mhq}d~cjakpa `chha àkejdkczdekd gakavdmla ,c` a}+

jcvmlde ‘rchhc‚ rav rchhekd( ‘cvcfdmc‚ rav mcflì$ d rveèppd% }av~dzd e c dk`dmczdekd a}mvdppd~a ,c` a}+ ‘evehegd

}~dzzavd‚( ‘mavcjdmla d ]c}}qehe‚$ mla c` a}}d }d vdnavd}meke( meja d }agkd mla dk mejjavmde re}}eke }av~dva c

à}dgkcva hc }ramda( hc sqchdpâ( hc sqckpdpâ( hc a}pdkczdeka( dh ~cheva( hc rve~akdakzc gaegvcmc( e~~ave( h—aremc

`d ncffvdmczdeka ah rveèppe e ahhc rva}pczdeka ah }av~dzde( e chpva mcvcppavd}pdmla ah rveèppe e }av~dzde‚ +

Kad mc}d }ervc dk`dmcpd ~daka jake hc re}}dfdhdpâ }pa}}c `d vdmeke}mava dh }agke meja qk jcvmlde

`—djrva}c dk sqckpe hc mekma}}deka `d qk `dvdppe a}mhq}d~e c` qk }dkgehe djrvak`dpeva `d qpdhdzzcva

àkejdkczdekd gakavdmla hdjdpavaffa dk jckdavc rcpehegdmc ha re}}dfdhdpâ àd mekmevvakpd `d qpdhdzzcva

àd kejd mla }eke kama}}cvd c pqppd ghd djrvak`dpevd rav mejqkdmcva mek dh rqffhdme+ Chhc fc}a àh

`d~dape md }eke ravpckpe d}pckza ckpdjekerehe}pdmla dk fc}a chha sqchd emmevva vakàva d}rekdfdha c

mdc}mqk djrvak`dpeva ha àkejdkczdekd gakavdmla a à}mvdppd~a àhha mcvcppavd}pdmla àd rveèppd+

A}d}peke dkehpva chpvd mc}d dk mqd ì re}}dfdha }e}pakava qkc mcvakzc `d mcrcmdpâ `d}pdkpd~c( }d pvcppc

`d pqppd sqad }agkd mla( fakmlä kek a}mvdppd~d( kek }eke ravmardpd ch rqffhdme meja }agkd d}pdkpd~d+

]d rak}d cd mc}d `d megkejd jehpe `dflq}d( ch rqkpe `c kek a}}ava rdô mek}dàvcpd dk }ä dèkad c`

dk`dmcva qke }ramdme djrvak`dpeva+

37



Kah }appeva àhhc je`c qk—drepa}d dk pch }ak}e ì me}pdpqdpc `ch megkeja ‘Ve}}d‚ mla( rav hc }qccjrhd}}djc `dflq}deka( à~a a}}ava qkdpe c` qk rvakeja e c` chpvd ahajakpd `d}pdkpd~d rav repavghd

cppvdfqdva mcrcmdpâ d}pdkpd~c+

Hc jckmckzc àh nek`cjakpcha vasqd}dpe àhhc mcrcmdpâ `d}pdkpd~c rqö àpavjdkcva `qa ev`dkd `d

mek}agqakza? }a a}}c rvamaà dh jejakpe ahhc vagd}pvczdeka( rqö pvc`qv}d kah vdqpe ahhc mekma}}deka

àhhc vagd}pvczdeka }pa}}c9 }a dk~ama ì }qmma}}d~c c pcha jejakpe( rqö àpavjdkcva dh nakejake àhhc

me}d`àppc ~ehgcvdzzczdeka àh jcvmlde `d mqd rcvhavaje rdô àppcghdcpcjakpa kah rve}agqe+

Mekmvapcjakpa hc mcrcmdpâ `d}pdkpd~c àh jcvmlde ~daka rav}agqdpc }maghdakè }agkd mla(

chpavkcpd~cjakpa( }dcke rvd~d `d }dgkdmcpe rqv vd}qhpckè re}}dfdhjakpa aqnekdmd a ncmdhjakpavdmev`cfdhd rav d mek}qjcpevd( e }dcke }dgkdmcpd~d jc }akzc hagcjd djja`dcpd mek dh rveèppe e dh

}av~dzde mla mekpvc``d}pdkgqeke+ A}ajrd pdrdmd }eke d jcvmld ‘@d|ck‚ a ‘Hckmdc‚( è~a dh rvdje dk }ä

kek lc }dgkdmcpe( jakpva dh }amekè( rqv c~akè qk }dgkdmcpe rvervde( kek vdmldcjc dk chmqk jeè

dh }appeva cqpejefdhd}pdme ch sqcha â à}pdkcpe+

Sqa}pe a|mqv}q} }qhhc `d}pdkpd~dpâ àh jcvmlde a }qhha vageha mla ravjappeke `d vcggdqkgavhc }d

mekmhqà mek hc sqa}pdeka }qhhc re}}dfdhdpâ `d qpdhdzzcva ~chd`cjakpa chh—dkpavke `d qk jcvmlde ‘}agkd

`d q}e mejqka‚( ‘àkejdkczdekd gakavdmla‚ a ‘dk`dmczdekd à}mvdppd~a‚ dk hdkgqc }pvckdavc e dk `dchappe+

Hc vd}re}pc ch sqa}dpe }ajfvc ~akdva `ch mvdpavde àhhc ‘mejrvak}dfdhdpâ àh }dgkdmcpe mek vdgqcvèch mek}qjcpeva ja`de‚ mqd dh rveèppe ì à}pdkcpe+

Dk pch }ak}e }a qk djrva}c pa}}dha }maghda}}a `d qpdhdzzcva meja jcvmlde hc rcvehc qpdhdzzcpc `cghd

ckpdmld nakdmd rav vdnavdv}d chha heve }pefla( mdö kek vd}qhpavaffa e}pcpd~e `d qk vagehcva vagd}pvczdeka+

6+ Ke~dpâ

Dh }amekè àd vasqd}dpd `d ~chd`dpâ àh jcvmlde mek}d}pa kahhc ke~dpâ+ ]d pvcppc dk fqekc }e}pckzc

àhhc `d~av}dpâ mla dh jcvmlde à~a rva}akpcva vd}rappe c` chpvd jcvmld ,kekmlä vd}rappe c` chpvd }agkd

`d}pdkpd~d `d `d~av}e pdre$ ckpavdevd+

Hc ke~dpâ àh }agke à~a a}}ava mek}dàvcpc mek vd}rappe ch jejakpe àhh—cmsqd}pe àh `dvdppe(

sqdk`d dh rqkpe d vdnavdjakpe ì me}pdpqdpe chha ckpavdevdpâ mla rvaa}d}pcke vd}rappe c sqah jejakpe+

Dh jcvmlde ì kqe~e sqckè ì `d~av}e `cd jcvmld a `cd }agkd `d}pdkpd~d gdâ a}d}pakpd vcrrva}akpcpd

}dc `cd jcvmld `d ncppe mla `cd jcvmld vagd}pvcpd ,e ckmla }ajrhdmd èjckà `d vagd}pvczdeka$+

Kah àppcghde( hc ke~dpâ `d qk jcvmlde }d ~avdmc dk fc}a c` qkc }avda `d ~chqpczdekd jehpe cvpdmehcpa(

mla re}}dcje me}è vdc}}qjava?

∖ dh jcvmlde a~a a}}ava d~av}e c }agkd gdâ ‘rvaq}cpd‚ c chpvd mek kepevdapâ gakavcha ,jcvmld d

ncppe chpvqd$ rav rveèppd%}av~dzd dàkpdmd e ckd

∖ dh jcvmlde à~a a}}ava `d~av}e `c }agkd gdâ vagd}pvcpd ,e `d mqd ì gdâ }pcpc èjck`cpc hc

3<



vagd}pvczdeka$ c chpvd meja jcvmlde d djrva}c rav rveèppd%}av~dzd dàkpdmd e ckd∖ dh jcvmlde a~a a}}ava d~av}e c }agkd kepd gdâ vagd}pvcpd c chpvd meja jcvmlde d djrva}c ckmla

rav rveèppd%}av~dzd kek ckd( sqckè dh jcvmlde ckpavdeva geà `d vdkejckzc a dh pdpehcva àh

jcvmlde }qmma}}d~e pvcvvaffa qk dkàfdpe ~ckpcggde `ch mcvcppava `d}pdkpd~e e `chhc vdkejckzc àh

}agke ckpavdeva e vamlavaffa rvagdq`dzde cghd }pa}}d

∖ dh jcvmlde kek rqö mek}d}pava a}mhq}d~cjakpa dk }agkd `d q}e mejqka kah hdkgqcggde mevvakpa

e kaghd q}d me}pckpd àh mejjavmde+

Rav mejrhapazzc emmevva rvamd}cva mla dh jcvmlde }qmma}}d~cjakpa vagd}pvcpe ì mcvakpa ah vasqd}dpeàhhc ke~dpâ ckmla sqckè dh jcvmlde ckpavdeva ì }mc`qpe `c jake `d 6 ckkd ,= rav d sqahhd mehhappd~d$+

Dh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe mahafva( appe ckmla jcvmlde mla geà d vdkejckzc( meja dh jcvmlde `d ncppe

mahafva( ~daka pqpahcpe mek vdnavdjakpe c pqppd d rveèppd%}av~dzd( ckmla sqahhd kek ckd c sqahhd rav d

sqchd ì }pcpe vagd}pvcpe( sqckè dh }qe q}e `c rcvpa `d pavzd mejrevpavaffa qk dkàfdpe ~ckpcggde rav

me}peve e qk rvagdq`dzde rav dh hagdppdje pdpehcva ,}d rak}d ch mc}e dk mqd qk rve`qppeva `d rckpchekd

jcvmldc}}a d }qed mcrd ‘Memc*Mehc‚$+

Mek vdnavdjakpe cd ‘}agkd d q}e mejqka‚ dh hagd}hcpeva chhqà c pqppa sqahha rcveha mejqkajakpa

q}cpa kah hdkgqcggde mevvakpa meja ‘}pck`cv`‚( ‘}qravdeva‚( ‘a|pvc‚( ‘}qrav—( ‘a|revp‚( e}}dc pavjdkdqpdhdzzcpd dk vahczdeka c gakavd `d rveèppd `d~av}d rav dk`dmcva mavpd hd~ahhd sqchdpcpd~d+ Mek ‘}agkd `d q}e

mejqka kah mejjavmde‚ }d chhqà dk~ama c sqad }agkd gqvcpd~d sqchd hc mevekc —chheve( hc ja`cghdc(

hc fck`davc( hc memmcv`c( d kqjavd rdô fc}}d( ha happava àhh—chncfape( ha nevja gaejapvdmla rdô

ahajakpcvd( sqchd rqkpd( nvamma( hdkaa+

@appd }agkd kek re}}eke a}}ava ~chd`cjakpa cèppcpd meja jcvmld( c jake mla kek ~akgcke

vcrrva}akpcpd dk jckdavc nckpc}de}c a` dk`d~d`qchdzzckpa? dk pch mc}e }cvckke rvepaggdfdhd kad hdjdpd `d

sqa}pd ahajakpd ramqhdcvd+

=+ Hdmadpâ

Dh pavze vasqd}dpe `d ~chd`dpâ àd jcvmld ì gakavchjakpa àkdpe meja dh vasqd}dpe àhhc hdmadpâ+ C

sqa}p—a}rva}}deka ~akgeke vdmekèppa qkc }avda `d drepa}d nvc heve apavegakaa rva~d}pa `chhc hagga+ Dk

rcvpdmehcva qk jcvmlde ì hamdpe sqckè?

∖ kek ì mekpvcvde chhc hagga( chh—ev`dka rqffhdme( ch fqek me}pqja

∖ kek ì dkgckka~eha( dk rcvpdmehcva }qhhc rve~akdakzc gaegvcmc( hc kcpqvc e hc sqchdpâ àd

rveèppd%}av~dzd+

Kah àppcghde( meja a}ajrd `d }agkd mekpvcvd chh—ev`dka rqffhdme repvajje rak}cva c` a}ajrde c

jcvmld mekpakakpd dh nc}mde hdppevae( hc }pahhc àhha Fvdgcpa Ve}}a e }agkd dkkaggdckpd chh—e`de vczzdcha

34



meja hc mvema qkmdkcpc+ ]eke dk~ama mekpvcvd ch fqek me}pqja ha rcveha a d }agkd mla eflakèke dhmejqka }ak}e àh rqèva+

Dh vasqd}dpe dk rcvehc à~a mekpdkqcva c }q}}d}pava `qvckpa pqppc hc ~dgakzc àh jcvmlde( pckpe mla

hc hagga rva~aà mla dh jcvmlde àmcà sqckè }dc crrqkpe `d~akqpe ‘mekpvcvde chhc hagga( chh—ev`dka

rqffhdme( ch fqek me}pqja‚+

Qk jcvmlde ì dkgckka~eha sqckè dk`qma dk avveva dh mek}qjcpeva ja`de }qhhc rve~akdakzc

gaegvcmc ah rveèppe( }qhhc kcpqvc e }qhhc sqchdpâ ah rveèppe+ H—drepa}d dk a}cja }d vdnavd}ma cd jcvmld

me}pdpqdpd `c àkejdkczdekd gaegvcmla mla `c qk hcpe kek mevvd}rekèke chhc vacha rve~akdakzc àh

rveèppe jc kah mekpajre kek }dcke àh pqppe nckpc}pdmla+ C` a}ajrde dh jcvmlde CJCVE @—D]MLDCkek rveèppe c` D}mldc ì }pcpe mekpa}pcpe ravmlä a~emc~c ahajakpd d }chqfvdpâ àhh—ejekdjc d}ehc( mla

dh rveèppe kek repa~c re}}aàva+

Hc ncppd}ramda àhh—dkgckka~ehazzc }qhhc kcpqvc e sqchdpâ àh rveèppe }d mekmvapdzzc sqckè qk

jcvmlde ncmmdc vdnavdjakpe c ahha mcvcppavd}pdmla mla dh rveèppe dk vachpâ kek re}}daà+ ]d rak}d ch jcvmlde

‘gvckhckc‚ rav rveèppd }dkpapdmd e ch jcvmlde ‘mepekahha‚ rav rveèppd `d mcvpc+ Dk chpva rcveha d jcvmld mdpcpd

vd}qhpcke amappd~d dk vahczdeka chh—q}e mla ~daka ncppe ah jcvmlde vd}rappe cd rveèppd mekpvc``d}pdkpd+

@ah vasqd}dpe dk sqa}pdeka ,‘kek àmappd~dpâ‚$( }d rcvhc ckmla dk pavjdkd `d ‘~avd`dmdpâ‚ àh jcvmlde

meja drepa}d `d vasqd}dpe qhpavdeva vd}rappe chhc hdmadpâ+Sqckè mekmevveke pqppd ghd ahajakpd }ervc akqkmdcpd qk jcvmlde rqö a}}ava vagd}pvcpe a

~chd`cjakpa pqpahcpe+

6+0 Pdrehegda d jcvmlde? jcvmld nevpd( afehd( rcpvekdjdmd( gaegvcmd( mehhappd~d

Sqckè }d rcvhc d jcvmld vd}qhpc d djja`dcpc vdha~ckzc he }rcvpdcmsqa mla ~daka mejqkajakpa

dk`d~d`qcpe pvc jcvmld nevpd a àfehd+

]eke ‘nevpd‚ d jcvmld `d ‘nckpc}dc‚( e}}dc sqahhd mla kek rva}akpcke chmqk ka}}e mek d rveèppd e }av~dzd

mekpvc``d}pdkpd+ Rqö pvcppcv}d }dc d }agkd epcpd d qk rvervde ~cheva }ajckpdme( d }agkd d rqvc nckpc}dc

rvd~d `d }dgkdmcpe( e dkka `d kejd `d rav}ekc mla kek cffdcke chmqk }dgkdmcpe dk }ä ,a}+ dh }agke

‘Cvjckd‚ rav cffdghdcjakpe$( ~cha c `dva rcveha ‘kqe~a‚ e vcgqvczdekd c}pvcppa+ D jcvmld ‘nevpd‚ }eke

jcggdevjakpa pqpahcpd dk sqckpe me}pdpqd}ma dhhamdpe h—cèzdeka `d ~cvdckpd e je`dmla ckmla kepa~ehd+

Dk crrhdmczdeka `d sqa}pd rvdkmdrd kah mcjre àhh—cffdghdcjakpe dh jcvmlde ‘Gqmmd‚ ì }pcpe rvepappe

a vdpakqpe meknek`dfdha mek }agkd mla rva}akpc~cke }ejdghdckza kek pverre }pvappa( sqchd c` a}ajrde

‘GqdmmdkdG‚( ‘Hqmc Gqmmdkd‚ a ‘Gqmdkd‚+

A— ckmla mavpcjakpa re}}dfdha mla qk jcvmlde ‘àfeha‚ cmsqd}pd kah pajre( cppvc~av}e qkc

62



jc}}dmmdc mejjavmdchdzzczdeka e rqffhdmdpâ( hc mcvcppavd}pdmc `d jcvmlde ‘nevpa‚+ ]qhhc fc}a àhhckepevdapâ a}}e repvâ a}}ava vdmeke}mdqpe `ch mek}qjcpeva ja`de meja dk`dmcpd~e àh

rveèppe%}av~dzde mekma}}e `chh—djrvak`dpeva dkpagvckè dh nakejake àh me}d`àppe ‘}amek`cvt

jackdkg‚ ~cha c `dva àhh—cmsqd}pe àhh—evdgdkchdpâ+ Meja mc}d amhcpckpd `d }amek`cvt jackdkg re}}eke

mdpcv}d sqahhd àh jcvmlde ‘Dh Gdevkcha‚ errqva àd jcvmld ‘ê~‚( ‘A}pcpä‚( ‘Evck}e`c‚( ‘Hajek}e`c‚(

jcvmld( sqa}pd qhpdjd( mla vdmldcjcke ghd dkgva`dakpd àhha fa~ckà+

]eke dk~ama ‘àfehd‚ d jcvmld mla hc}mdcke dkpvc~aàva d rveèppd e }av~dzd eflavpd ,}d pvcppc `d jcvmld

à}mvdppd~d cmmejrcgkcpd `c hda~d `dflavakzdczdekd meja h—cggdqkpc `d rva}}d( }q}}d( `c `d}pev}dekd

àhha rcveha$+ Sqa}pd jcvmld ~akgeke rvepappd }ehe kah heve dk}daja a hc rvepazdeka }d hdjdpc c`djra`dva h—djdpczdeka d sqaghd ahajakpd cggdqkpd~d vd}rappe chhc mejrekakpa a}mvdppd~c+ Dk vahczdeka

c` a}}d }d `dma mla fc}pcke hda~d ~cvdckpd rav a}mhqàva hc ~dehczdeka àd `dvdppd è~akè mejqksqa

va}pcva c `d}re}dzdeka `d mldqksqa h—q}e àhh—ahajakpe à}mvdppd~e mla ka me}pdpqd}ma dh kqmhae+ Meja

a}ajrd `d pqpahc ca~ehdpc rav d jcvmld àfehd }d rqö mek}dàvcva mla ì }pcpe }pcfdhdpe mla dh jcvmlde

‘Mcvmdegldeppe‚ kek me}pdpqd}ma mekpvcflczdeka àh jcvmlde ‘Mcvmdeneppe‚ errqva ‘]aha~dpA‚ rav qk

ncvjcme c fc}a `d }ahakde a ~dpcjdkc A kek me}pdpqd}ma mekpvcflczdeka `d ‘]aha~dp‚ kä ‘@avjcà|‚

me}pdpqd}ma mekpvcflczdeka `d ‘@avjc|‚+

Kcpqvchjakpa ckmla pvc d jcvmld gqvcpd~d ì re}}dfdha }ahazdekcva àd jcvmld ‘àfehd‚+ ]d rak}dchh—djjcgdka d qk ~dpahhe rav mcvkd dk }mcpehc( chh—djjcgdka d qke tcmlp rav cffdghdcjakpe c fcvmc+

Hc rvepazdeka d sqa}pd jcvmld repvâ a}}ava hdjdpcpc chha }eha }pdhdzzczdekd a` ahcfevczdekd gvcmla mla

hd mcvcppavdzzcke jc kek ch pdre àhh—eggappe vcgqvcpe+

D jcvmld rcpvekdjdmd }eke sqahhd me}pdpqdpd `c kejd `d rav}ekc+ ]amekè hc vagehc gakavcha ì

re}}dfdha vagd}pvcva d kejd chpvqd ,kek ncje}e$ meja jcvmlde c mek`dzdeka mla kek }d ha`c hc ncjc(

dh mva`dpe a` dh àmeve àh pdpehcva+ Dk hdkac `d rvdkmdrde }d vdpdaka mla h—chpvqd keja kek re}}c a}}ava

vagd}pvcpe meja jcvmlde sqckè dh rveèppe `c mekpvc``d}pdkgqava }dc `d kcpqvc ~dha e reme

àmeve}c e sqckè( pvcppckè}d `d qk jcvmlde mejrha}}e( }dc me}pdpqdpe `c mekgqvczdekd

ckpda}papdmla e `c nvc}d kek vd}rappe}a àhhc rav}ekchdpâ àh pdpehcva àh keja ,}d rak}d ch keja `d qk

reapc e qk he}ene cffdkcpe c` qk rqvgckpa e c` qkc }ramdchdpâ `d }chqjd$+

H—Qmde Dpchdcke Fva~appd a Jcvmld rqö( }a he vdpdaka errevpqke ekà rva~akdva ha}dekd ah gakava

}ervc dk`dmcpe( mek`dzdekcva h—cmmeghdjakpe àhhc èjck`c `d vagd}pvczdeka chh—eppakdjakpe àh

mek}ak}e àh pdpehcva àh keja+ Dk egkd mc}e emmevva mek}dàvcva mla hc rav}ekc dh mqd keja ì }pcpe

vagd}pvcpe `c chpvd meja jcvmlde( }cvâ }ajrva hdfavc `d qpdhdzzcvhe kahhc rvervdc `dppc( jc kek repvâ

rdô vagd}pvcvhe e qpdhdzzcvhe meja jcvmlde+

Kah mc}e }d à}dàvd vagd}pvcva meja jcvmlde qk keja ncje}e ,kepevde$( emmevva pakava rva}akpa

hc mejrekakpa vcrrva}akpcpc `ch ~cheva amekejdme àh keja? dk pch mc}e hc vagd}pvczdeka àh keja

63



ncje}e meja jcvmlde rva}qrreka }ajrva dh rva~akpd~e mek}ak}e mla }ehdpcjakpa ~daka va}e `dapvercgcjakpe+

Sqckpe chha vagd}pvczdeka meja jcvmlde àd vdpvcppd rva~cha dh `dvdppe chh—djjcgdka àh }eggappe

vdpvcppe a( sqdk`d( rav qpdhdzzcva dh vdpvcppe chpvqd }cvâ kama}}cvde( ckchegcjakpa ch keja kepe( dh mek}ak}e

àh }eggappe vdpvcppe a( ère hc }qc jevpa( àh mekdqga a àd ghd e àd gakdpevd a àghd chpvd c}makàkpd

}dke cd rcvakpd ke ch 0² gvcè+

^cha hc rakc `d rvamd}cva dk sqa}pc }aà mla qkc mek}ehd`cpc gdqvd}rvqàkzc lc mldcvdpe meja dh

mqeva àh jcvmlde( cppvc~av}e dh sqcha ~chqpcva re}}dfdhd ~dehczdekd chh—dkpavke `d }agkd `d}pdkpd~d

rcpvekdjdmd ,}dcke a}}d jcvmld( `dppa e dk}agka$ ì vcrrva}akpcpe `ch megkeja a kek `ch rvakeja+H—qpdhdzze àd kejd gaegvcmd meja jcvmld ì vdpakqpe re}}dfdha sqckè dh keja gaegvcme kek lc

chmqkc cppdkakzc mek dh rveèppe mekpvc``d}pdkpe a ha mcvcppavd}pdmla àh rveèppe kek }eke dk chmqk

jeè dkqakzcpa `chhc rve~akdakzc `ch hqege+ Dk sqa}pe }ak}e kek }eke jcd }pcpd eggappe `d

mekpa}pczdeka d jcvmld ‘Ncfvdcke‚ e ‘Pehhagke‚ rav mcvpa e hcpd( kä ‘Rdcmakzc Mc}ljava‚( è~a

rcha}ajakpa hc zekc rdcmakpdkc dk }ä kek dkqakzc hc sqchdpâ àhha meknazdekd àhh—djrva}c pdpehcva àh

}agke `d}pdkpd~e+

@d~av}c jc mejqksqa ~chd`c ì h—drepa}d àh jcvmlde gaegvcme `d javc nckpc}dc( e}}dc h—cèzdeka

meja jcvmlde `d qk keja gaegvcme `d qkc hemchdpâ mla kek mevvd}rekà c sqahhc dk mqd eravch—djrvak`dpeva+ H—cèzdeka `d pcha keja ì re}}dfdha a kek ì mek}dàvcpc dkgckka~eha egkd sqch ~ehpc dh

keja ahhc hemchdpâ kek lc kqhhc c mla ncva mek ha sqchdpâ ah rveèppe dk sqckpe dk pch mc}e ~daka jake

hc revpcpc a}mvdppd~c ah keja a` egkd re}}dfdha dkgckka~ehazzc+

Meja }d ì àppe c rvere}dpe àhhc ‘mcrcmdpâ `d}pdkpd~c‚( ì dk~ama ~dapcpe h—q}e meja jcvmlde `d

dk`dmczdekd gaegvcmla à}mvdppd~a àh rveèppe dk sqckpe }d jdvc c` a~dpcva mla qkc }dkgehc djrva}c

}d crrvervd àh `dvdppe a}mhq}d~e `d qpdhdzzcva rcveha mla dk~ama è~vaffave vdjckava c `d}re}dzdeka

àhhc mehhappd~dpâ+

Cmmckpe ch jcvmlde dk`d~d`qcha à}pdkcpe c mekpvc``d}pdkgqava qk rveèppe e qk }av~dzde `d qkc

àpavjdkcpc djrva}c( h—ev`dkcjakpe kczdekcha( aqverae a` dkpavkczdekcha rva~aèke ckmla dh me}d àppe

jcvmlde mehhappd~e+ A}ajrd pdrdmd d sqa}pe pdre d jcvmld }eke d ncje}d ‘Rqvc hckc avgdka‚( ‘âve Mqede‚+

A}}e }~ehga qkc pdrdmc nqkzdeka mla ì sqahhc d gcvckpdva h—evdgdka( hc kcpqvc a hc sqchdpâ d qk rveèppe

e d qk }av~dzde vd}rappe chha c}rappcpd~a ah mek}qjcpeva ja`de ,}d rak}d c` a}+ ch jcvmlde d qk gvqrre

fckmcvde$+ Cmmckpe chhc nqkzdeka pdrdmc crrakc mdpcpc d jcvmld mehhappd~d re}}eke ckmla c~ava qkc

nqkzdeka d dk`dmczdeka d rve~akdakzc+ Dk egkd mc}e a}}d re}}eke a}}ava vagd}pvcpd c }eggappd mla kek

}~ehgeke qk—cppd~dpâ `d djrva}c dk rvervde rav mekpvc``d}pdkgqava d rvervd rveèppd e }av~dzd }dkgehd+

Dkka( qkc ahha rvdkmdrchd ramqhdcvdpâ ah jcvmlde mehhappd~e ì vcrrva}akpcpc ch ncppe mla a}}e a~a

a}}ava àre}dpcpe( rakc hc kqhhdpâ( dk}daja c` qk Vagehcjakpe `—Q}e ,mejrvak}d~e `d mvdpavd `c

66



vd}rappcva( mekpvehhd( }ckzdekd amm+ rav ghd càvakpd$ a` qke ]pcpqpe+ Dh mekpakqpe pdrdme àd Vagehcjakpd`—Q}e ì gakavchjakpa ~ehpe c àkdva ha jcpavda rvdja `c djrdagcva( c nevkdva rva}mvdzdekd }qd

rvema`djakpd rve`qppd~d `c }agqdva a }qghd }pck`cv` sqchdpcpd~d `c eppakava+

6+0+3 Qk jcvmlde jehpe ‘`d}mq}}e‚ ” Dh jcvmlde ‘JC@A DK DPCHT‚ ” Fva~a a|mqv}q} aghd evdakpcjakpd

dk jcpavdc

Qkc sqa}pdeka jehpe `dfcppqpc a rcvpdmehcvjakpa }akpdpc dk chmqkd }appevd javmaehegdmd sqcha dkrcvpdmehcva h—cffdghdcjakpe( ì sqahhc àhhc vagehcva qpdhdzzczdeka àh jcvmlde czdak`cha a àhhc

àkejdkczdeka ‘Jcà dk Dpcht‚ }q sqad rveèppd mla rvakèke nevjc chh—dkpavke `d qk rvema}}e `d

àhemchdzzczdeka `d nc}d àh rvema}}e+

H—drepa}d `d mqd }d `d}mqpa ì sqahhc dk mqd dh rve`qppeva kczdekcha( ère c~av c`cpe hc vachdzzczdeka

`d mavpd rveèppd ,e d heve rcvpd$ c mejjd}}dekcvd a}pavkd( d }ehdpe appckè c sqa}pd qhpdjd ha rvema`qva

`d ncffvdmczdeka a vd}av~ckè}d hc ~avdmc sqchdpcpd~c ah rveèppe kdpe( crrekgc }qhhe }pa}}e dh rvervde

jcvmlde a%e sqahhe ‘Jcà dk Dpcht‚( }akzc jakzdeka àd vachd hqegld `d ncffvdmczdeka àh rveèppe+

Dh rvefhajc }pc e~~dcjakpa kahhe }pcfdhdva }a h—dk`dmczdeka nevkdpc `ch jcvmlde àhh—djrvak`dpevaàhemchdzzcpeva re}}c c~ava revpcpc amappd~c a sqdk`d dkgckka~eha ahha c}rappcpd~a ad mek}qjcpevd+

C sqa}pe vdgqcvè( rav repav c~ava àhha ‘`dvappd~a‚ }qghd }~dhqrrd mla }d }eke ~avdmcpd rqö a}}ava

dk`dmcpd~e mek}dàvcva chmqka rvekqkma gdqvd}rvqàkzdchd mla }d }eke }q}}agqdpa dk jcpavdc( d rvdkmdrd

`c a}}a ahcfevcpd( kekmlä d vd}rappd~d sqc`vd kevjcpd~d mla ka }pckke chhc fc}a+

Evdgdkcvdcjakpa dh mvdpavde fc}a rav hc àkdzdeka àhhc hagdppdjdpâ àhh—qpdhdzze `d qk jcvmlde

czdak`cha % jcvmlde ‘Jcà dk Dpcht‚ avc sqahhe àhhc me}d`àppc ‘ rcpavkdpâ djrvak`dpevdcha àh faka‚+

Dk pch }ak}e }d avc a}rva}}e dh Pvdfqkcha d Pevdke ,36 Eppefva 34<0$ vahcpd~cjakpa chh—crre}dzdeka ah

jcvmlde Ndcp }q cqpe~appqva rveèppa `chhc mekpvehhcpc ]acp+

Dh Pvdfqkcha cflavjc~c mla dh jcvmlde ì qke }pvqjakpe `d dàkpdmczdeka nqkzdekcha c` evdakpcva ha

}mahpa àh mek}qjcpeva a hc kezdeka `d rve~akdakzc à~a dkpakàv}d meja ‘rve~akdakzc czdak`cha‚ a

kek gaegvcmc+

]amekè sqa}pe evdakpcjakpe kqhhc e}pc chh—crre}dzdeka àh jcvmlde àhh—czdak`c ‘jc`va‚ }qd

rveèppd ncffvdmcpd `c rdô djrva}a pvc heve mehhagcpa e `c djrva}c pavzc }q hdmakzc àh mejjdppakpa

chhevmlä }dc c}}dmqvcpe qk dàkpdme }pck`cv` sqchdpcpd~e àd rveèppd+ Ravpckpe h—djrvak`dpeva rqö

c`cva ckmla c pavzd h—dkmcvdme `d rve`qvva jcpavdchjakpa qk faka( }amekè ha je`chdpâ `c sqa}pe

}pcfdhdpa( }qh sqcha repvâ red djrvdjava dh rvervde jcvmlde mek d }qed }agkd `d}pdkpd~d a hckmdcvhe dk

mejjavmde+

6=



Cvgejakpczdekd dàkpdmla ~akd~cke }~dhqrrcpa c qkc }akpakzc ahhc Mc}}czdeka vd}chakpa ch 3444}qh mc}e Plqk( dk vdnavdjakpe chhc rve`qzdeka àd kepd ejekdjd eggappd `d mavcjdmc jcpavdchjakpa

ncffvdmcpd dk Mdkc jc }q mqd avc }pcpc crre}pc hc `dmdpqvc ‘Plqk Fehzcke Dpcht‚+

Ckmla dk sqa}pe mc}e( }amekè hc Mevpa( dh jcvmlde dk`dmc kek hc rve~akdakzc `c qk àpavjdkcpe

hqege jc `c qk àpavjdkcpe rve`qppeva( dkpa}e meja mehqd mla lc hc va}rek}cfdhdpâ gdqvd`dmc(

amekejdmc a pamkdmc àh rvema}}e rve`qppd~e+

Pchd evdakpcjakpd gdqvd}rvqàkzdchd avcke ravnappcjakpa dk hdkac mek dh sqc`ve kevjcpd~e ahh—aremc

me}pdpqdpe `chhc hagga 36>%3443( mla effhdgc~c dh rve`qppeva c` crrevva }qh rveèppe dh kejdkcpd~e àh

rve`qppeva e àhh—djrevpcpeva( jc kek djreka~c `d }agkchcva dh hqege `d ncffvdmczdeka àhhc javma,}ch~e mla rav d rveèppd chdjakpcvd$ a ch Vagehcjakpe Maa 643=%3446 mla rav pqppd d rveèppd d kcpqvc

kek jdkavcvdc( ~agapcha( ckdjcha mek}dàvc~c vdha~ckpa( cd kd ahhc àpavjdkczdeka ahh—evdgdka( dh hqege

dk mqd ì c~~akqpc h—qhpdjc hc~evczdeka e pvc}nevjczdeka }e}pckzdcha+

]qmma}}d~cjakpa hc kckzdcvdc 6220 dkpagvcpc `ch me}d`àppe àmvape mejrapdpd~dpâ( k+ <2 lc

dkpveèppe àhha }ckzdekd c nvekpa `d ‘djrevpczdeka e a}revpczdeka c kd d mejjavmdchdzzczdeka e~~ave

mejjavmdchdzzczdeka `d rveèppd vamckpd nch}a e nchhcmd dk`dmczdekd `d rve~akdakzc e `d evdgdka‚ + ]amekè ha

`d}re}dzdekd d hagga }d rvamd}c mla ‘me}pdpqd}ma nch}c dk`dmczdeka hc }pcjrdghdcpqvc Jcà dk Dpcht }qd rveèppd

a javmd kek evdgdkcvd àhh—Dpchdc cd }ak}d àhhc kevjcpd~c aqverac }qhh—evdgdka( me}pdpqd}ma chpva}è nchhcmadk`dmczdeka( h—q}e `d }agkd gqva e sqckp—chpve re}}c dk`qvva dh mek}qjcpeva c vdpakava mla dh rveèppe e hc

javma }dc d evdgdka dpchdckc‚+

Hc gdqvd}rvqàkzc( c }agqdpe àhhc kevjcpd~c }q`àppc( kek lc jckmcpe `d cggdevkcva h—crrvemmde

ch rvefhajc mek qkc `dflavakzdczdeka àhha }akpakza vd}rappe c` chmqka mek`dzdekd }ramdmla `d

rve`qzdeka a mekpakqpe àh jcvmlde+

Qkc amd}deka dk }ak}e pvc`dzdekcha ì sqahhc mla lc vdgqcv`cpe qkc rcvpdpc d mcrd d cffdghdcjakpe

}revpd~d ncffvdmcpd dk Mdkc a red djrevpcpd dk Dpchdc( mek crre}dzdeka àhh—apdmlappc dk`dmckpa hc

mejre}dzdeka àh pa}}qpe( dh keja àhhc }emdapâ a hc rcvehc ‘Dpcht‚( dk chmqkd mc}d ckmla mek h—djjcgdka

àhhc fck`davc dpchdckc+

@d~av}c h—drepa}d }eppere}pc }qmma}}d~cjakpa chhc Mc}}czdeka dh 6= ]appajfva 6221( `cpe mla dk

sqa}p—qhpdje mc}e h—djrvak`dpeva dpchdcke kek }d avc hdjdpcpe c` dk`dmcva hc rvervdc vcgdeka e }aà

}emdcha( jc c~a~c crre}pe }qhha apdmlappa `d mcrd `d cffdghdcjakpe ncffvdmcpd dkpavcjakpa dk Vejckdc(

h—apdmlappc ‘Jcà dk hpcht‚+

Hc Mc}}czdeka lc }eppehdkacpe mla pcha dk`dmczdeka ~daka kevjchjakpa dkpa}c `ch mek}qjcpeva

meja cppdkakpa c` qk rveèppe dkpavcjakpa ncffvdmcpe dk Dpchdc( a `qksqa( kah mc}e `d }ramda( avc

rcmdmcjakpa nch}c9 `cpe red mla dh mek}qjcpeva repa~c a}}ava dkèppe c` cmsqd}pcva dh rveèppe

rvervde dk sqckpe ncffvdmcpe dk Dpchdc( h—dk`dmczdeka repa~c ckmla vd~ahcv}d dkgckka~eha rav dh rqffhdme+

60



Dh rcvcjapve mqd vdnavdva hc nch}dpâ va}pc mejqksqa( }amekè hc Mevpa( hc kevjcpd~c aqverac}qhh—evdgdka( }amekè mqd }a chhc rve`qzdeka d qk rveèppe rcvpamdrcke rdô rca}d }d akd}ma d evdgdka

sqahhe dk mqd c~~daka h—qhpdjc pvc}nevjczdeka e hc~evczdeka }e}pckzdcha ,kah mc}e d }ramda hc hc~evczdeka

avc dkpavcjakpa c~~akqpc dk Vejckdc( a `qksqa avc rcmdmc hc va}rek}cfdhdpâ àhh—djrvak`dpeva

dpchdcke$+

Hc Mc}}czdeka ì kqe~cjakpa dkpav~akqpc dk `cpc 62 Gakkcde 622>( vahcpd~cjakpa ch mc}e `d chmqkd

mcrd `d cffdghdcjakpe dkpavcjakpa vachdzzcpd dk Jeh`c~dc }q `d}agke a pa}}qpd dpchdcke( }q mqd avc }pcpc

crre}pc h—dk`dmczdeka ‘à}dgka` . rve`qma` ft ‚+

Dk sqa}pe mc}e hc Mevpa( lc ckmevc qkc ~ehpc cvpdmehcpe hc }qc }akpakzc dk jeè `d~av}e `cd mc}drvamaàkpd( vdpakakè mla mek hc hagga kckzdcvdc àh 6220 hc jcpavdc }dc }pcpc rvere}pc dk pavjdkd àh

pqppe kqe~d+

@ckè qk amd}d~e a dka`dpe vdhda~e chha a}dgakza dknevjcpd~a ad mek}qjcpevd( lc }e}pakqpe mla kah

}appeva àhh—cffdghdcjakpe( dk mqd c}}qja djrevpckzc rvarekàvckpa hc sqchdpâ àhhc jckeèravc

dpchdckc( hc ahemchdzzczdeka ah rvema}}e rve`qppd~e kek rqö a}}ava kaqpvc vd}rappe chha mcvcppavd}pdmla

àh rveèppe a chha mek}agqakpd }mahpa àh mek}qjcpeva( ravpckpe hc àhemchdzzczdeka ì hagdppdjc }ehe

}a kahh—apdmlappc ì dk`dmcpe h—a}cppe hqege `d meknazdekcjakpe+

Sqdk`d }amekè hc ]qrvajc Mevpa dkpagvc ‘dh vacpe `d ~ak`dpc `d rveèppd dk`q}pvdchd mek }agkdjak`cmd ,cvp+ 137 me`+ rak+$ hc mejjavmdchdzzczdeka `d fakd àh }appeva àhh— cffdghdcjakpe mek hc

`dmdpqvc ‘Dpcht‚( mla rqv a}}akè rveèppd `c qkc `dppc dpchdckc }q `d}agke a pa}}qpe dpchdckd( }dcke }pcpd

meknazdekcpd chh—a}pave( dk sqckpe dk sqa}pe rcvpdmehcva }appeva h—Dpchdc geà `d qk rva}pdgde

dkpavkczdekcha( nek`cpe ckmla }qhhc rcvpdmehcva }ramdchdzzczdeka ahha jca}pvckza djrdagcpa( a ravpckpe

dh }eppcmava pcha `cpe ncppqcha e dh nevkdva nchhcmd dk`dmczdekd lc h—dkpakpe `d meknavdva ch rveèppe qkc

jcggdeva c`cfdhdpâ rvejqe~akèka h—cmsqd}pe‚+

Dkka( rcvpdmehcva ì h—drepa}d }eppere}pc chhc Mc}}czdeka+ dh 66 Gdqgke 622>( vahcpd~c chhc ~ak`dpc `d

emmldchd `c }eha vamckpd hc `dmdpqvc ‘mekmad~a` ft‚ cmmejrcgkcpc `chhc dk`dmczdeka àhhc `dppc dpchdckc+

Dk sqa}pe mc}e( hc Mevpa lc a}mhq}e hc }q}}d}pakzc ah vacpe dk sqckpe dh mevvd}rekàkpa pavjdka dk hdkgqc

dpchdckc ‚mekmardpe‚ a%e ‘djjcgdkcpe‚ kek }pc c` dk`dmcva kä hc rve~akdakzc kä h—evdgdka kczdekcha àh

rveèppe jc }ehpckpe dh jeàhhe a` dh jcvmlde qpdhdzzcpe rav hc vachdzzczdeka d a}}e+

Chh—dkpavke `d sqa}pe sqc`ve( }d dk}avd}ma qkc àk}c rvegappqchdpâ hagd}hcpd~c pvc mqd javdpc mdpcva dh

`d}agke d hagga rav d}pdpqdva dh jcvmlde ‘makpe rav makpe Dpchdc‚( d rvervdapâ ahhe ]pcpe( a vd}av~cpe c sqad

rveèppd hc mqd vachdzzczdeka }dc dkpavcjakpa c~~akqpc dk pavvdpevde kczdekcha+

61



6+1 Mcq}a d a}pdkzdeka a àmcàkzc ah jcvmlde

Dh `dvdppe `d jcvmlde ~chd`cjakpa cmsqd}dpe mek hc vagd}pvczdeka }d a}pdkgqa rav? 3+ }mcàkzc àh

pavjdka àmakkcha `d amcmdc `d vagd}pvczdeka9 6+ vdkqkmdc àh pdpehcva9 =+ àmcàkzc+

Dk ev`dka chhc mcq}c `d a}pdkzdeka `d mqd ch rqkpe 3( emmevva cggdqkgava mla hc vagd}pvczdeka rqö

a}}ava vdkke~cpc qk kqjave dkàkdpe `d ~ehpa( rvevegckè dh `dvdppe `d a}mhq}d~c `d qhpavdevd `damd ckkd

egkd ~ehpc9 dkehpva hc`è~a hc vagd}pvczdeka ~akgc hc}mdcpc mcàva( a ~a ka }dcke ha mek`dzdekd( dh jcvmlde

mekpdkqc c ~d~ava meja jcvmlde `d ncppe a` ì pqpahcpe meja pcha+

Rav sqckpe cppdaka chhc vdkqkmdc àh pdpehcva( sqa}pc `d~daka amcma }ehe mek hc }qc ckkepczdekakahhc vcmmehpc àd jcvmld `—djrva}c a `d a}}c ì `cpc kepdzdc kah ‘Fehhappdke àd fva~appd rav dk~akzdekd a

jeàhhd a ad jcvmld‚+

Me}pdpqd}meke dk~ama mcq}a d amcàkzc ah jcvmlde? dh jckmcpe q}e dh mekpvc}pe }ervc~~akqpe chhc

vagd}pvczdeka( mek hc hagga( h—ev`dka rqffhdme e dh fqek me}pqja a dk rcvpdmehcva hc àmappd~dpâ

}ervc~~akqpc chhc vagd}pvczdeka9 hc ~ehgcvdzzczdeka+

6+1+3 Dh jckmcpe q}e ah jcvmlde

Hc rvdkmdrcha drepa}d `d àmcàkzc àh jcvmlde ì me}pdpqdpc `chhc àmcàkzc rav kekq}e+ ]a dh

jcvmlde kek ~daka qpdhdzzcpe }akzcjepd~ehagdppdje akpve 1 ckkd `chhc vagd}pvczdeka( e }a h—q}e ì

dkpavveppe rav qk ravdeè d 1 ckkd( dh jcvmlde amcà a` chpvd re}}eke vagd}pvcvhe e q}cvhe+ Hc amcàkzc

rav kek q}e ~daka rvekqkmdcpc `ch gdq`dma+

Hc vcpde mla }pc chhc fc}a àhhc `d}re}dzdeka ì me}pdpqdpc `chhc kama}}dpâ `d a~dpcva mla dh vagd}pve àd

jcvmld }d cflehhd `d }agkd rav d sqchd kek }q}}d}pc qk aflappd~e dkpava}}a `c rcvpa àd vd}rappd~d pdpehcvd+

Ha `d}re}dzdekd kevjcpd~a rvamd}cke mla h—q}e àh jcvmlde dèkae c` a~dpcva hc àmcàkzc à~a

a}}ava ‘aflappd~e‚( mdö }dgkdmc mla kek rqö pvcppcv}d d qk q}e }ehe }djfehdme e rav sqckpdpcpd~d d javma

dvvdha~ckpd+ Pqppc~dc ì mek}dàvcpe }qmdakpa c` a~dpcva hc àmcàkzc ckmla qk qpdhdzze hemcha àh

jcvmlde+ Kcpqvchjakpa dh sqckpqj àhh—qpdhdzze repvâ a}}ava ja}}e dk mekka}}deka mek ha `djak}dekd

àhh—czdak`c pdpehcva+

]d rvamd}c mla ckmla h—q}e àd hdmakzdcpcvd ì }qmdakpa c` a~dpcva hc àmcàkzc( me}è meja mcjrcgka

rvejezdekchd a rqffhdmdpcvda vahcpd~a ch }agke+

Hc àmcàkzc rav kek q}e( meja hc kqhhdpâ( rqö a}}ava ckmla }ehe rcvzdcha( a mdeì vdgqcv`cva dh

jcvmlde }ehe rav chmqkd àd rveèppd%}av~dzd rav mqd ì }pcpe vagd}pvcpe+ Sqa}pe rqö cmmcàva sqckè dh

jcvmlde }dc }pcpe àre}dpcpe rav qkc rhqvchdpâ `d rveèppd kekckda ~akgc qpdhdzzcpe }ehpckpe rav

6>



chmqkd `d a}}d9 `d~av}cjakpa dk mc}e `d ckdpâ pvc d rveèppd h—q}e àh jcvmlde rav chmqkd }ehpckpe àdrveèppd }cvâ }qmdakpa c` a~dpcva hc àmcàkzc+

Meja ckpdmdrcpe hc àmcàkzc kek }d rve`qma dk rva}akzc `d jepd~e hagdppdje mla gdq}pdmc dh kek

q}e mla è~vâ a}}ava dk`drakàkpa `chhc ~ehekpâ àh pdpehcva ,gqavva( dk`d}rekdfdhdpâ `d jcpavda rvdja(

apm++$+ Kek ì mek}dàvcpe hagdppdje jepd~e d kek q}e dh vagdja d jekerehde }mcha dk mqd repa~c a}}ava

mlda}pc qk—cqpevdzzczdeka c mejjavmdchdzzcva+

Pqppc~dc ì rve}rappcfdha qk—dkpavrvapczdeka jake }a~avc }qd ‘jepd~d hagdppdjd‚( dk sqckpe a}}d

repvaffave a}}ava vdmeke}mdqpd ckmla dk rva}akzc `d }mahpa czdak`chd ~ehekpcvda a vcgdekcpa+ C pcha

rvere}dpe ravö ha amd}dekd gdq`dzdcvda kek cqpevdzzcke ckmevc chmqkc mavpazzc dk javdpe+

6+1+6 Hc àmappd~dpâ }ervc~~akqpc

Chpvc drepa}d `d àmcàkzc ì sqahhc mla dh jcvmlde `d~daka dèkae c dk`qvva dk dkgckke dh rqffhdme(

dk rcvpdmehcva mdvmc hc kcpqvc( sqchdpâ e rve~akdakzc ad rveèppd e }av~dzd( c mcq}c ah jeè a ah mekpa}pe

dk mqd ~daka qpdhdzzcpe ,`ch pdpehcva e mek dh }qe mek}ak}e$ rav d rveèppd e }av~dzd rav d sqchd ì vagd}pvcpe+

Pcha ncppd}ramda rva}qrreka mla }d cffdc qk jcvmlde evdgdkcvdcjakpa ~chd e a sqdk`d evdgdkcvdcjakpakek amappd~e a mla sqa}pe }dc d~akqpe pcha dk }agqdpe( c mcq}c ahh—q}e ncppeka ch pdpehcva e mek dh }qe

mek}ak}e ,c` a}ajrde `c hdmakzdcpcvd$+ Ekava àhh—djrvak`dpeva mla qpdhdzzc dh rvervde jcvmlde ì sqahhe

`d c}}dmqvcva qkc me}pckzc sqchdpcpd~c àh rveèppe }pa}}e a ravpckpe h—dkgckke }ervc~~akqpe repvâ

àvd~cva c qk apavdevcjakpe sqchdpcpd~e mla kek }dc }pcpe dmldcvcpe ch pdpehcva( e c``dvdppqvc mahcpe

e kagcpe ch pdpehcva+

Dh mc}e rdô vdha~ckpa kah sqcha repvaffa pve~cva crrhdmczdeka pcha d}mdrhdkc ì }akz—chpve sqahhe ahh—q}e

àh jcvmlde( evjcd d~akqpe cghd emmld ah rqffhdme gcvckzdc d apavjdkcpd }pck`cv` sqchdpcpd~d( mla }dc

dk vachpâ qpdhdzzcpe rav mekpvc``d}pdkgqava rveèppd e }av~dzd sqchdpcpd~cjakpa dknavdevd( }akzc mla dh

rqffhdme }dc }pcpe dk sqchmla jeè dknevjcpe ahha ~cvdczdekd dkpveèppa+ Errqva }d rak}d ch mc}e dk mqd

~akgcke cppvdfqdpa ch rveèppe kqe~a sqchdpâ mla a}}e kek lc( kä c~a~c dk evdgdka+

Qk chpve mc}e dkpava}}ckpa ì sqahhc mla rqö ~avdmcv}d( a}}akzdchjakpa kah mcjre àhhc je`c( dk

vahczdeka c sqad jcvmld mla mek}d}peke kah keja d qke }pdhd}pc( vagd}pvcpe c qkc }emdapâ mla( c }agqdpe

`d ~cvda ma}}dekd( rc}}dke d pdpehcvdpâ a he }pdhd}pc kek cffdc c~qpe chmqk vcrrevpe mek d }qmma}}d~d pdpehcvd+

Dk sqa}pe mc}e( hc Mevpa d Gdq}pdzdc ahha Mejqkdpâ Aqveraa }d ì rvekqkmdcpc a}mhqàkè sqch}dc}d rvehe

`d dkgckka~ehazzc evdgdkcvdc e }ervc~~akqpc cflavjckè mla( }a qk mek}qjcpeva c~a}}a cmsqd}pcpe qk

cfdpe vamckpa dh jcvmlde( ravmlä dkqakzcpe chhc mek~dkzdeka mla he }pdhd}pc c~a~c rcvpamdrcpe chhc }qc

mvaczdeka( hc sqchdpâ ahh—cfdpe }cvaffa }pcpc mejqksqa gcvckpdpc chhc }emdapâ pdpehcva ah jcvmlde+

67



]d rvamd}c ravö mla }qhhc sqa}pdeka kek }eke jckmcpd rcvavd dkmhdkd c vc~~d}cva rvehd `ddkgckka~ehazzc mekka}}d chh—q}e d kejd d }pdhd}pd c rcvpa d pavzd+

6+1+= Hc ~ehgcvdzzczdeka

Sqckè qk jcvmlde `d~daka( kah mejjavmde( àkejdkczdeka gakavdmc àh rveèppe e }av~dzde }d

~avdmc dh nakejake àhhc àmcàkzc rav ~ehgcvdzzczdeka+

Hc ~ehgcvdzzczdeka }d ~avdmc sqckè dh }agke rvepappe d~akpc d q}e mejqka kah hdkgqcggde a kahhcerdkdeka àd mek}qjcpevd( c}}qjakè qk ~cheva gakavdme dk vahczdeka c` qkc mcpagevdc `d rveèppd( a

ravà me}è hc }qc }ramdmc nqkzdeka dk`d~d`qchdzzckpa vdnavdpc cd rveèppd d qk rcvpdmehcva djrvak`dpeva+

Dk rcvpdmehcva hc ~ehgcvdzzczdeka }d ~avdmc cffc}pckzc nvasqakpajakpa sqckè ~daka dkpveèppe

kah javmcpe qk rveèppe kqe~e kek mevvd}rekàkpa c` qkc pdrehegdc gdâ kepc a dk sqckpe pcha rvd~e d

qkc àkejdkczdeka gakavdmc+ Dk sqa}pd mc}d dh rveèppe mla vda}ma c` eppakava qk fqek }qmma}}e `d

javmcpe vd}mldc d kdva rav mekpvc``d}pdkgqava hc mcpagevdc dkpavc ahhc }pa}}c }ramda d rveèppd+

Mc}d kepd `d sqa}pe nakejake }eke d jcvmld ‘Fdve‚ rav ha rakka c }navc( ‘Rva*jcjck‚ rav

cffdghdcjakpe rav ga}pckpd( ‘Mahherlcka‚( ‘Rcghdc a ake‚( mla qk pajre avcke ~chd`d jcvmld( jc red}eke d~akqpd kejd mejqkd d apavjdkcpd rveèppd e gakavd javmaehegdmd a` lckke ravmdö rav`qpe hc

mcrcmdpâ d d}pdkgqava h—eflavpc h qk djrvak`dpeva vd}rappe c sqahhc ad mekmevvakpd+

Qk }agkcha djrevpckpa `d sqa}pe nakejake ì h—dk}avdjakpe kah ~emcfehcvde àh pavjdka }pa}}e+

Pqppc~dc( ckmla rav vcgdekd `d asqdpâ( kek ì }qmdakpa rav hc àmcàkzc dh `cpe eggappd~e

àhh—c~~akqpc ~ehgcvdzzczdeka( jc ì kama}}cvde ckmla mla pcha nakejake pve~d hc }qc mcq}c dk sqchmla

cppd~dpâ e dkcppd~dpâ ah pdpehcva ah jcvmlde a sqdk`d }dc dk sqchmla jeè djrqpcfdha chhc }qc ~ehekpâ+ Dk

chpva rcveha( }d ì mavmcpe dk sqa}pe jeè d crrva}pcva qkc sqchmla pqpahc chh—djrvak`dpeva mla( ere c~av

dk~a}pdpe mcrdpchd dkgakpd rav ncv cmsqd}pcva kepevdapâ ch jcvmlde( cffdc ckmla ncppe egkd }nevze rav

djra`dvka hc ~ehgcvdzzczdeka+

Ì sqdk`d jehpe djrevpckpa dh mejrevpcjakpe àhh—djrvak`dpeva( mla }d à~a pqpahcva a `dnakàva

rvekpcjakpa dk ~dc gdq`dzdcha mekpve h—q}e gakavdme àh rvervde jcvmlde `c rcvpa `d pavzd+

C` a}ajrde( kah mc}e dk mqd }d ~avdmld h—dk}avdjakpe àh jcvmlde jaà}dje dk qk ~emcfehcvde( dh

pdpehcva à~a vacgdva rvekpcjakpa( mldaàkè mla h—a`dpeva }ramdmld kahh—a`dzdeka }qmma}}d~c mla }d

pvcppc d qk jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe+ Sqdk`d hc vaczdeka ah pdpehcva ah jcvmlde rav mqd }dc dkdzdcpe qk rvema}}e

`d ~ehgcvdzzczdeka à~a mek}d}pava kah ncva dk jeè mla mldqksqa re}}c mejrvakàva mla }d pvcppc `d

qk jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe( ~cha c `dva qpdhdzzckè }ajrva dh }djfehe ‘

«

‚ d jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe e vdmev`ckè

kahhc rqffhdmdpâ mla }d pvcppc d qk jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe+

6<



=+3 Rvema`qva `d vagd}pvczdeka dk cjfdpe kczdekcha

Hc èjck`c `d vagd}pvczdeka `d qk jcvmlde à~a a}}ava vd~ehpc chh—Qmde Dpchdcke Fva~appd a Jcvmld+

Ha èjckà `d jcvmlde re}}eke a}}ava ckmla àre}dpcpa rva}}e ha Mcjava `d Mejjavmde hemchd(

mla rve~~aàvckke c` dkehpvcva hc }pa}}c chh—Qmde+

Hc ejck`c e~vâ mekpakava d cpd ah vdmldaàkpa dh jcvmlde( qkc a}mvdzdeka ah jcvmlde( kekmlä(

dk mc}e `d jcvmld gqvcpd~d( qk a}ajrhcva( e}}dc hc vcgqvczdeka `d a}}d a h—dk`dmczdeka àh gakava `d

rveèppd e }av~dzd mla dh jcvmlde ì à}pdkcpe c mekpvc``d}pdkgqava+

Dh ke}pve ev`dkcjakpe( c `dflavakzc `d chpvd( cjjappa d àre}dpd ‘jqhpd mhc}}a‚( ravmdö mek qk }eheàre}dpe ì re}}dfdha vd~ak`dmcva rdô mhc}}d d rveèppd e }av~dzd+

Rav dkmd}e ì errevpqke rvamd}cva mla mek vdnavdjakpe chhc mhc}}dmczdeka dkpavkczdekcha ad rveèppd

a ad }av~dzd( ~dga dk Dpchdc hc mhc}}dmczdeka d Kdzzc ,dkpveèppc mek hc vcpdmc ahh—Cvvckgajakp d Kdzzc$(

e}}dc( qkc mhc}}dmczdeka mejqka ad rveèppd a ad }av~dzd evgckdzzcpc dk 01 mhc}}d( chhc sqcha emmevva

cppakav}d dk }aà `d àre}dpe àd jcvmld `—djrva}c+

Kah mc}e dk mqd dh jcvmlde }dc gdâ are}dpcpe a%e vagd}pvcpe dk qk rca}a a}pave ì re}}dfdha vd~ak`dmcva

hc rvdevdpâ( e}}dc( hc cpc d are}dpe ckpavdeva d jeè pcha mla dh jcvmlde vd~ak`dmckpa hc rvdevdpâ re}}c

rve`qvva aflappd dk Dpchdc }dk chhc cpc ahhc rvdevdpâ }pa}}c+ Rav hc ~chd`c vd~ak`dmczdeka ahhc rvdevdpâ dhvdmldaàkpa e~vâ nevkdva chh—Qmde hc èmqjakpczdeka vahcpd~c chhc rvdevdpâ vd~ak`dmcpc+

Egkd èjck`c rqö c~ava rav eggappe qk }ehe jcvmlde( a` dk mc}e mekpvcvde h—Qmde dk~dpavâ dh

vdmldaàkpa c hdjdpcvhc dk pch }ak}e+

Vdma~qpc hc èjck`c( h—Qmde Dpchdcke Fva~appd a Jcvmld rve~~aà chhc rqffhdmczdeka `d a}}c kah

Fehhappdke+

]agqa sqdk`d qk a}cja àhhc vagehcvdpâ nevjcha d a}}c+ Qkc ~ehpc vdmeke}mdqpc sqa}pc vagehcvdpâ(

h—Qmde aflappqc qk a}cja `d kcpqvc }e}pckzdcha cppvc~av}e dh sqcha jdvc ckzdpqppe c` cmmavpcva }a dh

}agke mla me}pdpqd}ma eggappe ahhc ejck`c d vagd}pvczdeka vd}qhpd ‘}q}mappdfdha d a}}ava vcrrva}akpcpe

gvcmcjakpa‚ +

C sqa}pe rvdje mekpvehhe }agqa h—cmmavpcjakpe mdvmc hc medkmdàkzc àh }agke mek sqahhd `d~akpcpd

`d q}e mejqka kah hdkgqcggde mevvakpa e kaghd q}d me}pckpd àh mejjavmde9 mla kek }d pvcppd `d }agke

mekpvcvde chhc hagga( chh—ev`dka rqffhdme e ch fqek me}pqja9 mla( ckmevc( dh }agke kek }dc a}mvdppd~e9 mla

kek }d pvcppd `d qke }pajjc e `d qk chpve }agke mek}dàvcpe kahha mek~akzdekd dkpavkczdekchd( e `d qk

}djfehe e ajfhajc mla vd~a}pc qk dkpava}}a rqffhdme9 dkehpva h—a}cja ~avpavâ }qhhc ~avdmc mla dh }agke

kek }dc àmappd~e9 }qh ncppe mla }d pvcppd e jake àh keja `d qkc rav}ekc `d~av}c `ch vdmldaàkpa9 }a dh

jcvmlde cffdc rav eggappe dh vdpvcppe `d qkc rav}ekc `d~av}c `ch vdmldaàkpa9 }a }d pvcppd `d qk }agke

‘kepevde‚+

=+ Dh rvema}}e `d vagd}pvczdeka `d qk jcvmlde dk cjfdpe kczdekcha(

dkpavkczdekcha a mejqkdpcvde

64



H—a}cja mejrdqpe `chh—Qmde kek vdgqcv`c dh vasqd}dpe àhhc ke~dpâ+@ch gdevke `d rva}akpczdeka àhhc èjck`c chhc `cpc `d vagd}pvczdeka pvc}mevva qk hc}}e `d pajre

`d mdvmc = ckkd+ Dk egkd mc}e dh jcvmlde dk mev}e `d vagd}pvczdeka ì pqpahcfdha meja dh jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe

a ghd aflappd àhhc vagd}pvczdeka vapvecgdvckke ch gdevke àhhc rva}akpczdeka àhhc èjck`c+ D `dvdppd `d

a}mhq}d~c }qh jcvmlde qvcke damd ckkd c amevvava chhc cpc ahhc ejck`c( jc hc vagd}pvczdeka rqö

a}}ava vdkke~cpc chhc }mcàkzc( ckmla rdô ~ehpa( `chhe }pa}}e pdpehcva e `ch }qe c~akpa mcq}c+

@qvckpa dh rvema`djakpe `—a}cja àh jcvmlde ì rva~d}pc hc re}}dfdhdpâ mla sqchqksqa dkpava}}cpe

re}}c dk`dvdzzcva chh—Qmde àhha e}}av~czdekd }mvdppa( }ramdmckè d jepd~d rav d sqchd dh jcvmlde

è~vaffa a}}ava a}mhq}e `—qmde `chhc vagd}pvczdeka+ H—Qmde ~chqpc c }qc ~ehpc hc nek`cpazzc aravpdkakzc àhha }pa}}a a( dk mc}e `d vd}mekpve re}dpd~e( ha mejqkdmc ch vdmldaàkpa( mla rqö àre}dpcva

ha rvervda à`qzdekd+

Dh kqe~e me`dma `d Rvervdapâ Dkpahhappqcha lc dkehpva dkpveèppe he }pvqjakpe cjjdkd}pvcpd~e

àhh—erre}dzdeka ja`dckpa dh sqcha( akpve pva ja}d `chhc rqffhdmczdeka àh jcvmlde }qh Fehhappdke( rqö

a}}ava rva}akpcpc chh—Qmde qk—d}pckzc ,`d erre}dzdeka$ }mvdppc( jepd~cpc a èmqjakpcpc chhc

vagd}pvczdeka ah jcvmlde+ Hagdppdjcpd c rverevva sqa}pc erre}dzdeka }eke d pdpehcvd d jcvmld are}dpcpd

e vagd}pvcpd dk `cpc ckpavdeva+

E~a( c }agqdpe àhh—a}cja( h—Qmde Dpchdcke Fva~appd a Jcvmld vd}mekpvd hc rva}akzc `d qk djra`djakpec}}ehqpe( e ,kek crrakc eravcpd~c$ cffdc cmmehpe qk—erre}dzdeka fc}cpc }q `d qk djra`djakpe vahcpd~e(

a}}e va}rdkga hc èjck`c `d vagd}pvczdeka+

Dk sqa}pe mc}e ch vdmldaàkpa }rappc hc re}}dfdhdpâ `d djrqgkcva dh rve~~a`djakpe `c~ckpd chhc

Mejjd}}deka ad Vdmev}d( hc mqd amd}deka ì c }qc ~ehpa vdmevvdfdha dk Mc}}czdeka+

@d~av}cjakpa }a h—a}cja lc fqek a}dpe e mejqksqa hc Mejjd}}deka àd Vdmev}d cmmeghda hc

èjck`c( h—Qmde rvemaà chhc vagd}pvczdeka àh jcvmlde a` chh—ajd}}deka àh vahcpd~e cppa}pcpe( dh mqd

evdgdkcha ì dk}avdpe kahhc vcmmehpc àd jcvmld `—djrva}c+

Mek h—eppakdjakpe ahhc vagd}pvczdeka c rcvpa ah vdmldaàkpa( sqa}pe kek lc hc gcvckzdc mla dh }qe

jcvmlde }dc àh pqppe ~chdè dkncppd ‘hc vagd}pvczdeka kek rvagdq`dmc h—a}avmdzde àhha czdekd gdq`dzdcvda

mdvmc hc ~chd`dpâ a h—crrcvpakakzc àh jcvmlde‚+

Dk chpva rcveha( qkc ~ehpc eppakqpc hc vagd}pvczdeka ì mejqksqa re}}dfdha mla hc ~chd`dpâ ah jcvmlde

}dc mekpa}pcpc dk sqchqksqa jejakpe dkckzd h—Cqpevdpâ Gdq`dzdcvdc ev`dkcvdc ja`dckpa hc amhcvcpevdc

`d kqhhdpâ àh jcvmlde( }dmmlä dh gdq`dzde `d }q}}d}pakzc àd vasqd}dpd `d ~chd`dpâ aja}}e `chh—Qmde ,a`

a~akpqchjakpa ckmla `chhc Mejjd}}deka$ ì }ajrva }q}mappdfdha `d va~d}deka a `d ve~a}mdcjakpe `c

rcvpa àh Gdq`dma ev`dkcvde+

=2



=+6 Rvema`qva `d vagd}pvczdeka dk cjfdpe dkpavkczdekcha

]a }d à}dàvc vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde kad `d~av}d rca}d dk mqd }d }~dhqrrc dh javmcpe( ì re}}dfdha

rvemaàva chhc vagd}pvczdeka `d qk jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha dk pqppd d }dkgehd }pcpd càvakpd chhc

mek~akzdeka }qh jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha+

Dk rcvpdmehcva pcha d}pdpqpe ì d}mdrhdkcpe `c qa mek~akzdekd e}}dc sqahha àhh— ‘Cvvckgajakp‚ d

Jc`vd` vamakpajakpa dkpagvcpe `ch ‘Rvepemehhe‚ d Jc`vd` mla mek}akpa( pvcjdpa crrqkpe h—d}pdpqpe

àh me}d`àppe jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha( `d a~dpcva d àre}dpd rhqvdjd rav eppakava hc vagd}pvczdeka

àh jcvmlde dk rdô }pcpd+Hc mek~akzdeka Qkdeka d Rcvdgd dkpve`qma qk rvdkmdrde nek`cjakpcha( mdö sqahhe ahhc rvdevdpâ(

dk fc}a ch sqcha mld cffdc àre}dpcpe qk jcvmlde dk qke sqch}dc}d àghd ]pcpd càvakpd chh—Qkdeka

me}d`àppe ‘Rca}a `—evdgdka‚( lc c d}re}dzdeka d qk ravdeè d nvckmldgdc d }ad ja}d( akpve dh sqcha

repvâ àre}dpcva èjck`c rav hc vagd}pvczdeka àhhe }pa}}e jcvmlde kaghd chpvd ]pcpd+

Dh jcvmlde chh—a}pave rvakàvâ hc `cpc àh rvdje àre}dpe dk qke àd rca}d càvakpd chhc

Mek~akzdeka+

Pcha vapve`cpczdeka ì djrevpckpa rav }}cva dh gdq`dzde }qhhc ke~dpâ a evdgdkchdpâ ah jcvmlde chhc

`cpc àh rvdje àre}dpe( dk jeè `c a~dpcva egkd djra`djakpe }qmma}}d~cjakpa emmev}e kahravdeè dkpavja`de+

Ncmakè ~chava hc `cpc evdgdkcvdc `d àre}dpe kah rca}a `d evdgdka `d~daka re}}dfdha }mc~chmcva

a~akpqchd chpvd vdmldaàkpd hc vagd}pvczdeka àh jaà}dje }agke( d sqchd kah hc}}e `d pajre mla

dkpavmevva pvc dh rvdje àre}dpe àh pdpehcva a hc vd~ak`dmczdeka àhhc rvdevdpâ chh—a}pave cffdcke

àre}dpcpe hc heve ejck`c kah rca}a dk mqd }d a}pakà h—a}mhq}d~c( rvdjc ahh—c~akpa dvdppe chhc rvdevdpâ+

Dh dvdppe d rvdevdpâ ì a}pdkcpe c nqkzdekcva kek }ehe mek vdnavdjakpe cd are}dpd d ejckà d

vagd}pvczdeka kczdekcha ,rca}a rav rca}a$( jc ckmla sqckè }d dkpak`c rvemaàva ch àre}dpe `d

qkc èjck`c `d jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha e `d jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde+

Chhc Mek~akzdeka `—Qkdeka càvd}meke pqppd d rvdkmdrchd Rca}d dk`q}pvdchdzzcpd+

Dk pqppd ghd chpvd Rca}d a|pvcmejqkdpcvd kek càvakpd chhc mek~akzdeka }qh jcvmlde Dkpavkczdekcha(

hc rvepazdeka repvâ a}}ava cmmev`cpc }ehpckpe ja`dckpa }dkgehd are}dpd dk ~dc kczdekcha( }qhhc fc}a

àhha haggd kczdekchd àd rca}d rva}mahpd+

âkakè chhc rvema`qvc `d àre}dpe dkpavkczdekcha( dh }d}pajc }qh jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha

dkpve`qma qk }d}pajc `d àre}dpe a `d vagd}pvczdeka àd jcvmld }pa}}d repakzdchjakpa dèkae c

~chava dk pqppd ghd ]pcpd càvakpd+ Dh pdpehcva `d qk jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe dk qke àd rca}d càvakpd repvâ

dkncppd mldaàva chh—Cjjdkd}pvczdeka `d sqah Rca}a dh àre}dpe àh jcvmlde }pa}}e rva}}e h—Qmde

Dkpavkczdekcha rav hc rvepazdeka àhhc rvervdapâ dk`q}pvdcha( }dpe c Gdka~vc+

=3



Sqa}pe rve~~aàvâ chhc vagd}pvczdeka ah jcvmlde mla c~vâ c sqah jejakpe ~cheva dk pqppd ghd ]pcpdcàvakpd rav d sqchd }dc }pcpe vdmlda}pe+

Mdc}mqkc cjjdkd}pvczdeka àghd }pcpd à}dgkcpd kahhc èjck`c aflappqc qk a}cja kczdekcha

`d}pdkpe( rdô rvamd}cjakpa ghd qmd Jcvmld hemchd lckke 36 ja}d ,d rca}d càvakpd chh—Cmmevè$ e 3< ja}d

,d Rca}d càvakpd ch Rvepemehhe$ `d pajre `chhc mejqkdmczdeka àh àre}dpe `c rcvpa àhh—Qmde `d

Gdka~vc( rav `dmldcvcva `d kek vdmeke}mava h—a}mhq}d~c rav sqah }agke sqckè ~d }eke vcgdekd mla

c~vaffave àpavjdkcpe dh vdgappe `d qkc èjck`c kczdekcha+

Ravpckpe hc rvema`qvc }d cvpdmehc meja }a dh jcvmlde ne}}a }pcpe dvappcjakpa are}dpcpe dk mdc}mqke

`d sqaghd ]pcpd+Dk àkdpd~c dh }d}pajc àhh—‚Cvvckgajakp‚ a àh ‘Rvepemehhe‚ mek}akpa `d a~dpcva àre}dpd rhqvdjd

cppvc~av}e qk qkdme rvema`djakpe `d vagd}pvczdeka mejrdqpe c hd~ahhe dkpavkczdekcha a `d eppakava

rvepazdeka dk qk kqjave }dgkdmcpd~e d }pcpd c rvazzd rdô mekpakqpd vd}rappe c }dkgehd are}dpd kczdekchd(

pqppc~dc( reka mcre c` qk nc}mdmehe `d jcvmld kczdekchd( mdc}mqke }eppere}pe chhc `d}mdrhdkc a` chhc

gdqvd}`dzdeka hemcha+

Dh jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha kek ì sqdk`d qk jcvmlde mla ~cha ckmla chh—a}pave( jc ì qkc rvema`qvc

mla ravjappa( are}dpckè qkc ejck`c( d mldaàva hc vagd}pvczdeka ah rvervde jcvmlde dk rdô rca}d+

Dh vdmldaàkpa( qksqa( }cvâ pdpehcva d qk nc}mde d jcvmld kczdekchd sqckpd }eke ghd }pcpd dk mqd lc mlda}pedh àre}dpe+

Hc vagd}pvczdeka dkpavkczdekcha qvc 32 ckkd a` ì vdkke~cfdha+ Kah mev}e ad rvdjd 1 ckkd dh jcvmlde

dkpavkczdekcha `drakà `c sqahhe rav rvdje vagd}pvcpe kah Rca}a `—evdgdka9 ère `d mla ka `d~daka

dk`drakàkpa( kah }ak}e mla kek vd}akpdvâ rdô àhh—a~akpqcha ~akdv jake àhhc pqpahc( rav sqch}dc}d

vcgdeka( kah Rca}a `—evdgdka+

Kah rvdje sqdksqakkde( rav mekpve( dh ~akdv jake àhhc pqpahcfdhdpâ kah Rca}a `—evdgdka àpavjdkc(

c vdmlda}pc àhh—Qmde `d sqa}pe rca}a( hc vc`dczdeka àhhc vagd}pvczdeka dkpavkczdekcha( a( sqdk`d( hc

mc`qmczdeka àd }qed aflappd dk pqppd d Rca}d mla avcke }pcpd à}dgkcpd+

=+= Rvema`qva `d vagd}pvczdeka dk cjfdpe Mejqkdpcvde

Dh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ì qk rcvpdmehcva pdre `d jcvmlde mla meknavd}ma dh `dvdppe `d a}mhq}d~c }q qk

}agke dk pqppd d 67 rca}d àhh—Qkdeka Aqverac? ghd qmd mejrapakpd rav h—dkehpve a hc ga}pdeka àhha

èjckà a àhha vagd}pvczdekd( mqd mejrapa hc pakqpc àd vagd}pvd( }d pve~cke dk ]rcgkc( c` Chdmckpa+ Dk

chpavkcpd~c hc ejck`c rqö a}}ava are}dpcpc rva}}e h—Qmde kczdekcha d qke ]pcpe jajfve( dh sqcha

rve~~aà c` dkehpvcvhc chh—Q+C+J+D++

=6



H—d}pdpqpe lc rva}e c~~de dh 3² crvdha 344> mek dh ka `d dkpve`qvva qk pdpehe( hc mqd ~chd`dpâ }da}pakà}}a crrqkpe c pqppe dh pavvdpevde àhh—Qkdeka mek qkc rvema`qvc `d vagd}pvczdeka qkdmc( a mla

ne}}a cmma}}dfdha( }dc dk pavjdkd amekejdmd }dc }eppe c}rappd javcjakpa rvcpdmd( chha czdakà `d

`djak}dekd ja`de%rdmmeha mla c~a}}ave a}dgakzc `d crrva}pcva qkc pqpahc cd rvervd pdpehd chh—dkpavke

àh javmcpe aqverae+

C `dflavakzc àh jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha( mla ì qkc rvema`qvc( dh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ì qk ~ave a

rvervde jcvmlde( mla me}pdpqd}ma rav h—Qkdeka Aqverac h—asqd~chakpa ad jcvmld kczdekchd rav d }dkgehd }pcpd+

Re}}eke vagd}pvcva qk jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ha rav}eka }dmla e gdqvd`dmla c~akpd hc mdppc`dkckzc

e hc kczdekchdpâ `d qke ]pcpe jajfve e `d chpve ]pcpe rcvpamdrckpa chhc Mek~akzdeka `d Rcvdgd echh—Cmmevè mla d}pdpqd}ma h—evgckdzzczdeka jek`dcha àh mejjavmde( e~~ave mla }dcke èjdmdhdcpa e

cffdcke hc heve }aà e }pcfdhdjakpe dk`q}pvdcha e mejjavmdcha( aflappd~e a }avde( kah pavvdpevde àhhc

Mejqkdpâ e `d qke ]pcpe rcvpamdrckpa chhc Mek~akzdeka `d Rcvdgd+

Hc d}mdrhdkc kevjcpd~c ì c}}djdhcfdha chhc hagga kczdekcha+ Me}è( ~chgeke rav dh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde

ghd }pa}}d rvdkmdrd }qhhc kek à}mvdppd~dpâ àh }agke( hdmadpâ( mcrcmdpâ `d}pdkpd~c a ke~dpâ+

Dk rcvpdmehcva dh vagehcjakpe }qh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde `d}pdkgqa ghd djra`djakpd c}}ehqpd chhc

vagd}pvczdeka ,dh rvdkmdrcha ad sqchd ì me}pdpqdpe chhc jckmckzc d mcvcppava d}pdkpd~e$ c sqahhd vahcpd~d

mla mek}d}peke( dk~ama( kahhc jckmckzc `d ke~dpâ àh }agke è~qpc chhc rvaa}d}pakzc `d }agkd ckpavdevdagqchd e }djdhd vahcpd~d c rveèppd e }av~dzd agqchd e ckd+

Hc rvdkmdrcha `dflavakzc pvc ha `qa drepa}d mek}pc kah ncppe mla ghd djra`djakpd vahcpd~d re}}eke

a}}ava dk~emcpd rav eppakava dh vdqpe `d vagd}pvczdeka dk }aà `d erre}dzdeka e hc àmhcvcpevdc `d kqhhdpâ

`d qk jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde }ehe c rcvpa ad pdpehcvd ad }agkd ckpavdevd( jakpva ghd djra`djakpd c}}ehqpd

re}}eke a}}ava ncppd ~chava `c mldqksqa+

Ì djrevpckpa mek}dàvcva dkehpva( }ajrva dk ~dvpô àh rvdkmdrde `d qkdpcvdapâ( mla hc ~chd`dpâ àh

jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ~c ~chqpcpc mek vdnavdjakpe c mdc}mqkc rcvpa àhhc Mejqkdpâ+

Dk chpva rcveha }a( c` a}ajrde dh jcvmlde me}pdpqd}ma àkejdkczdeka gakavdmc }ehpckpe dk qke àd

Rca}d àhhc Mejqkdpâ( e~~ave }a }ehpckpe dk qke `d pchd Rca}d a}}e vd}qhpd dkgckka~eha( mdö rqö

mejrvejappava hc ~chd`dpâ àh jcvmlde }q pqppe dh pavvdpevde9 ckchegcjakpa hc jckmckzc `d ke~dpâ ~avvâ

crrvazzcpc mek vdnavdjakpe kek }ehe cghd ckpavdevd jcvmld mejqkdpcvd( jc ckmla mek vdnavdjakpe cd

jcvmld vagd}pvcpd dk qke ]pcpe jajfve( e mejqksqa mek amcmdc dk qke ]pcpe jajfve+

@c qk rqkpe d ~d}pc rvema`qvcha h—Q+C+J+D+ a}rhapc( ehpva mla qk a}cja }qhhc vagehcvdpâ nevjcha ahhc

èjck`c( chpva}è sqahhe }qhhc }q}}d}pakzc `d djra`djakpd c}}ehqpd chhc vagd}pvczdeka+

Hc ejck`c d jcvmlde ì sqdk`d rqffhdmcpc }qh fehhappdke ad jcvmld mejqkdpcvd( a h—Q+C+J+D dknevjc

`d sqa}pc rqffhdmczdeka d pdpehcvd d jcvmld mejqkdpcvd e d èjckà d jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ckpavdevd

ajav}d kahhc vdmavmc+

==



]d crva me}è hc nc}a àhha erre}dzdekd( `qvckpa hc sqcha d pdpehcvd `d jcvmld ckpavdevd( àre}dpcpd evagd}pvcpd c hd~ahhe kczdekcha e mejqkdpcvde re}}eke mekpa}pcva dh jcvmlde rav hc mcvakzc àh

vasqd}dpe àhhc ke~dpâ+

]qhh—erre}dzdeka àmdà h—Qmde `d Chdmckpa( a mekpve sqa}pc àmd}deka( kekmlä mekpve d vdqpd

`d vagd}pvczdeka( ì `cpc qkc rvdjc re}}dfdhdpâ `d vdmev}e c~ckpd chha Mejjd}}dekd `d vdmev}e d}pdpqdpa

rva}}e h—Qmde }pa}}e+

Ha àmd}dekd àhha Mejjd}}dekd `d vdmev}e( red( }eke }q}mappdfdhd `d `qa qhpavdevd d}pckza `d vdmev}e(

hc rvdjc c~ckpd dh Pvdfqkcha mejqkdpcvde `d rvdjc d}pckzc a hc }amek`c c~ckpd hc Mevpa `è Gdq}pdzdc

àhha Mejqkdpâ+ Dk fc}a c sqa}pe }d}pajc( `qksqa( dh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde rqö a}}ava eggappe `dqkc }avda a}pvajcjakpa cjrdc `d a}cjd a vda}cjd? dkncppd a}}e ì eggappe ckzdpqppe `d a}cja `c

rcvpa aghd a}cjdkcpevd ahh—Q+C+J+D+9 dk mc}e d erre}dzdeka c rcvpa ahha @d~d}dekd d erre}dzdeka9

ckmevc( `c rcvpa àhha Mejjd}}dekd `d vdmev}e( a` dkka `c rcvpa àh Pvdfqkcha a àhhc Mevpa `d

Gdq}pdzdc àhh—Qkdeka Aqverac+

Hc vagd}pvczdeka àh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde meknavd}ma ch pdpehcva `d a}}e qk `dvdppe `d a}mhq}d~c

mek}d}pakpa kah ~dapcva cd pavzd àpavjdkcpd mejrevpcjakpd mekpvcflcppd~d+

Dk hdkac `d rvdkmdrde hc pqpahc àh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ì hdjdpcpc chh—q}e `d a}}e rav d rveèppd e

}av~dzd rav d sqchd ì }pcpe vagd}pvcpe e rav rveèppd e }av~dzd ckd+Jc ckmla sqd( kah mc}e `d jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde mla ge`c `d vdkejckzc kahhc Mejqkdpâ( hc pqpahc

rqö a}pakàv}d ckmla cd rveèppd e }av~dzd kek ckd( sqckè h—q}e àh }agke }akzc gdq}pe jepd~e

mek}akpa `d pvcvva dkàfdpcjakpa ~ckpcggde `ch mcvcppava `d}pdkpd~e e `chhc kepevdapâ àh jcvmlde

mejqkdpcvde e vamc rvagdq`dzde cghd }pa}}d ,}d kepd mla qk—ckchegc a}pak}deka a|pvcjavmaehegdmc }d

lc dk vahczdeka ch repava dk~chd`ckpa àh jcvmlde ckpavdeva mejqkdpcvde e kczdekcha ‐ mla ge`c

`d vdkejckzc vd}rappd~cjakpa kahhc Mejqkdpâ e kahhe ]pcpe jajfve dk sqa}pdeka( }ajrva sqckè

vdmevvcke d vasqd}dpd àhh—dkàfdpe ~ckpcggde e àh rvagdq`dzde$+

Hc `qvcpc àhhc vagd}pvczdeka àh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ì `d `damd ckkd c àmevvava `chhc `cpc `d

àre}dpe ahhc ejck`c+ Hc vagd}pvczdeka ì vdkke~cfdha rav ravde`d d damd ckkd+ Ka}}qkc je`dmc

àh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ì cjja}}c chh—cppe àh }qe vdkke~e( }ch~e mla mekmavkc dh keja e

h—dk`dvdzze ah pdpehcva+

=+0 Meja erpcva rav dh jcvmlde Dkpavkczdekcha e Mejqkdpcvde

Mek h—dkpve`qzdeka àh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde h—djrvak`dpeva mla dkpak`c rvepaggava dh }qe jcvmlde

dk qkc rve}rappd~c }e~vckczdekcha }d pve~c `d nvekpa c` qk ~akpcghde `d re}}dfdhdpâ mla ì mldcjcpe c`

=0



ckchdzzcva }eppe qk rvehe }pvappcjakpa }pvcpagdme ckmla dk mek}dàvczdeka àhha nqpqva errevpqkdpâ`d }~dhqrre àd rvervd javmcpd chh—a}pave+

@c qk hcpe emmevva mek}dàvcva mla dh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde( }affaka mejrevpd chmqkd }~ckpcggd a

vd}mld( mla }d mekmvapdzzcke a}}akzdchjakpa dk qk me}pe haggavjakpa }qravdeva vd}rappe c` qk }dkgehe

àre}dpe kczdekcha( kekmlä( dk qk mcjre `d ckpavdevdpâ jehpe rdô chhcvgcpe dk sqckpe hc ke~dpâ a

h—evdgdkchdpâ àffeke a}}ava ~chqpcpa mek vdgqcvè c pqppd d rca}d àhh—qkdeka( a}}e eflva pqppc~dc qkc

}avda `d kepa~ehd ~ckpcggd+

Ckzdpqppe dk pavjdkd rvcpdmd( a}}akè qkdmc hc rvema`qvc( dh jcvmlde }d vda}ma c` eppakava mek qk—qkdmc

èjck`c( hc ga}pdeka àh jcvmlde ì }ajrhdmcpc( d mvdpavd a d vasqd}dpd `d ~chd`dpâ a qpdhdzze }eke qgqchddk pqppd ghd }pcpd( hc àmcàkzc àh jcvmlde rav kek q}e rqö a}}ava djra`dpc ckmla qpdhdzzckèhe dk qk

kqjave hdjdpcpe `d }pcpd( mek hc mek}agqakzc mla hc vagd}pvczdeka rqö a}}ava ncppc ckmla dk ~d}pc `d qk

nqpqve qpdhdzze e a}rck}deka }q javmcpd kek ckmevc a}rhevcpd+

Sqa}p—qhpdje c}rappe vd}qhpc `d rcvpdmehcva djrevpckzc a }d vdmehhagc c sqckpe àppe dk cravpqvc

àhh—dhhq}pvczdeka àhhc rvema`qvc }qh jcvmlde Mejqkdpcvde ,e}}dc( dèkadpâ àhh—d}pdpqpe mejqkdpcvde c`

càgqcv}d chha a}dgakza ahha czdakà d rdmmeha e ja`da djak}dekd$+

C `dflavakzc àh jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha mla rva}qrreka qk qpdhdzze àh jcvmlde dk pqppd d rca}d

à}dgkcpd( mejrevpckè sqdk`d qk ekava rdqppe}pe gvc~e}e c mcvdme ah pdpehcva mla dk mc}e d jckmcpeqpdhdzze repvaffa ~aàv}d mc`qmcva dh rvervde pdpehe( dh jckpakdjakpe àh jcvmlde mejqkdpcvde ì

}eggappe c mek`dzdekd —q}e rdô a}}dfdhd( ravpckpe d vd}mld d amcàkzc rav jckmcpe q}e re}}eke dv}d

`d mavpe vdèppd+

Sqckpe ch jcvmlde dkpavkczdekcha( keke}pckpa d hdjdpd rvema`qvchd `d mqd }d ì àppe( lc }dmqvcjakpa

dh ~ckpcggde `d a}}ava qk ‘}d}pajc‚ a}}dfdha `cpe mla dk sqch}dc}d jejakpe( kahh—cvme àd `damd ckkd

`chhc `cpc `d vagd}pvczdeka àh jcvmlde }pa}}e( ì re}}dfdha a}pakàva hc pqpahc c` chpvd rca}d `d~akqpd kah

nvcppajre `d dkpava}}a cppvc~av}e hc vdmlda}pc `d qk—a}pak}deka pcv`d~c pavvdpevdcha rva}}e ghd qmd

mejrapakpd `d Gdka~vc+

Dkehpva d ~ckpcggd hagcpd chhc vdmlda}pc `d rvepazdeka `d qk jcvmlde cd }ak}d àhhc Mek~akzdeka àh

Rvepemehhe `d Jc`vd` }eke `c vdmek`qv}d cd me}pd `c }e}pakava àmd}cjakpa dknavdevd vd}rappe c sqahhd

mla dkpav~avvaffave rav dh àre}dpe `d }dkgeha èjckà `d vagd}pvczdeka kczdekchd a}pava+

Dk mekmhq}deka hc }mahpc pvc hc ~dc kczdekcha( dkpavkczdekcha e mejqkdpcvdc à~a a}}ava ncppc dk fc}a

c` qk vcrrevpe me}pd%fakamd a chhc hqma `d mek}dàvczdekd }pvcpagdmla mla ì faka cflvekpcva dk

mek}dàvczdeka ad ~cvd c}rappd mla ~akgeke dk gdeme( e}}dc rverak}deka ah vdmldaàkpa chh—a}pak}deka

àd javmcpd( nqpqva rehdpdmla `d dk~a}pdjakpe àhh—czdak`c( hagd}hczdeka mla }pc chhc fc}a `d mdc}mqk

d}pdpqpe+

=1



0+3 Hc }pdjc ah ~cheva amekejdme ah jcvmlde? ravmlä }evga h—a}dgakzc d ~chqpcva qk jcvmlde5

Dh vcrdè }~dhqrre pamkehegdme dk cppe kah jekè dk`q}pvdcha lc ncppe }d mla d fakd dkpahhappqchd(

àkejdkcpd ckmla fakd dkpckgdfdhd e djjcpavdchd( vcrrva}akpdke eggd qke àd ncppevd nek`cjakpchd

àh ~cheva `d qk czdak`c+ Vd}qhpc sqdk`d djrevpckpa repav }pdjcva dh ~cheva `d pchd fakd cd kd `d qkc

~chqpczdeka mejrha}}d~c àh ~cheva àhh—czdak`c }pa}}c+

Dk vachpâ( kqjave}d }eke d mc}d a ha }dpqczdekd dk mqd d~daka errevpqkc e }d vakà kama}}cvdc qkc

~chqpczdeka `d qk faka dkpahhappqcha+ Dk rcvpdmehcva kaghd qhpdjd ckkd }d ì c}}d}pdpe c` qk kepa~eha

cqjakpe àhha pvck}czdekd vdgqcv`ckpd dh jcvmlde9 }d rak}d chhe }~dhqrre `d nevja mekpvcppqchd sqchddh nvckmld}dkg e dh javmlck`d}dkg( mcvcppavdzzcpa `c ma}}dekd àh jcvmlde dk`drakàkpd `chhc ma}}deka

àhh—czdak`c( a `chh—chpve `chh—dkmvajakpcv}d `d eravczdekd `d nq}deka( }md}}deka a` cmsqd}dzdeka+

Re}}dcje mdpcva chpvd a}ajrd sqchd ha hdmakza c pavzd }q qk fva~appe( qk jcvmlde e qk ikew*lew9

hc nevjczdeka d qkc oedkp ~akpqva e~a d rcvpkav crrevpcke ehpva ch mcrdpcha( fakd dkpckgdfdhd }eppe

nevjc d fva~appd( jcvmld a ikew lew errqva cd ckkd c czdekd d mekpvcflczdeka e~a dh ~cheva ah

faka dkpahhappqcha mekpvcflcppe `d~akpc àmd}d~e rav }pcfdhdva dh hd~ahhe àh vd}cvmdjakpe è~qpe `ch

mekpvcflcppeva ch pdpehcva àh faka dk sqa}pdeka+

Dkka h—a}dgakzc `d rvemaàva c` qkc }pdjc àd fakd `d rvervdapâ dkpahhappqcha rqö }evgava dkemmc}deka àh nchhdjakpe `d qkc czdak`c( è~a hc ~chqpczdeka `d fakd dkpckgdfdhd }av~a rav

àpavjdkcva h—c}}appe àd fakd czdak`chd `d}rekdfdhd rav hc àkdzdeka àd rcgcjakpd è~qpd cd

mva`dpevd e dh ~cheva àh faka dkpckgdfdha `c dk}avdva kah fdhckmde àhh—czdak`c+

0+3+3 D rva}qrre}pd àhhc ~chqpczdeka `d qk jcvmlde

Hc ~chqpczdeka jekapcvdc `d qk faka djjcpavdcha( sqcha ì dh `dvdppe `d jcvmlde( ì rdqppe}pe

mejrha}}c a kek }ajrva mekgvqakpa c mcq}c àhha jehparhdmd a pchevc `d}mev`ckpd japeèhegda `d

}pdjc vdrevpcpa `chhc happavcpqvc }ramdmc+

H—cppd~dpâ `d ~chqpczdeka ì kchdzzcpc c` dk`d~d`qcva qkc gvckàzzc vcgdeka~eha àh mejrha}}e

`d fakd eggappe d ~chqpczdeka a kahhe }pa}}e pajre a}pdkcpc c` a}rvdjava qk ~cheva d }pdjc mla

}dc dèkae c jckpakava hc rvervdc cppak`dfdhdpâ kah pajre+

Kah mc}e àd jcvmld `—djrva}c( hc èppvdkc amekejdmc a` czdak`cha vdpdaka gakavchjakpa mla(

rav repav gdq}pdmcva qkc ~chqpczdeka cqpekejc àd jcvmld vd}rappe ch mejrha}}e `d fakd czdak`chd(

àffcke a}}ava vdk~akdfdhd d }agqakpd ahajakpd?

0+ Hc ga}pdeka ‘amekejdmc‚ àh jcvmlde

=>



c+ Dàkpdmcfdhdpâ

H—dàkpdmczdeka àd jcvmld àvd~c dk rvdje hqege `ch ncppe mla ghd }pa}}d }eke eggappe `d

vagd}pvczdeka a sqdk`d `d }ramdmd pdpehd fva~appqchd }dkgehcvjakpa dàkpdmcfdhd hc mqd vagehcvdpâ

à~a a}}ava ~avdmcpc ja`dckpa qk cppakpe a}cja àhha èmqjakpczdekd `d àre}dpe a `d

mekma}}deka kad ~cvd Rca}d dk mqd hc pqpahc ì }pcpc vdmlda}pc+

Dkehpva( hc }q}}d}pakzc àd `dvdppd vagd}pvcpd mla h—djrva}c ~ckpc }qd rvervd jcvmld à~a a}}ava

vcflevzcpc c qkc qpdhdzzczdeka mekpdkqcpd~c aghd }pa}}d kad ~cvd rca}d dk mqd d jcvmld }eke pqpahcpd+

@ch rqkpe `d ~d}pc amekejdme( dh mvdpavde àhhc dàkpdmcfdhdpâ medkmdà mek hc re}}dfdhdpâ `d cppvdfqdva

qk q}}e amekejdme dk`drakàkpa cd jcvmld eggappe `d ~chqpczdeka+

f+ Pvc}navdfdhdpâa}arcvcfdhdpâ

Hc pvc}navdfdhdpâ àd jcvmld àre}dpcpd ì c}}dmqvcpc dk pavjdkd hagchd `chh—ev`dkcjakpe gdqvd`dme

~dgakpa kad Rca}d dk mqd d jcvmld }eke }pcpd àre}dpcpd a%e vagd}pvcpd+

Dk rcvpdmehcva sqckè eggappe `d ~chqpczdeka }eke d jcvmld `d rveèppe( ì djrevpckpa ~avdmcva

}a sqa}pd }dcke mejrhapcjakpa }arcvcfdhd a pvc}navdfdhd vd}rappe ch jcvmlde mla medkmdà mek hc

vcgdeka }emdcha àhh—djrva}c( a }ramqhcvjakpa( }a he }pa}}e jcvmlde `—Czdak`c ì }arcvcfdha a

pvc}navdfdha cqpekejcjakpa vd}rappe cd jcvmld `d rveèppe+Ravpckpe hc`è~a }q}}d}pc qkc dk`drakàkzc ad jcvmld d rveèppe vd}rappe chhc akejdkczdeka

àhh—Czdak`c rve`qppvdma mqd sqa}pe repvaffa a}}ava cffdkcpe }d rqö cflavjcva mla mdc}mqk

jcvmlde rva}akpd qkc vdha~ckzc amekejdmc rvervdc( ~cha c `dva( mdc}mqk jcvmlde `d rveèppe ì dk

gvcè d }q}}d}pava ckmla }akzc hc }pvqppqvc djrvak`dpevdcha d rve~akdakzc( ravpckpe mdc}mqke d

a}}d repvaffa a}}ava eggappe `d pvc}navdjakpe a ga}pdeka kagezdcha cqpekejc+

m+ Pqpahcfdhdpâ

H'dèkadpâ c ~chava kah pajre ad dvdppd `d jcvmlde a~a a}}ava eggappe d cmmqvcpc ~chqpczdeka mek

rcvpdmehcva vdnavdjakpe cd }dkgehd vasqd}dpd rav h'eppakdjakpe a hc dna}c d qkc ~chd`c rvd~cpd~c( ~cha

c `dva ke~dpâ( mcrcmdpâ `d}pdkpd~c( hdmadpâ a ~avdpâ+

Ghd }pvqjakpd qpdhdzzcfdhd dk ~dc rva~akpd~c }eke sqahhd àhha vdmavmla `d ckpavdevdpâ a( ère dh

àre}dpe( sqahhd àhhc ~avdmc àhhc &va}d}pakzc& `d mdc}mqk jcvmlde c` a~akpqchd erre}dzdekd `c

rcvpa d pavzd dkpava}}cpd e efdazdekd c rcvpa d A}cjdkcpevd( a kek qhpdje( h'q}e mekpdkqcpd~e aghd

}pa}}d+

Qk qhpavdeva ~chqpczdeka `c mejrdava repvaffa mek}d}pava kahhc re}}dfdhdpâ `d pqpahcva d jcvmld c

hd~ahhe hagcha( ckmla dk pavvdpevd a }appevd javmaehegdmd dk mqd kek a}d}peke }ramdmd pdpehd fva~appqchd

,re}}dfdhdpâ d ‘fvck` a|pak}dek‚ $+

=7



`+ @qvcpcpajrevchaàd~ckpcggdamekejdmdcppa}d

D ~ckpcggd amekejdmd dk pavjdkd mejrapdpd~d eppakqpd chh—q}e ad jcvmld }d rve`qmeke }q evdzzekpd

pajrevchd rve}rappdmd kama}}cvdcjakpa hdjdpcpd+

Rav dh ncppe mla hc pqpahc gdqvd`dmc àd jcvmld ì vdkke~cfdha( hc `qvcpc pajrevcha àh ~ckpcggde

amekejdme dk pavjdkd repakzdchd rqö a}}ava dkàpavjdkcpc( c rcppe mla dh pdpehcva àh jcvmlde

vda}mc c mek}av~cva a jckpakava dkchpavcpc a me}pckpa h—djjcgdka àhhc kepevdapâ a àhhc naàhpâ

cd jcvmld vcggdqkpc rva}}e d mek}qjcpevd+

Dk mekmvape( pcha mdvme}pckzc è~vaffa a}}ava rekàvcpc }qhhc fc}a `d kqjave}d ncppevd( sqchd dh

rcvpdmehcva }appeva `d javmcpe( hc pdrehegdc àhhc mhdakpahc( hc vapa `d ~ak`dpc( ha mekpdkgakzaamekejdmla a pamkehegdmla a` dk gakava ghd e}pcmehd mla re}}eke errev}d ch jckpakdjakpe aghd

aflappd amekejdmd rveèppd `c pchd jcvmld+

0+6 D jape`d `d ~chqpczdeka àh jcvmlde

Dk èppvdkc }eke }pcpd }~dhqrrcpd `d~av}d crrvemmd ch rvefhajc àhhc ~chqpczdeka àd jcvmld

}ervcppqppe kah mev}e àghd qhpdjd àmakkd+ Cppqchjakpa( ha japeèhegda ~chqpcpd~a àd fakddjjcpavdchd rvere}pa `cd jcggdevd cqpevd dpchdckd a }pvckdavd re}}eke a}}ava vdmekèppa c `qa hekd

rvdkmdrchd( e}}dc( d jape`d fc}cpd }qd me}pd a sqahhd fc}cpd }qh va``dpe%rveppd+

Jape`dfc}cpd}qdme}pd

Pchd jape`d }eke fc}cpd }qd me}pd }pevdmd }e}pakqpd rav mvacva a ~chevdzzcva dh faka dkpahhappqcha

mek}dàvcpe( errqva }qd me}pd `c }e}pakava rav vdmvacva dh faka dkpahhappqcha+

A}}d vcrrva}akpcke qk ~cheva gakavchjakpa dknavdeva ch ~ave ~cheva mla dh faka dkpahhappqcha lc c}}qkpe

kah pajre kah mekpa}pe czdak`cha( a mdö dk sqckpe kek rvakèke dk mek}dàvczdeka d fakamd nqpqvd

mla repvckke àvd~cva `chh—qpdhdzzczdeka àh faka mek}dàvcpe+

Sqdk`d àppd jape`d vcrrva}akpcke qk ~cheva vcgdeka~eha jc rvqàkpa àh faka mek}dàvcpe mla

kek pakgeke mekpe crrqkpe àd fakamd nqpqvd àvd~ckpd `c qkc }qc ~chevdzzczdeka+

Dk sqa}pe gvqrre `d jape`d `d ~chqpczdeka vdakpvcke?

c+ Dh japeè àh me}pe `d vdrve`qzdeka fc}cpe }qhh—crrvazzcjakpe àh me}pe `d nevjczdeka `d qk faka

`d qpdhdpâ asqd~chakpa

f+ Dh japeè ah me}pe }pevdme cggdevkcpe( fc}cpe }qhhc vd~chqpczdeka ad me}pd }e}pakqpd kah rc}}cpe rav

hc mvaczdeka a dh mek}ehd`cjakpe àh jcvmlde

m+ Dh japeè àh me}pe àhhc rav`dpc+

=<



c+ hh japeè àh me}pe `d vdrve`qzdeka fc}cpe }qhh—crrvazzcjakpe àh me}pe `d nevjczdeka `d qk faka

`d qpdhdpâ asqd~chakpa

Dh mvdpavde dk a}cja crrve}}djc dh ~cheva `d qk }agke `d}pdkpd~e rav jazze àhhc rqkpqcha

àpavjdkczdeka d pqppd d me}pd a` ekavd mla e~vaffave }e}pakav}d rav ‘me}pvqdva‚ ch kqhhc qk kqe~e

jcvmlde c}}ehqpcjakpa asqd~chakpa( dk pavjdkd `d qpdhdpâ amekejdmc+

Hc japeèhegdc dk a}cja mek}akpa `d }qravcva chmqkd àd rvefhajd }eppa}d `cghd chpvd jape`d fc}cpd

}qd me}pd( dk rcvpdmehcva rav dh ncppe d pve~cva nek`cjakpe kek }q cpd }pevdmd e }ajrhdmajakpa vd~chqpcpd(

jc rdqppe}pe }qd me}pd a` ekavd mla h—djrva}c e~vaffa }e}pakava( ch jejakpe cppqcha( rav vdrve`qvvaqk jcvmlde c~akpa ha }pa}}a mcvcppavd}pdmla `d sqahhe eggappe `d }pdjc( pakakè dk pch jeè kahhc

kama}}cvdc mek}dàvczdeka dh jqpcpe mekpa}pe mejrapdpd~e a ha `d~av}a mcvcppavd}pdmla àd javmcpd `d

vdnavdjakpe+

]d rvamd}c mla hc àkdzdeka àh }agke `d}pdkpd~e ‘kqe~e‚ à~a a}}ava mejrdqpc dk mek}dàvczdeka

àhhc mcrcmdpâ va``dpqcha ah jcvmlde rvamaàkpa( ahha sqepa d javmcpe a ahhc vdmeke}mdfdhdpâ rva}}e

dh rqffhdme+

f+ Dh japeè ah me}pe }pevdme cggdevkcpe( fc}cpe }qhhc vd~chqpczdeka ad me}pd }e}pakqpd kah rc}}cpe rav hc mvaczdeka a dh mek}ehd`cjakpe àh jcvmlde

Dh rva}akpa japeè }d reka meja qk jdghdevcjakpe ah rqve mvdpavde ah me}pe }pevdme rcvcjapvckè

d }dkgehd ahajakpd `d me}pe ch pc}}e `d dkczdeka+

Sqckpe chha mcpagevda `d ekavd( paevdmcjakpa vdmejrvak`dfdhd kahh—ch~ae d qkc cmmazdeka ‘}pevdmc‚ a`

a}pa}c àh me}pe àh jcvmlde( crrcva errevpqke mek}dàvcva ha }agqakpd ~emd `d me}pe?

∖ me}pd rav dàczdeka àh }agke `d}pdkpd~e( mekmavkakpd pckpe ghd ekevcvd àd gvcmd mla

jcpavdchjakpa mvacke dh hegepdre sqckpe d mejrak}d }rappckpd cghd a}ravpd d dvdppe dk`q}pvdcha mla

cmmavpcke hc }q}}d}pakzc àd vasqd}dpd rav hc }qc ~chd`c vagd}pvczdeka( meja ckmla ghd ekevcvd àd

mek}qhakpd rqffhdmdpcvd a àghd a}ravpd `d jcviapdkg mldcjcpd c }pq`dcva dh javmcpe `d }femme( c`

dàkpdmcva dh mevvappe re}dzdekcjakpe àd fakd mekpvc}}agkcpd mek he }ramdme }agke a c`

dkpavrvapcva ha c}rappcpd~a àd mek}qjcpevd kch9

∖ me}pd rav dh are}dpe a hc vagd}pvczdeka ah jcvmlde kchdzzcpd chh—eppakdjakpe ah vagdja d pqpahc

gcvckpdpe chh—ev`dkcjakpe gdqvd`dme cd }agkd vdpakqpd ~chd`d( `drakàkpd pckpe ch kqjave d mhc}}d

javmaehegdmla rav ha sqchd }d mldaà hc vagd}pvczdeka sqckpe chh—a}pak}deka ahh—cjfdpe pavvdpevdcha

,kczdekcha e dkpavkczdekcha$ àh vagdja `d rvd~cpd~c

∖ me}pd }e}pakqpd rav h—dkpve`qzdeka àh jcvmlde kah javmcpe d vdnavdjakpe( kekmlä rav hc

}qmma}}d~c mek}ehd`czdeka ,e ‘vd~dpchdzzczdeka‚$ àhha }qa repakzdchdpâ a mcrcmdpâ cppvcppd~a+

=4



Sqa}p—qhpdjc mcpagevdc ì mejrvak}d~c àd me}pd rqffhdmdpcvd a rvejezdekchd( me}pd `d}rek}evdzzczdekd kekmlä àghd ekavd }e}pakqpd rav h—evgckdzzczdeka àhhc vapa `d ~ak`dpc a

h—c`à}pvcjakpe ah rav}ekcha mejjavmdcha+

Meja a}ajrde `d crrhdmczdeka àh japeè dk sqa}pdeka( vdrevpdcje qkc }pdjc aflappqcpc rav dh

jcvmlde ‘Ckpcge‚ dk emmc}deka ah nchhdjakpe àhhc }emdapâ ‘Mckpdava Kc~cha Ckpcge }vh‚+

m+ Dh japeè àh me}pe àhhc rav`dpc+

Mcvcppavd}pdmc `d pcha japeèhegdc ì sqahhc `d }pdjcva dh ~cheva amekejdme `d qk jcvmlde pvcjdpa hc

sqckpdmczdeka àh `ckke mla repvaffa àvd~cva chh—djrva}c rvervdapcvdc kahh—drepa}d dk mqd dh }agke

jaà}dje ~akd}}a cqpekejcjakpa ‘a}pvcppe‚ ch rcpvdjekde czdak`cha+

Ì a~dàkpa meja hc ma}}deka ,e hc rvd~czdeka$ `d qk jcvmlde( dk rcvpdmehcva }a mahafva( repvaffa

mejrevpcva qkc mc`qpc ah jcvgdka d mekpvdfqzdeka mejrha}}d~e e qkc mejrcv}c d qk amma}}e d

Me}pd }e}pakqpd rav he }~dhqrre àh jcvmlde &CKPCGE&

êmd `d fdhckmde Kepc dkpagvcpd~c 6222 6223 6226 622= 6220]ra}a rhqvdakkchd mcrdpchdzzcpa kahh'ckke 6222 vahcpd~a c?

rcvpamdrczdeka c ndava a }ra}a `d ~dcggde9 mek}qhakza mejjavmdchd9

vetchpda} d rvegappczdeka9 }ra}a d vcrrva}akpckzc a` ejcggd9 }ra}a

àchav Q]C

=27+2>6

]ra}a rhqvdakkchd mcrdpchdzzcpa kahh'ckke 6223 vahcpd~a c? vetchpda} `d

rvegappczdeka9 }ra}a rav pvc}revpe andkdpd~e }pcjrd rva}}e chpvc }aà(

}ra}a d rvegappczdeka

46+331

Cmsqd}dzdeka ah jcvmlde CKPCGE kahh'ckke 6222 62>+1<=

]ra}a d vagd}pvczdeka ah jcvmlde CKPCGE kahh'ckke 6223 1+47<

]ra}a d vagd}pvczdeka ah jcvmlde CKPCGE kahh'ckke 6226 32+<==

]ra}a d vagd}pvczdeka ah jcvmlde CKPCGE kahh'ckke 622= 6+30>

]ra}a d rqffhmdpâ kahh'ckke 6223 03+<12

]ra}a `d rqffhmdpâ kahh'ckke 622= 07+24>

]ra}a `d rqffhmdpâ kahh'ckke 622=0 3=7+73<

]ra}a ndava( ~dcggd a kehaggde }e}pakqpa kahh'ckke 6223 321+>>1

]ra}a ndava( ~dcggd a kehaggde }e}pakqpa kahh'ckke 622= <6+<=7

]ra}a ndava( ~dcggd a kehaggde }e}pakqpa kahh'ckke 6220 36>+<03

]ra}a `d

vcrrva}akpckzc]ra}a d vcrrva}akpckzc }e}pakqpa kahh'ckke 6223 =+3>>

]ra}a qnndmde

CKPCGE Q]C]ra}a qnndmde CKPCGE Q]C }e}pakqpa kahh'ckke 6223 06+<>2

]ra}a vdmavmla `d

javmcpe]ra}a vdmavmla d javmcpe }e}pakqpa kahh'ckke 6223 1>+640

Rve~~dgdekd a mejjd}}dekd rcgcpa kah 6226 ===+4<6

Rve~~dgdekd a mejjd}}dekd rcgcpa kah 622= 6>+7>1

Rve~~dgdekd a mejjd}}dekd rcgcpa kah 6220 03+222

13=+>01 =07+46< =00+<31 31<+<00 =21+114

3(364= 3(3222 3(27=< 3(20<2 3(2677

1<2+214 =<6+737 =72+6>6 3>>+0>4 =30+26=

3+<3=+1=2

Dk`dmd D]PCP d vd~chqpczdeka

PEPCHA ME]PD VD^CHQPCPD

PEPCHA ]RA]A 6222*6220

Me}pd `d vdmavmc( `d

}~dhqrre a `d

rqffhmdpâ

Mekma}}dekd( hdmakza(

jcvmld a `dvdppd }djdhd

]ra}a `d rqffhdmdpâ a

rvercgck`c

]ra}a ndava( ~dcggd akehaggde

Rve~~dgdekd a

mejjd}}dekd

PEPCHA ME]PD

02



me}pd `d }pvqppqvc mla }d vdappeke dk qkc `djdkqzdeka àhhc mcrcmdpâ va``dpqcha mejrha}}d~c àh}eggappe mqd dh }agke jaà}dje evdgdkcvdcjakpa cflavd~c+

Dh ~cheva àd jcvmld mek h—crrhdmczdeka àh rva}akpa japeè }d eppdaka cppqchdzzckè d jcvgdkd

mejrha}}d~d rav`qpd rav qk ravdeè `d pajre asqd~chakpa ch ravdeè kama}}cvde ch vdrvd}pdke àhhc

}dpqczdeka( mcvcppavdzzcpc `chhc rvervdapâ àh faka rav}e+

Jape`dfc}cpd}qhva``dpe%rveppd

]d pvcppc `d jape`d fc}cpd }qd `dflavakzdchd `d rveppe eppakdfdhd mek h—cppd~dpâ djrdagckpa qk faka

dkpahhappqcha ,eggappe d }pdjc$ vd}rappe c` qkc cppd~dpâ asqd~chakpa mla qpdhdzzc qk faka dkpahhappqchackpavdeva e qkc cppd~dpâ asqd~chakpa }~ehpc }akzc h—qpdhdzze ah faka dkpahhappqcha ,eggappe d }pdjc$+ Dk

chpva rcveha a}}d rvd~dhagdcke ghd c}rappd amekejdme*va``dpqchd( mla a}rvdjeke hc mcrcmdpâ ah jcvmlde

`d dkqdva }qhhc va``dpd~dpâ czdak`cha+

Hc `dflavakzc mla }d rqö eppakava `ch fakamde `cpe `chh—qpdhdzze `d qk àpavjdkcpe }agke `d}pdkpd~e(

rdqppe}pe mla `c chpve( rqö mek}d}pava rav a}ajrde( `ch àhpc rvazze mla hc }emdapâ rqö ravjappav}d

`d rvcpdmcva vd}rappe cd }qed `dvappd mekmevvakpd+

Pcha ahpc rvazze ~daka `qksqa mehhagcpe dvappcjakpa ch ~cheva àh faka dkpckgdfdha mek}dàvcpe+

Re}}dcje vdc}}qjava me}è d ~ckpcggd eflavpd `c pchd jape`d?∖ ~akgeke dk`dflavakpajakpa qpdhdzzcpd kahh—ckchd}d àd fakd dkpckgdfdhd meja kahh—ckchd}d àd

fq}dka}} czdak`chd a kahha ~chqpczdekd àghd djjefdhd

∖ }eke d rdô vdgeve}d a d rdô mejrhapd }pvqjakpd `d ckchd}d mla qk—czdak`c cffdc c `d}re}dzdeka+

Dkncppd( h—a}ravpe ckchd}pc a~a rvakàva dk mek}dàvczdeka pqppa ha ~cvdcfdhd amekejdmla( pamkdmla

a mvdpdmla mla re}}eke dkqakzcva dh ~cheva àh faka `c ~chqpcva( a( }ervcppqppe( à~a vakàva

a}rhdmdpe a mldcve dh vdnavdjakpe a h—qpdhdzze `d pqppa sqa}pa ~cvdcfdhd+

Kcpqvchjakpa ckmla sqa}pd jape`d }eflveke àd hdjdpd mla re}}eke vdc}}qjav}d kahha `dmehpâ `d

dk`d~d`qcva qk rvema`djakpe e qk rveèppe mekmevvakpa c~akpa ha }pa}}a mcvcppavd}pdmla àh

rvema`djakpe e àh rveèppe c mqd }d vdnavd}ma dh faka dkpahhappqcha mek}dàvcpe kekmlä kah ncppe mla

chhc àkdzdeka àh `dflavakzdcha `d rveppe re}}eke mekpvdfqdva chpvd ncppevd kek kama}}cvdcjakpa

mehhagcpd ch faka `c ~chqpcva( meja dh hd~ahhe pamkehegdme àd rveèppd e }av~dzd eflavpd( hc ravnevjckma

àd rveèppd a h—c`cfdhdpâ àd }av~dzd( mdvme}pckza sqdk`d `dmdhjakpa ~chqpcfdhd dk }aà `d ckchd}d+

Dkehpva dh jcggdev rveppe rqö a}}ava rcvdjakpd àpavjdkcpe ckmla `c ncppd a}pvckad ch faka mek}d avcpe(

meja rav a}ajrde qk cqjakpe e qkc `djdkqzdeka àd rvazzd `d javmcpe àhha jcpavda rvdja+

Crrcvpakgeke c sqa}pc mcpagevdc? dh japeè àd `dflavakzdchd `d va``dpe e àd fakamd mek}agqdpd e

mek}agqdfdhd( a}rva}}d dk pavjdkd `d q}}d `dflavakzdchd `d va``dpe rveèppd `ch jcvmlde9 dh japeè àhha

03



hdmakza fc}cpe }qhhc dàkpdmczdeka àh q}}e àd va``dpd ravmardfdhd dk nqpqve kahh—drepa}d `dmekma}}deka dk hdmakzc c pavzd àh jcvmlde+

Dh japeè ad dflavakzdchd d va``dpe e ad fakamd mek}agqdpd e mek}agqdfdhd( a}rva}}d dk pavjdkd d q}}d

`dflavakzdchd `d va``dpe rveèppd `ch jcvmlde+

Pcha mvdpavde rva}qrreka ckzdpqppe hc àpavjdkczdeka àh mekpvdfqpe mla dh jcvmlde ì dk gvcè `d

crrevpcva chh—czdak`c( e jaghde chhc va``dpd~dpâ czdak`cha+

Dk rcvpdmehcva dh ~cheva àh q}}e va``dpqcha djrqpcfdha ch jcvmlde eggappe `—ckchd}d ~daka }pdjcpe

meja dflavakzc pvc dh q}}e d va``dpd mla qk rveèppe%javma epcpe ah }agke ì dk gvcè d vachdzzcvadk nqpqve a sqahhe paevdmcjakpa eppakdfdha `chhc mejjavmdchdzzczdeka àh jaà}dje rveèppe dk

c}}akzc ah jcvmlde e dk rva}akzc d qk }agke ‘kqe~d}}dje‚ }meke}mdqpe ch rqffhdme+

Ravpckpe dh rvema`djakpe d apavjdkczdeka ad va``dpd dflavakzdchd cppa}d }d cvpdmehavâ kad }agqakpd }par?

∖ }pdjc ahh—cjjekpcva ah va` dpe mla d rveèppd mekpvc}}agkcpd chhe }ramdme jcvmlde }eke dk

gvcè `d vachdzzcva dk mdc}mqk ravdeè mek}dàvcpe

∖ mchmehe àh va``dpe mla d ,jaà}djd$ rveèppd }eke dk gvcè `d vachdzzcva dk ~dc rva}qkpd~c( dk

mdc}mqk a}avmdzde eggappe —ckchd}d( sqchevc ~akd}}ave mejjavmdchdzzcpd }akzc he }ramdme jcvmlde

e mek qk jcvmlde kqe~e∖ mek}agqakpa cmmavpcjakpe àh `dflavakzdcha `d va``dpe cppa}e dk nqpqve `ch }agke d}pdkpd~e+

]d rvamd}c mla hc }q`àppc ~chqpczdeka rva}qrreka mla kek a}d}pc qk gcr }e}pckzdcha sqckpe ch pdre

`d jcvmlde pvc dh }agke ‘kqe~e‚ a sqahhe eggappe `d }pdjc+ @d mek}agqakzc( dh }agke }e}pdpqpe è~vâ

a}}ava ‘kqe~e‚ kah mc}e dk mqd d jcvmlde eggappe `d ~chqpczdeka }dc }pcpe `c reme dkpveèppe }qh

javmcpe e mejqksqa kek vd}qhpd càgqcpcjakpa meke}mdqpe `ch rqffhdme( jakpva è~vâ a}}ava

èpcpe d jcggdeva mcvcppavdzzczdeka a }pcfdha dk}a`dcjakpe }qh javmcpe( rqv vdjckakè ‘ckekdje‚(

kahh—drepa}d dk mqd dh jcvmlde eggappe `d }pdjc ge`c `d vdkejckzc+

Rcvdjakpd( `cpc hc kama}}dpâ `d mejrdava qk meknvekpe c rcvdpâ `d chpva mek`dzdekd( ckmla d fakd rvd~d

àh jcvmlde( e mek qk jcvmlde ‘kqe~e‚( a~eke kek }ehpckpe re}}aàva ha jaà}dja mcvcppavd}pdmla

a}papdmla( pamkdmla a sqchdpcpd~a àd fakd mekpvc}}agkcpd `ch }agke eggappe `d }pdjc( jc ckmla

q}qnvqdva àd jaà}djd mckchd rvejezdekchd a `d}pvdfqpd~d+

Dk chpva rcveha( h—qkdme ahajakpe ~cvdcfdha àhh—ckchd}d mejrcvcpd~c è~vaffa }e}pckzdcv}d kahhc

rva}akzc( e~~ave kahh—c}}akzc( àhhe }ramdme jcvmlde }qd rveèppd mejjavmdchdzzcpd+

Ch ka `d àpavjdkcva dk ~dc `d rva~d}deka dh ~cheva àh va``dpe `dflavakzdcha mla qk rveèppe

mekpvc}}agkcpe c qke }ramdme jcvmlde ì dk gvcè d vachdzzcva dk ravde`d nqpqvd( }eke }pcpa ahcfevcpa

àhha japeèhegda mla mavmldcje `d vdc}}qjava fva~ajakpa?

06



∖ dh japeè àd vd}qhpcpd }pevdmd mla pve~c nek`cjakpe kahhc mek~dkzdeka mla d q}}d mek}agqdpdkaghd a}avmdzd rc}}cpd( a~akpqchjakpa àrqvcpd `c vd}qhpcpd ammazdekchd e mejqksqa `dmdhjakpa

vdrapdfdhd( re}}cke mek fqekc rvefcfdhdpâ pve~cva meknavjc ckmla kad ravde`d nqpqvd+ Pcha japeè

lc dh ~ckpcggde d fc}cv}d }q }avda }pevdmla a sqdk`d d hdjdpcva d vd}mld d chacpevdapâ a` dkmekgvqdpâ(

`—chpve mckpe ravö( dkmekpvc dh hdjdpa `d qpdhdzzcva `cpd }pevdmd rav }pdjcva ~chevd nqpqvd

∖ dh japeè ahhc a}pvcrehczdeka ad cpd }pevdmd pve~c nek`cjakpe kahh—cmmqvcpc ckchd}d ad q}}d

`d va``dpe vachdzzcpd dk rc}}cpe( a ahha mdvme}pckza mla hd cffdcke àpavjdkcpd jc( c dflavakzc ah

rvamaàkpa( }d mcvcppavdzzc rav hc rvedazdeka `d pchd `cpd( mavpd a` efdappd~d( }qhh—evdzzekpa nqpqve+ Dk

chpva rcveha hc mcvcppavd}pdmc `d pcha mvdpavde vd}qhpc sqahhc( `c qkc rcvpa( `d qpdhdzzcva meja fc}a`—ckchd}d d vd}qhpcpd va``dpqchd }pevdmd( `chh—chpvc( `d }~dhqrrcva qk jeàhhe mla pakgc mekpe àhha

je`dmla dkpav~akqpa dk sqaghd ahajakpd mla cffdcke rdô `d chpvd dkqakzcpe dh vd}qhpcpe

amekejdme cppvdfqdfdha ch }agke `d}pdkpd~e

∖ dh japeè àd vd}qhpcpd rvegvcjjcpd }d fc}c dk~ama }qhh—qpdhdzze `d èmqjakpd nevjqhcpd

ravde`dmcjakpa `ch jckcgajakp àhh—czdak`c pdpehcva àh }agke `d}pdkpd~e( kchdzzcpd c

sqckpdmcva d q}}d va``dpqchd rdô e jake vachd}pdmcjakpa cppa}d rav dh rve}}dje nqpqve+

Dh japeè ahha hdmakza fc}cpe }qhhc dàkpdmczdeka ah q}}e ad va``dpd ravmardfdhd dk nqpqve kahh—drepa}d `d mekma}}deka dk hdmakzc c pavzd àh jcvmlde+

]d pvcppc d qk japeè d ~chqpczdeka ckmla appe ajrdvdme a( pvc ghd chpvd ì sqahhe mek}dàvcpe epcpe

`d qk jcggdev gvcè d cppdkakzc c cpd vachd}pdmd+ Dk }e}pckzc pcha japeè rcvpa chh—ckchd}d ad ncppqvcpd

}~dhqrrcpd `ch jcvmlde a( mek}dàvckè d va``dpd cppa}d nqpqvd( rav}agqa h—efdappd~e `d ~chqpcva dh jcvmlde

}qhhc fc}a ah ~cheva ah dvdppe a}mhq}d~e d qpdhdzze ah fvck` }pa}}e mla dh re}}a}}eva mekmaà c` qk

pavze+ H—cjjekpcva ckkqe àhha vetchpda} mevvd}rekà ch q}}e `c cppqchdzzcva rav qk ravdeè rcvd

chhc ~dpc va}d`qc }pdjcpc+

Hc rva~d}deka ad ncppqvcpd ì q}qchjakpa vdmc~cpc cd cpd czdak`chd me}pdpqdpd c ahcfevczdekd a ja`da

àhhc va}c amekejdmc }pevdmc àd rveèppd mekpvc``d}pdkpd `cd jcvmld+ Dk pch jeè }d lc qkc `dvappc

mevvahczdeka pvc hc mcrcmdpâ `d rve`qvva va``dpe mla dh jcvmlde lc mekmvapcjakpa `dje}pvcpe kah

rc}}cpe a hc repakzdchdpâ va``dpqcha àhhe }pa}}e rav dh nqpqve+

Kahhc rvcpdmc emmevva mek}dàvcva mla rdô ncppevd re}}eke dkqakzcva dh meknvekpe pvc fakd dkpahhappqchd

,a `d mek}agqakzc dh rveppe eppakdfdha `c pvck}czdekd$( dk rcvpdmehcva( dh ~cheva `d qkc }emdapâ kah }qe

mejrha}}e `d fakd pckgdfdhd a` dkpckgdfdhd `drakà ckmla `ch }appeva dk mqd eravc hc }emdapâ }pa}}c+ Dk

pch }ak}e( ha pvck}czdekd mla re}}eke a}}ava ~avcjakpa qpdhd meja vdnavdjakpe rav apavjdkcva dh ~cheva

`d qk faka à~eke rvanavdfdhjakpa c~~akdva kahhe }pa}}e }appeva `d cppd~dpâ+

0=



Rav h—crrhdmczdeka àh japeè dk sqa}pdeka }d vdmldaà hc àpavjdkczdeka àhha }agqakpd gvckàzza?`qvcpc cppa}c ah jcvmlde? pcha gvckàzzc ì vcrrva}akpcpc ch kqjave d ckkd rav d sqchd e~vâ a}}ava

mek}dàvcpc hc }avda `d va``dpd nqpqvd ,~dpc va}d`qc àh jcvmlde$+ Pcha cppdpq`dka ì dkqakzcpc `c

kqjave}a ~cvdcfdhd sqchd h—akpdpâ a h—amcmdc àghd dk~a}pdjakpd rqffhdmdpcvd a àghd dk~a}pdjakpd ~ehpd

c ~chevdzzcva h'djjcgdka àhh'czdak`c a àd rveèppd qpdhdzzcpd kah rc}}cpe( dh gdq`dzde àh rqffhdme `d

vdnavdjakpe a ha rve}rappd~a `d a~ehqzdeka àh javmcpe+ Gakavchjakpa }d rqö vdpakava mla jcvmld

`d}mvapcjakpa mek}ehd`cpd rva}akpdke qk—c}rappcpd~c `d mekpdkqdpâ kek dknavdeva c 1 ckkd a kek

}qravdeva cd 31 ckkd

ncppqvcpe cppa}e? ~cha c `dva dh vdmc~e pepcha eppakqpe `chhc ~ak`dpc àd rveèppd mekpvc``d}pdkpd `c

mdc}mqk jcvmlde }pdjcpe rav mdc}mqke àghd ckkd mla ka mejrekgeke hc ~dpc va}d`qc

dh meamdakpa a}rva}}d~e ahha vetchpda}? sqa}pc ì hc ~cvdcfdha mla( dk rva}akzc d qk kqjave d pvck}czdekd

}qmdakpajakpa vcrrva}akpcpd~a( ~daka a}qkpc ch javmcpe ah }appeva ravpdkakpa+ D meamdakpd d

vetchpt }eke `d kevjc rcvcjapvcpd }qd vdmc~d `d ~ak`dpc àd rveèppd mekpvc``d}pdkpd `ch faka

djjcpavdcha( }pdjcpd rav mdc}mqke àghd ckkd `d ~dpc va}d`qc àh faka djjcpavdcha+ Vcrrva}akpcke dh

mevvd}rappd~e mla }cvaffa `d}re}pe c rcgcva qk repakzdcha mekpvcakpa rav eppakava dh jcvmlde dkhdmakzc+ Ravmlä d pc}}d `d vetchpda} }dcke ~chqpcpd a` crrhdmcpd dk jeè efdappd~e ch pdpehe eggappe `d

}pdjc( ì kama}}cvdc( ehpva mla h—ejegakadpâ àh }appeva( ckmla dh meknvekpe àhha sqepa `d javmcpe

emmqrcpa `cd jcvmld( àh hd~ahhe `d naàhpâ gakavcpe kah mek}qjcpeva( àhhc mcrcmdpâ àh jcvmlde `d

dkmvajakpcva dh jcvgdka `d va``dpd~dpâ àh rveèppe( àh hd~ahhe `d djdpcfdhdpâ djrhdmdpe kad fakd

mekpvc``d}pdkpd `cd jcvmld }pa}}d( àhhc rva`d}re}dzdeka àd jcvmld c` a}}ava qpdhdzzcpd ckmla rav

mekpvc``d}pdkgqava rveèppd a }av~dzd }qmma`ckad e mehhcpavchd

pc}}e `d cppqchdzzczdeka a ncppevd `d vd}mlde? pchd rcvcjapvd mejrvakèke vd}rappd~cjakpa dh gvcè `d

vd}mlde c}}emdcfdha cd vd}qhpcpd cppa}d kekmlä dh meamdakpa ghefcha `d vd}mlde `drakàkpa `c cgakpd

akègakd a` a}egakd+ Dh rvdje rcvcjapve ~daka sqckpdmcpe }qhhc fc}a }dc àh pc}}e `d dkczdeka

rvegvcjjcpc c ja`de*hqkge pavjdka }dc àh pc}}e `d vak`djakpe ja`de àd pdpehd `d }pcpe c ja`de*

hqkge pavjdka+

Sqckpe ch meamdakpa ghefcha d vd}mlde( a}}e rqö drakàva c d~av}d ncppevd d vd}mlde mla ì re}}dfdha

vdc}}qjava kahha ~emd `d }agqdpe vdrevpcpa?

pvc}navdfdhdpâ? ~chqpczdeka àhhc re}}dfdhdpâ `d pvc}navdva cqpekejcjakpa d jcvmld `—czdak`c e `d

rveèppe

00



hdsqd`cfdhdpâ? Ì `c dkpakàv}d meja rverak}deka àh faka c` a}}ava mek~avpdpe dk jekapc dk pajrdvcgdeka~ehjakpa fva~d }akzc mla dh vahcpd~e ~cheva ~akgc }e}pckzdchjakpa amqvpcpe+ Pcha rverak}deka

ì( dk gakava( kepa~ehjakpa rdô chpc kad fakd jcpavdchd vd}rappe cd fakd djjcpavdchd a` ì mavpcjakpa rdô

aha~cpc rav jcvmld dh mqd q}e ì `d}}emdcpe a` dk`drakàkpa `ch jcvmlde àhh—Czdak`c `d evdgdka

mekpdkgakzc a}pavkc? Ì `c dkpakàv}d meja }ak}dfdhdpâ àd fakd c}}emdcpd ch jcvmlde( cghd a~akpd

amekejdmd gakavchd a}pavkd }nc~eva~ehd+ Hc ~chqpczdeka rqö `drakàva ch pdre d fakd mekpvc``d}pdkpd

`ch jcvmlde ,~ehqppqcvd mavpcjakpa rdô }ak}dfdhd ch vd}mlde d qkc mekpdkgakzc a}pavkc }nc~eva~eha( d

rvdjc kama}}dpâ( `d hq}}e$

mekpdkgakzc dkpavkc? ì c dkpakàv}d meja }q}mappdfdhdpâ ah jcvmlde c }qfdva ha ~dmakà amekejdmla

a kckzdcvda mla re}}eke dk~a}pdva h—czdak`c

re}dzdeka `d javmcpe? ì `c dkpakàv}d meja hc repakzdchdpâ àh pdpehcva àh jcvmlde c` dkqakzcva

h—evdakpcjakpe àh javmcpe àh }appeva `d vdnavdjakpe dk ~dvpô àhhc re}dzdeka }pvcpagdmc àpakqpc

~av}cpdhdpâ àd jcvmld? mek}d}pa kahhc re}}dfdhdpâ rav h—djrva}c mla hd àpdaka `d cjrhdcva hc gcjjc `drveèppd a%e }av~dzd mekpvc``d}pdkpd cd jcvmld( ekà fakamdcva àhhc ‘vdmc`qpc‚ ahhc kepevdapâ àghd

}pa}}d dk `d~av}d }appevd amekejdmd+

Ravpckpe( rva~dc ~chqpczdeka àd ncppevd `d vd}mlde }ervc ahakmcpd ì re}}dfdha vdmc~cva qk meamdakpa

ghefcha `d vd}mlde mla me}pdpqd}ma qk ~chdè dk`dmcpeva àhh—cppdpq`dka ghefcha àh jcvmlde c rve`qvva

fakamd amekejdmd dk rva}akzc àd ~cvd ncppevd `d vd}mlde hagcpd dk rvdje hqege chh—czdak`c a` dk

}amekè hqege chhc pdrehegdc àd }dkgehd rveèppd mekpvc``d}pdkpd+

Dh ~cheva àd jcvmld }pdjcpd mek dh rva}akpa japeè }cvâ `cpe `ch rveèppe pvc d ncppqvcpd cppa}d rav ghd

a}avmdzd nqpqvd a dh meamdakpa `d vetchpda}( ~cheva mla è~vâ a}}ava cppqchdzzcpe kekmlä rcvcjapvcpe

ch meamdakpa ghefcha `d vd}mlde+

0+6+3 Meja evdakpcv}d mek d jape`d `d ~chqpczdeka

Emmevva rvajappava mla hc }pdjc àh jcvmlde vcrrva}akpc qk eravczdeka rcvpdmehcvjakpa

mejrhdmcpc dk sqckpe( c `dflavakzc àghd chpvd fakd djjcpavdchd ,sqchd d fva~appd e ha pamkehegda dh mqd

~cheva ì sqckpdmcfdha mek h—djrdage `d jape`d fc}cpd }q rva}pczdekd a vd}qhpcpd mekmvapd$( dh ~cheva `d

01



qk jcvmlde rqö a}}ava dkqakzcpe `c ~chqpczdekd mla dk~a}peke h—c}rappe a}papdme kekmlä hc nevzccppvcppd~c a}avmdpcpc ch jcvmlde }qh rqffhdme+

D `d~av}d jape`d `d ~chqpczdeka c `d}re}dzdeka `d mqd }d ì cjrdcjakpa pvcppcpe }ervc ravjappeke

`d aflappqcva rdô pdrd `d ~chqpczdeka `d qk faka dkpckgdfdha eppakakè vd}qhpcpd kek }ajrva chhdkacpd(

vd}qhpcpd mla ravö re}}eke a}}ava meknvekpcpd pvc heve+

]d cmsqd}d}ma dk pch jeè qkc ~d}deka rdô crrvenek`dpc àh ~cheva mek}dàvcpe( chpvdjakpd kek

eppakdfdha mek h—djrdage `d qk }ehe japeè+ Dkncppd( ckmla }a d vd}qhpcpd eppakqpd }eke `dflavakpd( a}}d

mek}akpeke `d c~ava qkc ~d}deka rdô mejrhapc àd ~chevd mldc~a mla mvacke dh ~cheva àh faka

mek}dàvcpe a revpcke sqdk`d c amdàva dk jckdavc rdô eggappd~c d ra}d `c cppvdfqdva cd jape`d q}cpda ha je`dmla a~akpqchd `c crrevpcva cd vd}qhpcpd dk jeè `c eppakava ~chevd kchd rdô vachd}pdmd+

Dk hdkac `d rvdkmdrde kek a}d}peke hdkaa gqd`c rav hc }mahpc àh japeè `d ~chqpczdeka rdô c`cppe

dk qkc apavjdkcpc mdvme}pckzc+ Dk egkd mc}e ì }ajrva qpdha a}cjdkcva chmqkd rva}qrre}pd djrevpckpd

rvdjc `d }maghdava dh japeè e d jape`d rdô c`cppd+

Dk rcvpdmehcva emmevva a}cjdkcva?

c+ Hcpdrehegdcàhfakadkpckgdfdha c~chqpcvaa`dhmekpa}pedk`q}pvdchakahsqchaa}}e~daka

djrdagcpeerepvâ~akdpadjrdagcpe+

Ì errevpqke ~avdmcva }a h—dk`q}pvdc mla crrhdmc dh faka dk a}cja re}}daà gdâ qkc a}ravdakzc kah}appeva pamkehegdme mek}dàvcpe a qpdhdzzc gdâ ahha pamkdmla ~chqpcpd~a ravpdkakpd( ckmla }a `d pdre

ajrdvdme( dk jeè `c repav vdmejrvakàva pchd pamkdmla dk qkc ckchd}d ~chqpcpd~c rdô àppcghdcpc

a mejrhapc+ Ì }ajrva errevpqke rcvpdva `chh—a}ravdakzc rvagva}}c àhh—czdak`c dk vahczdeka ch

faka dkpckgdfdha( dk sqckpe fc}cpc }ra}}e }q qkc a}ravdakzc }pevdmc mek}ehd`cpc kah }appeva

}ramdme dk mqd ~daka qpdhdzzcpe dh faka dkpckgdfdha+

f+ Hcsqckpdpâahcmejrhapazzcàd`cpdc`d}re}dzdekaàhh—a}ravpe`d~chqpczdekd+

Hc sqckpdpâ a hc mejrhapazzc ad `cpd c d}re}dzdeka vcrrva}akpcke dh ncppeva apavjdkckpa rav hc

}mahpc àh japeè ~chqpcpd~e rdô errevpqke+ A dkqpdha ~ehava cèppcva qk japeè fc}cpe }qh

javmcpe }a pchd `cpd kek re}}eke a}}ava varavdpd dk jckdavc a sqckpdpâ càgqcpc+ D `cpd a ha

dknevjczdekd d rcvpakzc d qkc ~chqpczdeka vcrrva}akpcke dk aflappd hc fc}a nek`cjakpcha }q mqd

~daka me}pvqdpc hc ~chqpczdeka( a sqdk`d }eke ghd ahajakpd mla rcvdjakpd }qrrevpcke a meknavjcke

d vd}qhpcpd eppakqpd a hc ~chd`dpâ àh japeè q}cpe+

m+ Hc`d}rekdfdhdpâ`d`cpdadknevjczdekd`dpvck}czdekdpvcpavzd`dfakdasqd~chakpdcsqahhe

a}cjdkcpe+

Dh rva}qrre}pe ~cha rva~chakpajakpa rav d jape`d fc}cpd }qd `cpd `d javmcpe( meja rav a}ajrde

dh japeè àhha vetchpda} asqd~chakpd+

Kahhc rvcpdmc mevvakpa ~daka djrdagcpe rdô `d qk japeè `d ~chqpczdeka dk jeè pcha `c repav

0>



meknvekpcva d vd}qhpcpd eppakqpd a}rvdjakè me}è qk gdq`dzde mdvmc hc mekgvqdpâ àh ~cheva kcha `cdk}avdva kah vcrrevpe mekmhq}d~e+

Ì a~dàkpa mla rav qk japeè fc}cpe }qd rveppd h—djrevpckzc `c cppvdfqdva ch japeè `drakà

jehpe `chh—a}d}pakzc a `ch àppcghde `d qk rdcke `d }~dhqrre `d qk mavpe rvema`djakpe e `d qk mavpe

rveèppe dkpava}}cpe ch faka dkpckgdfdha c ~chqpcva a kcpqvchjakpa chh—a}ravdakzc ahh—czdak`c

kah }appeva mek}dàvcpe+

Dkehpva( dh ra}e `d qk japeè fc}cpe }qd rveppd cqjakpc dk rverevzdeka chh—dkke~cpd~dpâ `d qk faka

dkpckgdfdha+

Dk gakava( d jape`d fc}cpd }qd cpd d javmcpe }eke rcvpdmehcvjakpa c`cppd rav hc ~chqpczdeka d fakddkpckgdfdhd qpdhdzzcpd `c ~cvd ckkd( meja rav a}ajrde qkc pamkehegdc jcpqvc( dk sqckpe ì rdô

rvefcfdha dk sqa}pe mc}e varavdva }qh javmcpe `cpd a dknevjczdekd vahcpd~d c pvck}czdekd `d fakd

meknvekpcfdhd mek dh faka `c a}cjdkcva+

@d~av}cjakpa d jape`d fc}cpd }qd me}pd vd}qhpcke jaghde qpdhdzzcfdhd sqckè dh faka dkpckgdfdha ì }pcpe

}~dhqrrcpe `d vamakpa a sqckè dh à}pdkcpcvde àhhc ~chqpczdeka ì he }pa}}e pdpehcva àh faka+

H—crrhdmczdeka d jape`d fc}cpd }qd me}pd vd}rappe c sqahhd fc}cpd }qd rveppd crrcva dkehpva rvanavdfdha sqckè

eggappe d ~chqpczdeka }dcke ad jcvmld crrcvpakakpd c }emdapâ dk hdsqd`czdeka( dk sqckpe dk pchd mc}d ì rdô`dmdha dh meknvekpe mek czdakà mla }d pve~cke dk }dpqczdekd }djdhd+ Dk pchd mc}d emmevvavaffa dkncppd nevjqhcva

q}}d `d mc}}c e `d va``dpe rvedappcpd ch nqpqve a( `cpa ha mdvme}pckza( }eke a~dàkpd ha `dmehpâ eravcpd~a+

0+= D}mvdzdeka c fdhckmde àh jcvmlde `—djrva}c

H—ev`dkcjakpe gdqvd`dme kek }pcfdhd}ma àd mvdpavd }ramdmd rav d jcvmld `—djrva}c( ravpckpe }eke

crrhdmcfdhd cd jcvmld( rav ~dc ckchegdmc( d rvdkmdrd ahcfevcpd `ch hagd}hcpeva mek vdnavdjakpe chha

japeèhegda `—d}mvdzdeka c fdhckmde àhha djjefdhdzzczdekd djjcpavdchd+

Hc d}mdrhdkc dpchdckc ah fdhckmde md~dhd}pdme —djrva}c rva~aà mla dh jcvmlde ~akgc mekpcfdhdzzcpe

kahh—cppd~e `d fdhckmde pvc ha djjefdhdzzczdekd djjcpavdchd dk hdkac `d rvdkmdrde ch me}pe }pevdme+

Ha djjefdhdzzczdekd djjcpavdchd re}}eke a}}ava d}mvdppa kahh—cppd~e rcpvdjekdcha }ehe kahhc jd}qvc

dk mqd cflavd}mcke c me}pd aflappd~cjakpa }e}pakqpd chh—djrva}c a mla drckdke hc heve qpdhdpâ amekejdmc

}q qk evdzzekpa pajrevcha rdô e jake a}pa}e+

Ì mejqksqa errevpqke rvamd}cva mla hc mcrdpchdzzczdeka àd me}pd cflavakpd qk }agke `d}pdkpd~e

rqö a}}ava aflappqcpc c mek`dzdeka mla sqa}p—qhpdje re}}da`c pqppd d vasqd}dpd rva~d}pd `chhc Hagga cd

kd àhhc }qc pqpahcfdhdpâ gdqvd`dmc+

07



@d ncppe }ajfvavaffa c}pvcppcjakpa re}}dfdha d}mvd~ava dk fdhckmde kek }ehe d jcvmld ~chd`cjakpavagd}pvcpd jc ckmla d }agkd kek vagd}pvcpd e kek ckmevc eggappe d vagd}pvczdeka( mla pqppc~dc vd}qhpcke

dk egkd mc}e rvepaggdfdhd dk ~dvpô ah mdpcpe ‘`dvdppe `d rvaq}e‚ a c rcppe mla re}}aggc ‘qk aflappd~e vqehe

`d}pdkpd~e‚ +

Kek jckmcke c pcha rvere}dpe aghd evdakpcjakpd mekpvcvd chh—d}mvdzdeka dk fdhckmde àh jcvmlde ‘`d

ncppe‚ ( fc}cpd a}}akzdchjakpa }qhhc kama}}dpâ `d càvdva ch me}d`àppe ‘rvdkmdrde àhhc rvqàkzc‚ dk

sqckpe dh gvcè `d rvepazdeka gcvckpdpe `chh—ev`dkcjakpe gdqvd`dme c` qk jcvmlde vagd}pvcpe ì( rav

nevzc `d me}a( rdô aha~cpe `d sqahhe cmmev`cpe `ch }ehe cvp+ 6173 M+M+ cd }agkd kek vagd}pvcpd( }qhhc fc}a

àh sqcha ‘+++mld lc ncppe q}e d qk jcvmlde kek vagd}pvcpe lc hc ncmehpâ d mekpdkqcva c` q}cvhe( keke}pckpahc vagd}pvczdeka `c chpvd eppakqpc( kad hdjdpd dk mqd ckpavdevjakpa }a ka ì ~ch}e‚ +

Sqckpe chha mek`dzdekd `d d}mvdzdeka( h—cvp+ 606> M+M+ rva~aà mla ‘ha djjefdhdzzczdekd }eke d}mvdppa

ch me}pe d cmsqd}pe e d rve`qzdeka+ Kah me}pe d cmsqd}pe }d mejrqpcke ckmla d me}pd cmma}}evd+ Dh me}pe d

rve`qzdeka mejrvakà pqppd d me}pd dvappcjakpa djrqpcfdhd ch rveèppe+ Rqö mejrvakàva ckmla chpvd me}pd

vahcpd~d ch ravdeè `d ncffvdmczdeka a ke ch jejakpe dk mqd dh faka rqö a}}ava qpdhdzzcpe9 re}}eke a}}ava

cggdqkpd ghd ekavd vahcpd~d ch kckzdcjakpe ahhc ncffvdmczdeka dkpavkc e rva}}e pavzd‚+

Sqckè }d rcvhc `d d}mvdzdeka c fdhckmde `d qk jcvmlde emmevva mejrdava àd `d}pdkgqe c }amek`c

mla dh faka jcvmlde }dc }pcpe cmsqd}pcpe `chh—a}pavke( rveèppe dkpavkcjakpa e dkka cmsqd}pcpe cpdpehe gvcpqdpe+

H—czdak`c kek rqö d}mvd~ava dh jcvmlde dk fdhckmde }a cmsqd}pc qk jcvmlde }akzc rcgcva qk

mevvd}rappd~e }ramdme( errqva }a kek rcpvdjekdchdzzc hc }avda d me}pd }e}pakqpd rav hc }qc mvaczdeka+

]d rvamd}c mla dh rvdkmdrde d}re}pe dk sqa}pe rqkpe chh—Edm k+ 60( e}}dc hc kek c}mvd~dfdhdpâ c fdhckmde

`d qk }agke `d}pdkpd~e cmsqd}dpe c pdpehe gvcpqdpe( ì }pcpe eggappe `d mvdpdmla a` dkmavpazza dk sqckpe

djra`dvaffa d vcrrva}akpcva dk jckdavc ~avdpdavc hc }dpqczdeka rcpvdjekdcha ahh—czdak`c( re}pe mla

dh }agke gakavc mejqksqa qk fakamde chh—czdak`c+

Ravpckpe kek }eke jckmcpd evdakpcjakpd dk fc}a cd sqchd }d ì }e}pakqpe mla dh }agke affc a}}ava

d}mvdppe dk fdhckmde ch }qe vacha ~cheva amekejdme( dk`d~d`qcpe dk crrhdmczdeka ad mvdpavd d ~chqpczdeka

àhhe }pa}}e+

Kad mc}d d cmsqd}dzdeka d qk jcvmlde dk mek}agqakzc ahh—cmsqd}dzdeka d qk—czdak`c repvaffave

~avdmcv}d `qa }dpqczdekd?

3+h—czdak`c vdha~cpc repvaffa gdâ rva}akpcva dh jcvmlde kahh—cppd~e àh }qe }pcpe rcpvdjekdcha9

6+ dk mc}e kagcpd~e( repvaffa a}}ava }pcfdhdpe kah mekpvcppe d ma}}deka hc rcvpa ahh— c~~dcjakpe mla

}d dàkpdmc kah jcvmlde sqdk`d }cvaffa dk pch jeè akdpe dh vahcpd~e mevvd}rappd~e aflappd~cjakpa

rcgcpe+

0<



H—cmsqdvakpa repvaffa d}mvd~ava dh jcvmlde dk fdhckmde ch me}pe aflappd~cjakpa }e}pakqpe ravh—cmsqd}pe àhhe }pa}}e dk akpvcjfd d mc}d+

]a qk—djrva}c vdha~c qk—czdak`c dk mqd dh jcvmlde kek lc qk rvervde re}pe dk fdhckmde rqv

vd~a}pakè qk vqehe djrevpckpa( e kek ì }pcpe }pcfdhdpe dh ~cheva aflappd~e chh—dkpavke àh mekpvcppe `d

ma}}deka( h—d}mvdzdeka dk fdhckmde kek rqö c~~akdva dk fc}a ch me}pe+

Dk gakavcha kah mc}e dk mqd qk jcvmlde }dc }pcpe cmsqd}dpe `chh—a}pavke( ghd ahajakpd `d me}pe `c

mek}dàvcva cd kd àhhc àpavjdkczdeka àh ~cheva `d d}mvdzdeka c fdhckmde( mejrvakèke ehpva ch me}pe

`d cmsqd}pe ~ave a rvervde( ckmla d me}d`àppd ‘ekavd cmma}}evd‚( e}}dc sqaghd qhpavdevd me}pd mla h—djrva}c

à~a }e}pakava ckmlä h—djjefdhdzzczdeka re}}c a}}ava qpdhdzzcpc a mla }eke mehhagcpd mek dh faka cqk ka}}e `d mek}asqakzdchdpâ+

Pvc ghd ekavd cmma}}evd mla ~akgeke mejqkajakpa mek}dàvcpd( vdakpvcke ha }ra}a `d mek}qhakzc

hagcha( kckzdcvdc a `d jcviapdkg( ha }ra}a kepcvdhd( sqahha `d vagd}pvczdeka+

]a d~av}cjakpa dh jcvmlde ~akgc vachdzzcpe dkpavkcjakpa chh—djrva}c( chhevc hc kezdeka d ‘me}pe

`d rve`qzdeka‚ à~a mejrvakàva pqppd d me}pd djrqpcfdhd `dvappcjakpa ch faka+

Dk pch mc}e repvckke a}}ava djrqpcpd ch jcvmlde( meja vdakpvckpd kah mekmappe `d me}pd `d

rve`qzdeka( ckmla ghd ekavd `d dk`dvappc djrqpczdeka mla }d dàkpdmcke }e}pckzdchjakpa mek d me}pd

gakavchd `d rve`qzdeka a` dk rcvpdmehcva?∖ me}pd sqchd sqahhd ahh—a}ravpe mvacpd~e a rqffhdmdpcvde }e}pakqpd rav hc mvaczdeka ah }agke( me}pe

àhha dk`cgdkd `d javmcpe9 me}pd rav h—cmmavpcjakpe àhhc ke~dpâ àh jcvmlde a ravpckpe àhhc }qc

qpdhdzzcfdhdpâ( kekmlä( sqahhd dkavakpd ch àre}dpe a` chhc vagd}pvczdeka àh jcvmlde

∖ ha sqepa `d cjjevpcjakpe àd fakd djjefdhd( àghd djrdckpd a àd jcmmldkcvd a~akpqchjakpa

qpdhdzzcpd rav hc rve`qzdeka àh }agke( kahhc jd}qvc dk mqd vd}qhpdke aflappd~cjakpa djrdagcpd dk pcha

cppd~dpâ

∖ jcpavdchd d mek}qje

∖ jckqpakzdekd a vdrcvczdekd

∖ me}pd c djrqpcva dk`dvappcjakpa( e~~ave( sqad me}pd mla re}}eke a}}ava mcrdpchdzzcpd dk sqckpe

vdnavdfdhd ch jcvmlde+

Dkehpva vd}qhpc re}}dfdha rcpvdjekdchdzzcva ckmla ghd ekavd vahcpd~d cd kckzdcjakpd mekpvcppd

`chh—djrvak`dpeva rav hc ncffvdmczdeka d qk jcvmlde e djjefdhdzzczdeka djjcpavdcha dk gakavcha+ Dk

rcvpdmehcva hc mcrdpchdzzczdeka }d vdnavd}ma cghd dkpava}}d }e}pakqpd rav d mcrdpchd rva}d c rva}pdpe rav

h—cmsqd}dzdeka àhh—djjefdhdzzczdeka e mejqksqa rav cppd~dpâ mla cflavd}meke `dvappcjakpa chhc

vachdzzczdeka àh faka+

04



Dk egkd jeè }d rvamd}c mla kah mc}e `d rve`qzdeka dkpavkc( d me}pd d}mvd~dfdhd kek à~eke a}}avameknq}d mek sqahhd }e}pakqpd rav hc vdmavmc a }~dhqrre àh rveèppe( kä mek sqahhd }e}pakqpd rav

h—c~~dcjakpe àhhc rve`qzdeka( a kackmla( mek sqahhd }e}pakqpd rav h— a~akpqcha mcjrcgkc

rvejezdekcha rav dh hckmde àh kqe~e }agke }qh javmcpe+

Kek ì re}}dfdha d}mvd~ava dh jcvmlde dk fdhckmde }a h—czdak`c mla he lc mvacpe ch rvervde dkpavke kek

lc rcpvdjekdchdzzcpe `d ~ehpc dk ~ehpc d me}pd }e}pakqpd rav hc }qc mvaczdeka jc hd lc djrqpcpd c Mekpe

Amekejdme kahh—a}avmdzde dk mqd }eke }pcpd }e}pakqpd+

Ì errevpqke dk sqa}pc }aà mek}dàvcva ha mvdpdmla mla }eke }pcpa je}}a ~av}e h—crrhdmczdeka àh

mvdpavde ah me}pe rav h—d}mvdzdeka c fdhckmde ah faka jcvmlde( fc}cpa a}}akzdchjakpa }qhhc }mcv}c mcrcmdpâàh ~cheva mekpcfdha d vcrrva}akpcva efdappd~cjakpa dh vacha ~cheva amekejdme ah jcvmlde }pa}}e+

Rdô rvamd}cjakpa( vd}qhpc rcmdme meja qk }d}pajc mekpcfdha nek`cpe a}mhq}d~cjakpa }qd me}pd

evdgdkcvd( `dvappd a` dk`dvappd( aflappd~cjakpa }e}pakqpd rav cmsqd}dva hc `d}rekdfdhdpâ àh faka kek

mek}akpc c}}ehqpcjakpa `d `cva mejrdqpc vcrrva}akpczdeka dk fdhckmde àhha ~cvdczdekd `d ~cheva(

}ra}}e `d vdha~ckpa dkpak}dpâ( meke}mdqpa `ch }agke `d}pdkpd~e kah mev}e àh pajre+

Hc d}mvarckzc pvc ~cheva mekpcfdha a vacha ~cheva amekejdme vd}qhpc jc}}djcjakpa a~dàkpa kah

mc}e d qk }agke d}pdkpd~e me}pvqdpe chh—djrva}c a| ke~e+

Mdö kek pckpe c mcq}c àhh—a}dgqdpâ dkdzdcha àd ~chevd d}mvdppd dk fdhckmde ,gakavchjakpa hdjdpcpd(meja cffdcje ~d}pe( cd }ehd me}pd rav hc vagd}pvczdeka àh }agke a rav mek}qhakza ~cvda$( a mla ckzd

repvaffave dv}d mekgvqd `cpe mla dh ~cheva amekejdme ‘dkdzdcha‚ d qk jcvmlde me}pvqdpe ch kqhhc fak

`dmdhjakpa repvaffa vcggdqkgava hd~ahhd aha~cpd( sqckpe rdqppe}pe rav h—djre}}dfdhdpâ `d dkmvajakpcva

sqa}pd djrevpd vdèppd pvcjdpa h—a~dàkzdczdeka dk fdhckmde àd }qmma}}d~d( rvefcfdhd a rvefcfdhjakpa

mek}d}pakpd dkmvajakpd `d ~cheva vachdzzcpd kah mev}e àh pajre( mek}agqakpd chhc rvegva}}d~c

cflavjczdeka àh }agke rva}}e dh rqffhdme+

Kah mc}e dk~ama `d cmsqd}pe chh—a}pavke `d qk jcvmlde rvaa}d}pakpa( a sqdk`d rvefcfdhjakpa gdâ

‘kepe‚ rva}}e dh rqffhdme( dh ~cheva `d rvdjc d}mvdzdeka kah fdhckmde àhh—cmsqdvakpa( medkmdàkpa mek dh

rvazze rcppqdpe `cd mekpvcakpd( rcva dk gvcè `d vcrrva}akpcva dh ~cheva amekejdme àh }agke ch

jejakpe àhhc pvck}czdeka jc( ch rcvd `d sqckpe }ervc( dh nqkzdekcjakpe àh }d}pajc mekpcfdha

djra`d}ma red d cva a~dàkzc dk fdhckmde ahha ~cvdczdekd d ~cheva meke}mdqpa ch }agke kad jejakpd

}qmma}}d~d c sqahhe `d rvdjc d}mvdzdeka+

Dkehpva hc jckmckzc d mevvd}rekàkzc pvc ~cheva —d}mvdzdeka dk fdhckmde a vacha ~cheva amekejdme

`d qk jcvmlde }d rcha}c qhpavdevjakpa kah rvema}}e d cjjevpcjakpe ah faka jaà}dje( dk sqckpe

c mejrhapcjakpe àh rvema}}e dh faka è~vâ cqpejcpdmcjakpa }mejrcvdva `ch fdhckmde( mek hc

mek}agqakzc mla keke}pckpa h—a}d}pakzc d qk faka czdak`cha mla crrevpc àd ~ckpcggd mejrapdpd~d

aflappd~d( he }pa}}e vd}qhpc àh pqppe dk~d}dfdha }qh rdcke mekpcfdha+

12



Rav ha }q a}re}pa vcgdekd ì mva}mdqpc hc pakàkzc c` dk}avdva }qhhc mekpcfdhdpâ a }qd `d~av}d fdhckmdev`dkcvd a }pvcev`dkcvd dh ~cheva àh jcvmlde dk jeè `d~av}e `ch }qe me}pe }pevdme( me}è `c mek}akpdva

hc vcrrva}akpczdeka ‘dk jeè ~avdpdave a mevvappe‚ àhhc }dpqczdeka rcpvdjekdcha a kckzdcvdc àhhc

}emdapâ+

Sqa}pe mcjjdke chhc mekpcfdhdzzczdeka ah }agke }d mekmhqà dk Dpchdc mek h—cèzdeka ahhe DC] =<+

Hc ~av}deka cppqcha àhhe DC] =< ,Dkpavkcpdekch Cmmeqkpdkg ]pck`cv`}$ ì }pcpc cèppcpc mek dh

vagehcjakpe àhhc Mejjd}}deka MA 66=>%6220 rav `d}mdrhdkcva ha cppd~dpâ djjcpavdchd +

A}}e dkpve`qma ckzdpqppe dh rvdkmdrde }amekè mqd dh ‘ncdv ~chqa ,~cheva asqe$ `d qk—cppd~dpâ ì dh

mevvd}rappd~e ch sqcha a}}e à~a a}}ava }mcjfdcpe dk qkc hdfavc pvck}czdeka nvc rcvpd mek}cra~ehd a`d}rekdfdhd‚ +

Pqppc~dc d rvdkmdrd àhhe DC] `dmldcvcke a}rva}}cjakpa kek crrhdmcfdha dh mvdpavde àh ‘ncdv ~chqa‚ ch

jcvmlde `—djrva}c c mcq}c àhh—dka}d}pakzc `d javmcpd `d vdnavdjakpe rav jcvmld fva~appd a àhhc

`dmehpâ `d ejehegcva a }pck`cv`dzzcva ha vahcpd~a pvck}czdekd+

Dk mek}dàvczdeka àhha d}pckza }ervc a}re}pa }qhhc re}}dfdha dkcàgqcpazzc `d qkc je`chdpâ `d

d}mvdzdeka d qk jcvmlde ch me}pe( he DC] =< rqv }pcfdhakè( dk jeè rva}}emlä }ramqhcva chhc d}mdrhdkc

dpchdckc( h—effhdge `d a}revva dk fdhckmde pcha cppd~dpâ ch me}pe evdgdkcvde( ch kappe `d cjjevpcjakpd a

rav`dpa( a}}e dkpve`qma qk pvcppcjakpe mekpcfdha chpavkcpd~e+]d pvcppc àh ‘Jeàhhe àhhc vdàpavjdkczdeka àh ~cheva‚ dk fc}a ch sqcha }d vakà re}}dfdha( ère

c~av evdgdkcvdcjakpa d}mvdppe dh faka ch me}pe( a}revva }qmma}}d~cjakpa dh faka dk fdhckmde c` qk

djrevpe mla vcrrva}akpc qk ~cheva asqe mchmehcpe chhc `cpc àhhc vdàpavjdkczdeka àh ~cheva( ch kappe

àhha rav`dpa a àghd cjjevpcjakpd+

0+=+3+ H—cjjevpcjakpe ah jcvmlde

Meja kepe h—cjjevpcjakpe me}pdpqd}ma qk rvema}}e `d vdrcvpdzdeka àh me}pe dk nqkzdeka àh

ravdeè dk mqd h—djrva}c ka pvca fakamde+

Rav dh jcvmlde dh ravdeè `d cjjevpcjakpe ì kevjchjakpa mehhagcpe ch ravdeè `d rve`qzdeka a

mejjavmdchdzzczdeka dk a}mhq}d~c ad rveèppd mqd dh jcvmlde }d vdnavd}ma( a }a kek rva~a`dfdha( akpve qk

ravdeè mla kek rqö ammaàva d 62 ckkd+ Dkehpva ha sqepa `d cjjevpcjakpe àh me}pe àd jcvmld

`—djrva}c }eke à`qmdfdhd dk jd}qvc kek }qravdeva c` qk àmdje àh me}pe }pa}}e+

H—cjjevpcjakpe ì gakavchjakpa rva~d}pe rav sqad fakd hc mqd qpdhdzzczdeka }dc hdjdpcpc kah pajre a

mla }eke }eggappd c` ef}eha}makzc( jakpva rav dh jcvmlde }d mekgqvc qkc }dpqczdeka dk mqd `c qk hcpe

kek }q}}d}pa pcha hdjdpcpazzc a chh—chpve d pdpehd re}}eke ckzd ~aàva dkmvajakpcpe dh heve ~cheva kah pajre+

13



Dk rcvpdmehcva( rav jcggdev mldcvazzc rqö ~akdva c mekgqvcv}d qkc }dpqczdeka dk mqd dh fdhckmde(ère h—cjjevpcjakpe( a}rvdja hc ~ema jcvmlde mek h—dk`dmczdeka ah kqjave d vagd}pvczdeka a ah

~cheva ahhe }pa}}e kahh—cppd~e a kah nekè cjjevpcjakpe }qh jcvmlde a kah rc}}d~e chhe }pa}}e ~cheva+

Dh jcvmlde mekpdkqc c` a}}ava rva}akpa kah fdhckmde czdak`cha rvervde ravmlä a}d}pa a` ì ~chdè jc(

mek h—cjjevpcjakpe }q qk jcvmlde dh fdhckmde kd}ma meh kek a}rvdjava mevvappcjakpa dh ~cheva

rcpvdjekdcha àh ma}rdpa( dk sqckpe a}}e lc ~cheva zave+ Jc ì rhcq}dfdha mla ~chgc jehpe `d rdô àh

~cheva dkdzdcha gvczda chh—cppd~dpâ `d djrqh}e mejrdqpc }q `d a}}e+

Pqppc~dc( }arrqva ha hegdmla àhh—cjjevpcjakpe }dcke mekpvcvda chhc kcpqvc àh faka ‘jcvmlde‚(

kek ì re}}dfdha à}qjava h—dkcrrhdmcfdhdpâ àhh—cjjevpcjakpe dk sqckpe mdö mejrevpavaffa hcjckmcpc vdha~czdeka kah mekpe amekejdme àh me}pe mekka}}e c vdmc~d( ~dehckè dh rvdkmdrde `d

mejrapakzc+

Javdpc vdha~cva mla d rvdkmdrd mekpcfdhd dkpavkczdekchd rva~aèke mla rav d fakd djjcpavdchd c `qvcpc

dkàkdpc kek ~d }dc chmqk cjjevpcjakpe jc rdqppe}pe }d affc cmmavpcva ckkqchjakpa h—cjjekpcva

àhha a~akpqchd rav`dpa e dkmvajakpd d ~cheva ah faka( }d rcvhc dk pch mc}e ah me}d`àppe ‘djrcdvjakp

pa}p‚+ Rdô }ramdmcpcjakpa( c nvekpa `d qkc `djdkqzdeka `d ~cheva àh faka vd}rappe c sqahhe d}mvdppe c

fdhckmde( sqa}p—qhpdje ~cheva à~a a}}ava vdèppe ke ch ~cheva aflappd~e a hc vahcpd~c rav`dpc à~a

a}}ava vdha~cpc kah mekpe amekejdme+

16



D jcvmld mla ckchdzzavaje dk sqa}pc }azdeka mekmhq}d~c }eke mekpvc``d}pdkpd( vd}rappe c sqahhdckchdzzcpd }dkevc( `ch ncppe mla re}}eke a}}ava qpdhdzzcpd `chh—czdak`c }qd rvervd rveèppd e }av~dzd

}ehpckpe c }agqdpe `d ~avdmla ‘ d meknevjdpâ‚ mejrdqpa c akpd crre}dpcjakpa rvare}pd c mdö+

Dk chpvd pavjdkd sqa}pd jcvmld kek }~ehgeke hc nqkzdeka `d dk`dmcva ch mek}qjcpeva h—evdgdka àh

rveèppe `c qkc àpavjdkcpc nekpa%czdak`c( evdakpckèhe kahhc }mahpc pvc ha `d~av}a re}}dfdhdpâ eflavpa

`ch javmcpe( jc mejqkdmcke rdqppe}pe hc meknevjdpâ àh rveèppe( }av~dzde e rvema`djakpe c

àpavjdkcpd }pck`cv` sqchdpcpd~d }}cpd `c crre}dpa vageha kcpa c hd~ahhe dkpavkczdekcha e kczdekcha

`c qk meknvekpe pvc a}ravpd pamkdmd( d}pdpqzdekd( djrva}a a mek}qjcpevd+

]mere d pchd vageha rcppdzda ì sqahhe d ~chevdzzcva d rveèppd e d jeàhhd ga}pdekchd mla }dcke epcpd`d mcvcppavd}pdmla vachjakpa sqchdmckpd vd}rappe chha a}dgakza àh mek}qjcpeva a%e àh mhdakpa+

Mek h—qpdhdzze àd jcvmld `d mavpdmczdeka mdö mla ì `dmldcvcpe dk apdmlappc ì mavpdmcpe `c qk akpa

pavze? h—czdak`c cmmappc ~ehekpcvdcjakpa `d }epperev}d c mekpvehhd ravde`dmd `c rcvpa `d qk evgckd}je

dk`drakàkpa? h—akpa d mavpdmczdeka mla gcvckpd}mc hc ~avd`dmdpâ d sqckpe mejqkdmcpe+

Ì sqckpe jcd errevpqke }ramdmcva mla h—czdak`c ì hdfavc `d dkpvcrvakàva e jake dh ravmev}e

mla revpc chhc mavpdmczdeka a qkc ~ehpc mek}agqdpc hc mavpdmczdeka ì chpvappckpe hdfavc `d a}revva dh

jcvmlde d sqchdpâ rav mejqkdmcva hc sqchdpâ d mqd ì revpcpvdma+ Dk egkd mc}e hc ravjckakzc ah dvdppe

`d mekpdkqcva kahh—qpdhdzze àh jcvmlde `d sqchdpâ ì `drakàkpa `ch jckpakdjakpe àhha mek`dzdekdmla ka lckke va}e re}}dfdha h—cmma}}e+

1+3 Ghd akpd `d Mavpdmczdeka a dh heve eravcpe

Meja ckpdmdrcpe dh rvema}}e d mavpdmczdeka ì }agqdpe c qk akpa mla vdhc}mdc ha mavpdmczdekd a mla

è~vaffa ckzdpqppe a}}ava dk`drakàkpa a gcvckpa d pqppa ha rcvpd dkpava}}cpa+ Pcha dk`drakàkzc rqö

a}}ava eppakqpc ja`dckpa hc rcvpamdrczdeka kah Mejdpcpe d Mavpdmczdeka ahh—Akpa d pqppa ha mcpagevda

àhhc hdavc rve`qppd~c( `ch rve`qppeva ke ch mek}qjcpeva+

H—Akpa `d Mavpdmczdeka rqö c }qc ~ehpc eravcva }qh javmcpe }ehpckpe c }agqdpe àh me}d`àppe

‘cmmva`dpcjakpe‚ ( e}}dc( qkc }evpc `d mekpvehhe àhh—eravcpe àhh—akpa+

Dk rcvpdmehcva h—akpa mla kah ke}pve rca}a }d emmqrc dk ~dc a}mhq}d~c ahh—cmmva`dpcjakpe ì ]DKMAVP(

,dh ]d}pajc Kczdekcha rav h—Cmmva`dpcjakpe àghd Evgckd}jd `d Mavpdmczdeka$ vdmeke}mdqpe c hd~ahhe

dkpavkczdekcha( mla lc he }mere d mavpdmcva hc pvc}rcvakzc( hc mejrapakzc a hc pavzdapâ9 akpa mla c }qc

~ehpc eravc dk meknevjdpâ c kevja aqveraa a }qfd}ma ravde`dmla ~avdmla d}rappd~a+

Dh mejrdpe rvamdrqe àhh—Akpa `d Mavpdmczdeka ì sqahhe `d ncva dk jeè mla h—czdak`c mla

dkpvcrvakà ~ehekpcvdcjakpa qk rvema}}e d mavpdmczdeka }d càgqd c sqckpe ha ì vdmlda}pe chhc kevjc+

1+ Dh jcvmlde a ha mavpdmczdekd

1=



Dh pqppe c~~daka rva~de a}rhapcjakpe `d qkc ~avdmc d}rappd~c àhh—akpa `d mavpdmczdeka kah mev}eàhhc sqcha a}cjdkc d ‘`d}me}pcjakpd‚ vd}rappe chhc kevjc( }qggavd}ma ha eravczdekd `c mejrdava rav

vachdzzcva h—càgqcjakpe a` eppakava hc mavpdmczdeka a ka mekpvehhc h—cppqczdeka ravde`dmcjakpa+

1+6 Ha kevjcpd~a }qhhc sqchdpâ

D]E 4222 dàkpdmc qkc }avda d kevja a hdkaa gqd`c }~dhqrrcpa chh—D]E ,Dkpavkcpdekch Evgckdzcpdek

nev ]pck`cv`dzcpdek$( mla rverekgeke qk }d}pajc `d ga}pdeka rav hc sqchdpâ( rak}cpe rav ga}pdva drvema}}d czdak`chd ckmlä }dcke dk`dvdzzcpd ch jdghdevcjakpe àhhc amcmdc a àhh'amdakzc àhhc

evgckdzzczdeka ehpva mla chhc }e``d}nczdeka àh mhdakpa+

Ha kevja àhhc }avda D]E 4222 cppqchjakpa( c }agqdpe àhhc va~d}deka àh 6222( }eke vcggvqrrcpa

a }ajrhdmcpa dk?

… D]E 4222? ]d}pajd `d ga}pdeka rav hc Sqchdpâ ” Nek`cjakpd a pavjdkehegdc

Sqa}pc kevjcpd~c( àppc ckmla &kevjc ~emcfehcvde&( à}mvd~a hc pavjdkehegdc( d rvdkmdrd a d mekmappd

a}}akzdchd ad }d}pajd d ga}pdeka sqchdpâ a ahhc heve evgckdzzczdeka+

Hc D]E 4222 ì evdakpcpc chhc vachdzzczdeka `d qk }d}pajc `d ga}pdeka kchdzzcpe ch mhdakpa a chhc }qcrdakc }e``d}nczdeka kekmlä chhc ~d}deka ahh—czdak`c meja qk dk}daja d rvema}}d pvc heve dk }pvappc

vahczdeka a ~ehpd c nevkdva rveèppd mla vd}rek`cke dk jeè me}pckpa cd vasqd}dpd }}cpd+ Dh pqppe( }amekè

hc kevjc( ~c rav}agqdpe dk qk—eppdmc `d mekpdkqe jdghdevcjakpe àhha rva}pczdekd+

Sqa}pd efdappd~d re}}eke a}}ava rav}agqdpd }ehpckpe cppvc~av}e qkc rvenek`c meke}makzc( ga}pdeka a

jekdpevcggde àd rvema}}d a hc mcrcmdpâ `d medk~ehgava ha vd}ev}a qjcka+

Hc kevjc mldaà `d dk`d~d`qcva a jd}qvcva d rqkpd àd rvema}}d mla mvacke ~cheva ~av}e dh javmcpe(

mek}dàvckè h—czdak`c meja qk dk}daja d mhdakpd*nevkdpevd nvc heve mekmcpakcpd+

Ha kevja D]E 4222 }eke qkd~av}chd a hc heve crrhdmcfdhdpâ rva}mdkà `chhc `djak}deka e `ch }appeva

àhh—cppd~dpâ( mla rqö a}}ava qk'czdak`c e sqch}dc}d chpve pdre `d evgckdzzczdeka+ A}}a àkd}meke d

rvdkmdrd gakavdmd mla h—czdak`c a~a }agqdva jc kek dh jeè dk mqd a~a rve`qvva apavjdkcpd rveèppd?

rav sqa}pe kek }eke crrhdmcfdhd cd rveèppd jc }ehe chh'czdak`c mla hd rve`qma+

Cppqchjakpa ha D]E 4222 }eke q}cpa dk dk`q}pvdc meja jeàhhe `d vdnavdjakpe rav hc sqchdmczdeka a

}ahazdeka ad nevkdpevd a kad mekpvcppd pvc nevkdpevd a mhdakpd+ Dk rcvpdmehcva( kah mc}e ad nevkdpevd( ì jehpe

qpdha ncva vdnavdjakpe chhc vamakpa D]E 32221 mla dk`d~d`qc ha hdkaa gqd`c rav hc akdzdeka ah rdcke

`d sqchdpâ( ~ehpe c àkdva ghd c}rappd `d mekpvehhe a ga}pdeka c}}emdcpd c` qke }ramdme mekpvcppe+

Dh Rdcke `d Sqchdpâ ì qk èmqjakpe mla lc he }mere vcmmeghdava dk gakava pqppa ha vageha mla qk

nevkdpeva }d ì cpe ch ka d gcvckpdva ghd c}rappd mekpvcppqchdzzcpd mek qke }ramdme mhdakpa( ravpckpe

10



vcrrva}akpc qk qpdha }pvqjakpe mla egkd nevkdpeva e~vaffa cèppcva rav dje}pvcva meja dkpakàgcvckpdva ha mhcq}eha mekpvcppqchd kad meknvekpd àh mhdakpa+

… D]E 4223? ]d}pajd d ga}pdeka rav hc Sqchdpâ ” Vasqd}dpd

Sqa}pc }ramdmc d vasqd}dpd rav qk }d}pajc `d ga}pdeka rav hc sqchdpâ mla re}}eke a}}ava qpdhdzzcpd

}dc dk cjfdpe dkpavke chh—evgckdzzczdeka }dc kahh—cjfdpe àd vcrrevpd mekpvcppqchd+ A}}c nemchdzzc

h—cppakzdeka }qhh—amcmdc mla dh }d}pajc d ga}pdeka rav hc sqchdpâ e~vaffa rve`qvva rav }e``d}ncva

d fd}egkd ah mhdakpa+ Ì dh emqjakpe d vdncmdjakpe mla vdrevpc d vasqd}dpd jdkdjd d meknevjdpâ rav

h—eppakdjakpe àhhc mavpdmczdeka+ A}}c vcrrva}akpc dh vdnavdjakpe( vdmeke}mdqpe c hd~ahhe jek`dcha(rav hc mavpdmczdeka àh }d}pajc `d ga}pdeka rav hc sqchdpâ àhha evgckdzzczdekd `d pqppd }appevd

rve`qppd~d a `d pqppa ha `djak}dekd rav mqd kek ì re}}dfdha a}mhqàva chmqkd }appevd e rvema}}d

czdak`chd( }a rva}akpd kahh'evgckdzzczdeka e kama}}cvd c }e``d}ncva d &mhdakpd&+

Dh keja mejrhape àhhc kevjc vamardpc dk Dpchdc ì QKD AK D]E 4223?6222 dk sqckpe hc kevjc D]E ì

cvjekdzzcpc( rqffhdmcpc a `dflq}c `chh'Akpa Kczdekcha Dpchdcke `d Qkdmczdeka a `ch Mejdpcpe

Aqverae `d Kevjczdeka dk Aqverc+

Rav chmqkd }appevd( a` dk vahczdeka cd mekmev}d rqffhdmd ,crrchpd a fck`d$( hc D]E 4223 ì effhdgcpevdc+

… D]E 4220? ]d}pajd `d ga}pdeka rav hc Sqchdpâ ” Hdkaa gqd`c rav dh jdghdevcjakpe àhha rva}pczdekd

Nevkd}ma evdakpcjakpd rav qkc gcjjc rdô cjrdc d efdappd~d ah }d}pajc d ga}pdeka ahhc sqchdpâ

vd}rappe chhc D]E 4223( dk rcvpdmehcva rav sqckpe vdgqcv`c dh jdghdevcjakpe mekpdkqe àhha

rva}pczdekd mejrha}}d~a a àhh—amdakzc àhh—evgckdzzczdeka+ Hc kevjc ì vcmmejck`cpc meja gqd c

rav sqahha evgckdzzczdekd mla dkpak`cke rav}agqdva dh jdghdevcjakpe mekpdkqe kahha rva}pczdekd+

Hc kevjc D]E 4220 kek ì pqppc~dc mekmardpc rav }merd `d mavpdmczdeka( kä rav kchdpâ mekpvcppqchd+

Dk mekmhq}deka ì errevpqke mek}dàvcva mla pvc ha kevja 4223 a 4220 }q}}d}pa qk vcrrevpe `d

mejrhajakpcvdapâ dk sqckpe hc rvdjc ì rav he rdô evdakpcpc chhc sqchdpâ àh rveèppe a%e }av~dzde

jakpva hc }amek`c ì dk rcvpdmehcv jeè kchdzzcpc ch jdghdevcjakpe mekpdkqe ahha rva}pczdekd+ ]d

pvcppc sqdk`d `d kevja pvc heve mejrhajakpcvd rvegappcpa rav a}}ava qpdhdzzcpa mekgdqkpcjakpa+

1+= D kqe~d evdzzekpd ahhc mavpdmczdeka? hc va}rek}cfdhdpâ }emdcha a ha mavpdmczdekd cjfdakpchd

Hc va}rek}cfdhdpâ }emdcha àhh—djrva}c ì eggd ‘pvcmmdcpc‚ `chhc kevjc ]C ,]emdch Cmmeqkpcfdhdpt$

<222( he }pck`cv` dkpavkczdekcha ahcfevcpe kah 3447 `chh'akpa cjavdmcke ]CD( mla }d rvereka `d

gcvckpdva dh mejrevpcjakpe apdme àhha Evgckdzzczdekd mla he cèppcke a dk gakavcha mekpdaka ke~a

11



vasqd}dpd ,eppe }emdchd a` qke d ga}pdeka$ evdakpcpd chh'dkmvajakpe ahhc mcrcmdpâ mejrapdpd~c d sqahhaevgckdzzczdekd mla ~ehekpcvdcjakpa nevkd}meke gcvckzdc `d apdmdpâ àhhc rvervdc hdavc rve`qppd~c a àh

rvervde mdmhe rve`qppd~e+

Sqa}pc kevjc kek kc}ma kahhe }pa}}e jeè dk mqd }d }eke }~dhqrrcpa ha mavpdmczdekd pamkdmla

,D]E 4222$( mdeì `c rcvcjapvd }pcfdhdpd `c mejdpcpd `d a}ravpd kczdekchd `d qk }appeva }ramdchd}pdme mla

nevjchdzzcke pchd }mahpa dk kevja c ncv mek`d~dàva c hd~ahhe kczdekcha a` dkpavkczdekcha ravmevvakè

qk hqkge mdmhe mla }d chhcvgc `chh'Aqverc ,AK$ ke ch jekè ,D]E$+

]C <222 kc}ma ch MARCC ,Meqkmdh en Amekejdmch Rvdevdpda} Cmmva`dpcpdek Cgakmt( www+marcc+evg$(

ajckczdeka ah MAR ,Meqkmdh en Amekejdm Rvdevdpda}$( d}pdpqpe }pcpqkdpak}a nek`cpe kah 34>4 rav nevkdvacghd dk~a}pdpevd a` cd mek}qjcpevd( }pvqjakpd dknevjcpd~d rav ckchdzzcva ha ravnevjckma }emdchd àhha

czdakà+

]C <222 ì fc}cpe }qhha mek~akzdekd ahh°DHE ,Dkpavkcpdekch Hcfeqv Evgckdzcpdek$( }qhhc @dmldcvczdeka

Qkd~av}cha ad @dvdppd Qjckd( }qhhc Mek~akzdeka ahha Kczdekd Qkdpa }qd @dvdppd àh Fcjfdke+

Ckmla dk sqa}pe mc}e( mek qk jammckd}je ckchege c sqahhe qpdhdzzcpe rav d }d}pajd `d ga}pdeka rav

hc sqchdpâ }amekè ha kevja QKD AK D]E }avda 4222( hc mavpdmczdeka ~daka vdhc}mdcpc c qkc pavzc rcvpa

dk`drakàkpa+

He }pck`cv` ]C<222 vdmldaà dh vd}rappe c rcvpa ahha djrva}a d eppe vasqd}dpd }emdchd vcrrva}akpcpd`c hc~eve dknckpdha( hc~eve effhdgcpe( }chqpa a }dmqvazzc }qh hc~eve( hdfavpâ d c}}emdczdeka a dvdppe chhc

mekpvcppczdeka mehhappd~c( d}mvdjdkczdeka( rvema`qva d}mdrhdkcvd( evcvde d hc~eve a mvdpavd vapvdfqpd~d+

Qk keke vasqd}dpe ì vahcpd~e chh—djrhajakpczdeka d qk ‘}d}pajc d ga}pdeka‚ rav dh jckpakdjakpe ad

}q`àppd eppe vasqd}dpd+

Hc ]C<222 ì dh rvdje }pck`cv` dkpavkczdekcha mla jd}qvc dh gvcè apdme a hc va}rek}cfdhdpâ }emdcha

`d qk°czdak`c9 a}}e ì dkehpva crrhdmcfdha c hd~ahhe dkpavkczdekcha dk sqch}dc}d }appeva javmaehegdme+

]ajrva kahh—ch~ae àhhc va}rek}cfdhdpâ }emdcha vdakpvc hc CC3222( qke }pck`cv` makpvcpe

}qhh'efdappd~e `d nevkdva sqchdpâ ch rvema}}e `d cmmeqkpdkg( cq`dpdkg a varevpdkg apdme a }emdcha(

rav nc~evdva qk ravmev}e `d }~dhqrre }e}pakdfdha+ Sqa}pe jeàhhe a }pcpe rvegappcpe chhe }mere

`d jdghdevcva ha rva}pczdekd `d vak`dmekpczdeka àhha evgckdzzczdekd( cppvc~av}e qk rvema}}e `d

mek}qhpczdeka a medk~ehgdjakpe àghd }pcialehàv}+ A }pcpe mvacpe kah 3444 `c D]AC ,Dk}pdpqpa en

]emdch ak` Apldmch CmmeqkpCfdhdpt$( evgckd}je vdmeke}mdqpe c hd~ahhe dkpavkczdekcha rav a}ravdakzc

jcpqvcpc kahh—cjfdpe àd rvema}}d `d vak`dmekpczdeka }emdcha a `d }e}pakdfdhdpâ àhha

evgckdzzczdekd+

He }pck`cv` CC3222 kek ì qke }pck`cv` mavpdmcfdha( jc qke }pvqjakpe rav dkmevcggdcva

h'dkke~czdeka }q àd rvdkmdrd mldc~a `d sqchdpâ( pvc}rcvakzc a djrcvzdchdpâ( nevkakè gcvckzda cghd

1>



}pcialehàv( rvervde dk javdpe chhc sqchdpâ ahh'cmmeqkpdkg( cq`dpdkg a varevpdkg }emdcha a` apdme ahhaEvgckdzzczdekd d vdnavdjakpe+

D rvdkmdrd fc}a àhhe }pck`cv` CC3222 }eke? Mejrhapazzc9 Vdha~ckzc9 Vd}rekàkzc9 Cmma}}dfdhdpâ9

A~dàkzc+

Dk rcvpdmehcva h—crrhdmczdeka àhhe }pck`cv` CC3222 rqö c~~akdva }dc meja dkpagvczdeka a

vcflevzcjakpe àhhc sqchdpâ `d }pck`cv` }ramdmd `d va}rek}cfdhdpâ9 kekmlä meja }d}pajc a rvema}}e

cqpekeje rav ga}pdva a mejqkdmcva hc ravnevjckma a hc va}rek}cfdhdpâ }emdcha a` apdmc+

âkdcje dkka chhc mavpdmczdeka cjfdakpcha( vagehcpc chhc D]E 30223 a vahcpd~c c sqahha czdakà

mla rve`qmeke vd}rappckè dh pavvdpevde mdvme}pckpa+Mek sqa}pe pdre `d mavpdmczdeka h—djrva}c }d c}}qja ~ehekpcvdcjakpa h—djragke c vd`qvva

h—dksqdkcjakpe kah pajre cppvc~av}e dh mekpvehhe ad ncppevd d djrcppe cjfdakpcha mcq}cpd chha rvervda

cppd~dpâ+

Ì qkc mavpdmczdeka ~ehekpcvdc jehpe djragkcpd~c rav h—czdak`c mla( dkpakàkè }pcfdhdva e

jdghdevcva qk rvervde }d}pajc d ga}pdeka cjfdakpcha( ì mldcjcpc c }~dhqrrcva qk }d}pajc mla cffdc

dkkckzdpqppe meja rva*vasqd}dpe dh vd}rappe àhha haggd dkavakpd sqa}pc jcpavdc+

Dh ]d}pajc d ga}pdeka cjfdakpcha( mla kcpqvchjakpa }d dk}avd}ma chh'dkpavke ah }d}pajc d ga}pdeka

gakavcha àhh'djrva}c( }d cvpdmehc dk }ad nc}d mla }d }q}}agqeke a }d vdrapeke dk egkd ravdeè `dvdnavdjakpe ,gakavchjakpa h'ckke }ehcva$ a }eke mejrha}}d~cjakpa kchdzzcpa ch jdghdevcjakpe

mekpdkqe ahha rva}pczdekd cjfdakpchd+ Pchd nc}d }eke?

3+ vd%a}cja cjfdakpcha dkdzdcha

6+ rehdpdmc cjfdakpcha

=+ rdckdmczdeka

0+ vachdzzczdeka a eravcpd~dpâ

1+ mekpvehhd a czdekd mevvappd~a

>+ vda}cja àhhc `dvazdeka+

Qk'evgckdzzczdeka mla kek re}}daà chmqk ]d}pajc `d Ga}pdeka Cjfdakpcha à~a rvdjc aflappqcva

qk a}cja cjfdakpcha dkdzdcha rav }pcfdhdva hc }dpqczdeka `d rcvpakzc a }qmma}}d~cjakpa àmdàva ha

czdekd `d jdghdevcjakpe+

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~chqpczdeka àhh'a}ravdakzc àvd~ckpa `chh'ckchd}d `d dkmdàkpd gdâ mcrdpcpd9 h'dàkpdmczdeka àghd c}rappd

cjfdakpchd }dgkdmcpd~d9 h'ckchd}d `d pqppa ha rvema`qva a ha rvc}}d a}d}pakpd dk mcjre cjfdakpcha+

H—ckchd}d cjfdakpcha dkdzdcha ì qke }pvqjakpe nek`cjakpcha ravmlä mek}akpa `d meke}mava ha

rvefhajcpdmla a d me}pd cjfdakpchd a` akavgapdmd ahh—czdak`c( a sqdk`d }~dhqrrcva rvegappd }ramdmd d

17



jdghdevcjakpe( cèppckè qkc ~avc a rvervdc ‘Rehdpdmc Cjfdakpcha‚ mla mekpakgc ghd efdappd~d `cvcggdqkgava+

Hc kevjc D]E 30220 }qggavd}ma chmqka pamkdmla rav mek`qvva h'ckchd}d àhhc }dpqczdeka dk cppe

sqchd? sqa}pdekcvd( dkpav~d}pa( hd}pa `d mekpvehhe ,mlami hd}p$( vda}cja àhha vagd}pvczdekd( meknvekpe mek

chpva }dpqczdekd ,fakmljcvidkg$+

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mekpe àhhc }dpqczdeka dkdzdcha( àhhc rehdpdmc cjfdakpcha( àhha rva}mvdzdekd hagd}hcpd~a( àhha vd}ev}a

`d}rekdfdhd( ahha chpavkcpd~a pamkehegdmla( ad rqkpd d ~d}pc ahha rcvpd dkpava}}cpa( a ahh'djragke ch

jdghdevcjakpe mekpdkqe+Dkka }d nevjqhc dh rvegvcjjc d ga}pdeka cjfdakpcha( e}}dc( dh rvegvcjjc eravcpd~e mla akd}ma

d mejrdpd( ha va}rek}cfdhdpâ( d pajrd a` d jazzd rav dh vcggdqkgdjakpe aghd efdappd~d( kekmlä ha je`chdpâ

`d mekpvehhe àhh'c~ckzcjakpe kahh'cppqczdeka àh rvegvcjjc }pa}}e+

Dk }dkpa}d h—czdak`c }~dhqrrc qk }d}pajc evgckdzzcpd~e evdakpcpe chhc ga}pdeka cjfdakpcha dk mqd

àkd}ma rvdjc ghd efdappd~d a ha }pvcpagda c cèppcva red }d djragkc c vcggdqkgavhd kad pajrd akdpd+

Kcpqvchjakpa h'czdak`c à~a rva`d}revva ,dk nevjc mcvpcmac e dknevjcpdmc$ hc èmqjakpczdeka

rav à}mvd~ava ha rcvpd a}}akzdchd àh }d}pajc a ha vahcpd~a dkpavczdekd a mevvahczdekd+

1+0 Chmqkd jcvmld dk`dmcpevd `d sqchdpâ kah }appeva pa}}dha

Rav gcvckpdva ch mek}qjcpeva hc sqchdpâ ad pa}}qpd qpdhdzzcpd a }ervcppqppe h—qpdhdzze d }e}pckza kek

pe}}dmla( ha czdakà lckke hc re}}dfdhdpâ d vdmevvava c jcvmld amehegdmd aqverad a` dkpavkczdekchd d mqd

sqahhd rdô `dflq}d }eke fva~ajakpa à}mvdppd dk sqa}pe rcvcgvcne+

DhjcvmldeEaie*Pa|

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mek}qjcpevd a àhh'erdkdeka rqffhdmc `d c~ava rveèppd pa}}dhd mla kek

rva}akpc}}ave chmqk vd}mlde rav hc }chqpa a( c pch ka( cppa}pc h'c}}akzc }qd

rveèppd pa}}dhd d }e}pckza mckmavegaka( chhavgdzzckpd( dvvdpckpd a( rdô dk gakavcha

kemd~a chhc }chqpa àhh'qeje+

Rdô rvamd}cjakpa dk fc}a chhc pcfahhc àd vasqd}dpd }eke ~dapcpa ha }e}pckza rva~d}pa `chhc hagga meja

d mehevckpd mckmavegakd( ha }e}pckza dh mqd q}e ì vagehcjakpcpe `chhc hagga meja nevjchàdà(

1<



cjjevfdàkpd( japchhd ra}ckpd a rakpcmhevenakehe( sqahha mla }amekè ha meke}makza cppqchd }ekekemd~a rav hc }chqpa jc mla kek }eke vagehcjakpcpa e rvedfdpa rav hagga( meja ra}pdmd`d( mehevckpd

chhavgakdmd e mejre}pd evgckdmd àhhe }pcgke a` dkka }eke eggappe `d ~chqpczdeka rcvcjapvd meja

}ehd`dpâ àh meheva a ~cheva àh rL kek dvvdpckpa rav hc rahha( qpdhd rav hc }ch~cgqcv`dc àhhc }chqpa àh

mek}qjcpeva+

D rveèppd }eke `d~d}d `chhc kevjcpd~c dk sqcppve mhc}}d `d rveèppe Eaie*Pa|?

3+ Rveèppd pa}}dhd a gdemcppehd dk pa}}qpe rav fafì a fcjfdkd ke c pva ckkd( c` a}+ fdckmlavdc

dkpdjc( pqpdka( fdckmlavdc rav hc mqhhc%happe( rqrczzd `d }peflc

6+ Rveèppd pa}}dhd mla `qvckpa h—dkè}}e lckke qkc gvck rcvpa àhhc heve }qravmda c mekpcppe`dvappe mek hc rahha( c` a}+ fdckmlavdc dkpdjc

=+ Jcpavdchd rav h—cvva`cjakpe c }mere àmevcpd~e meja pe~cghda a pakà

0+ Rveèppd pa}}dhd mla `qvckpa h—dkè}}e kek ~akgeke c mekpcppe mek hc rahha e lckke }ehe qkc

rdmmehc rcvpa àhhc heve }qravmda c mekpcppe mek hc rahha( c` a}+ gdcmmla( mcrreppd+

Dk hdkac `d rvdkmdrde sqckpe rdô dkpak}d~cjakpa qk pa}}qpe akpvc c mekpcppe mek hc rahha ,a

sqckpe rdô }ak}dfdha ì hc rahha$( pckpe jcggdevd }eke d vasqd}dpd qjcke*amehegdmd mla }d à~eke

}e``d}ncva+H—qpdhdzze àh jcvmlde ~daka mekma}}e }qhhc fc}a àhh—a}rhapcjakpe `d qkc }avda `d mekpvehhd

vcrrva}akpcpd `c ckchd}d pamkdmla a rve~a }ravdjakpchd annappqcpa }q jcpavdcha vcrrva}akpcpd~e

àd rveèppd+ Rav c~ava dh `dvdppe c` apdmlappcva a rqffhdmdzzcva d rvervd rveèppd pa}}dhd mek dh

jcvmlde Eaie*Pa| pqppd d mejrekakpd( mejrva}d ghd cmma}}evd à~eke }e``d}ncva d vasqd}dpd+

C` a}ajrde rav hc fdckmlavdc `c happe( emmevva }eppehdkacva mla c mcq}c àd `d~av}d mckchd `d

`d}pvdfqzdeka àd pa}}dhd a}pavkd a àd jcpavdchd `—djfeppdpqvc( ì re}}dfdha crrhdmcva dh jcvmlde

Eaie*Pa| chh'a}pavke àh rveèppe }ehe }a }dc hc rcvpa pa}}dha mla dh jcpavdcha `—djfeppdpqvc }eke

}pcpd ckchdzzcpd mek }qmma}}e }amekè h—Eaie*Pa| ]pck`cv` 322+

Rveèppd meja rehpveka a `d~ckd mla kek re}}eke a}}ava ckchdzzcpd kahhc heve pepchdpâ dk cmmevè

mek d mvdpavd Eaie*Pa|( vcrrva}akpcke qk mc}e rcvpdmehcva+ Sqa}pd rveèppd kek à~eke a}}ava

mekpvc}}agkcpd ~d}dfdhjakpa mek dh jcvmlde Eaie*Pa| rav a~dpcva `d dkgckkcva dh mek}qjcpeva+

H—C}}emdczdeka Eaie*Pa| lc chpva}è ahcfevcpe qkc pcfahhc vdardhegcpd~c mekpakapa qkc

rckevcjdmc `d rveèppd mldjdmd cppd~d( mla }eke }pcpd mekpvehhcpd `c pe}}dmehegd dk`drakàkpd a%e

`c d}pdpqpd àvjcpehegdmd a ~chqpcpd meja dkkemqd rav hc }chqpa( }a qpdhdzzcpd meja dk`dmcpe a

àmd}e+

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c~~daka cd }ak}d d qkc rvema`qvc rva}pcfdhdpc( chhc sqcha }eke ~dkmehcpd pqppd ghd d}pdpqpd Eaie*Pa|

14



cqpevdzzcpd mla lc dkdzde mek qkc ~ehekpcvdc jckdna}pczdeka àhh—czdak`c àhh—dkpakzdeka `d}epperevva c mekpvehhd d rvervd rveèppd( rve}agqa mek h—annappqczdeka àhha rve~a `d hcfevcpevde

a }nemdc( dk mc}e `d a}dpe re}dpd~e( kah vdhc}mde àh mavpdndmcpe ~chdè rav qk ravdeè `d 36 ja}d+

Qk rveèppe meknazdekcpe rqö a}}ava mekpvc}}agkcpe }ehe rva~de vdma~djakpe àh mavpdmcpe a }ehe

mek qk kqjave `d hdmakzc+ Sqa}pe ì dh kqjave àh Vcrrevpe `d Rve~c àhhc mavpdmczdeka dkdzdcha+ Dh

kqjave àh Vcrrevpe `d Rve~c gcvckpd}ma mla }dcke }pcpa aflappqcpa ha ckchd}d `d mekpvehhe+

Redmlä( c }ehe( dh jcvmlde Eaie*Pa| }qh rveèppe kek me}pdpqd}ma qkc rve~c }qmdakpa d qk mekpvehhe

mek vd}qhpcpe re}dpd~e }qhha }e}pckza kemd~a( rve`qppevd( djrevpcpevd( vd~ak`dpevd a czdakà `d ~ak`dpc

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Vcrrevpe `d Rve~c a keja àhh'd}pdpqpe `d mekpvehhe$ mevvd}rek`cke c sqahhd àh mavpdmcpe+ D rveèppd

kek ahakmcpd kah mavpdmcpe kek re}}eke a}}ava mekpvc}}agkcpd meh jcvmlde Eaie*Pa|+

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}pck`cv` qhpavdeva h'Eaie*Pa| ]pck`cv` 3222 mla mek}d}pa dk qk }d}pajc `d mekpvehhe( ckchd}d a

mavpdmczdeka rav }dpd rve`qppd~d ame*mejrcpdfdhd dk pqppc hc mcpakc pa}}dha+

Rav c~ava d vasqd}dpd kama}}cvd rav eppakava qkc mavpdmczdeka }amekè h'Eaie*Pa| ]pck`cv` 3222( ha

czdakà à~eke càjrdava c mvdpavd rva}pcfdhdpd rav d heve rvema}}d rve`qppd~d ame*mejrcpdfdhd a`dje}pvcva mla chjake dh =2! ahhc rve`qzdeka pepcha ì gdâ mavpdmcpc }amekè h—Eaie*Pa| ]pck`cv`

322+ Hc mavpdmczdeka D]E 30223 e Ajc} DD }eke qk rvavasqd}dpe mla ncmdhdpc h—eppakdjakpe ah jcvmlde+

Dkka dh jcvmlde `d rveèppe Eaie*Pa| ]pck`cv` 322rhq} rqö a}}ava qpdhdzzcpe `chha czdakà àh

}appeva pa}}dha a cffdghdcjakpe }a d heve rveèppd }eke }pcpd gdâ mavpdmcpd mek }qmma}}e }amekè h—Eaie*

Pa| ]pck`cv` 322 a }eke dk gvcè `d `dje}pvcva mla pqppc hc mcpakc `d rve`qzdeka ” sqdk`d pqppd ghd

}pcfdhdjakpd mla mekpvdfqd}meke chhc rve`qzdeka d qk cvpdmehe ” vd}qhpc meknevja cd vasqd}dpd ahh'Eaie*

Pa| ]pck`cv` 3222+

DhjcvmldeAmehcfah

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rvajdc d rveèppd a d }av~dzd jdghdevd `ch rqkpe `d ~d}pc cjfdakpcha+ He }mere ì sqahhe `d

djre}pcva qk crrvemmde chha rehdpdmla cjfdakpchd vd~ehpe ch jdghdevcjakpe mekpdkqe

àhh—djrcppe cjfdakpcha+ H—apdmlappc cppa}pc mla dh rveèppe e dh }av~dzde lc qk vdèppe

djrcppe cjfdakpcha kah }qe dkpave mdmhe `d ~dpc+

H'apdmlappc aqverac rqö a}}ava qpdhdzzcpc }qd &rveèppd pa}}dhd& vcrrva}akpcpd c mcrd d cffdghdcjakpe

>2



me}pdpqdpd rav chjake dh 42 ! dk ra}e `d fva pa}}dhd a rveèppd pa}}dhd rav dkpavkd me}pdpqdpd rav chjakedh 42 ! dk ra}e `d fva pa}}dhd+

Kek repvâ a}}ava vdhc}mdcpc rav rveèppd dkpavja`d a kek }cvâ sqdk`d crrhdmcfdha kahha hdava `d

rveèppe+ ]eke a}rva}}cjakpa a}mhq}d chh'crrhdmczdeka ahh'Amehcfah d rveèppd mhc}}dmcpd meja jehpe

pe}}dmd( pe}}dmd( `ckke}d rav h'cjfdakpa( mckmavegakd( pe}}dmd rav hc vdrve`qzdeka( jqpcgakd( e ncffvdmcpd

mek rvema}}d mla re}}eke kqemava dk jeè }dgkdmcpd~e chh'qeje a%e chh'cjfdakpa( e mla repvaffave

a}}ava ravdmehe}d rav dh mek}qjcpeva `qvckpa h'q}e+

Hc amd}deka mdvmc h—c}}agkczdeka e jake àhh—apdmlappc ~daka cèppcpc }qhhc fc}a ahhc }q}}d}pakzc d

rvaàpavjdkcpd mvdpavd amehegdmd mla vdgqcv`cke ha fva pa}}dhd a d rvema}}d a ha }e}pckza mldjdmla~chqpcpd dk fc}a c rve~a aflappqcpa }amekè àpavjdkcpd jape`d+ C sqa}pe vdgqcvè( qk faka rqö

a}}ava àkdpe cjfdakpchjakpa mejrcpdfdha }ehe dk }ak}e vahcpd~e( sqckè mdeì re}pe c meknvekpe

mek chpvd rveèppd( crrcvpakakpd c` qk jaà}dje gvqrre a` c~akpd hc jaà}djc nqkzdeka( rve~emc

qk jdkeva djrcppe }qhh'cjfdakpa+

Dk hdkac gakavcha ghd evgckd}jd rvare}pd c` aflappqcva d mekpvehhd( kahhc ~chqpczdeka àhha èjckà a

kahhc ~avdmc àhhc meknevjdpâ àffeke pakav mekpe àhh'cppqczdeka `d rvegvcjjd `d ga}pdeka

cjfdakpcha vdmeke}mdqpd( meja AJC] e D]2 30223+

JcvmcpqvcMA

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rveèppd chha `dvappd~a mejqkdpcvda mla ka }pcfdhd}meke d vasqd}dpd a}}akzdchd a

}ramdndmd+

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àhhc Jcvmcpqvc MA( a}}c vd}qhpc effhdgcpevdc dk vahczdeka cghd dk`qjakpd `d rvepazdeka a` cd

gqckpd `d rvepazdeka à}pdkcpd c rvepaggava `c ~cvda pdrehegda `d vd}mlde ,dk`qjakpd rav hc

rvepazdeka `c nqeme a mcheva( `c vd}mld mldjdmd( `c vd}mld fdehegdmd( `c nva`è a dkpajravda( `c

vd}mld jammckdmd( `c vd}mld `d }mcv}c ~d}dfdhdpâ( `c djrdghdcjakpe dk rcvpd dk je~djakpe a vd}mld

jammckdmd( amm+$+

]amekè hc mhc}}dndmczdeka mejrdqpc c hd~ahhe mejqkdpcvde ha }q`àppa javmaehegda

crrcvpakgeke cd ‘`d}re}dpd~d `d rvepazdeka dk`d~d`qcha‚+ Rav a}}d ì kama}}cvde sqdk`d vdmldaàva

dh vdhc}mde àhh'cppa}pcpe `d mavpdndmczdeka MA c` qk Evgckd}je `d mekpvehhe cqpevdzzcpe+ Dk sqa}pe

cjfdpe( h'cppa}pcpe `d mavpdndmczdeka MA ä h'cppe mek dh sqcha h'Evgckd}je `d mekpvehhe cppa}pc mla

>3



qk jeàhhe `d ‘`d}re}dpd~e `d rvepazdeka dk`d~d`qcha‚ ä }pcpe vachdzzcpe dk meknevjdpâ chha`d}re}dzdekd rva~d}pa a ravpckpe meknevja cd vasqd}dpd a}}akzdchd `d }chqpa a `d }dmqvazzc rva~d}pd

`chhc `dvappd~c+

JcvmldeQ^]pck`cv`<23

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Pa}pdkg C}}emdcpdek nev Crrhda` Q^ Rvepampdek+ H—efdappd~e mla }d ì re}peh—hkpavkcpdekch Pa}pdkg C}}emdcpdek nev Crrhda` Q^ Rvepampdek mek}d}pa kah

àpavjdkcva hc rvepazdeka Q^ `d qk rveèppe à}pdkcpe ch mek}qjcpeva

pakakè mekpe àhha }ehhamdpczdekd c mqd dh jcpavdcha ~daka }eppere}pe

sqepd`dckcjakpa+

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cffdghdcjakpe( mchzcpqva( pakà c }eha( ejfvahhekd( mqede( hakzqehc( amm+ ( mla dk sqchmla jeè

re}}eke ennvdva rvepazdeka `chha vc`dczdekd Q^ a kek ì crrhdmcfdha c rveèppd mldjdmd( cgakpd

cq}dhdcvd e mehevckpd+Qk rveèppe à}pdkcpe ch mek}qjcpeva rqö c~ava dh jcvmlde Q^ ]pck`cv` <23 sqckè d vasqd}dpd

gakavchd a }ramdndmd }eke }pcpd }e``d}ncppd a sqckè ì }pcpe mekma}}e dh ravja}}e `d apdmlappcva

dh rveèppe `d qk D}pdpqpe àhh—Dkpavkcpdekch Pa}pdkg C}}emdcpdek nev Crrhda` Q^ Rvepampdek+

H—apdmlappcpqvc dk cmmevè chhe ]pck`cv` <23 kek ì qk jcvmlde `d sqchdpâ+ Dh jcvmlde }d vdnavd}ma

chha mek`dzdekd àh mcjrdeka `d rveèppe pa}pcpe dk cmmevè chhe ]pck`cv` <23+

Sqckpe chha mek`dzdekd rav h—cmma}}e chhc mavpdndmczdeka( hc vdmlda}pc a~a a}}ava rva}akpcpc c` qk

D}pdpqpe àhh—dkpavkcpdekcd Pa}pdkg C}}emdcpdek nev Crrhda` Q^ Rvepampdek e c` qk hcfevcpevde

cqpevdzzcpe `chh—C}}emdczdeka Dkpavkczdekcha+ Mekpa}pqchjakpa chhc vdmlda}pc dh vdmldaàkpa à~a

à}mvd~ava dh rveèppe `c ckchdzzcva a%e mavpdndmcva kah jeè rdô àppcghdcpe re}}dfdha+ Dkehpva

è~vckke a}}ava nevkdpa a~dàkza d sqckpe dmldcvcpe meja c` a}ajrde mavpdndmcpd d ckchd}d àh

jcpavdcha àh nevkdpeva+

Dk}daja chhc vdmlda}pc `d mavpdndmczdeka ì nevkdpc qkc `dmldcvczdeka `d meknevjdpâ+ Hc `dmldcvczdeka

`d meknevjdpâ ì rcvpa dkpagvckpa àh je`qhe `d vdmlda}pc `d mavpdndmczdeka a à~a a}}ava

rva`d}re}pc `ch vdmldaàkpa a ndvjcpc mek annappe `d djragke hagcha+ Dk }e}pckzc mek sqa}pc

`dmldcvczdeka dh vdmldaàkpa meknavjc mla dh rveèppe `c hqd ncffvdmcpe e ~ak`qpe vd}rappc ha

vdmlda}pa ahhe }pck`cv` ~chdà dk sqah jejakpe a mevvd}rekà a}cppcjakpa ch mcjrdeka rav mqd

ì }pcpc mlda}pc hc mavpdndmczdeka+

>6



Dh mcjrdeka nevkdpe `ch vdmldaàkpa hc mavpdndmczdeka( me}è meja d mcjrdekd rvaha~cpd rva}}e dh}dpe rve`qppd~e( }eke ckchdzzcpd `c qk D}pdpqpe àhh—hkpavkcpdekch Pa}pdkg C}}emdepdek nev Crrhda`

Q^ Rvepampdek e `c qk hcfevcpevde cqpevdzzcpe `chh—C}}emdczdeka Dkpavkczdekcha dk cmmevè chha

mek`dzdekd a}rva}}a kahh—Q^ ]pck`cv` <23+

Dh vdmldaàkpa à~a d}pdpqdva qk crrvervdcpe }d}pajc `d ga}pdeka àhhc sqchdpâ ch ndka `d gcvckpdva

mla dh rveèppe mla }d }pc rve`qmakè e ~akàkè mevvd}rek`c ch mcjrdeka `d jcpavdcha

mavpdndmcpe a cd vasqd}dpd àhh—Q^ ]pck`cv` <23 a dkehpva( ì pakqpe c jckpakava sqa}pe }d}pajc `d

ga}pdeka àhhc sqchdpâ `qvckpa dh ravdeè `d ~chd`dpâ àh jcvmlde Q^ ]pck`cv` <23+

Rav dh pajre `d ~chd`dpâ àh mavpdndmcpe( h—D}pdpqpe lc dh `dvdppe dk sqch}dc}d jejakpe `d annappqcvapa}p `d mekpvehhe rvaha~ckè mcjrdekd vcrrva}akpcpd~d àh rveèppe mavpdndmcpe+ ]a }d ~avdndmc qk

}dgkdndmcpd~e raggdevcjakpe àhhc rvepazdeka Q^( ère qhpavdevd ckchd}d( h—h}pdpqpe

àhh—Dkpavkcpdekch Pa}pdkg C}}emdcpdek nev Crrhda` Q^ Rvepampdek va~emlavâ djja`dcpcjakpa dh

`dvdppe `d apdmlappcva dh rveèppe à}pdkcpe ch mek}qjcpeva mek dh jcvmlde Q^ ]pck`cv` <23+

Sqckè pqppd d vasqd}dpd àhh—Q^ ]pck`cv` <23 }eke }e``d}ncppd( dh vdmldaàkpa ì cqpevdzzcpe c`

apdmlappcva dh rveèppe mek dh jcvmlde Q^ ]pck`cv` <23 rav qk ravdeè jc}}dje `d qk ckke+

@qvckpa dh ravdeè `d cqpevdzzczdeka( `ch jejakpe dk mqd ì vdhc}mdcpe dh mavpdndmcpe( ~akgeke

crrhdmcpd d mvdpavd àhh—Q^ ]pck`cv` <23+Sqckè dh ravdeè `d cqpevdzzczdeka c apdmlappcva dh rveèppe mek dh jcvmlde Q^ ]pck`cv` <23 ì

}mc`qpe( dh fakandmdcke àh jcvmlde rqö vdmldaàva dh rvehqkgcjakpe àhhe mekma}}deka rav qk

chpve ckke+

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>0



>1



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