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I l iX R S i Inelastic XRay Scattering National School on XRay and Neutron Scattering A N i lL b J 2010 Argonne NationalLaboratory, June 2010 Peter Abbamonte University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign abbamonte@mrl uiuc edu abbamonte@mrl.uiuc.edu http://users.mrl.uiuc.edu/abbamonte/

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Page 1: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

I l i X R S iInelastic X‐Ray Scattering

National School on X‐Ray and Neutron ScatteringA N i l L b J 2010Argonne National Laboratory, June 2010

Peter AbbamonteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign

abbamonte@mrl uiuc [email protected]://users.mrl.uiuc.edu/abbamonte/

Page 2: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Inelastic x‐ray scattering – technical (Lorentz force law)

Nonresonant inelastic x‐ray scattering

Resonant inelastic x‐ray scattering (RIXS)Resonant inelastic x ray scattering (RIXS)

Page 3: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Nonresonant IXS“N t” i l ti tt i“Nonresonant” inelastic x‐ray scattering

Dynamic structure factor:

f i k k k f i

S(k,) is the Fourier transform of the Van Hove density correlation function: 

X “diff ti ” t ll l ti l ti f tiX‐ray “diffraction” actually measures an equal‐time correlation function

0( , ) ( , ) ( ,0) i

tS d G t d G e

k xk k x x

Page 4: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Nonresonant IXS – dynamics!

/

1 1( , ) Im ( , )1 kTS

e

k k

(x2,t2) Fluctuation‐dissipation theorem

ˆ ˆ( , ) ( , ), (0,0) ( )i n t n t x x

(x1,t1)Retarded density Green’s function

(k2,2)

(k1,1)

Describes how charge propagates around a system:•Phonons•Plasmons

•Excitons•Band structure

•Etc.

Page 5: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Resonant IXS (RIXS) – physical picture?

• Coherent two‐step process (absorption / emission)V l

p p ( p / )

• Denominator can diverge. More intense.

• Polari ation dependent sensiti e to s mmetr of

Valence electrons

• Polarization‐dependent; sensitive to symmetry of excitations

• Couples to many types of excitations (magnons?)

• No causality ‐ cross section not related to a correlation function.  Often hard to decipher. core level (1s)

Page 6: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Comparison to other techniquesInelastic Neutron Scattering• Low energy probe (i = 25 meV)• Better energy resolution• Couples only to nuclei and spins• Not sensitive to charge excitations                                                       (e.g. plasmons) 

• Large samples required

Inelastic Electron Scattering• Can focus beam ~ 1Å• Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV)• Sample damage• Sample damage• Multiple scattering• Does not work in H 0• Requires UHV

Light (Raman) Scattering• q=0 probe• Super high energy resolution (0.1 meV)• Super high flux (1022 photons/sec on sample)• Polarization selection rules• cheap

Page 7: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Advantages / disadvantages of IXS

•Direct coupling to charge excitations

h l ( bl )•High resolution (<1 meV possible)•Broad kinematic range•Small samples OK•Works in environments (high H P etc )•Works in environments (high H, P, etc.)•No need for high vacuum

•Not sensitive to spin (possible exception from RIXS)•Only measures excitations that modulate the electron density•Longitudinal excitations only (cannot detect TO phonons, transverse plasmons, …)P hibi i fl li i i hi h l i ( l h•Prohibitive flux limitations at high resolution (only phonons practical)

Page 8: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Instrumentation: Overviewk

Requirements / Challenges

• Cross section small: only 1 in 108 photons are inelasticallyscattered – high flux needed

2k

k2

• Very high resolving power needed. 2 meV / 20 keV = 10‐7

• Must be able to tune energy; both 1 and 2 for RIXS

• Broad angular acceptance required for enough signal

2ki

k k

k i

q = k1 – k2

Backscattering analyzer

M h ti

White beam from APS undulator

Monochromatic beam

scattering angle

Specimen

Page 9: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Instrumentation: Source

Spring‐8 (Hyogo, Japan)

ESRF (Grenoble, France)

Advanced Photon Source (Chicago, IL, USA)

Page 10: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Instrumentation: Source

Sector 9Electronic 

excitations / RIXSSector 30Both

Sector 3Phonons

Page 11: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Instrumentation: Sector 30 XOR‐IXS Spectrometers

MERIXE = 10‐100 meV

El t i it tiElectronic excitations:• plasmons• excitons• Mott gap excitations• Mott‐gap excitations• two‐magnons

HERIXE = < 1 meV

Vibration modes:• acoustic phonons (sound)• optical phonons

Page 12: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Instrumentation: Monochromatorbandpass

DumondBragg’s law:

bandpass

diagramgg

2d sin = 

Darwin idth

width

Tunable by i lrotating crystals 

in a coordinated fashion.

Page 13: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

Instrumentation: Analyzer

Backscattering

•Need “curved” crystal to accept large large 

•Mosaic of ~104 aligned blocks•Glued on spherical surface•Used near backscatteringUsed near backscattering• Slightly tunable by rotating angle

Page 14: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

IXS Example 1: Excitons

B. C. Larson, et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99,B. C. Larson, et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 026401 (2007)

Page 15: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

IXS Example 2: Plasmons in graphite and graphene

A. H. Castro‐ Neto, et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109 (2008)

Page 16: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

IXS Example 2: Plasmons in graphite and graphene (x,t)

(0,0) ˆ ˆ( , ) ( , ), (0,0) ( )i n t n t x x

J. P. Reed, et al., submitted

Page 17: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

RIXS Example 1: Crystal field excitations in SrCuO2

A Higashiya et al J Elect Spect Rel Phen 144 147 685 (2005)A. Higashiya et. al., J. Elect. Spect. Rel. Phen. 144‐147, 685 (2005)

Page 18: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

RIXS Example 2: Magnons in La2CuO4

J P Hill et al Phys Rev Lett 100 097001 (2008)J. P. Hill, et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 097001 (2008)

Page 19: Il iInelastic X‐Ray SiS cattering - No Index | ORNL · Inelastic Electron Scattering • Can focus beam ~ 1Å • Decent energy resolution (0.5 eV) • Sample damagedamage • Multiple

The Future

• Join mainstream of experimental probes (with STEM, ARPES, etc.)

• Imaging

• Strip detectors (no more analyzers?)• Strip detectors (no more analyzers?)

• Surface dynamics [B. Murphy, et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 256104 (200 )](2005)]

• High pressure (fluctuations near quantum phase transitions)g p q p

• ??? New ideas from new people.