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© 2018 IJRAR July 2018, Volume 5, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

An Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of M30 And M40 Grade Concrete by Using Graphene

Oxide Powder 1Bandari Bharath, 2B.K.Vishwanath

1PG Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, 1Department of Civil Engineering,

1Dr.K.V.Subba Reddy Institute of Technology, Kurnool, India________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract : Concrete is the most undisputable and indispensable material being used in infrastructure development throughout the world. Today the construction industry is in need of finding cost effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete structures. As the consumption of concrete increases, the world production of cement is continuing and grew to a significant amount. Portland cement production is a highly energy intensive process, and emits CO2 during calcinations which has a crucial effect on global warming. The production of one tone of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) releases approximately one tonne of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The application of nanomaterials in construction is a new alternative to enhance the mechanical properties of the concretes. One of the most interesting nanomaterials which still require detailed investigation is graphene oxide.In this study an experimental study on M30 and M40 Grades of concrete was conducted to study the Workability, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete by using grapheme oxide powder. The percentage replacements used for this study are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% ,20%, and 25% by weight of cement for M30 and M40 Grade of concrete.

IndexTerms – Graphine Oxide Powder, Mechanical Properties of Concrete, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION

For a long time concrete was considered to be very durable material requiring. We build concrete structures in highly polluted urban and industrial areas, aggressive marine environments, harmful sub-soil water in area and many other hostile conditions where other materials of construction are found be non –durable. Since the use of concrete in recent years have spread to highly harsh and hostile conditions, the earlier impression that concrete is a very durable material is being threatened, particularly on account of premature failures of number of structures. In the past only strength of concrete was considered in the concrete mix design procedure assuming strength of concrete in all pervading factor for all other desirable properties of concrete including durability. In the recent revision of IS 456 of 2000, one of the points discussed, deliberated and revised is the durability aspects of concrete, in line with codes of practice of other countries, which have better experiences in dealing with durability of concrete structures. One of the main reasons for deterioration of concrete in the past is that too much emphasis is placed on concrete compressive strength. As a matter of fact advancement in concrete technology has been generally on the strength of concrete. It is now recognized that strength of concrete alone is not sufficient, the degree of harshness of the environment condition to which concrete is exposed over its entire life is equally important. Therefore, both strength and durability have to be considered explicitly at the design state. It is interesting to consider yet another view point regarding strength and durability relationship. Durability of concrete is its Resistance to deteriorating agencies to which the concrete may be exposed during its service life. When one deals with the durability aspects of concrete, the chemical attack, which results in loss of weight, cracking of concrete and the consequent deterioration of concrete, becomes an important part of investigation. Ordinary Portland cement concrete usually does not have good resistance to acid attack. The addition of FA improves the micro structural properties of concrete like porosity, permeability and sorptivity. The reduction of porosity and permeability implies the improvement in chemical attack and corrosion resistance. The experimental investigation of this aspect is to find compressive strength and durability of concrete by partial replacement of cement with quarry dust.

Durability is an important engineering property of concrete, which determines the service life of concrete structures significantly. Due to the interactions of concrete with external influences, the mechanical and physical properties of concrete may be threatened and lost. ACI Committee Report 201(2001) has classified chemical attacks into several types that include acidic attack, alkali attack, carbonation, chloride attack, and leaching and sulfate attack. Acidic attack usually originates from industrial processes, but it can even be due to urban activity. Even natural exposure conditions may cause acid attacks. Free acids in natural waters are rare. Exceptions are carbonic waters and sulfurous and sulfuric acids in peat waters. Soils may contain huminous acids. Several organic and inorganic acids may occur in shallow regions of sea-water as a consequence of bacteriological activity. Significant quantities of free acids in plants and factories may be found. In these cases, the concentration of acid, which comes in contact with concrete structures, may reach to high value. The degree of aggressive of an acid is dependent on the chemical character of anions present. The strength of acid, its dissociation degree in solutions and, mainly, the solubility of the calcium

IJRAR1601009 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 25


salts formed are dependent on the chemical character of anion. The acidic attack is affected by the processes of decomposition and leaching of the constituent of cement matrix.

The objective of the present project work is to study the behavior of concrete in partial replacement for cement with quarry dust in proportions. It includes a brief description of the materials used in the concrete mix, mix proportions, the preparation of the test specimens and the parameters studied. In order to achieve the stated objectives, this study is carried out in different stages. In the initial stage, all the materials and equipment needed must be gathered or checked for availability. Once the characteristics of the materials selected have been studied through appropriate tests, the applicable standards of specification are referred. The properties of hardened concrete are important as it is retained for the remainder of the concrete life. In general, the important properties of hardened concrete are strength and durability. An experimental program is held to measure strength of hardened concrete.

1.2 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:

Portland cement is the most commonly used type of cement in the world today. Portland cement can be found in both concrete and mortar, where it acts as a binding agent. On a chemical level, Portland cement is a fine powder comprised of a minimum of 66% calcium silicate, with the remainder largely being a mix of aluminum, and iron. Portland cement is a hydraulic material, which requires the addition of water in order to form exothermic bonds, and is not soluble in water.Originally designed as a cement which would set slowly, allowing enough time for it to be properly laid, and a water resistant cement which could be used in construction applications where water would come in contact with the cement, Portland cement was first patented in 1824 by an English man, Joseph Asp din, but the mix which became truly successful, and which is still used today, was designed by his son, William Asp din in around 1843.

Portland cement is most often used in concrete and mortar. Concrete is made by combining water, sand, gravel, and cement, whereas mortars are made by combining cement with water and sand only. Concrete is much stronger than mortar, and is used in most modern buildings as a durable and strong construction material capable of bearing great loads. Mortar is used to bind other substances together, such as the bricks in a house.Portland cement usually takes several hours to set, and will harden in a matter of weeks. Cement is a somewhat curious material in that it continues to harden over time as long as there is water available for the components of the cement to form bonds with. One week old Portland cement has strength of around 23MPa, whereas three month old cement has strength of 41MPa. These numbers apply to standard Portland cement which has not had any additives added to it. Various treatments and additives can make cement set and harden at different rates, and various types of Portland cement also posses different properties which effect the rate of setting and hardening.

1.3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Portland cement consists of the following chemical compounds:(a) Tricalcium silicate 3CaO.SiO2 (C3S) 40%(b) Dicalcium silicate 2CaO.SiO2 (C2S) 30%(c) Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 (C3A) 11%(d) Tetracalcium aluminate 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 (C3AF) 11%.

There may be small quantities of impurities present such as calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). When water is added to cement, C3A is the first to react and cause initial set. It generates great amount of heat. C3S hydrates early and develops strength in the first 28 days. It also generates heat. C2S is the next to hydrate. It hydrates slowly and is responsible for increase in ultimate strength. C4AF is comparatively inactive compound.

II.LITERATURE REVIEW

Shaik Abdul Rawoof, B.Ramesh et a.,(2005)

Cement-based concrete is a widely used material for a great variety of constructions. Although, cement has great properties and high performance, its intrinsic brittleness is a weakness that requires further investigation for improvement. Graphene demonstrates a number of excellent properties, such as high flexibility, 1TPaYoungsModulus, 130 GPa tensile strength, high electrical and thermal conductivity. This study investigated the feasibility of implementing graphene into the concrete matrix for improving its compressive and tensile or flexural strength. The aim of this research is to study the performance of graphene cement concrete, and also compare the compressive and split tensile strengths of M25 concrete by replacing cement with 1% and 2% graphene oxide. To study compressive strength and split tensile strength the specimens were tested at 28days, 56days and 90 days of curing.XRD test was conducted to know the crystalline behaviour of the concrete specimens with amount of energy compared with nominal concrete.

From this study it was concluded that Incorporation of Graphene Nanoparticles in concrete showed interested modifications in mechanical and micro structural properties. Nanoparticles graphene oxide improves the mechanical properties of the concrete, both compression and flexural strength, concrete samples were tested with Graphene Oxide (GO) in percentage of 1% to 2% by weight to obtain high strength; it is carried out for M25 grade of concrete.



Basher Taha1 et al,[2009]

He has conducted properties of concrete contains mixed colour waste recycled glass as cement replacement. In this study no significant differences were observed in compressive strength of concrete with presence of recycled glass sand(RGS) in concrete while an average reduction of 16% was occurred when 205 of Portland cement was replaced by pozzolanic glass powder(PGP). In this we studied that due to inherent smooth surface and negligible water absorption of glass particles, the presence of RGS in concrete will reduce the consistency and adhesive bond of ingredients inside concrete mix.The smooth and plane surface of large recycled glass particles can significantly weaken the bond between cement paste and glass particles. The inherent cracks are source of weakness and can reduce the strength of concrete.

Ali Ergun2 et al,(2011)He has studied effects of usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete. Waste marble powder is obtained by product during sawing, shaping, and polishing. Test results indicated that the concrete specimens containing 10% diatomite, 5% WPM and 5% WPM + 10% diatomite replacement by weight for cement had the best compressive and flexural strength. The replacement of cement with diatomite and WPM separately or together using super plasticizing admixture could be used to improve mechanical properties.

Bhavesh Patel, Arunkumar Bhoraniya et al.,(2017)

In this experimental study, the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. This project presents the results of an experimental investigation of graphene oxide on physical properties of concrete. This project aims to find out the optimum quantity of graphene oxide required to achieve maximum compressive, tensile and flexural strength of concrete. Graphene oxide was added to the concrete in five mix proportions. Graphene oxide content were varied by 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.10% and 0.13% of cement content. All the specimens were cured for the period of 7, 14 & 28 days before crushing. Tests were performed at the age of 7, 14 & 28 days. Test results indicated that the inclusion of graphene oxide in concrete enhanced the compressive, split tensile and flexural strength.From this study it was concluded that the addition of graphene oxide leads to an increase in compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. The different proportion of Graphene oxide (0.03%, 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.10%, 0.13%) in Portland cement the compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. The test results exhibit the increase in the strength with the addition of grapheme oxide. When compared with the nominal mix the other mixes shown increase in strength at the end of 7days, 14 days and 28 days. The maximum increase in strength was obsereved in the end of the 28 days. The addition of GO improves the degree of hydration of the cement paste and increases the density of the cement matrix, creating a more durable product.Liguo Wang, Shupeng Zhang, Dapeng Zheng , Haibin Yan, Hongzhi Cui,Waiching Tang, Dongxu Li et al.,(2017)

In this study, the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the microstructure of cement mortars were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric (TG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Cement mortar samples with different proportions of GO (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 wt % based on the weight of cement) were prepared. The test results showed that GO affected the crystallization of cement hydration products, C–S–H (calcium silicate hydrate is the main hydrate product) and CH (calcium hydroxide). The morphology of hydration products changed with the increase of GO content. Furthermore, the results of XRD analyses showed that the diffraction peak intensity and the crystal grain size of CH (001), (100), (101), and (102) for GO samples increased considerably compared with the control sample. Based on the results, it can be understood that GO can modify the crystal surface of CH, leading to the formation of larger crystals.

From this study it was concluded that GO significantly improved the mechanical properties of cement mortar, with a greater effect on the early age strengths. In general, the flexural and compressive strengths of cement paste increased significantly with the increase of GO content. When 0.08% GO was added, the 28-day flexural strength improvement was the greatest (27.1%), whereas the compressive strength increased by 16.4%. The morphology of the hydration products changed with the increase of GO content. The micro structural change was mainly attributed to the large specific surface area of GO accompanied with a high amount of oxygen functional groups, which served as nucleation sites in the formation of hydration products during the cement hydration process. The XRD results indicated that GO could promote the formation of CH crystals. The diffraction intensity and crystal size of CH in their different planes observed in GO cement samples were greater compared with the control sample. So, it can be concluded that GO could lead to the formation of larger CH crystal sizes and promote higher CH crystallizations in the cement paste. Properties of GO modified cement, such as fracture, porosity, and durability have not been fully investigated, but it would be worthwhile to carry them out in the near future.

Chaochao Lu, Shenglan Li, Lulu Lei, Wei Wang, Feifei Tao, Li Feng, et al.,(2015)

In order to study the modified effects of the nano-materials on the cement mechanical properties, the bending strength of the nano-clay, the nano-SiO2 and the nano-TiO2 modified cement are discussed. The concepts of the increase percentage of bending strength and the bending strength ratio are proposed. Data investigation shows that the nano-materials can effectively improve the bending strength of the cement with significant time effect. The appropriate content of the nano-clay is 5% and the suitable content of the nano-SiO2 is 3%. The suitable content of the nano-TiO2 changes with age about 3%-5%. With the 3d, 7d and 28d age, the bending strength ratio of the nano-clay modified cement with appropriate content is the maximum.



From this study it was concluded that the nano-modified material can effectively improve the bending strength of the cement. The appropriate content of the nano-clay, the nano-SiO2 and the nano-TiO2 are related to ages, probably be 5%, 3% and 5% respectively. The bending strength of the nano- modified cement is higher than the reference cement, but the increase percentage is not proportional to the content, and the appropriate content of various nano modified materials is different. With the appropriate content, the bending strength ratio of the nano-clay modified cement with each age is the maximum.

4.5.1 PRELIMINARY DATA REQUIRED FOR MIX DESIGN:

Purely governed on the local conditions, were the concrete need to be applied

Exposure Condition: Exposure Conditions of the structure: The general environment, to which the concrete will be exposed during its service life, is categorized into five classes to severity, as per IS 456.

The exposure condition limits the minimum cement content, maximum water – cement ratio and minimum grade of concrete.

As per exposure condition, you have the above data for working the first trial and arriving its mix proportion.

If you are getting desired result at lower cement content, you need to put extra as mentioned by IS 456.

Minimum thickness of member: Size of aggregate should not be more than one-fourth of the minimum thickness of member, mostly 20 mm nominal size aggregate is suitable for most works. It is always suggested to go the maximum nominal size of aggregate to save on quantity of cement per unit of concrete.

Cement Grade: Cement type/grade locally available that can be made available throughout construction period

Workability: Placing condition of concrete governs its workability, low – slump of 25-75 mm (lightly reinforced sections in slab, beam, and column) to high – slump of 100-150 mm (slip form, pumped concrete).

Stipulation for Proportioning Concrete Ingredients

(a) Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days grade designation -

M 30

(b) Type of Cement : OPC 53 Grade confirming to IS 12269

(b) Maximum Nominal size of aggregate — 20 mm

(c) Shape of CA — Angular

(d) Workability required at site — 100 mm (slump)

(e) Type of exposure the structure will be subjected to (as defined in IS: 456) — Moderate

(h) Method of concrete placing: pump able concrete

(ii) Test data of material

The following materials are to be tested in the laboratory and results are to be ascertained for the design mix



(a) Cement Used : OPC 53 Grade Confirming to IS 12269

(b) Specific Gravity of Cement : 3.15

(c) Chemical admixture : Super plasticizer confirming to IS 9103

(d) Specific gravity

Specific gravity of Fine Aggregate (sand) : 2.70

Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregate : 2.80

(e) Water Absorption

Coarse Aggregate : 0.4%

Fine Aggregate : 1.0%

(f) Free (surface) moisture

Coarse Aggregate : Nil

Fine Aggregate : Nil

Aggregate are assumed to be in saturated surface dry condition usually while preparing design mix.

(g) Sieve Analysis

Fine aggregates : Confirming to Zone I of Table 4 IS – 383

Mix Design of M30 Grade Concrete

Step 1: Determining the Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

Fck = fck + 1.65 x S

Where,

F’ck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days

Fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days

S = Assumed standard deviation in N/mm2 = 5 (as per table -1 of IS 10262- 2009)

= 30 + 1.65 x 5.0 = 38.25 N/mm 2

Step 2 Selection of water-cement ratio:-From Table 5 of IS 456, Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.50

Note: Do not start with w/c ratio above 0.50, even though the other desired results like Strength, workability could be achieved.



Step 3 Selection of Water Content

Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 Kg (for 25 to 50 slump)

We are targeting a slump of 100mm, we need to increase water content by 3% for every 25mm above 50 mm i.e. increase 6% for 100mm slump

I.e. Estimated water content for 100 Slump = 186+ (6/100) X 186 = 197litres

Water content = 197 liters

STEP 4 – Calculation of Cement ContentWater-Cement Ratio = 0.50

Water content from Step – 3 i.e. 197 liters

Cement Content = Water content / “w-c ratio” = (197/0.50) = 394 kgs

From Table 5 of IS 456,

Minimum cement Content for moderate exposure condition = 300 kg/m3

394 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3, hence, OK.

As per clause 8.2.4.2 of IS: 456

Maximum cement content = 450 kg/m3, hence ok too.

STEP 5: Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine aggregate ContentFrom Table 3 of IS 10262- 2009, Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size and fine aggregate (Zone I) = 0.60



Note 1: In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.5.So there will be no change in coarse aggregate volume i.e. 0.60.

Note 2: Incase the coarse aggregate is not angular one, then also volume of coarse aggregate may be required to be in -creased suitably based on experience.

STEP 6: Estimation of Concrete Mix Calculations

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

1. Volume of concrete = 1 m3

2. Volume of cement = (Mass of cement / Specific gravity of cement) x (1/100)

= (39/3.15) x (1/1000) = 0.125 m3

3. Volume of water = (Mass of water / Specific gravity of water) x (1/1000) = (197/1) x (1/1000) = 0.197 m3

4. Total Volume of Aggregates = 1- (b+c) =1- (0.125+0.197) = 0.678 m35. Mass of coarse aggregates = d X Volume of Coarse Aggregate X Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate X 1000

= 0.678 X 0.60 X 2.80 X 1000 = 1139 kgs/m3

6. Mass of fine aggregates

= d X Volume of Fine Aggregate X Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate X 1000

= 0.678 X 0.40 X 2.70 X 1000 = 732 kgs/m3

STEP-7: Concrete Mix proportions for Trial Number 1Cement = 394 kg/m3

Water = 197 kg/m3

Fine aggregates = 732 kg/m3

Coarse aggregate = 1139 kg/m3

Water-cement ratio = 0.50

Final trial mix for M30 grade concrete is 1:1.86:2.89 at w/c of 0.50

Mix Design of M40 Grade ConcreteStep 1: Determining the Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

Fck = fck + 1.65 x SWhere,

Fck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days Fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days

S = Assumed standard deviation in N/mm2 = 5 (as per table -1 of IS 10262- 2009) = 40 + 1.65 x 5.0 = 48.25 N/mm2

Table 1: ASSUMED STANDARD DEVIATION

Step 2 Selection of water-cement ratio:-From Table 5 of IS 456, Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.45Note: Do not start with w/c ratio above 0.45, even though the other desired results like Strength, workability could be achieved.

Table 2: WATER CEMENT RATIO AS PER IS 456:2000



Step 3 Selection of Water ContentMaximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 Kg (for 25 to 50 slump)

Table 3: MAXIMUM WATER CONTENT AS PER IS 456:2000

We are targeting a slump of 100mm, we need to increase water content by 3% for every 25mm above 50 mm i.e. increase 6% for 100mm slump

I.e. Estimated water content for 100 Slump = 186+ (6/100) X 186 = 197litres Water content = 197 liters

STEP 4 – Calculation of Cement ContentWater-Cement Ratio = 0.45Water content from Step – 3 i.e. 197 litersCement Content = Water content / “w-c ratio” = (197/0.45) = 438 kgsFrom Table 5 of IS 456,Minimum cement Content for moderate exposure condition = 300 kg/m3438 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3, hence, OK.As per clause 8.2.4.2 of IS: 456Maximum cement content = 450 kg/m3, hence ok too.STEP 5: Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine aggregate Content

From Table 3 of IS 10262- 2009, Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size and fine aggregate (Zone I) = 0.60Table 4 : VOLUME OF COARSE AGGEREGATE AS PER DIFFERENT ZONES

Note 1: In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.45.So there will be no change in coarse aggregate volume i.e. 0.60.



Note 2: Incase the coarse aggregate is not angular one, then also volume of coarse aggregate may be required to be increased suitably based on experience.

STEP 6: Estimation of Concrete Mix CalculationsThe mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

1. Volume of concrete = 1 m3

2. Volume of cement = (Mass of cement / Specific gravity of cement) x (1/1000) = (438/3.15) x (1/1000) = 0.139 m3

3. Volume of water = (Mass of water / Specific gravity of water) x (1/1000) = (197/1) x (1/1000) = 0.197 m3

4. Total Volume of Aggregates = 1- (b+c) =1- (0.139+0.197) = 0.664 m3

5. Mass of coarse aggregates = d X Volume of Coarse Aggregate X Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate X 1000 = 0.664 X 0.60 X 2.80 X 1000

= 1115 kgs/m3

6. Mass of fine aggregates = d X Volume of Fine Aggregate X Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate X 1000

= 0.664 X 0.40 X 2.70 X 1000 = 717.12 kgs/m3

STEP-7: Concrete Mix proportions for Trial Number 1Cement = 438 kg/m3

Water = 197 kg/m3

Fine aggregates = 717.12 kg/m3

Coarse aggregate = 1115 kg/m3

Water-cement ratio = 0.45

Final trial mix for M40 grade concrete is 1:1.63:2.54 at w/c of 0.45

MATERIAL CEMENTFINE

AGGREGATESCOARSE

AGGREGATES WATERDensity 438 kg/m3 717.12 kg/m3 1115 kg/m3 197 kg/m3

Proportions 1 1.63 2.54 0.45

5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Tests to be conducted on Hardened ConcreteCompressive strength of concreteFor M30 Grade Concrete

Table 5.1 Showing Values of Compressive Strength of M30 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

S.No % Graphene Oxide

Compressive strength of M30 Grade concrete

7days 14days 28days

1 0% 19.8 26.6 29.4

2 5% 20.4 27.2 30.24

3 10% 20.64 27.46 30.48

4 15% 20.78 27.62 30.66

5 20% 20.46 27.3 30.26

6 25% 20.34 27.16 30.12



0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Compressive strength of M30 Grade concrete 7daysCompressive strength of M30 Grade concrete 14daysCompressive strength of M30 Grade concrete 28days

Graph 5.1 Showing Variation of Compressive Strength of M30 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

Table 5.2 Showing Values of Compressive Strength of M40 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

S.no % Graphene Oxide Compressive strength of M40 Grade concrete

7days 14days 28days

1 0% 25.6 35.8 39.38

2 5% 26.1 36.14 39.56

3 10% 26.68 36.44 40.2

4 15% 26.84 36.82 40.36

5 20% 26.02 36.26 40.06

6 25% 25.86 35.88 39.92

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%05

1015202530354045


Compressive strength of M40 Grade concrete 7daysCompressive strength of M40 Grade concrete 14daysCompressive strength of M40 Grade concrete 28days

Graph 5.2 Showing Variation of Compressive Strength of M40 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days



Table 5.3 Showing Values of Split Tensile Strength of M30 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

S.no % Graphene OxideSplit tensile strength of M30 Grade concrete

7days 14days 28days

1 0% 4.46 5.12 5.76

2 5% 4.62 5.2 5.88

3 10% 4.84 5.36 6.12

4 15% 4.96 5.58 6.54

5 20% 4.74 5.22 6.08

6 25% 4.6 5.04 5.92

1 2 3 4 5 60

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Split tensile strength of M30 Grade concrete

Split tensile strength of M30 Grade concrete 7days Split tensile strength of M30 Grade concrete 14daysSplit tensile strength of M30 Grade concrete 28days

Graph 5.3 Showing Variation of Split Tensile Strength of M30 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

Table 5.4 Showing Values of Split Tensile Strength of M30 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

S.no % Graphene OxideSplit tensile strength of M40 Grade concrete

7days 14days 28days1 0% 5.68 5.96 6.242 5% 5.72 6.12 6.463 10% 5.86 6.22 6.744 15% 5.98 6.56 6.885 20% 5.76 5.46 6.526 25% 5.62 5.34 6.4



0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Split tensile strength of M40 Grade concrete

Split tensile strength of M40 Grade concrete 7daysSplit tensile strength of M40 Grade concrete 14daysSplit tensile strength of M40 Grade concrete 28days

Graph 5.4 Showing Variation of Split Tensile Strength of M40 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

Table 5.5 Showing Values of Flexural Strength of M30 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

S.no % Graphene OxideFlexural strength of M30 Grade concrete

7days 14days 28days1 0% 4.46 5.12 5.262 5% 4.96 5.22 5.383 10% 5.26 5.34 5.464 15% 5.38 5.58 5.845 20% 5.16 5.24 5.36 25% 5.04 5.12 5.22

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Flexural strength of M30 Grade concrete

Flexural strength of M30 Grade concrete 7daysFlexural strength of M30 Grade concrete 14daysFlexural strength of M30 Grade concrete 28days

Graph 5.5 Showing Variation of Flexural Strength of M30 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days



Table 5.6 Showing Values of Flexural Strength of M40 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

S.no % Graphene Ox-ide


7days 14days 28days1 0% 4.68 5.24 5.382 5% 4.84 5.34 5.443 10% 4.98 5.48 5.684 15% 5.04 5.62 5.785 20% 4.88 5.26 5.546 25% 4.62 5.12 5.44

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%0

1

2

3

4

5

6


Flexural strength of M40 Grade concrete 7days Flexural strength of M40 Grade concrete 14daysFlexural strength of M40 Grade concrete 28days

Graph 5.6 Showing Variation of Flexural Strength of M40 Concrete for 7 days,14 Days,28 Days

VI CONCLUSIONS

From the above experimental study the following conclusions were made

1. The use of Graphene powder as a partial replacement of cement provides us an alternative source to use the waste into a useful material. Also the attempt to use the plentily available crushed stone sand is found to obtain good results.

2. Graphene oxide is formulated in a liquid base, so it keeps the color of concrete intact and does not interfere in the construc -tion process.

3. The value of slump decreases with increase in the percentage of Graphene powder from 0% to 20%.4. The value of compaction factor decreases with increase in the percentage of Graphene powder from 0% to 20%.5. The optimal value (maximum value) of compressive strength was observed at 15% Graphene powder from 0% to 20% for

7days, 14 days and 28 days. After 15% Graphene powder from 0% to 20% the compressive strength of concrete decreases.6. The optimal value (maximum value) of split tensile strength was observed at 15% Graphene powder from 0% to 20% for

7days, 14 days and 28 days. After 15% Graphene powder from 0% to 20% the split tensile strength of concrete decreases.7. The optimal value (maximum value) of Flexural strength was observed at 15% Graphene powder from 0% to 20% for 7days,

14 days and 28 days. After 15% Graphene powder from 0% to 20% the flexural strength of concrete decreases.8. The addition of Graphene powder improves the degree of hydration of the cement paste and increases the density of the ce -

ment matrix, creating a more durable product.

REFERENCES



1. Bhavesh Patel, Arunkumar Bhoraniya, “Evaluation Of Strength Property Of Concrete By Using Graphene Oxide As A Nano Additive”, International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES) Impact Factor: 3.45 (SJIF-2015), e-ISSN: 2455-2584 Volume 3, Issue 06, June-2017.

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http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials

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