THE GAZETTEIII~

. "O(j'i<~""~ . The University of Newcastle, NS. W, 2308

MOVABLE POLLUTION TESTING

VOL. 6, No. 1, APRIL, 1972

Pictured is the mobile unit to be used by NBN Channel 3 and the University to provide air pollutionmeasurements. (Photo: supplied by Philips Industries Ltd.)

The University has entered the new andunique Australian field of mobile air pollutiontesting.

Residents of the City of Newcastle can ex­pect to see a motor vehicle bearing the name"NBN 3-University of Newcastle EnvironmentMeasurement Unit" (EMU) being driven aroundtheir streets. Sophisticated "sniffmg" equip­ment has been installed in the vehicle, whichwill be used to obtain data on the quantitiesof some of the main pollutants in Newcastle'satmosphere at a range of locations.

The service has, in large part, been madepossibly by the Newcastle Broadcasting and

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Ievision Corporation Limited, which operatese commercial television station, NBN Channel

3. The company's General Manager (Mr. K.W.Stone) expressed keen interest in his stationbroadcasting air pollution bulletins as a T.V.nublic service and he sought the assistance of

~emic members of the university's staff"0 were undertaking research into air pollut­ion. When the Vice-Chancellor, the Chairmanof the Board of Environmental Studies (prof­essor F.M. Henderson) and the Head of theDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (prof­essor A.I. Carrnichael) responded favourablyMr. Stone's company agreed to give the projecta large degree of sustentation, namely $14,500to finance the purchase of a van and air pollut­ion measuring equipment.

An agreement was signed by NewcastleBroadcasting and Television Corporation Limit­ed and the Vice-Chancellor; subsequently the"111 and the equipment were acquired and the

~obile unit was assembled and tested. At leastone of the sensing and measuring devices - thesulphur dioxide detector - is the first of itskind to be utilized in Australia.

EMU will detect and measure the 'amount

•sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and dust

rn the air. NBN Channel 3 will communicate

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findings to members of the public as partits televised weather reports. The television

s ation's weatherman, Mr. Des Hart, who has agood reputation in the Newcastle Region for hisinformative weather bulletins, will be the rep­orter.

In return for NBN Channel 3's collaborat­ion, the Department of Mechanical Engineeringhas provided staff to operate the mobile testingunit and supply information on the levels of airpollution. Various Engineering Departmentsteamed together to instal the "sniffIng" equip­ment in the van. The service is being generallysupervised by Professor Carmichael and theunit is manned by Lecturer in MechanicalEngineering Dr. A.I. Chambers. Dr. Chambersholds a Ph.D. from Stanford University wherehis research was concerned with transfers ofenergy and mass at an air-water surface. This is

a problem in which the governing mechanismsare similar to those for the disposal of pollutedair.

The programme of measurement preparedfor the mobile unit is concerned with outdoorlevels of sulphur dioxide (S02), carbon mono­xide (CO) and haze in the Newcastle area.

The figure at the end of this article showsthe variation of sulphur dioxide, smoke, deathsand temperature in London in December, 1952.From this figure the death rate and the S02 lev­els appear to be corelated. However, despite thiscorelation and similar inter-relations found inNew York, medical opinion is that S02 is notthe agent that is causing the excess of deaths. Itis felt that concentrations of sulphur com­pounds should be regarded as an index of thegeneral level of pollution.

Gases emitted by motor vehicles are thechief sources of carbon monoxide, high concen­trations of which can be fatal to humans. Thelevels normally found along busy streets inNewcastle may impair reflex activity and, thus,contribute to accidents.

When carbon monoxide enters the body itreacts with the blood haemoglobin to form acarboxyhaemoglobin. The median carboxy­haemoglobin concentrate of a 20-a-day cigar­ette smoker who inhales is about 6% (a 66%satuation is usually fatal).

In London people exposed to high carbonmonoxide levels have been tested and for thenon-smokers these tests have shown carboxy­haemoglobin values generally less than 2%.

As regards particulate pollutants (particlesgenerally larger than 10 microns), NewcastleCity CouncU nas an t:xtensrve testmg networkwhich measures this type of fallout. The find­ings indicate a decrease over the past 10 years.

Particles small enough to remain suspendedin air indefmately (smaller than 10 microns) arecapable of being inhaled and may remain forlong periods in the lungs.

EMU has the advantage over a fixed stationof mobility and can be left at a site or movedto a number of sites. It will be used for meas­urements at weekends as well as on week days.Data obtained should be useful in several waysapart from helping to overcome pollution andprotect the community's welfare; it shouldaccelerate the university's long-range researchinto air pollution and assist the Board ofEnvironmental Studies with its investigationsinto the total environment.

As Newcastle is predominantly industrial,with one of Australia's largest concentrationsof heavy industry, it is highly unlikely that themobile unit will fail to detect instances of airpollution. After the project was arranged rep­resentatives of industrial plants attended a

2 THE GAZETTE APRIL, 1972 APRIL, 1972 THE GAZETTE 3

Newey & Beath Print.

"Some of you may regard what I have saidso far as an exerci' in cynici m or a confessionof governmental incompetance. Neither, I bel­ieve, is the case, Without excu iog the failureof Australian Governments to embrace unequiv­ocally the practice of providing White Paperson important subjects, I am aying that it isunrealistic to expect a representative govern­ment to deal much m educational philosophyThe capacity of a subject like State Aid toarouse parliamentary fervour does not, I think,disprove my claim.

well defined courses leading to qualificationsin business, agriculture, industry, engineering,paramedical studies and perhaps teaching (al­though this last may possibly be more approp·riate as a University course) and. on the otherhand, providing a range of 'liberal arts' coursesat a level appropriate to the top 20 to 30percent of the population, bu t not for the top5 to 10 percent who will go to Universities.

The Government's conception of TIle Univ·ersity was discussed by Dr. B.J. Solomon, M.P.for Denison. a fonner Rhodes Scholar and amember of the Federal Government's Educat·ion Commirtee. Dr. Solomon s mam points.

"A former colleague, whose intelligence Igreatly respect, has written that to the politic­ian the university 'is a cage fOI 'ell-stuffedmind that are fun to toy with and too danger­ous to be left uncontrolled'. There i , I thinkmore truth in thi a~ ertion than some wouldcare to recognise. However, as a generality it istoo cynical, and a an expre sion too pointedto represent truly those politicians' views ofwhich I am aware.

"Considering the major character of theoriginal legislation setting up the AustralianUniver ities Commission, it IS likely to be sometime until a need for substantial revision of theGovernment's view of universities i perceivedor pressed. Interim commentary is more likelyto emanate from the Mmister than anyone el e,and that in response to annual budgetary alloc­ation for universit) education. The establish­ment of another tertiary agency, such as one toadmini ter C's.A.E., may promote a moresearching examinati n of roles than the annualfinancially based assessmen t.

Work on the construction of Stage 11 A of the University Library.

unlikely to be any realistic re~ult from thecontrary procedure in which tlle Universitiestry to define and limit the role of the Colleges.

"Any reasonably dispassionate look at Un­iversities entrants must convince anyone thatat least one third of them should not be at a,university at all - their basic training in thecommon skills that should be learnt at .choolis poor and many of them have no real interestin University studies. The Universitics then,should be much more selective. I heartily agreewith the Australian Union of Students that theselection should not be on fmancial or socialgrounds, that tertiary education fees should beabolished and the means test on Common­wealth Scholarship allowances removed. Thereis, however, I believe, no substitute for adecreased percentage University intake. We arealready producing more graduates in most fieldsthan can be absorbed by society into the sort ofjobs they feel they should .have, and the Iffim­ense tail of unsatisfactory students in all Univ­ersities means either that special lower-levelcourses must be devised for them or that theywill hold back those students who are properlyqualified for University study.

"Finally, I would suggest that all Universitydegree courses should extend over a minimumperiod of four year. Those of u in thesciences, particularly, know how recent changesin the secondary school systems over much ofAustralia have reduced the level of under­standing and technical proficiency of the aver­age University entrant in science and mathem­atics, and 1 suspect 'that the same is true inmany other, though not all, fields. At the sanletime the amount of material of which even apass graduate should have some grasp is in­crea ing rapidly. The only solution, to avoidovercrowded syllabuses, with no time for think­ing, seems to be to extend the length of thecourse.

"A set of criteria like this, by limitmg thescope of Universities, should also provide anappropriate field for the colleges of AdvancedEducation. These Colleges could and shouldprovide an alternative form of tertiary trainingfor tllOse students who at present fail or areunhappy at University. I would like to seeCs.A.E. as providing, on the one hand, fairly

links and patterns among familiar things. Thesetwin fields of research and scholarship are thelife-blood of the University, and to them Iwould add a third which is often neglected ­the dreaming of dreams, the seeing of visions,the creative urge of the artist. This has its partin all fine research and scholarship, but is finestin the musician, the poet, the painter. It is alonely pursuit, whose rewards lie with po ·ter­ity. I would like to see our true Universitiesmore active in thi realm.

"The UmverSltles should also have a concernfor general education outside the confines ofdegree courses. Australia i singularly backwardin making any use of radio and television forthis purpose. The ABC does its best with asmall budget and a lamentably limited access tobroadcast and TV channels; the commercialnetworks are devoted to the pursuit of thelowest common denominator in all things.There is, however, a ray of hope in the long­awaited report of the Broadcasting ControlBoard on the introduction of FM broadcasting.If this recommendation is made and acceptedthen perhaps we can look forward to an educ­ational network on which I hope the Universit­ie will play their part.

..a "'Research is part of the life blood of a~niversity'. The purposes of University research

are three-fold: to benefit the staff member, tobenefit his students and to benefit the subject.

"A critical mind requires continual sharp-

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. g and, if University staff are to workctively, they need continually to face new

estions. Students, I believe, can either benefitor suffer from the effects of the research oftheir teachers. For advanced students the bene­fits are clear and the losses negligable. It is theordinary student we should considet. The gainshere come from the sharpened perceptions ofthe teacher, the losses from his preoccupationwith research instead of undergraduate teach­ing. For the below-average student the gains arenegligible and the losses may be great. Thebalance varies from one individual to anotherand it is probably only the individual staffmember who can adjust it. Finally, the research

A self. I firmly believe that the research done in_niversities should be that which can demon­

strably be done better or more appropriatelythere than in other organizations. Big teamefforts, crash programmes and short-term ad

~oc research should not take place in Universit­

except in time of emergency - all these areetter carried out by Government agencies or

• industrial laboratories.• "The clearest and most pressing problems

about the fu tu re role of Universities in thecommunity are posed by the development ofthe competing institutions like the Colleges ofAdvanced Education. If the distinctions bet­ween all tertiary institutions are vague and ill­defined, then social, rather than academic,pressures will convert them all to Universitiesand, because there will not be enough goodstudents to go round a clear packing-order ofUniver ities will develop on the Americanpattern. It IS by no means sure that existingUniversities will remain near the top of thisorder and quite extraneous influences may bedecisive. The alternative, and I think the onlyrational course, is for the Universities to definemore clearly their own role and to do it in sucha way that the distinction is clear. There is

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UNIVERSITIES, THREE VIEWS

At the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Aust­ralian University Graduate Conference in Hob­art a one·day seminar had as its theme "TheRole of the University in Society . .. as seen bythe Universities, the Government and the Com·munity".

Professor N.H. Fie tcher. Professor of Phy·sics and Pro Vice Chancellor of the Universityof New England, gave his assessment of theuniversity viewpoint. Among other things. he~w: ~

"All professions are socially important an.it is important that their practitioners be as welltrained as possible, but if the University issimply to be a universal tertiary training instit­ute it will lose all those distinctive qUali.·which make it a University.

"These qualities, I would argue, come essetially from the existence of a substantial bodyof students studying academically tough discip­lines for their own sakes - things like Mathem­atics and Chemistry and Latin and Mu ic whichare, it is true, often practically useful but whichare not studied for this reason alone. If thesestudents become a small minority then theUniversity will have become a trade school.

"Many Universities, following a bad Amer­ican example, are drifting in the wrong direct·ion here. New 'professional' courses should notbe offered with little thought simply because ademand exists. Rather, the Universities shouJAask whether there is something special abou'"this particular profession which can be suppliedonly by a University and not, for example, by aC.A.E. and, conversely, whether the study ofthis professional discipline can contribute som.thing to the University which will be of valto its other students. Unless the answer to botlithese questions is yes, then it should stay o,aside the University, •

"The central touch-stone of purpose withina University has always been supposed to be thedisinterested pursuit of knowledge and, unlessthis is preserved, the University is that in nameonly. We recognise, of course, the vast gulfbetween the ideal and the reality, but unlessthe ideal is cherished we are lost.

''This pursuit of knowledge takes place, ofcourse, on many levels. The student should beexploring, with the guidance of his teacher, thecarefully cultivated and well mapped fields ofestablished understanding. The teacher, to keephis mind awake, must either work at the edgesof the fIeld where a way can be found throughthe woods to fresh pastures, or, by careful re­charting of the known fields, recognise new

living outside centres where tertiary educationis available and their solutions, so that studentsat least have parity with their counterparts liv­ing in a tertiary education centre.

The following officers for 1972 were electedat the meeting: -President, Mr. R.A. Corin, University of N.S.W.;Vice-Presidents, Miss A. Holzer, Monash Univ·ersity, Miss J.E. Rogerson, University of West­ern Australia; Executive Secretary, Mr. A.I.Mason, University of Sydney; Education Off­icer, Mr. M.C.B. Hills, University of Tasmania.

Mr. Corin said that the next Annual Meetingwould be held at the University of Queenslandon the Australia Day weekend in 1973.

The Warden of Convocation (Mr. W.G.Derkenne), with the Secretary of the StandingCommittee (Miss F. Burns). attended the sixthannual meeting of the Australian UniversityGraduate Conference held in Hobart from 29thto 31st January.

The A.U.G.C. Conference, which was att­ended by delegates representing approximately100,000 graduates living in Australia, expressedconcern about the current employment prob­lems confronting graduates.

The President (Mr. R.A. Corin, of Sydney)said that the Conference would urge the Comm­onwealth Department of Education and Scienceto undertake a national and state-based surveyof the projected need for tertiary graduates inall fields. The Conference would also ask thatthe information gained be published annuallyin an updated report for the information andguidance to intending University entrants.

The Standing Committee of the Convocat­ion of the University of Tasmania submittedthat parents of students living beyond a centreserved by a university were subjected to a fargreater financial burden that was just or reason­able. The Standing Comm~ttee requested thatthe Federal Minister for Education and Sciencebe asked to take steps to redress this grievancein the interest of equal educational opportunityfor all the citizens of this nation.

In the course of its investigations the Stand­ing Committee found that a United Kingdomstudent who was accepted for a place in auniversity was entitled to a scholarship as aright, while a somewhat similar situation oper­ated in New Zealand.

The ideal would be to adopt a comprehen­sive scheme similar to the United Kingdom and/or New Zealand schemes, but, if it should provediffIcult to implement such a proposal immed­iately, an interim scheme should be introducedfor students resident in non-university centreswho qualify for a place in a university. Thebasic elements of such a scheme, which shouldaim to put the parents of students living innon-university centres on the same footing asthose living in university centres, should be: (a)an adequate accommodation allowance; (b) atravel allowance to cover a return trip homeeach term. (The principle of providing traveland establishment allowances is already acc­epted in the case of Commonwealth Post­graduate scholarships).

The Standing Committee said that such ascheme would: (a) provide equal educationalopportunity for all qualified students regardlessof whether they lived at Mount Tom Price,Oodnadatta, Burnie or Canberra; (b) enable thenation to provide an economic universal tertiaryeducation service until such time as it can pro­vide adequate regional colleges and a com­prehensive scholarship scheme; (c) remove a realgrievance from hinterland taxpayers who per­form a valuable economic service to the nation,especially in such remote areas of Australia asthe iron-ore fields, but consider that theirchildren are disadvantaged by comparison withthe children of citizens resident in the nationaland state seats of government.

The Conference called on the Common­wealth and State Governments to give full con­sideration to the problems of tertiary students

CONVOCATION

o...

...FO PERIOD ~

i ...~

~ ~.....,.~0

!t-"----+f-+---~,._+----_l~ 2

o

..~"0~gl------t/----i,._-+--"""""",,_--+

<l

Source: Interim Report of U.K. Committee onAir Pollution (Beaver Committee), 1953.

meeting at which Professor Henderson assuredthem that a "fair and representative picture ofthe Newcastle situation" would be presente.d.

Dr. Chambers said that some officials ofindustries had indicated their willingness toallow him to look at their plants to see whatmethods were being used to combat pollution.However, he stated, the problem of pollutionwould not be solved by industry alone; mem­bers of the public increased the nuisance byburning rubbish and neglecting to take steps toreduce the emission of CO and hydrocarbonsby their cars. Some American cities compelledcitizens to dump rubbish rather than burn it.He had noticed the cleanliness of U.S. nationalparks; for example, people who walked intothe Grand Canyon were personally held respon­SIDle for any litter they left; the common viewwas if they could carry it in they could carry itout again. Australia could well afford to followthis example.

Dr. Chambers said he was hopeful that the"NBN 3-University of Newcastle EnvironmentalMeasurement Unit" would be the fIrst steptowards a very desirable goal - the issuing ofair pollution forecasts. Weather patterns causeda succession of changes in the Newcastle airpollution picture. Only at certain times wasfallout bad. Thus bulletins analogous to "firedanger periods" might foreshadow periods inwhich fallout was likely to be serious; con­sequently, authorities would be in a position tocall upon industries and citizens to minimisethe problem.

Units-Sulphur Dioxide - Concentration inparts per million of air (mean of ten sites).Smoke - Concentration in milligrams per cubicmetre of air (me!!n of twelve sites).Temperature - Degrees Fahrenheit (noon read·ings on Air Ministry roof).Deaths - Total number occurring each day.

Deaths, Air Pollution and Temperature duringDecember 1952, in Greater London

(Population 8~ millions)

Work on the construction of the University's Great Hall (above) is progressing satisfactorily and theproject should be completed before the end of this year. Further donations ore being requested tomeet increased building cos~A Newcastle piano dealer, Mr. V.c. MiIlington, Melbourne firm specialising in instruments. RoseMusic Pry. Ltd., and Yamaha. Japan. collaborated to provide the University witll a Yamaha ConcertGrand piano for the Great Hall (below).

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University of Salford and has completed workon a Ph.D. degree.

Dr. A.J. Guttrnarm has taken up his appoint­ment as Lecturer in Mathematics. Dr. Gutt­mann holds the degrees of Bachelor of Scienceand Master of Science in the University of Mel­bourne and Doctor of Philosophy in the Univ­ersity of N.S.W. He was a Postdoctoral Fellowat Kings College, University of London, fromSeptember 1969 until joining the university.Dr. Guttmann has been appointed as a memberof the Board of Studies in Computer Science.

Mr. L.V. Entrekin has taken up his appoint­ment as Lecturer in Commerce. Mr. Entrekincomes from Arizona, U.S.A. and holds thequalifications of B.S. in Northern ArizonaUniversity and M.B.A. in the University ofNevada. He graduated form Northern ArizonaUniversity in 1966 with Distinction and PhiKappa Phi. He worked in the Marketing Divis­ion of the Eastman Kodak Company from 1966to 1970 and was granted leave of absence toenrol at the University of Nevada. Mr. Entrekinbelongs to Beta Gamma Sigma, a nationalhonorary scholastic society connected withBusiness.

THE GAZETTE

NEW MEMBERS OF STAFF

Dr. W.P. Wood has taken up his appointment asLecturer in Mathematics. Dr. Wood holds aB.Sc. degree with Honours and a Ph.D. degreein the University of New South Wales. Beforejoining the university he was attached as aResearch Fellow to the Department of Theoret­ical Physics in the Research School of PhysicalSciences at the Australian National University.Dr. F. Walla has begun duties as Lecturer inGerman. Dr. Walla holds the qualifications ofLehraIntspufung and Ph.D. in the University ofVienna and since 1962 has filled a number ofteaching posts in England and Europe. For sixweeks in 1970 he was attached to SalzburgSummer School for Foreign Students and be­fore joining this university was Lektor at West­field College, London.

Mr. R. Fielden has begun' duties as Post­doctoral Research Fellow in the Department ofChemistry. Mr. Fielden holds the qualificationsof Associate of the Royal Institute of Chem­istry and Associate of the Royal College ofAdvanced Technology (Ist Class Hons.) in the

In response to a request for Convocationto support the Great Hall of the university, theStanding Committee adopted the provision ofthe doors for the building as a Convocationproject for 1972.

The Warden (Mr. W.G. Derkenne) was auth­orised to meet the Chairman of the LordMayor's Newcastle University Committee (Aid.F.J. Purdue) to pledge Convocation supportand to confer with the Vice-Chancellor on poss­ible ways of Convocation making a maximumdonation towards the cost of the doors.

The Secretary of the Standing Committee(Miss F. Burns) read a letter from Aid. Purdueat the Standing Committee's meeting on 22ndFebruary. Aid. Purdue stated that costs assoc­iated with the construction of the Great Hallhad escalated since work was begun in Nov­ember, 1970, and at least $100,000 in excessof the $1 million already in hand was requiredto complete the project and provide furnish­ings.

The Warden has invited members of Convoc­ation to assist the Standing Committee's cam­

~ign by sending donations to the Secretary ofWonvocation, University of Newcastle, 2308.

Convocation staged a successful seminarwith the theme "The Relationship BetweenColleges of Advanced Education and Univer-

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. ies" at the University on 10th March.he Standing Committee was influenced to

old the seminar because of strong views beingventilated on the subject. It arranged for thefollowing speakers to address the seminar:Professor L.N. Short, Professor of Education,University of Newcastle; Dr. R. Werner, Direc­tor, N.S.W. Institute of Technology, Sydney,and Mr. G.H. Duncan, Principal, NewcastleTeachers' College. The Warden expressed hisdelight with the good attendance and ProfessorE.O. Hall acted as Chairman.

Following a recommendation from Dr. P.Richards, representing the Issues Sub-Comm­ittee, it was resolved by the Standing Comm­

Atee that Convocation hold a seminar during~e university's second term on "The Provision

of a Medical School in Newcastle".The Education and Issues Sub-eommittees

(professor E.O. Hall, Dr. P. Hendry, Dr. Rich-

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dS and Mr. B. Vitnell) were amalgamated and. K. White was elected to succeed Mr. Vitnell,

who has resigned.aMiss Burns possesses a list of addresses of.stralian graduates who are living in England,

Scotland and the United States of America.The list, prepared for the Australian UniversityGraduates Conference by Miss A.J. Holzer, isavailable to Members of Convocation. Thepeople shown on the list are willing to helpAustralian graduates who are travelling overseas.

Miss Burns said the A.U.G.C. would conducta seminar on "Continuing Education For Grad­uates: Problems and Possibilities", probably atthe University of Melbourne, from 26th to 28thMay.

Convocation's annual general meeting willbe held in the Staff House at the university on5th May and the Convocation Dinner will beheld on 12th July. It is intended to use pro­ceeds from the dinner for the Great Hall DoorsFund.

STANDING COMMITTEE

APRIL, 1972

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APRIL. 1972

material assets and, it is generally believed, thecost of sending the vast majority of the demon­strating students to their university.

"A second matter causing concern is thebelief that universities are turning out too manygraduates. This reflects the predominance in thecommunity of the view that the main functionof universities is vocational training. The pointof view of the academic is of course, that onecan never have too many graduates, and, if, foreXaInpIe, a labourer on the wharf has a Bach­elor of Arts degree, then he and those in con­tact with him are better off for it. Eut this isnot how graduates see it, as it is not the waythey have been conditioned to think. Too manygraduates, perhaps most, believe a degreeopens any door.

"One may run the risk of being lynched forsuggesting there should be a complete reapp­raisal of our attitudes to advanced tertiaryeducation. There are those who say educationhas become a holy cow and the emphasis on itgenerally is grossly exaggerated and is out­stripping the demand, the need and the desirefor education beyond certain levels. Such asuggestion may certainly be political suicide.The voicing of such a view may have onestruck off dinner lists and, in some quarteAwould result in ostracism by society. Howev~it could well be a practical and realistic thoughtto explore.

"True it is that the Martin Report con­cluded: 'The Committee recognizes tha.·certain specialized fields there may be cobetween individual aspirations and communneeds. However, it believes that, in general,such conflict should be resolved by the oper­ation of supply and demand. Research intofuture requirements for certain types of train­ing is useful; bu t the Committee does notbelieve that the entry of students into variouscourses should be restricted to forecasts offuture needs. This would circumscribe educat­ional opportunity and involve the risk of graveerror'. But can this view still be supported inthe light of developments in Australia since theMartin Report? There is no denying there doesexist the problem of too many graduates fAjob opportunities. Predictably the Commo'"wealth Government is first to be blamed, itbeing said that the major factor contributingto this situation was the dampening down ofthe economy in the 1971 budget. However.does not appear to be the whole answer.Kidd, Secretary of the University of SydneyAppointments Board, stated that contribu.to the situation was an increased flowWgraduates from overseas. Our present attitudesmay well be to shrink from 'manpowe( plarm­ing and quotas, bu t certainly there are goodarguments for national co-ordination, whichalthough regarded as socialistic, may becomenecessary. There may be great value in thesetting up of some agency which would haveregard to the balancing of the products of theuniversities with the needs of the community.

"What does the community see as the roleof the university? The community requiresvalue for its money, and, whilst at the SaInetime acknowledging that one of the roles of theuniversity is education for its own sake, it nev­ertheless regards its primary role as one ofbenefit to the community as a training estab­lishment."

THE GAZETTE

rich', said he felt the universities 'would notforget that under all the circumstances ... thecommunity is accepting heavy burdens in orderthat, through the training of the universitygraduates, the community may be served.'

"This expresses the view which apparentlyhas been accepted and acted upon in politicalcircles in this country for decades. However,the implication that the work of the universityis but to perform a social service function andthat a university should be assessed on thisfunction alone has never been accepted byacademics. 1 believe the community would notsupport the extremes represented by either thesocial service function or the ivory tower ­pure-learning function, bu t certainly is preparedto acknowledge the existence of both providedthere is maiI)tained a proper balance of the two.

"No doubt due to the increasing depend­ence upon the taxpayers, emphasis is given byuniversities to vocational training. The cultiv­ation of the professional faculties and the in tro­duction of new faculties to meet the needs ofthe community, such as in the fields of agric­ulture, commerce and industry, illustrates thatthe university has indeed exhibited the flexib­ility so essential in such an institution.

"The community sees the work of a univ­ersity to be primarily relevant to that comm­unity, and expects it to proportion it's activitiesaccordingly. However, in every instance of myown enquiry, society clearly is not prepared toaccept abuse of the freedom of thought whichexists at a university. Society insists upon a rec­ognition by those attending universities thatchange should only take place by lawful meth­ods. Student unrest has resulted in universalcomplaint, and the view is firmly held that thecommunity is paying for students to attend theuniversity to learn, not to actively attempt toset abou t the destruction of the social structureand institutions which have been evolved overcenturies of trial, error and compromise. Suchdestruction appears to be advocated for its ownsake and no constructive system appears con­templated by the dissidents. The image hasbeen 'society is in a mess, let's destroy thepresent structure', but to the question 'withwhat will you replace it?' the answer appearsinevitably 'well we haven't decided about thatyet'.

"It is fair to say that universities in Australiahave to date enjoyed the respect of the comm­unity, but two clouds on their image are creat­ing a reaction which could cripple, if notdestroy, their present freedom.

"The commu'nity expects a general educat­ion, with its freedom of thought, its question­ing and its re-appraisal, to result in an apprec­iation leading to tolerance. The abuse of suchfreedom of thought and the violent exerCise ofa point of view to bludgeon society into aware­ness of such opinions is an intolerance which asa matter of principle the demonstrators purportto abhor.

"Whilst society and the community at largeis not advocating totalitarianism in the univer­sity, it is demanding that discipline be institut­ed, maintained and enforced. The invasion andbarricading of university buildings by students,and the provocation, incitation and violencewhich has accompanied such incidents, is be­haviour that cannot be tolerated by the comm­unity, which is footing the bill both for the

4

"The Hon. Malcohn Fraser, in a MinisterialStatement on the Commonwealth's 1971-72education programme, said, in part, 'The Gov­ernment fully recognises the national import­ance of education ... and its objective is to dowhat it appropriately can ... to improve thequantity and quality of education in Australia'.After detailing a 14 percent increase in expend­iture, making for a doubling since 1967/68,Mr. Fraser first referred to universities andCs.A.E.: 'Grants to the States for their univer­sities w ill increase by 20 percent and will to tal$90m ... ' and 'The Government is willing tojoin with tl· '\tates in providing funds foruniversities all... ·~.A.E.... to assist them inmeeting increases in costs arising from substant­ial salary and wage increases for non-academicstaff ... '. A practical view of the universities'role?

"Towards the end of his statement theMinister said, in part, 'Tomorrow's tasks willrequire higher skills and better managementthan in the past. If we cannot match the largenations in capital and invention, we can at leastbe our own managers .... Investment in educ­ation is investment in adaptability and capacityto survive ... We ought to strive harder thanever before to achieve what no generation hasachieved: a community composed of men andwomen for whom human values are moreimportant than material advan tages ... '.

'Many people dislike the association of pol­itics with education. Not everyone comprehendsthe 'trading out of interests in the political mar­ket place' and some are very ready to deplore aspolitical football decisions on expenditureprioritiesat variance with their own. TheA.U.C. was established to obviate any undueexercise of the P9wer of the purse in the devel­opment of Australian universities. The recentformation of the Australian Advisory Comm­ittee on Research and Development in Educat­ion is further evidence of proper thinking inclosely allied matters.

"No national government is these daysunaware of the fundamental importance ofinvestment in education, and least of all are theuniversities likely to leave any such unaware­ness undisturbed. The task of deciding howmuch investment is a difficult one indeed.There is no right answer, since society changesas a result of the investment. What we areengaged in is a constant quest for the optimumdevelopment of our human resources, withoutwhich we carmot develop much else, whetherit be a modern political and social structure, asense of national unity, or high standards ofmaterial welfare. Desirable as it is for the Gov­ernment to have a clear view of where theuniversities should stand in this process, quitethe best-equipped section of society to form­ulate such a view and persuade those in politicsof its worth are the universities themselves. Formaintaining their traditional place at the apexof the educational pyramid that would notseem a high price to pay."

Mr. R.S.J. Valentine, President of HobartChamber of Commerce, spoke on "The Roleof the Univer!lJY in Society as Seen by theCommunity ". He asserted, inter alia:

"Sir Robert Menzies, then Prime Minister,speaking in Federal Parliament in 1957 aboutthe passing of the days when the universitieswere said to be the prerogative of the 'idle

7

ation most dissatisfied is that which has haddriving experience overseas and observed trafficbehaviour under different rules to ours.

The questionnaire also attempted to obtainreasons for a driver's preference. Conclusionsreached from the answers are presented below:66% of the sample thought that regardless of

the Give-Way Rule there is a "natural"expectancy that vehicles on a minorroad will yield priority to traffic on amajor road.

84% of the sample thought that drivers undera rule Give-Way to Right, when enteringa major road inter ection from a minorroad on the right frequently must adoptan aggressive attitude to obtain their leg­al priority.

70% of the sample thought that the Give-Wayrule at road junctions had a bearing ongeneral driver behaviour.

The author considers that contained in theabove three statistics could be the crux of areason for the high fatality rate on Australianroads. Herein may lie the answer to the corn·petiveness and belligerence of the Australiandriver.

Of the drivers experienced with road traveloverseas approximately 90% thought that driv­ing with a rule Give-Way to Major Road, travelwas more comfortable, less fatiguing and collis­ions were less likely to occur nose-to-tail orinvolving vehicles at a junction of a major roadwith a minor road. Surprisingly 77% thoughtGive-Way to Major Road was superior for a rap­id assessment of priority, perhaps because thepriority decision is made before the junctionnot at it.

One of the standard criticisms of a PriorityRoad scheme is that drivers on that priorityroad become inattentive and liable to have acollision if an unusual situation occurs. Theopinion of the experienced drivers in the pollsample largely (73%) denied this and claimedthat drivers could focus ahead since they didnot need to constantly monitor roads enteringon the right, and thus they were less liable tohave a collision with a vehicle or a pedestriansuddenly appearing on the road.

To the author the overall dissatisfaction ofpresent road users with the Give-Way to theRight rule has been amply demonstrated. Whatshould be aimed for, in the opinion of driversexperienced with travel overseas, where differ­ent road rules, after, is the introduction of theBritish, every intersection marked, Give-Way toMajor Road scheme. Perhaps this should beintroduced gradually, starting with the placingof YIELD signs where all minor roads intersectMajor Arterial routes.

There has been considerable newspaper com­ment on this topic recently, leading up to ameeting of the Transport Advisory Council inFebruary, 1972. The Council considered a rep­ort on Priority Roads and Give-Way igns butfailed to agree on a uniform approach to chang­es in the Give-Way-to-Right rule. The meetingdecided that the States should make their owndecision.

Since then the South Australian TransportMinister has stated that his Government willcommence trials of Priority Roads in Adelaide.The N.S.W. Transport Minister has announceda trial Priority route along Victoria Road,Ryde, Sydney.

THE GAZETTE

Mr. 8.S. Heatol1, Senior Lecturer in CivilEngineering, has kindly permitted pUblicationof the following personal comments on themerits of the Give-way to the Right andPriority Road driving rules, together with theviews of certain university staff mem bers on thetwo systems.

I recently conducted an opinion poll ondriving rules among staff at the university. Thequestionnaire was designed by Or. DaphneKeats and myself. It should not be construedthat the author sought only opinions of highlyeducated people; the university was merely areadily-tapped source of motorists with exper­ience of overseas systems different than thoseapplying in Australia. A parallel poll by anM.Eng.Sc. student, Mr. R.L. Narayanan, wasconducted among a sample of 110 employeesof B.H.P. 'ewcastle to check if any bias existedbetween university staff with no overseas exper­ience and similarly experienced B.H.P. employ­ees. The two poll results displayed no signific­ant variation.

The number of University staff who com­pleted the poll questionnaire was 146 withdriving experience distributed as follows: - 25%had driven more than 10,000 miles in morethan one country other than Australia; 16% haddriven more than 10,000 in one country otherthan Australia or had driven between 1,000 and10,000 miles in more than one country otherthan Australia and 59% had little or no exper­ience outside Australia.

The results of the poll displayed some inter·esting features. The more significant of theseare: -Only 4% of all drivers considered that the pres­ent Australian situation would NOT be improv­ed by placing YIELD signs on the side roads atALL major highway and trunk road inter­sections.

As regards the drivers! overall preferences,Only 11% preferred to blanket Give-Way toRight as it is applied in Australia.44% preferred the British, every intersectionmarked, Give-Way to Major Road rule.41% preferred a Priority Road scheme inconjunction with Give-Way to Right.4% preferred some other rule.A very significant point however, is that, of

the grou p of drivers wi th the grea ter experienceoverseas,

one preferred the blanket Give-Way toRight.62% preferred the every intersection markedGive-Way to Major Road scheme.32% preferred a Priority Road scheme inconjunction with Give·Way to Right.These figures are startling. They indicate

that a substantial majority of the populace isdissatisfied with the present rule and would bereceptive to change. The section of the popul-

then write at considerably greater length".Shirley Baker and the King of Tonga was

reviewed for The Australian by Olaf Ruhen,who wrote that Dr. Rutherford's book wasimportant, not only in Tonga, not onlythroughout the Methodist Creed, bu t every­where, teaching the lesson that determinationis just abollt the only quality needed to sheethome a victory.

GIVE-WAY RULES

Rev. Shirley Baker.

about whom writers, beginning with BasilThomson, a British official who succeededBaker, reached untrustworthy opinions. Or.Rutherford decided it was important to re-~ine the career of Shirley Baker and to re­~uate his contribution to developments in

Tonga between 1860 and 1890.Baker was born in London and came to

Australia during the gold rush. He was con-

•

d to Methodism, ordained as a missionarynt to Tonga in 1860. For twenty years he

ed as a missionary, developing a close co­operation with Tupou.

Scandals over his methods of raising funds,however,caused the Missionary Society to recallhim in 1879. By 1880 he was back as PtimeMinister. Baker revenged himself on the Wesley­an Mission by establishing a Free Church andforcing all Tongans to join it. Bitter persecut­ions followed and aftet an attempt on his life,the British stepped in and deported him in1890.

In the epilogue, Dr. Rutherford declaresthat it is in the verdict of writers on Baker as~eman and politician that the greatest mis­_riage of justice lies. "He wrought a revolut­

ion of tremendous significance in Tonga, guid­ing a tribal, quasi-feudal society as it trans­formed itself with a minimum of distress into a

•

ern constitutional State."he author carried out most of the research

Shirley Baker and the King of Tonga while

•

eld a research scholarship in the Depart­of Pacific History at the Australian Nat­

ional University. A portion of the work wasdone in Tonga and the book is dedicated to theKing, Taufa ahau Tupou IV.

The response of book critics has been com­plimentary. Dr. Rutherford had produced a fmebook, Les Shaw wrote in the Canberra Timesand "as an academic exercise, it is a thoroughlydocumented biography. As something to per­use, it is an entertaining volume which is apleasure to pick up and a delight to read".

lan Grossart, reviewing the book for theA.P.S.A. Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2, said Dr. Ruth­erford had shown such a sensitivity to theproblems of societies undergoing rapid change(and political change in particular) that "wemust look forward to his forthcoming historyof the Friendly Islands and hope that he will

APRIL, 1972

Dr. Noel Rutherford, Senior LecturerHistory at the University, is the author of .book, Shirley Baker and the King of Tonga,which has been published by Oxford UniversityPress, Melbourne, and sell for $9.

The book is essentially a biographical sket,of Reverend Shirley Waldemar Baker, who, aWesleyan missionary in Tonga from 1860 t1879 and Prime Minister from 1880 to 18co-operated closely with the Tongan KGeorge Tupou I, in the drawing up of codes oflaws and a constitution for Tongans at a timewhen Western civilization was forcing itselfupon South Pacific native communities.

As the author observes, Tonga, alone amongthe island groups of the Pacific, emerged fromthe nineteenth century as a sovereign, indep­end state. Other island polities were absorbedinto European colonial empires. Tonga has itsown king, cabinet, legislature, constitution,code of laws and even its own church; theKingdom's land is exclusively and inalienablyTongan.

Or. Rutherford states that Tonga made itsremarkably successful adjustment to the mod­ern world under King George Tupou I during aperiod dominated by Shirley Waldemar Baker,

STAFF MEMBER'S BOOK

Mr. C.S. Enright has begun dutie as Lect­urer in Legal Studies in the Department ofCommerce. Mr. Enright holds the degrees ofBachelor of Law in the University of Sydneyand Bachelor of Arts in this university. Hepractised as a solicitor before joining theacademic staff.

Mr. P.W. Newton has taken \:p his appoint­ment as Tutor in Geography. He holds the qual­ification of Bachelor of Arts in tius university;the conferring of his M.A. degree is pending.

Mr. I.R. Beaman, previously a ComputerProgrammer in the Computer Centre, has begunduties as Lecturer in Commerce. He is a Bachelor of Science in the University of N.S.W. alholds a Diploma of Industrial Engineering.

Mr. W.N. Jenks, who comes from New Zeal­and, ha commenced duties as Tutor in Geog­raphy. He is a Bachelor of Arts and Master ofArts in Otago University and holds a Diplin Education.

Mr. G.W. Nichols, who graduated as a B.E.with Honours in this university in 1971, hastaken up du ties as Senior Tu tor in Civil Engin­eering. Before joining the university Mr. Nicholswas attached to the Hunter District WaterBoard as a cadet engineer.

Mr. T.M. Bakker has begun duties as Dem­onstrator in Psychology. He holds the degree ofBachelor of Arts in the University of Tasmania.

THE GAZETTE

Professor H. Melvin Lieberstein, formerly att­ached to Wichita State University, U.S.A., hastaken up his appointment to the second Chairin Mathematics.

The University's first Hall of Residence is scheduled to be completed in stages this year - ti,e first inJune and the second irl September. Applications have been called for student residents; tile collegewill be made available in vacations to members of the pUblic who require accommodation for con­ferences.

Mrs. J.P. Galvin, who was awarded a Bachel­or of Arts degree with Honours in this univer­sity in 1971, has begun duties as Tutor inGeography.

Mr. J.C.' Walker has taken up his appoint­ment as Lecturer in Education. He holds B.A.and Dip.Ed. degrees in the University of Syd­ney and is working towards an M.Ed. degree.Mr. Walker has been a high school teacher anda Teachers' College lecturer. Prior to joiningthis university he was a Lecturer in Educationat Bedford Park Teachers' College, Adelaide.

Dr. D. Jaffrey has commenced duties asLecturer in Metallurgy. Dr. Jaffrey holds thedegrees of B.Sc. with Honours in the Universityof Queensland, M.Sc. in McMaster University,Ontario, Canada, and Ph.D. Degree in the Univ­ersity of Cambridge. While a member ofChurchill College, Cambridge, he was awardeda half blue in water polo and represented thecollege in rowing and swimming. He is marriedwith two children and prior to as uming dutiesat this university held appointments in Mel­bourne with the B.H.P. Co. Limited and at Mt.Tom Price with Hamersley Iron.

Mr. B.P. O'Shea, who holds the degrtle ofB.Com. in the University of N.S.w. and hasbeen a high school teacher for 16 years, hasjoined the Department of Commerce as aSenior Tu tor.

6

Dr. M.W. Blackmore has begun duties asWarden of the University's first Hall of Res­idence. Under the terms of his appointment Or.Blackmore will divide his time between the Hallof Residence and the Department of Chemistry,to which he has been attached as a VisitingSenior Lecturer. Or. Blackmore is a B.Sc. grad­uate with honours in Queens University, Bel­fast. He came to Australia in 1966 to take upthe post of Senior Demonstrator in InorganicChemistry at La Trobe University, was pro­moted to Lecturer in 1970 and between Feb­ruary and October 1971 was a Lecturer atCanberra College of Advanced Education. Inaddition, during his appointment at La TrobeUniversity, he held the position of Senior Res­ident Tutor of Menzies College.

Dr. J.L. Seggie, a former student of thisuniversity, has taken up his appointment asLecturer in Psychology. Dr. Seggie was a SeniorPsychologist with the Department of Armyfrom July, 1969, to July, 1970, a SeniorLecturer in the Mitchell College of AdvancedEducation from August, 1970, until January,1971, and a Lecturer in the University of NewEngland during 1971. He was awarded a Univ­ersity Medal when he graduated as a Bachelorof Arts in 1968.

Mr. P.J. Moylan has begun duties as Lect­urer in Electrical Engineering. Mr. Moylan holdsthe degrees of Bachelor of Engineering withHonours in the University of Melbourne andMaster of Engineering in the University ofNewcastle.

Dr. R.A. Fredlein has arrived at the univer­sity to assume duties as Lecturer in Chemistry.Or. Fredlein was a Postdoctoral Research Fell­ow at the Electra-chemistry Laboratory, Univ­ersity of Pennsylvania, from 1968 until 1971.He is a B.Sc., and a Ph.D. in the University ofQueensland.

Dr. AJ. Chambers took up his appointmentas Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering in Dec­ember. Dr. Chambers holds a B.E. degree in theUniversity of N.S.W., and M.E. degree in theUniversity of Newcastle and a Ph.D. degree inStanford University. He was attached to DrexelUniversity, Philadelphia, as an Assistant Profess­or and, subsequently, Stanford University as aResearch Assistant before returning to New­castle.

Dr. Judith M. Bean has begun duties asSenior Demonstrator in Geology. Or. Beanholds the qualifications of B.Sc. and Ph.D. inthe University of New England and in 1970and 1971 was a part-time Tutor at MacquarieUniversity .

Mr.I.G. Wallschutsky has commenced dutiesas Senior Tutor in Commerce. He holds a B.Corn. degree in this university and was pre­viously an Accountant with the B.H.P. Com­pany Limited.

Mr. G.R. Keating has taken up his appoint­ment as Lecturer in Economics. A TeachingFellow and then a Temporary Lecturer at theUniversity of New England before joining theuniversity, he holds the degrees of B.Ec. andM.Ec. in the University of New England.

Mr. J.L. O'Neil has joined the Departmentof Classics as Lecturer. He qualified as a Bach­elor of Arts and Master of Arts in the Univer­sity of Sydney; the conferring of his Ph.D.degree in the University of Cambridge is pend­ing.

8 THE GAZETTE APRIL, 1972

The secretary, University of Newcastle, 2308, of

* Your change of address

I

About 200 High School students enrolledfor the Mathematics Summer School held at theUniversity from January 25 to 27. It was thefourth staged by Newcastle Mathematics AA...iation; students from high schools inNew~and the Hunter Valley, including Gloucester,Taree, Muswellbrook and Wingham High Sch­ools, attended. Accommodation in Newcastlewas arranged for students coming from centresa long way from Newcastle.

Professor C.S. Davis, Senior Professor ofMathematics, University of Queensland, andMr. D. Moalem, well-known author of schooltext books and Mathematics Master at FortStreet Boys' High School, were Visiting Lectur­ers for the school. Dr. W.D. Wallis, Dr. 1.WalIis and Professor E. Parker, of the Univer­sity'S Staff, also lectured.

About 20 teachers, lecturers and senstudents acted as tutors. Mr. K.F. Collis, of theDepartment of Education at the University ofNewcastle, was Director of the Summer Schooland Mr. B. Donegan of Newcastle Boys' HigSchool, was Organiser.

MATHS SUMMER SCHOOL

A course for athletics (with straits), togetherwith a cricket and football field, will be provid­ed at No. 2 Oval, now under way at the Univ·ersity.

* Names and addresses of other graduates who are not onthe mailing list for liTHE GAZETTE"

Mr. P. Cornish, a 1962 B.A. graduate, islecturing in English at the University of Kalmarin Swedan. Previously a teacher at Christ'sHospital School, Sussex, Mr. Cornish will com­plete a year's term of service next August whenhe plans to return to England.

At the annual English Society Dinner on29th November, the Talbot Prize, donated byDr. Norman Talbot for the best poem with amoral to inculcate, was awarded to Mr. P.L.Kavanagh, Lecturer in English, whose' wife,Keryl, a Secretary in the Department of Psych­ology, presented the poem vocally withoutmusical accompaniment.

Five students of the university will beawarded Blues for their performances in sportduring 1971. They are Darryl Lang (Badmin­ton), Dick De Tozer and Robert WiJliamson(Rugby), Peter Dodd (Cricket) and John Haw­kins (Athletics). The University Council app-'roved the recommendation made by the BluesAssociation that the students receive Blues.

Frank Breclec and Robert Baker, of Univer­sity Cricket Club, and the Amenities Officer,Mr. H. Bradford, toured New. Zealand with theCombined Australian Universities Cricket teamin January and February. Mr. Bradford wasManager.

Mr. Neil Hatherly has taken up duties asActing Secretary of the University's 'BluesAssociation succeeding Mr. B.F. Curran, whohas begun duties as Senior Classics Master atCanberra Grammar School.

* Changes in marital status

Please advise

Dr. K.H. White, Director of Pathology,Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Waratah,was elec­ted to fill a vacancy on the Council of theUniversity and took his seat on 14th January,1972.

The vacancy was caused by the death ofDr. E.J. Egan, who was one of five members ofthe Council elected by Convocation of theUniversity.

Dr. White, who holds the degree of Bachelorof Arts in this University, will hold office onthe Council for the remainder of Dr. Egan'sterm (until 30th June this year). He defeatedthree other candidates in an election in whichall members of Convocation were eligible tovote.

Mr. R. McL. Robinson, Lecturer in Philos­ophy, has also been elected to the Council.Mr. Robinson was elected by members of theacademic staff other than professors to succeedDr. N. Rutherford, who is on study leave.

The Council of the University appointedProfessor K.W. Robinson Head of the Depart­ment of Geography for two years beginning on1st January, 1972. The Council was informedthat the former head, Professor A.D. Tweedie,planned to take sabbatical leave this year andhad requested that Professor Robinson beappointed.

The Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Headof the Department of Philosophy, ProfessorA.M. Ritchie, is in the United States of Americaon overseas study leave. His itinerary includesvisits to the University of Texas, where he willwork with postgraduate students on CartesianPhilosophy. and universities on the East Coast.Professor Ritchie expects to return in May.

Professor K.R. Dutten, Head of the Depart­ment of French, is serving as Acting Dean ofthe Faculty of Arts and Dr. W. Doniela is Act­ing Head of the Department of Philosophy.

Dr. G.C. Jones, a student of the formerNewcastle University College who holds thedegree of Bachelor of Arts in the University ofN.S.W., with first class honours, has been app­()inted Professor of French and Head of theDepartment of Romance Languages in theUniversity of New England. Dr. J ones is aMaster of Arts in the University of Melbourneand a Doctor of the University of Frenoble,France. Before receiving his appointment to theUniversity of New England, he was Lecturer inthe University of Newcastle (June, 1966 toDecember, 1967) and Senior Lecturer in theUniversity of Western Australia.

The second annual report of the Directorsof TUNRA (the University of Newcastle Res­earch Associates Ltd.) disclosed that the corn·pany earned a profit of $9,564 between 1stJuly, 1970, and 30th June, 1971. Twenty-fourresearch projects were undertaken in the year.

Eight students have been chosen to receiveUniversity Medals as a result of distinguishedundergraduate performances culminating in the1971 examinations. They are Anne M. Vogel­zang and Elizabeth A. Cousins (Mathematics),James C. Docherty (History), Evan P. Arthur(Classics), Ho Gien Tou (Industrial Engineer­ing), Foo Say Wei (Electrical Engineering),Annette W. Cook (German) and Julie L. Mar­shall (Psychology).

UNIVERSITY NEWS