ii. the protestant reformation - eldred.k12.ny.us · pdf filethe protestant reformation ......
TRANSCRIPT
The Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement that divided the
western Church into Catholic and Protestant
groups.
Why reform?
Church officials, especially the bishops and the
Renaissance popes, used their church offices to
advance their careers and wealth. They seemed
more interested in politics than religion.
Julius II-”The
Warrior Pope,”
personally
went into
battle
Pope Leo X-
Medici Pope
Another perceived problem: the church sold
indulgences. According to church teaching,
indulgences are a release from punishment
for sin that the soul undergoes in purgatory.
The soul is purified in purgatory on its way to
heaven.
“As soon as the
coin in the coffer
rings, the soul
from purgatory
springs.”
Johann Tetzel
Martin Luther • Martin Luther
was the German priest who started the Reformation in the early 1500’s
• Luther was concerned about the corruption he saw in the church
The 95 Theses
A thesis is a statement of belief.
In 1517, Luther sent a list of 95 theses to church superiors and nailed it to the church door in Wittenberg in defiance. These were an attack on abuses and the sale of indulgences.
Luther attacked the 7
sacraments, keeping
only baptism and
communion. He
thought clergy
should marry.
Baptism
Confirmation
Communion
Confession
Marriage
Holy Orders
Anointing of the sick
Printing Press - In the 1430’sJohannes Guttenberg
introduced movable-type printing to Europe. It
became easier and cheaper to produce books.
During the Renaissance and later, literacy rates
began to rise.
Luther translated the
Bible into vernacular
German. His Bible and
other ideas gained a
wide audience because
of the printing press.
The Edict of Worms
Luther was excommunicated by the church, and the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, made Luther an outlaw in his edict. However, Luther was protected by his ruler, Frederick, the Elector of Saxony.
Luther’s religious movement soon became a
revolution. In the course of the 16th and 17th
centuries, it divided Europe. Luther inspired an
alternative to the Catholic church, called
Lutheranism, or (later) Protestantism.
The Holy Roman Empire experienced religious and
dynastic war in the 16th century. At the Peace of
Augsburg (1555), Charles V allowed the German
states to choose either Catholicism or
Lutheranism.
Protestantism Develops In 1536, John Calvin published the
Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary of Protestant thought.
Calvin agreed with Luther in the idea of justification by faith alone (sola fide) – one is saved only by faith in God.
They both agreed in sola scriptura – the idea that the Bible (not church tradition) was the ultimate authority.
Calvin taught predestination: God determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned.
Calvin established Geneva, Switzerland, as a center of Protestantism.
Citizens were punished for sinful behavior such as dancing, drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards.
John Calvin
Calvin and the Geneva
magistrates
Catholic and Protestant beliefs
compared
Protestantism in England
King Henry
VIII rule
England,
1509-1547.
He
belonged to
the Tudor
Dynasty.
Henry’s first wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not give
Henry a son. Henry decided to marry Anne
Boleyn, but needed the pope to annul the
marriage. The pope refused.
Random review: Reformation
• Protestant Reformation
• Why did Luther want reform?
• Purgatory
• Indulgences
• Martin Luther
• The 95 Theses
• Sacraments
• Married clergy
• Printing Press
• Johannes Guttenberg
• literacy rates
• The Edict of Worms
• excommunication
• Lutheranism
• Protestantism
• John Calvin
• justification by faith alone (sola fide)
• sola scriptura
• predestination
• King Henry VIII
• Tudor Dynasty
• annulment
Henry defied the church
and parliament
passed the Act of
Supremacy. From that
time on, the king or
queen has been the
head of the Church of
England. Henry
confiscated many
church properties.
The Anglican (English) Church
Salisbury Cathedral
The Counter Reformation
The Catholic church’s response to Protestantism is known as the Counter Reformation. It consisted of three “pillars:”
1. The Jesuits
2. Reform of the papacy
3. The Council of Trent
The Jesuits
Spanish priest Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits. This order of priests preached the Catholic faith and helped restore Catholicism to parts of Europe that were beginning to embrace Lutheranism.
Reform of the papacy
In response to the
accusations of the
Protestant Reformers
that the popes were too
worldly, Reformation
popes devoted more
energy to the spiritual
needs of the church. Pope Pius V began his pontificate
by giving alms to the poor, charity,
and hospitals rather than focusing
on patronage
Council of Trent
The Catholic Church met to reform and define its teaching in a council of bishops:
• Belief in purgatory and indulgences was strengthened; selling them was forbidden
• Seven sacraments were upheld
• Faith and good works were necessary for salvation
The Catholic Church was united under the pope’s supreme leadership with clear teachings to fight the Reformers.